Power Plant and Calculations

4/10/22, 3:18 PM Power plant and calculations: 15-Equipments efficiency calculation in power plant
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Power plant and calculations

Power plant and calculation site basically includes the detailed study of power plant operation and maintenance, its related all
-43%
calculations and thumb rules. It also involves detailed troubleshooting guides for operation and maintenance of power plant proc
Starting
and equipments.
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15-Equipments efficiency calculation in Open
power plant
Efficiency is the
ratio of useful energy output to the total energy input to
the system or equipment
So, efficiency =
Useful energy output X 100 / Total energy input.
This, energy can be
Electrical, heat, pneumatic, hydraulic etc
1-Furnace efficiency:
The efficiency of
a furnace is the ratio of useful output to heat input.
The furnace
efficiency can be determined by both direct and indirect
method.
The efficiency of the furnace can be computed by
measuring the amount of fuel
consumed per unit weight of material produced
Furnace efficiency
= Heat released in furnace X 100 / Fuel energy supplied
Solved example:
Calculate the
furnace efficiency of a Boiler which releases 18 Mcal/hr heat
& consumes coal fuel 10 TPH,
take fuel GCV as 2250 kcal/kg
ηfurnace = 18 X 1000000 X 100 / (10 X 1000 X 2250) = 80%
2-Boiler efficiency:
Boiler efficiency
is calculated by two methods
1-Direct method:
A-Boiler feed water
& attemperator water is at same temperature
Boiler efficiency
in %=Steam flow X (Steam enthalpy –Feed water
Enthalpy) X 100 / (Fuel GCV X
Fuel consumption)
B- Boiler feed
water & attemperator water is at different temperature
Boiler efficiency
in %=( Steam flow X Steam enthalpy –Feed water flow X
Feed water Enthalpy) X
100 / (Fuel GCV X Fuel consumption)
Note:
Blow down water
loss is not considered
LowSteam
Cost usedElectric Boilers
for soot
blowers - Compare Electric
is not considered
Heaters
L1-Heat loss due to
dry flue gas. OPEN
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Electricloss due Brands
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https://www.powerplantandcalculations.com/2020/07/power-plants-equipments-efficiency-calculation.html 1/12
L3-Heat loss due to
moisture content in combustion and spreading air.
L4-Heat loss due to
formation of water from hydrogen present in fuel.
CLOSE ADS CLOSE ADS
L5-Heat loss due to
conversion of carbon into carbon monoxide.
L6-Heat loss due to
unburnt in bottom and fly ash.
L7-Heat loss due to
radiation
-43% L8-Heat loss due to
convection & other un measurable
Starting L9-Heat loss due to
soot blowing
@Just L10-Heat loss due to
blow down.
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Material andExamples: brings
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Blowers &
All India TestCalculate the efficiency of 100 TPH Boiler operating at 88 kg/cm2G closer
Vacuum toPump
their
requirement
pressure & temperature 515 deg C, consumes 17 TPH coal whose GCV is us our Stall
JEE with
5000 kcal
/kg & is supplied with feed water at temperature 165 deg C.
-5%
Ease.
Assume no blow
down loss. OneDios
Yash - Pvt Ltd.
Blowers
VidyamandirSolution: Branded Service
Classes Steam Flow Qs = 100
TPH
Steam enthalpy at
above operating parameters (refer steam table) Hs = 817.7 Open
-54% -5%
kcal/kg
Apply Now Feed water enthalpy
at temperature 165 deg C, Hf = 166.5 dkcal/kg Open
Coal consumption Mc
= 17 TPH
Coal GCV = 5000
kcal/kg
Now ηboiler = Qs X (Hs-Hf) X 100 / (5400 X Mc)
= 100
X (817.7-166.5) X 100 / (5400 X 17) =
70.93%
In this method
water required for attemperating is more
Calculate the
efficiency of 100 TPH Boiler operating at 88 kg/cm2G
pressure & temperature
515 deg C, consumes 17 TPH coal whose GCV is
5000 kcal /kg & is supplied
with feed water 92 TPH at temperature 165 deg
C & 10 TPH water for
attemperating at temperature 105 Deg C.
Solution:
Steam Flow Qs = 92
TPH
Steam enthalpy at
above operating parameters (refer steam table) Hs = 817.7
kcal/kg
Feed water flow Qf
= 92 TPH
Feed water enthalpy
at temperature 165 deg C, Hf = 166.5 dkcal/kg
Attemperator water
flow Qa = 10 TPH
Attemperator water
enthalpy at temperature 105 deg C Ha = 106 kcal/kg
Coal consumption Mc
= 17.5 TPH
Coal GCV = 5000
kcal/kg
Now Boiler
efficiency = (Qs X Hs-(Qf X Hf + Qa X Ha)) X 100 / (5400 X Mc)
ηboiler= 100 X 817.7-(166.5 X 92 + 10 X 106) X 100 / (5400 X
17.5) =
69.19%
In this method
water required for attemperating is less.
2-Indirect method
This method is also
called as heat loss method. In this total heat losses in the
Boilers is
subtracted from a number 100.
This method gives exact efficiency of Boiler. Small errors in readings
will not
lead to much difference. However it needs more data to calculate the
efficiency
Boiler efficiency =
100-Losses
Losses in Boilers
are
Low Cost Electric Boilers - Compare Electric
Note: Boiler
efficiency calculation does not include losses L9 & L10
Heaters
In Bagasse based
power plants, heat loss due to moisture is more whereas in
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Coal based power

