4/10/22, 3:21 PM Power plant and calculations: 50-selected Questions and Answers on Water treatment plant(WTP) for Boiler

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50-selected Questions and Answers on
Water treatment plant(WTP) for Boiler
engineers
1.
What are the sources of Boiler feed water?
River,
Underground water (bore well), pond water and sea water.
2.
What is make up water?
Raw
water, softened water or demineralized water used for steam generation is
generally
called as make up water.
3. What are the various impurities present in untreated or
natural water?
Undissolved
suspended materials: mud, sand, sediments etc.
Dissolved salts and minerals:
Carbonate, bicarbonate, sulphates, silicate and
nitrate of calcium &
magnesium.
Dissolved
gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide.
Other
minerals, mineral acid (HCL & H2SO4) oil and grease.
Raw water sources & impurities
4.
What is condensate water?

When the steam transfers

its heat to process or heat exchanger, it reverts to liquid phase
called
condensate.
5.
What is blow down water?

Part of water that is

drained to limit the impurity level to an acceptable level.
6.
What is feed water?

Feed water is the sum of

condensate that is returned from process or heat exchanger and
make up water.
7.
What is a total solid in water?

It is the sum of dissolved

and suspended solids in water.
8.
What is turbidity?
It
is the final suspended matter, which does not settle and imparts cloudy or
muddy color to
water. It is measured in NTU.
9.
What is conductivity?

It is the ability of water

to conduct electricity in water. It indicates the amount of dissolved
minerals
in water. It is measured in micro-seimen/cm. Conductivity of water increases
with
increase in temperature. For example if water of conductivity 100 μS/cm at
25 °C increase to

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10.
What is pH of a solution?
CLOSE ADS pH is the measure of
degree of acidity or basicity of a solution. pH range is 0 to 14, CLOSE ADS
zero being
most acidic and 14 is most alkaline.
Key indicators of pH:

A change of one pH value represents

the change of 10 times in relative acidity or
alkalinity. For example a pH of 4
is 10 times more acidic than pH 5.

Starting In general, when the pH is less than

recommended ranges, then there will be
Starting
chances of corrosion and if more then
there will be chances of scale formation. Starting

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According to ASME standards, boiler
water pH level is maintained above 9.5 to
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ensure the proper reaction between

calcium and magnesium ions & phosphate
6749
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Save 36% Acids and alkalis have effect of
increasing the conductivity of water above the
neutral value, for example a
water of pH 12 has more conductivity than that of pH
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What is alkalinity of water?
Material andIt is the measure of
carbonates (Co3),
bicarbonates (HCO3)
and hydroxyl ions (OH).
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12.
What is M alkalinity? Learn Live Online,

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It is the sum of
carbonate, bicarbonate and hydroxyl alkalinity.
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13.
What is Phenolphthalein or P alkalinity?
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It is the sum of hydroxyl

alkalinity and half of carbonates alkalinity. Crack JEE with

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What are Cation & anions? Ease.
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Positively charged ions
like calcium Ca+, Magnesium
Mg+, Sodium Na+ and Potassium K+
are called cations.

Anions are negatively

charged ions such as nitrates, sulphates and chlorides.
Apply Now 15.
What is temporary hardness and permanent hardness?

Hardness caused due to

carbonate and bicarbonate salts is temporary hardness as it is soft
scale which
can be removed easily.

Hardness due to sulphates

and nitrates is permanent hardness, such hardness is very hard to
remove.
Hardness is measured in parts per million (ppm).
16.
What is Biological/Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)?

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Biochemical oxygen demand

(BOD) is a measure of the amount of oxygen that bacteria will
consume while
decomposing organic matter under aerobic conditions. Biochemical oxygen
demand
is determined by incubating a sealed sample of water for five days and
measuring the
loss of oxygen from the beginning to the end of the test.
17.
What is chemical oxygen demand (COD)?

It is a measure of the
total quantity of oxygen required to oxidize all organic material into
carbon
dioxide and water. COD values are always greater than BOD values, but COD
measurements can be made in a few hours while BOD measurements take five days.

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18.
What does silica cause in Boiler water?
CLOSE ADS Silica causes hard scale,
it reacts with calcium and magnesium salts, which can form a scale CLOSE ADS

and inhibit
heat transfer.
19.
How do you remove the hardness from water?

Hardness of water can be

removed by a process called “ion exchange” it is carried out in DM
plant.

