REDES DE DATOS I

Class 11. Static Routing IPv4/IPv6

Alberto Arellano A. Ing. Msc.
aarellano@espoch.edu.ec
CCNA – CCNP – CCSP-JNCIA
Static Routing
Static routing is a form of routing that occurs when a router uses a
manually-configured routing entry, rather than information from a dynamic
routing traffic. Static routes are manually configured by a network
administrator by adding in entries into a routing table.
Static Routing Features

› More secure since they are not advertised over the network.
› More efficient since they use less bandwidth than dynamic routing protocols.
› No CPU cycles are used to calculate and communicate routes.
› Predictable as the path a static route uses to send data always the same.
Static Routing DRAWBACK
› Initial configuration and maintenance is
time-consuming.
› Configuration is error-prone, especially
in large networks.
› Administrator intervention is required to
maintain changing route information.
› Does not scale well with growing
networks; maintenance becomes
cumbersome.
› Requires complete knowledge of the
whole network for proper
implementation.
Static Routing Vs Dynamic Routing
Dynamic Routing Static Routing
Configuration Generally independent of the network
Increases with network size
Complexity size

Topology Automatically adapts to topology

Administration intervention required
Changes changes

Suitable for simple and complex

Scaling Suitable for simple topologies
topologies

Security Less secure More secure

Uses CPU, memory, and link

Resource Usage No extra resources required
bandwidth

Route depends on the current Route to destination is always the

Predictability
topology same
When to Use Static Routes
› In small networks that are not expected to grow significantly.
› To route traffic to and from stub networks.

A stub network is a network

accessed by a single route.

A stub router has only one

upstream neighbor.
Types of Static Routes
› There are the following types of static routes in IPv4 and IPv6
– Standard static route
– Default static route
– Summary static route
– Floating static route
Standard Static Route
› Standard static routes are useful when connecting to a specific
remote network.

.2
No need to use a dynamic routing
.1 protocol with R1 to reach
172.16.3.0/24.

I can simply use a static route to

reach the stub network.
Default Static Route
› A default static route is a “catch-all” route that matches all
networks that is not in the routing table.
› It is configured with a 0.0.0.0/0 “quad zero” destination address.
› It creates a “Gateway of Last Resort” in the routing table
› Using when no other routes in the routing table match the packet
destination IP address.
– In other words, when a “more specific” match does not exist.
– A common use is when connecting a company's edge router to
the ISP network.
› When a stub router connects to only one upstream router.
Default Static Route Example

Default static routes are also

commonly used with edge
routers to connect to an ISP.

.2

.1
I need to know about are my directly
connected networks. For all other
networks, I can use a default static route
going to R2.
Summary Static Route I have four static routes to reach the
remote networks 172.20.0.0/16 -
172.23.0.0/16.

172.21.0.0/16
10.0.0.0/24
172.20.0.0/16

.2 R1

172.22.0.0/16

172.23.0.0/16

 Used to reduce the number of routing table entries.

 Multiple static routes can be summarized into a single static route if:
 The destination networks are contiguous and can be summarized into a
single network address.
 The destination networks are all reachable using the same exit interface or
next-hop IP address.
Summary Static Route

R1

172.20.0.0/14
 Floating Static Route

Private WAN
172.16.1.0 /30
172.16.1.0 /30
S0/0/0 S0/0/0
.2 .1
10.0.0.0 /8
Branch UIO
S0/0/1 S0/0/1
.242 .226

209.165.200.240 /29 Internet 209.165.200.224 /29

.241 .225

ISP

 Floating static routes are static routes used to provide a backup path to a
primary static or dynamic route, in the event of a link failure.
 The floating static route is only used when the primary route is not available.
Floating Static Route

Private WAN
172.16.1.0 /30
172.16.1.0 /30
S0/0/0 S0/0/0
.2 .1
10.0.0.0 /8
Branch HQ
S0/0/1 S0/0/1
.242 .226

209.165.200.240 /29 Internet 209.165.200.224 /29

.241 .225

ISP

 Accomplished by configuring the static route with a higher administrative distance than the
primary route.
 Administrative distance represents the trustworthiness of a route.
 If multiple paths to the destination exist, the router will choose the path with the lowest
administrative distance o route preference.
Administrative Distance or Route Preference

Administrative distance (AD) or Route Preference is a number of arbitrary

unit assigned to dynamic routes, static routes and directly-connected routes. The
value is used by vendor-specific routers to rank routes from most preferred (low
administrative distance value) to least preferred (high administrative distance
value)
Default Administrative Distance by
Vendor
Topology Example

6.0

› We will assume all the interface have been configured with an IPv4
address and are in the up/up state.
Check the Routing Table of Cisco_1
Notice how Cisco_1 only has entries for its directly
connected networks.

It does not have any knowledge of any networks

beyond its directly connected interfaces.