plants heat loss due to dry flue gas is more
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CLOSE ADS Example CLOSE ADS
A boiler generates
steam 80 TPH at 66 kg/cm2 and 485 °C. Mesured O2,
CO and CO2 in flue gas are
8%, 850 ppm and 12% respectively. Ash
analysis shows unburnt in fly ash and
bottom ash are 10.5% and 3%
-43% respectively, GCV of fly ash and bottom ash are 695
kcal/kg and 1010
Starting kcal/kg respectively. Coal analysis shows carbon 50%, Hydrogen
3.2%,
@Just Oxygen 8.2%, Sulphur 0.4%, Nitrogen 1.1%, Ash 19% and moisture 18.1 Super Fast
and
its GCV is 4100 kcal/kg. Then calculate the Boiler efficiency. Consider Service
6749 - ambient
air, flue gas out let temperature are 30 and 150 °C respectively,
Booking
Save 36%humidity in
ambient air is 0.02 kg/kg of dry air. Visit Yash
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From
the given data, boiler efficiency can be calculated from indirect method.
We have, Theoretical air requirement = (11.6 X %C + 34.8 3
(%H2 - %O2/8) +
Blowers
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4.35 X %S)/100…Kg/kg of fuel
Material andTherefore,
Th air requirement will be = (11.6 X 50 + 34.8 X (3.2 - 8.2/8) + 4.35 X brings
For your brands
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Vacuum toPump
their
Series. Crack = 6.57 kg of air/kg of coal. consumers visit
requirement
-5%
Ease. Given that,O2
in flue gas is 5%
OneDios
Yash - Pvt Ltd.
Blowers
We
have, Excess air = (O2%/(21 - O2%)) X 100 Branded Service
Vidyamandir
Classes = (5/(21 - 8))
X3 100 = 38.5%
-54% -5% Total

air supplied = (1 + EA/100) X Th air Open
= (1 + 38.5/100) X
6.57
Apply Now Open
= 5 9.1 Kg/Kg of
Coal
Actual
mass of dry flue gas generated during combustion is,
Mass
of CO2 in flue gas + Mass of N2 in flue gas + Mass of N2 in
combustion air + Mass
of O2 in flue gas + Mass of SO2 in flue gas.
=
((Carbon in fuel X MW of CO2)/MW of carbon) + Mass of N2 in fuel +
(Total air X
N2 in air/100) + ((Total air - Th air) X 23/100) +((SO2 in fuel X
MW)/MW of
Sulphur)
= (0.5
X 44/12) + 0.011 + ((9.1 X 77)/100) + ((9.1 - 6.57) X 23/100) +
(0.004 3X
64)/32
Mass of dry flue gas Mg is 9.44 kg/kg of

coal.
Where
Molecular weight of CO2, Carbon, SO2 and Sulphur are 44, 12, 64
and 32
respectively.
To
find out the boiler efficiency need to calculate all the different losses
L1 = %
of heat loss due to dry flue gas
= Mg X
Cp X (Tf - Ta)/GCV of fuel
= 9.44
X 0.24 X (150 - 30) X 100/4100
L1 =
6.63%
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L2= Heat loss due to moisture in fuel
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L2 = M X (584 + Cp X (Tf - Ta) X 100)/GCV of fuel
CLOSE ADS = (0.181 X (584 + 0.45 X (150 - 30)) X