Starting 20.
How does scale effects on the performance of Boiler?
Starting
Water impurities like
magnesium, calcium and silica at higher temperatures precipitate and Starting

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on heat exchanger surfaces. @Just 6749

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reduces the internal diameter of pipe/tube.
Scale
causes fuel wastage of water tube boiler by 2% and fire tube boiler by 5%.
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temperature to rise, which increases the flue gas
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condition tube may fail.
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Material and21. What are the principle factors cause scale formations in
boiler?
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Presence
of calcium, magnesium and silica salts in water. Learn Live Online,

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Insufficient
blow down.
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Alkalinity
of water (pH > 7).
Material Material and All

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Higher
TDS.
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Low
condensate circulation.
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22.
What is meant by cycle of concentration?

It is the ratio of makeup

water to the blow down rate.
23.
What are internal and external water treatments?
Apply Now
If the feed water chemical
and mechanical treatment is done outside the boiler by engaging
filtration,
clarification, osmosis and demineralization process, then it is called as
external
treatment.

If the feed water chemical

treatment is done inside the boiler by chemical dosing, then it is
called
internal treatment.
24.
Write the sequence of water treatment in external water treatment?

Sedimentation, clarification,
sand filtration, ultra filtration, reverse osmosis, degassing and
demineralization.
25.
How does the internal chemical treatment work?
Two methods
used to control the hardness in internal treatment, one is carbonate cycle and
phosphate cycle. Carbonate cycle is employed in the boiler operating pressure
125 PSIG (up
to 9 k/cm2)
and Phosphate cycle for above 125 PSIG.

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26.
How does the scale conditioning work? SUGAR
CLOSE ADS Scale conditioner modifies
the crystal structure of scale creating a bulky transportable sludge KNOCKER CLOSE ADS

Manage
instead of
hard deposit.
27.
What causes the corrosion of Boilers?

Diabetes
Dissolved gases like
oxygen, carbon dioxide and ammonia are the major sources of corrosion.
Of these
oxygen is most aggressive.

Starting 28.
What type of corrosion exists in boiler water systems?
Starting
The most common type of
corrosion is “Pitting” attack, the main source of pitting is oxygen.
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cause small pin type holes that penetrate into the wall of tubes and eventually
lead to
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tube failure.
29.
What water characteristics affect the corrosion? Opt Herbal Sugar - Save 36%
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the corrosion. Knocker Today & Bring
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Oxygen/other dissolved gases Results to Your Diabetes
Total
dissolved and suspended solids
Quality Study Acidity
(pH < 7) Management Efforts
Material and Fluid
velocity
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30.
How does the velocity of fluid influences the rate of corrosion?
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High velocity of fluid

increases the corrosion rate by transferring the oxygen to metal and Crack JEE with

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away the corrosion byproducts at the faster rate. Ease.
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causes the deposition of suspended solids can establish localized
corrosion
cells, thereby increasing the corrosion rate.
31.
Which inhibitors are commonly used to remove oxygen from feed water? Visit Site
Apply Now Sodium sulphite,
hydrazine, carbohydrazide and diethyl hydroxide amine are the commonly
used
oxygen scavengers.
32.
What inhibitors are used to remove carbon dioxide from feed water?

Amines (Filming amines

& neutralizing amines).
33.
What is hard water?
When water is
referred to as ‘hard’ this simply means, that it contains more
minerals than
ordinary water. These are especially the minerals of calcium and
magnesium. The
degree of hardness of the water increases, when more
calcium and magnesium
dissolves. Magnesium and calcium are positively
charged ions. Because of their
presence, other positively charged ions will
dissolve less easily in hard water
than in water that does not contain calcium
and magnesium.
34-How is regeneration
process is accomplished in demineralization
plant?
Regeneration
Process:

Back
Wash: Flow of water through mineral bed is reversed. The mineral bed is
loosened and accumulated sediments wash out to drain by upward flow of
water.

Brine/Acid
Draw and Slow Rinse: Ordinary salt (NaCl) and hydrochloric acid
(HCl) of concentration
33% have the capacity to restore the ion exchange
capacity of resins. A given
amount of salt or acid is rinsed with the resin bed.
The rinsing of resin will
continue till all the salt/acid is removed from bed.

