Periodic Table

What is Periodic Table?

• The periodic table (also known as the periodic table of elements) is organized so scientists can
quickly discern the properties of individual elements such as their mass, electron number,
electron configuration and their unique chemical properties.

The law was applicable for elements with atomic masses up to 40.

Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

• 1869
• Mendeleev arranged the elements in order of increasing relative atomic mass .
• Mendeleev arranged all 63 elements; which were discovered till his time; in the order of
their increasing relative atomic masses in a tabular form.
• Period :7
• Group :8

• Groups I to VII subdivided into A and B subgroups

• A systematic study of elements: Elements with similar properties were grouped together,
that made the study of their chemical and physical properties easier.

• Placement of noble gases: When discovered, they were placed easily in a new group called
zero group of Mendeleev’s table, without disturbing the existing order.
• Prediction of properties of yet to be discovered elements: Eka-boron, eka-aluminium and eka-
silicon were the names given to yet to be discovered elements. The properties of these
elements could be predicted accurately from the elements that belonged to the same group.
These elements, when discovered were named scandium, gallium, and germanium,
respectively.

Drawback
• Some similar elements are separated and dissimilar elements are grouped together
• Example- Li, Na and K were grouped with copper (Cu), silver (Ag) and gold (Au), though their
properties are quite different.
• Position of lanthanoids (or lanthanides) and actinoids (or actinides)
• Position of isotopes
• Position of hydrogen

Modern Periodic Table

• Henry Moseley
• 1913
• According to Moseley, similar properties recur periodically when elements are arranged
according to increasing atomic number. ... Using atomic number instead of atomic mass .
• Period-7
• Group -18
• Cause of periodicity – It is due to the repetition of the same outer shell electronic
configuration at a certain regular interval.
• Divided Table in 4 blocks – s,p,d f
• S block – group 1 and 2
• P block – group 13,14……18
• D block – group 3,4…12
• F block – Lanthanoids and Actinoids

• The first period contains only two elements 1Hand2He and is known as the shortest period.
• The sixth period contains 32 elements (55Cs and 86Rn) and is also known as the longest
period.
• The seventh period is an incomplete period.

Groups in Modern Periodic Table

• Group 1 elements are known as alkali metals.

• Group 2 elements are known as alkaline earth metals.
• Group 15 elements are known as pnicogens.
• Group 16 elements are known as chalcogens.
• Group 17 elements are known as halogens.
• Group 18 elements are known as noble gases.

Trend in Modern Periodic Table

• Atomic Radius

• Size

• Electronegativity

• Ionisation Potential

• Electron Affinity

• Metallic property

Atomic Radius and Size

• The atomic radius of atoms generally decreases from left to
right across a period. The atomic radius of atoms generally
increases from top to bottom within a group.
• Atomic size or radii: It is defined as the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the valence
shell of the atom.
• Along the period – Atomic radius decreases because effective nuclear charge increases by one
unit and it pulls valence electrons or the electron cloud closer to the nucleus.
• Down the group – Atomic radius increases because new shells are added, hence, the distance
between the nucleus and valence electrons or the electron cloud increases.

Ionization Potential
• amount of energy required to remove an electron from an isolated atom or molecule.
• The general trend is for ionization energy to increase moving from left to right across an
element period.

Electronegativity
• Along the period – Electronegativity increases as the tendency to gain electrons in the valence
shell increases due to increasing nuclear charge.
• Down the group – As the distance between the nucleus and valence shell increases, nuclear pull
decreases. This decreases the tendency of an atom to gain an electron, hence electronegativity
decreases.

Metallic Properties

• Along the period – Metallic character decreases because the tendency to lose valence
electrons decreases due to increasing nuclear charge.
• Down the group – As the distance between the nucleus and outermost electron increases,
nuclear pull decreases. This increases the tendency of an atom to lose valence electron/s,
hence metallic character increases.
Question
Que1:Periodic table the number of period is Que7:The most electronegativity
1.18 element among the following
1. Cl
2.07 2. F
3.08 3. O
4. Na
4.02 Que8:The total number of lanthenides
Que2:In periodic table the number of group element is
1. 15
1.02 2. 17
2.08 3. 14
4. 28
3.18
Que9:How many neutrons in sodium
4.07
Que3:What is common character of the element 1. 18
of same group in periodic table 2. 12
1.Electron in most outer shell 3. 11
2.Total number of electron
4. 23
3.Total number of proton
Que10:The total number of element
4.Atomic weight during Mendeleev
Que4:The element in zero group are called in periodic table
1.Alkalimetals 1. 65
2.Transition metal
2. 118
3.Inert gas
3. 63
4.None
4. 40
Que5:Helogens group belongs to which block
1.D BLOCK
2.F BLOCK
3.P BLOCK
4.S BLOCK
Que6:Transition element belongs to which block
1.D BLOCK
2.F BLOCK
3.P BLOCK
4.S BLOCK
Question Answer
1 2
2 3
3 1
4 3
5 3
6 1
7 2
8 3
9 2
10 3