100)/4100 CLOSE ADS
L2=
2.81%
L3=Heat
loss due to formation of water from Hydrogen present in fuel
-43% L3 =
(9 X H2 X (584 + Cp X (Tf - Ta))) X 100/GCV of fuel.
Starting L3 =
(9 X 0.032 X (584 + 0.45 X (150 - 30) X 100)/4100)
@Just Super Fast
L3 =
4.48%
Service
6749 - L4=
Heat loss due to moisture in air
Booking
Save 36%L4 =
(Total air X humidity X Cp X (Tf - Ta) X 100)/GCV of fuel Visit Yash
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(9.1 X 0.02 X 0.45 X (150 - 30)) X 100/4100 Blowers
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Quality StudyL4 =
0.24% platform that
Material andL5=
Heat loss due to partial conversion of Carbon to Carbon Monoxide brings
For your brands
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Vacuum toPump
their
Series. CrackL5 =
(((%CO X C)/(%CO + %CO2)) X (5654/GCV of fuel)) X 100 consumers visit
requirement
JEE with L5 =
(((0.0850 X 0.5)/(0.085 + 12)) X (5654/4100)) X 100… Converted CO ppm us our Stall
-5%
Ease.
to % (% 5
ppm/10000) OneDios
Yash - Pvt Ltd.
Blowers
VidyamandirL5 =
0.48% Branded Service
Classes
L6=
Heat loss due to radiation and convection are considered 1–2%, it depends
Open
-54% -5% on
age and insulation of the boilers.
L7= Heat loss due to unburnt in fly ash Open
Apply Now
% of
Ash in coal = 19%
Unburnt
in fly ash = 10.5%
GCV of
fly ash = 695 kcal/kg
Amount
of fly ash in 1 kg of coal = 0.105 X 0.19

= 0.012 kg/kg of coal
Heat
loss due to unburnt = 0.012 X 695
=5
8.34 kcal/kg
% of
Heat loss due to unburnt in fly ash L7 = 8.34 X 100/4100
L7 =
0.2%
L8=
Heat loss due to unburnt in bottom Ash
% of
Ash in coal = 19%
Unburnt
in bottom ash = 3%
GCV of
bottom ash = 1010 kcal/kg
Amount
of bottom Ash in 1 kg of coal = 0.03 X 0.19
0.0057 kg/kg of coal
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►
2022
(10)
Heat loss due to unburnt = 0.0057 X 1010
►
2021
(45)
CLOSE ADS = 5.75
kcal/kg of coal CLOSE ADS
▼
2020
(58)
% of
Heat loss due to unburnt in fly ash = 5.75 X 100/4100 December
(2)
L8 = 0.14% November
(2)
-43%
So
Boiler efficiency is 100 - (L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 + L5 + L6 + L7 + L8) October
(4)
Starting = 100 -
(6.63 + 2.81 + 4.48 + 0.24 + 0.48 + 1 + 0.2 + 0.14) September
(3)
@Just ηboiler = 84.02%

August
(5) Super Fast
July
(11) Service
6749 - Factors considered for Boiler Engineering/Design
June
(8) Booking
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(23)
Visit Yash
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Effectiveness/Efficiency Economiser effectiveness is Stall
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Labels
Quality Studycalculated as platform that
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For your brands
Blowers &
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(Economiser outlet feed water temperature Two-Economiser inlet Boiler closer
Vacuum toPump
their
Series. Crackfeed water
temperature Twi) X 100 / (Economiser
inlet flue gas
Efficiency & performance
consumers visit
requirement
JEE with temperature Tfi- Economiser inlet feed water temperature Twi) us our Stall
Electrical & Instrumentation
-5%
Ease. Example: OneDios
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energy conservation & thumb rules in power - Pvt Ltd.
Blowers
Vidyamandir Calculate the economiser effectiveness, whose
feed water inlet & outlet
plant Branded Service
Classes temperatures are 200 Deg C & 290 Deg C
respectively & flue gas inlet &
ESP
fuel handling
-54% -5%
outlet temperatures 400 deg C & 230
deg c respectively. Open
Mechanical Engineering
Solution: pmg
Apply Now Open
Twi =
200 deg C power generation
power plant
Two =
290 deg C
Power plant best operation & maintenance
Tfi =
400 deg C books
power plant maintenance