Generally 3 to 5% of acid
is used for strong acid cation (SAC) regeneration.
Fast Rinse: In fast rinse small traces of salt and acid will get remove.
35-What
is the significance of degasser unit?
Degasser is an
integral part of any demineralization plant, where it is generally
placed
between cation and anion exchanges and removes Carbon Dioxide,
which is
generated by dissociation of carbonic acid at cation outlet water. In this
Degassing processes, Degasser Tower is utilized, which is made from either
FRP
or Mild Steel with rubber lined or epoxy coating. Low air pressure is
generated
at the bottom of the tower that drives out CO2 and the degassed
water is
collected in a sump beneath the tower.
36-What is the
conductivity and silica of water at mixed bed outlet?
Conductivity 1–2 mico
siemens/cm and silica 0.01 to 0.02 ppm.
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37.
What is meant by outputtank - regeneration
between Chemical-free

(OBR)?
OBR is the mean time
between two successive regeneration process. Generally
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it is expressed in M3 or
in hour. OBR depends on water quality and resin quality.
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38.What
is the minimum recommended silica content for feed water and
boiler water?
CLOSE ADS Feed water: 0.015 to 0.02
ppm. CLOSE ADS
Boiler water: 1.5 to 2 ppm.
39. What is the
recommended Hydrazine residual in feed water?
It is 0.01 to 0.02 ppm.
40.
What is the recommended Tri sodium phosphate (TSP) residual
inboiler drum
water?
Starting
Starting
It is 5 to 10 ppm. Starting

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HCl is more preferred for the regeneration of cation than @Just 6749

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Sulphuric acid?
Hydrochloric
acid is more efficient than sulphuric acid to regenerate a strongly - Save 36%
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cation exchange resin (SAC) initially in the Na1 form. With 50 g HCl per
litre
of resin, a conversion of 60% to the H1 form is achieved. With 50 g H2SO4,
Learn Live a
conversion of only 40% is achieved. Even expressed as equivalents,
Online, hydrochloric
acid is more efficient: 36.5 g HCl (1 eq) will convert the resin to
Quality Study 45%,
whereas 49 g H2SO4 (1 eq) convert only 39%.
Material and42. List out the
hazardous chemicals used in Water treatment plant.
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acid, Sulphuric acid, Caustic soda
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& Ferric chloride.

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43. What is jar test?

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The purpose of
the laboratory jar test is to select and quantify a treatment
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program for
removal of suspended solids or oil from raw water or a dilute
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process or waste
stream. Jar tests are conducted on four or six-place gang
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stirrer, which can be
utilized to simulate mixing and settling conditions in a
Classes
clarifier. Jars
(beakers) with different treatment programs or the same product at
different
dosages are run side-by-side, and the results compared to an
untreated jar, or
one treated with the current program.
44. What are the
different parameters of coals which are analyzed in lab?
Apply Now
Proximate
Analysis: Ash, moisture, fixed carbon, volatile matter.

Ultimate
Analysis: Percentage of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur and
nitrogen.

Other
Analysis Includes: GCV (by calculation), GCV by Bomb calorimeter,
sieve analysis.
45.
What are the different moisture levels of coal that are analyzed in lab?
Surface moisture, inherent moisture and total
moisture.
46. What is ARB and ADB
based GCV?
ARB: It is the
GCV of coal on “As received basis.” That is coal GCV is
calculated as soon as
it received in laboratory.
ADB: It is the GCV of coal on: “Air dried basis.” That is coal GCV is
calculated
by allowing the coal to dry at room temperature for 24 hours.
47.
What is Spectrophotometer? And what parameters are analyzed with
this
instrument?
Spectrophotometry is a
method to measure how much a chemical substance
absorbs light by measuring the
intensity of light as a beam of light passes
through sample solution. The basic
principle is that each compound absorbs or
transmits light over a certain range
of wavelength. This measurement can also
be used to measure the amount of a
known chemical substance.

Following water parameters

are analyzed in Spectrophotometer
Silica: Wavelength 815 nm
Phosphate: 720 nm
Iron: 510 nm
Chloride: 463 nm
Hydrazine: 450 nm
48-What chemicals are used in clarifier?
Ferric chloride,
Polyelectrolyte & Sodium hypochlorite
49-What is the function of anti-scalent & SMBS in RO system?
Antiscalent especially
polymer based antiscalent are used to inhibit the
precipitation of calcium
carbonate
SMBS is used to remove chlorine
which otherwise would damage the
membranes

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WTP chemicals & their functions

50-What do you mean by ORP in RO system?
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ORP is the term used to
measure of the cleanliness of the water & its ability to
break down
contaminants. Its range is -2000 to 2000 millivolts
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