What is Global Interstate System?

Global
 Pertaining to the entire globe rather than a specific region or country. Often used
interchangeably with the term international, with one exception being in regards
to mutual funds among the
Interstate
It is between the two or more states; between places or persons among the

different states. Concerning or affecting two or more states politically or
System
 A regular interacting group or interdependent group of items forming a unified

To sum it up…
Global Interstate System is the whole system of human interactions. The modern
world system is structured political as an interstate system. It is also a system of
competing and allying states. Political scientist commonly calls this the international
system, and it is the main focus of the field of international relations.
 
  The Modern World System
Followed the crisis of the feudal system in Europe and helps explain the rise of
Western Europe to world supremacy between 1450 to 1670
 World economic system emerged
 Now a global economy with a global political system (the modern interstate
system)
 Structured politically as interstate system – a system of competing and allying
states
 A single global economy composed of international trade and capital flows,
transnational corporations that produce products on several continents, as well
as all the economic transactions that occur within countries and at local
 Rise and fall of hegemonic powers
Interstate System – it is fundamental basis of the competitive commodity economy at
the global system level. It is also a system of international relations.
 

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION TO GOVERNMENT

 There have been several challenges to the government and
ultimately, to state autonomy. Challenges that effect of the
Globalization to the Government

·        Traditional Challenges
 External intervention can generally be described as invasion by other countries.
Example:
When Saddam Hussein was the ruler of Iraq in 1990 he decided he was going
to take over the oil fields of Kuwait. He invaded Kuwait and took it over. As a
result, he was dislodged by international coalition led by the US.
 
 Internal political challenges
Example:
In Syria, the original rebellion against Assad came from the country’s own
internal dissenters who wanted to replace the government even though they
were also Syrian nationals
There are also regional organizations challenging states autonomy. The United
Nations intervened in Sudan because of the several years of Civil War.
 
What is international relations?
international relations refer to an academic discipline that focuses on the study of
the interaction of the actors in international politics, including states and non-state
actors, such as the United Nations (UN), the International Monetary Fund (IMF),
and the World Bank. It is also the study of the interconnectedness of politics,
economics, and law on a global level.
 
Theories of International Relations

1. Realist Theory- they do believe that states are in constant struggle for power.

According to them Security can only be achieved in such a system by
maintaining power. States can be reasonably assumed acting in pursuit of their
individual interest. The main goal or interest that they are always aiming to
win is power among any other states in the international society. States here as
the primary actor of international law are never sure of the intentions of other
states towards them, that is why the only thing for them if on how they are to
survive and that is for them to remain in
2. Institutionalist Theory- in international relations they believe that interplay of
states in the different institutions is an important act for them to achieve
their We note that the relationship of states are products of their interaction, not
only by the states but also by the various institutions and hierarchical
structures in Global Political Sphere. States here are not alone in fulfilling its goal
rather they interact with the other actors of international society in order for them
to achieve its goal.
3.  Liberalist/Neoliberalist Theory- It holds that human nature is basically good and
that innate goodness makes societal progress possible. Liberals also place
faith in international law and legal instruments to settle disputes. They tend to go
towards the right path for them to achieve something. This theory proceeds from
the assumption that the States are geared towards GAINS and PROFITS,
therefore, relations are often dependent on whether the same would be profitable
or not. If they get something from an agreement then they would take the chance
to enter into that agreement to achieve their goal of gaining
4. Democratic Peace Theory- Democratic States are hesitant to go to war with other
Democratic States. “Respect of one’s Sovereign Rights over the Land” is their
main ideology. For them peaceful way of resolving conflicts are seen as morally
 superior to violent behavior, and this attitude is transferred to international Mutual
gain from economic cooperation and interdependence also contribute to peace.
 

INSTITUTIONS THAT GOVERN INTERNATIONAL

RELATIONS
 
The following institutions govern international relations; These are:
 United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization created in 1945, shortly after
the end of World War II. The UN was formed by 51 countries in order to encourage
resolution of international conflicts without war and to form policies on international
issues.
The UN system, also known unofficially as the “UN Family”, is made up of the UN itself
and many affiliated programs, funds, and specialized agencies, all with their own
membership, leadership, and budget. The programs and funds are financed through
voluntary rather than assessed contributions. The specialized agencies are independent
international organizations funded by both voluntary and assessed contributions.
 North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NATO is an alliance of 28 countries of bordering North Atlantic Ocean. It includes
Canada, the United States, Turkey, and the most members of the European Union. The
organization were created during the 1994 Bretton Woods Conference. NATO mission
is to protect the freedom of its members.
NATO’s mission is to protect the freedom of its members. Its targets include weapons of
mass destruction, terrorism, and cyber-attacks. Security in our daily lives is key to our
well- being. NATO’s purpose is to guarantee the freedom and security of its members
through political and military means.
Political – NATO promotes democratic values and enables members to consult and
cooperate on defense and security-related issues to solve problems, build trust
and, in the long run, prevent conflict.
MILITARY – NATO is committed to the peaceful resolution of disputes. If diplomatic
efforts fail, it has the military power to undertake crisis-management operations. These
are carried out under the collective defense clause of NATO’s founding treaty – Article 5
of the Washington Treaty or under a United Nations mandate, alone or in cooperation
with other countries and international organizations.
 