Tfo =
230 deg C
power plants
ηEco =
(Two-Twi) X 100 / (Tfi-Twi) pumps/compressors/fans
ηEco =
(290-200 ) X 100 / (400-200) safety and energy
steam turbine
ηEco=
45%
Water treatment plant
4-Air Preheater (APH) Effectiveness/Efficiency

APH effectiveness is calculated on gas side & air
side. Report Abuse
APH gas side efficiency
ηAPHg = (Flue gas inlet temp.Tfi-Flue gas outlet
temp.Tfo) X 100 / (Flue gas Home
inlet temperature tfi-Air inlet temperature Tai) Boiler
Turbine
APH air side efficiency Maintenance
ηAPHa = (Air outlet temp.Tao-Air inlet temp.Tao)) X
100 / (Flue gas inlet Fuel handling
temperature tfi-Air inlet temperature Tai)
Efficiency&Performance
WTP
Example:
E&I
A tubular APH has air
inlet & outlet temperatures are 25 deg c & 185 deg C
Pumps/compressors/fans
& flue gas
inlet & outlet temperatures are 230 deg C & 145 deg C.
Calculate the
APH effectiveness on Gas side & Air side
Solution Home Search This
Given that Boiler Blog
Tai = 25 deg C Turbine Search
Tao = 185 deg C Maintenance
Tfi = 230 deg c Fuel handling
Tfo = 145 deg C Efficiency&Performa
nce
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APH gas Electric Boilers - Compare Electric
side efficiency WTP
ηAPHg =(Tfi-Tfo) X 100 / (Tfi-Tai)

Heaters
ηAPHg = (230-145) X 100 / (145-25) = 70.83%
E&I
Pumps/compressors
OPEN
/fans
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APH air side efficiency Disclaimer
ηAPHa = (Tao-Tai) X 100 / (Tfi-Tai) Privacy policy
CLOSE ADS ηAPHa = (185-25) X 100 / (230-25) = 78.04% About us
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5-ESP efficiency:
ESP efficiency is calculated as
-43%
Efficiency of ESP ηESP = 1-eˆ(-AV/Q) X 100
Starting Where,
@Just A = Surfacing area of the collecting plate in M2 Super Fast
Service
6749 - V = Migration velocity of the particle in m/sec.
Booking
Q = Volume flow rate of flue gas in m3/sec.
Save 36%Example: Visit Yash
Learn Live An ESP handles total flue gas at the rate of 80 m3 /sec., it has total
collecting surface area 5890 m2, calculate the efficiency of ESP if ash
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migration velocity is 0.077 m/sec. Stall
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their
Series. CrackA = 5890 M2
consumers visit
requirement
V = 0.075 m/sec.
-5%
Ease.
Q = 80 m3/sec. OneDios
Yash - Pvt Ltd.
Blowers
VidyamandirEfficiency of ESP = 1–eˆ (-AV/Q) X 100 Branded Service
Classes = 1– eˆ
(-5890 X 0.077/80) X 100
ηESP = 99.98% Open
-54% -5%
Apply Now 6-HP heater effectiveness Open
It is calculated as temperature range of steam /

Temperature range of feed
water
Example:
A HP heater is been
used to raise the feed water temperature from 125 deg
C to 145 deg C by using
Turbine bleed steam at inlet temperature 325 deg
C, calculate the HP heater
effectiveness. Consider the HP heater
condensate out let temperature is 165 deg
C
Solution
Twi = 125 deg C
Two = 145 deg C
Tsi = 325 deg C
Tco =165 deg C
HP heater
effectiveness =( Tsi-Tco) / (Two-Twi) = (325-165) / (145-125) =8
7-Deaerator (D/A)
efficiency:
The main purpose of
the Deaerator is to remove the dissolved gases in boiler
feed water mainly
oxygen. So its efficiency is calculated based on its capacity to
remove O2 from
the feed water.
η D/A = (Concentration of Oxygen in inlet water(Ci)-Concentration of
oxygen in outlet
water (Co)) X 100 /(Concentration of Oxygen in inlet
water(Ci))
Example:
Calculate the
efficiency of Deaerator if inlet & outlet oxygen
concentrations of D/A are
20 ppm & 0.005 ppm respectively.
η D/A = (Ci-C0) X 100 / Ci
η D/A = (20-0.005) X 100 / 20 = 99.97%
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8-Turbine efficiency:
Overall
efficiency
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Turbine overall efficiency
is calculated as the ratio of power out put from the
turbine to the heat input
to the Turbine.
CLOSE ADS ηTurbine = Power generation
in kcal X 100/ Heat input in Kcal CLOSE ADS
Example: Calculate the