For example, Cisco_1 has no knowledge of networks:

• 172.20.3.0/24 – LAN Brocade_1
• 172.20.4.0/24 – Brocade-1 – Jun_OS-R1
•172.20.6.0/24 – LAN JunOS_R1
6.0
•172.20.5.0/24 – LAN Brocade-2
Verify the Routing Table of Brocade_1

Brocade_1 has no knowledge of

networks:
•172.20.2.0/24 – Brocade_2 to Cisco_1
6.0 •172.20.5.0/24 – LAN Brocade_2
•172.20.6.0/24 – LAN JunOS_R1
Verify the Routing Table of Brocade_2

Brocade_2 has no knowledge of

networks:
•172.20.1.0/24 – Brocade_1 to Cisco_1
•172.20.3.0/24 – LAN Brocade_1
6.0 •172.20.4.0/24 – Brocade_1 to
JunOS_R1
•172.20.6.0/24 – LAN JunOS_R1
Verify the Routing Table of JunOS_R1

JunOS_R1 has no knowledge of networks:

•172.20.1.0/24 – Cisco_1 to Brocade_1
•172.20.3.0/24 – Lan Brocade-1
6.0 •172.20.2.0/24 – Cisco_1 to Brocade_2
•172.20.5.0/24 – Lan Brocade-2
Check Connectivity
CISCO Routers – Static Route

Router(config)# ip route network-address subnet-mask

{ip-address | exit-interface}

› network-address: Destination network address of the

remote network
› subnet-mask: Subnet mask of the remote network
› One or both of the following parameters must also be
used:
– ip-address: Next-hop router IP address.
– exit-interface: Outgoing or exit interface
Types of Standard Static Routes
› Next Hop Static Route
– ip route network-add subnet ip-address

› Directly Attached Static Route

– ip route network-add subnet exit-intf

› Fully Specified Static Route

– ip route network-add subnet exit-intf ip-address
Configure Static Routes on - Cisco_1
Display Static Routes on - Cisco_1
Configure Static Routes - Brocade_1
(Vyos)
Display Static Routes on
Brocade_1
Configure Static Routes on
Brocade_2
Display Static Routes on
Brocade_2
Configure Static Routes on
JunOS_R1

root@JunOS_R1# set routing-options static route 172.20.3.0/24 next-hop 172.20.4.1

root@JunOS_R1# set routing-options static route 172.20.5.0/24 next-hop 172.20.4.1
root@JunOS_R1# commit
Display Static Routes on
JunOS_1
Check connectivity between PC’s
Configuring a Default Static Route
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 {ip-address | exit-intf [ip-address]}

Parameter Description

0.0.0.0 • Matches any network address.

0.0.0.0 • Matches any subnet mask.

• Commonly referred to as the next-hop router’s IP address.
ip- • Typically used when connecting to a broadcast media (i.e.,
address Ethernet) .
• Commonly creates a recursive lookup.

• Use the outgoing interface to forward packets to the destination

exit-intf network.
• Also referred to as a directly attached static route.
• Typically used when connecting in a point-to-point configuration.
Default Route - Internet Access

Static Route
Default Route
Internet Access through NAT
(Network Address Translation)

82.102.142.204

If you want to connect to the public INTERNET you need to get a public IP
address, if your LAN network has private IP addressing and you need to access
the Internet, a solution is to use NAT, which allows you to translate a private IP
address into public
Configure DNS Server &
Default Route Mikrotik
Verify connectivity to
the internet
Configure NAT
Configure Static Routes to LANs
Static Route - Brocade_1 (Vyos)
Default Route - R1
Default Route -- Juniper_1
Default Route -- Juniper_1
Configure IP Address, Default Gateway
& DNS Server on Webterm3
Verify Internet Access

Verify Internet Access

Wireshark DNS Traffic
Homework-1
In the scenario presented, implement main routes and backup paths to
Internet Access
Enabling IPv6 Unicast Routing on Cisco_1
The ipv6 unicast-routing global
configuration command must be
configured to enable the CISCO router
to forward IPv6 packets and participate
static/dynamic IPv6 routing.

R1(config)# ipv6 unicast-routing

R1(config)#
Configure IPv6 Address Cisco_1
Configure IPv6 Address Brocade_1
Configure IPv6 Address Brocade_2
Configure IPv6 Address JunOS_R1
set interfaces em0 unit 0 family inet6 address 2001:ACDC:1212:2::2/64
set interfaces em1 unit 0 family inet6 address 2001:ACDC:1212:6::1/64
Verify Connectivity
Configure IPv6 Static Routes on
Cisco_1
Configure IPv6 Static Routes on
Brocade_1
set protocols static route6 2001:acdc:1212:6::/64 next-hop 2001:acdc:4::2
set protocols static route6 2001:acdc:1212:5::/64 next-hop 2001:acdc:1::1
commit
Configure IPv6 Static Routes on
Brocade_2
set protocols static route6 2001:acdc:1212:6::/64 next-hop 2001:acdc:2::1
set protocols static route6 2001:acdc:1212:3::/64 next-hop 2001:acdc:2::1
commit
Configure IPv6 Static Routes on
Juniper
set routing-options rib inet6.0 static route 2001:acdc:1212:3::/64 next-hop 2001:acdc:4::1
set routing-options rib inet6.0 static route 2001:acdc:1212:5::/64 next-hop 2001:acdc:4::1
commit
Configure IPv6 Parameters on
PC’s

PC1

PC2
Verify Connectivity
Homework-2
Homework-3