overall efficiency of a 5 MW back pressure
turbines, operating at 67 kg/cm2
pressure & 495 deg C temperature.
-43% Consider specific steam consumption (SSC)
of the Turbine is 7.5 & steam
Starting is exhausted at pressure 1.8 kg/cm2 &
temperature 180 deg C
@Just Solution: Super Fast
Given that Service
6749 - Power generation = 5
MW
Booking
Save 36%Convert it into kcal,
we have 1 KW = 860 kcal Visit Yash
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860 = 4300000 kcal Blowers
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Quality StudyExhaust Steam enthalpy
Ho =675 kcal/kg Stall
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inlet Qs = Power generation X SSC = 5 X 7.5 = 37.5 TPH closer
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their
requirement
JEE with ηTurbine = Power generation
in kcal X 100/ Heat input in Kcal us our Stall
-5%
Ease. ηTurbine = Qs X
(Hi-Ho) = 37.5 X 1000 X (813-675) = 5175000 OneDios
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Blowers
Classes ηTurbine = 4300000 X
100 / 5175000 = 83.1%
Open
-54% -5% Turbine cycle
efficiency can be calculated as
Apply Now ηTurbine = 860 X 100 /

Turbine heat rate Open
Reasons for increase in Turbine specific steam consumption (SSC)
Example-2: Calculate
the cycle efficiency of 55 MW Turbine operating at
110 Kg/cm2 pressure &
540 degree C temperature. Consider feed water
temperature 210 deg C & SSC
3.8
Solution:
Enthalpy of inlet
steam at operating parameters (Refer steam table) Hs = 827
kcal/kg
Enthalpy of feed water
= 215 kcal/kg
Turbine heat rate =
Steam flow Qs X (Steam enthalpy Hs-Feed water
enthalpy Hw) / Power generation
Steam flow Qs = Power generation X SSC = 55 X
3.8 =209 TPH
THR = 209 X (827-215)
/ 55 =2325.6 kcal/kwh
Turbine efficiency =
860 X 100 / THR
ηTurbine = 860 X 100 /
2325.6 =36.97%
9-Power plant efficiency:

Again power plant
efficiency is calculated based on heat output & heat input
Power plant efficiency
= 860 X 100 / Heat rate
Example:
Calculate the
efficiency of 100 MW power plant which consumes 65 TPH of
coal having GCV 5200
kcal/kg.
Solution:
First calculate the
plant gross heat rate (PGHR),
PGHR = Fuel
consumption X GCV / Power generation
PGHR = 65 X 5200 / 100
= 3380 kcal/kwh
Ηplant = 860 X 100
/3380 = 25.44%
Note: Heat rate of

cogeneration power plants is calculated as
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Cogen heat rate
(CHR)=((Fuel consumption X GCV + Heat content in return OPEN
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10-Condenser efficiency:
CLOSE ADS It is given as CLOSE ADS
ηcondenser = Actual
cooling water temperature rise X 100 / Maximum
possible cooling water temperature
rise
-43% ηcondenser = (To-Ti) X

100 /(Ts-Ti)
Starting
@Just To = Cooling water
outlet temperature in deg C Super Fast
Ti = Cooling water
inlet temperature in deg C Service
6749 - Ts = Saturation
temperature at exhaust in deg C
Booking
Save 36%Example Visit Yash
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surface condenser has vacuum -0.85 kg/cm2 condenses Blowers
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cooling water inlet and outlet temperatures 25 °C and 36
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calculate the condenser efficiency. Stall
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kg/cm2 = 58 deg C us our Stall
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ηcondenser = (To-Ti) X
100 /(Ts-Ti) Branded Service
Vidyamandir
Classes ηcondenser =
(36-25) X 100 / (58-25) = 33.33%
Open
-54% -5% 11-Vacuum efficiency:
It is the ratio of
actual vacuum in the condenser to the maximum possible
Apply Now vacuum that can be
achieved.
Open
Actual it is not
possible to create 100% vacuum in any system
ηvacuum= Actual vacuum in condenser X 100/Maximum Obtainable
vacuum in the condenser
Example:
Exhaust steam from condenser enters at 47 °C, if the vacuum gauge of
condenser reads -0.86 kg/cm2, find the vacuum efficiency.
Solution
Given that,
Condenser pressure = -0.86 kg/ cm2
So exhaust steam temperature = 47 °C
From steam tables, partial pressure of steam at exhaust temperature Ps =0.105
kg/cm2
Maximum obtainable vacuum by considering atmospheric pressure as 1.033
kg/cm2
= 1.033 - 0.105= 0.93 kg/cm2
Vacuum efficiency = (Actual vacuum in condenser X 100)/Max. obtainable
vacuum.
ηvacuum= 0.86 X 100/0.93 = 92.5%
12-Gear box efficiency:

Gear box efficiency is the ratio of out power to the input power
ηGearbox= Output power X 100 / Input power
Gear box efficiency cannot be 100%, there is always losses in terms of
friction.
Some potential losses in gear box are
Example:
A helical gear box is used to drive a fuel feeding system, the input
power
of the gear box is 9.5 KW & output power is 8.7 KW, calculate GB
efficiency
ηGearbox = Output power X 100 / Input power =8.7 X 100 / 9.5 =91.5%
Heaters
13-Pump efficiency: OPEN
Pump efficiency is the
ratio of to the pump hydraulic power to the Pump shaft
power.
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Example:
CLOSE ADS A pump is consuming 20
KW to deliver 72 M3/hr of water at height 55 CLOSE ADS
meter, calculate its efficiency.
Pump hydraulic power Ph

= Flow in m3/sec X Total head X 9.81 X water density
-43% / 1000
Starting Ph = (72/3600) X 55 X
9.81 X 1000 /1000
@Just Ph =10.79 KW Super Fast
Service
6749 - ηpump = Hydraulic
power X 100 / Shaft power
Booking
Save 36%ηpump = 10.79 X 100 / 200
= 53.95% Visit Yash
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14-Cooling tower (CT) efficiency:
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ηCT = (CT inlet water temperature Ti-CT outet water temperature To) X 100 /(CT outet
Material andwater temperature To-WBT) brings
For your brands
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their
Series. CrackCT efficiency can also be written as consumers visit
requirement
JEE with η us our Stall
CT = Range X 100 /(Range +Approach)
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15-Fans efficiency:
Apply Now Fans efficiency can be Mechanical efficiency or Static efficeincy.These are Open
calculated based on static pressure & total pressure.
Static efficiency of the fan ηsfan= (Air flow in M3/sec X Static pressure in

mmwc X 100) / (102 X Input power to fan shaft in KW)
Similarly mechanical efficiency can be calculated as

Mechanical efficiency of the fan ηfan= (Air flow in M3/sec X Total pressure
in mmwc X 100) / (102 X Input power to fan shaft in KW)
Example:
A boiler ID fan consumes 220 KW power to sucky 60 m3/sec flue gas at
static pressure 280 mmwc, calculate its static efficiency.
Solution:
Ps = 220 KW
Q = 60 m3/sec
Static pressure Hs = 280 mmwc
Static efficiency of the fan ηsfan= Q X Hs X 100 / 102 X Ps

ηsfan = 60 X 280 X 100 / (102 X 220) =74.8%
Also read efficiency & Heat rate calculation of power plants
Heat rate & Efficiency of power plants
Also read 16-Perfect reasons for increasing the fuel consumption of

Boilers
Questions & Answers on AFBC Boilers
Power plant SOPs
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July 04, 2020
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Unknown 14 October 2021 at 08:21
Very informative thank you
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4/10/22, 3:18 PM Power plant and calculations: 15-Equipments efficiency calculation in power plant

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Coal based power

It's all about HP heaters

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Mass of dry flue gas Mg is 9.44 kg/kg of

Low Cost Electric Boilers - Compare Electric

L2= Heat loss due to moisture in fuel

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Apply Now Open

Low Cost Electric Boilers - Compare Electric

L2 = M X (584 + Cp X (Tf - Ta) X 100)/GCV of fuel

CLOSE ADS = (0.181 X (584 + 0.45 X (150 - 30)) X

0.0057 kg/kg of coal

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