 World Trade Organization
The only global international organizations dealing with the rules of trade between
nations. It is an organization for trade opening. The WTO is a place where member
governments try to sort out the trade problems, they face with each other.
It is an organization for trade opening. It is a forum for governments to negotiate trade
agreements. It is a place for them to settle trade disputes. It operates a system of trade
rules. Essentially, the WTO is a place where member governments try to sort out the
trade problems, they face with each other.
  North America Free Trade Agreement
The North American Free Trade Agreement history began in 1980. Its purpose is to
reduce trading costs, increase business investment and help North America be more
competitive in the global market place. The agreement between Canada, The United
States and Mexico.
NAFTA’s main provisions called for the gradual reduction of tariffs, customs duties, and
other trade barriers between the three members, with some tariffs being removed
immediately and others over periods of as long as 15 years. The agreement ensured
eventual duty-free access for a vast range of manufactured goods and commodities
traded between the signatories. “National goods” status was provided to products
imported from other NAFTA countries, banning any state, local, or provincial
government from imposing taxes or tariffs on such goods.
NAFTA also contained provisions aimed at securing intellectual-property rights.
Participating countries would adhere to rules protecting intellectual property and would
adopt strict measures against industrial theft. Other provisions instituted formal rules for
resolving disputes between investors and participating countries. Among other things,
such rules permitted corporations or individual investors to sue for compensation any
signatory country that violated the rules of the treaty.
 
 

Elements of State

People
 This refers to the large numbers of inhabitants living within the state
 It must be small enough to be ruled
  And it must be big enough to be self-sufficient
 

Territory
 This includes the land over which the state excises control
 It also includes the rivers and lakes therein, certain areas of the sea which
borders on its coasts and the air space above
 A mass of land where people can permanently
 

Sovereignty
 The supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience
from its people as well as to have freedom from foreign control
 It could be manifested internally through its freedom to rule within its territory
 Externally through its freedom to carry out its activities without control by other
Government
 This refers to the agency through which the will of the state is formulated,
expressed and carried
 This could be referred as the “administration”.
WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL LAW?
Is the body of legal rules, norms and standards, which apply to sovereign states
and such other entities that have been granted international personality.
 

Relationship of International Law with the Municipal Law or

Domestic Law
 
 Horizontal vs. Vertical – International Law is horizontal in nature; whereas
Domestic/Municipal Law is vertical in
Horizontal: all states are in equal footing; cannot compel each other to act.
Vertical: a hierarchy exists whereby those on top can give commands to those
lower in the system.
 Monist vs. Dualist
To monist, there is no substantial distinctions between International Law and
Municipal or Domestic Law.
To dualist, there are distinctions.
Distinction between International Law and Municipal Law according to Dualist
 MUNICIPAL LAW INTERNAT

Issued by a political superior for observance by those under its authority. Wherein

the political superior it is referring is the government of a country, as to the
Philippines those are the three (3) branches of our government, namely: Executive Is not imposed upon b
(the President and its Cabinet members); Legislative (the Senate and the House of specific government bu
Representatives); and the Judiciary (having the Justices with the Supreme Court as
the highest Court of the land).

Consists mainly of enactments from the lawmaking authority of each state. The Is derived not from
lawmaking authority in our country is mainly the power given to the Legislative international conventio
branch of our government. They do formulate laws and will be approved by the standards from what e
President and reviewed by the Judiciary. member into or other t

Regulates the relations of individuals among themselves or with their own states.
Applies to the relatio
These Municipal or Domestic Laws are the set of rules and regulations people are
relationship of certain
bounded to follow to create peace and order in the society and make them be liable
society.
on their actions.
 
 
Violations of municipal law are redressed through local administrative and judicial
process. If a person will violate laws in the country, then they will undergo a judicial
proceeding to settle it wherein the branch of government who has the power to do Questions of public in
this is the Judiciary peaceful methods like
  conflicts but they do it
International may have
  Nations Organization,
  states themselves.

 
 The Theory of Coordination- this Doctrine states that although Municipal Law and
International Law are on two separate planes, they may nevertheless affect each
other with regards to OBLIGATIONS. This Obligation will certainly arise if and
 then any two or more states are both members of any international organization
or formed any agreement or treaty between and among
However, that since the two systems lie on different fields, their interaction
should not bring them into conflicts with each other since they
operate in two different spheres, and each is being supreme in its own field.
(Fitzmaurice)
 Incorporation vs. Transformation
Doctrine of Incorporation Doctrine o

- is expressed in Sec. 2, Art II, Philippine Constitution, as follows: “The Philippines

renounces war as an instrument of national policy, adopts the generally accepted
principles of International Law as part of the law of the land, and adheres to the policy of - requires the enactm
peace, equality, justice, freedom, cooperation and amity with all nations”. be part of the munic
 
  The treaties that are
Since we are member of the United Nations Organization and we then adhere to promote Legislative branch o
Human Rights it is adopted and incorporated in our constitution that Philippines laws.
renounces war as a means of resolving conflict. We then follow
negotiation and peace talks to settle disputes in the international society.

 
Functions of International Law:
 
 The maintenance of international peace and order;
 The protection of State rights and of fundamental human rights thru sanctions,
both peaceful and coercive;
 The economic, social, cultural and technological development of states and such
other entities as may be possessed of an international

United Nations Organization

The United Nations (UN) has six main organs. Five of them are the (1)
General Assembly, (2) the Security Council, (3) the Economic and Social Council, (4)
the Trusteeship Council and (5) the Secretariat — are based at UN
Headquarters in New York. The sixth, the International Court of Justice, is located at
The Hague in the Netherlands.
The United Nations is neither a supra-State nor a government of
governments, meaning it does not have its own government like any other country
does. It has the function to make treaties or agreements between and among the
member states but it cannot be immediately bound to be followed by everyone. It
does not have an army and it imposes no taxes in the services it offers. It depends
on the political will of its Member States to have its decisions put into action and
relies on the contributions of its Members to carry out its activities.
  
General-purpose [cause and object of the Charter] The United Nations in an
international organization tasked to:
1. Prevent of war
2. Maintain international peace and security
3. Develop friendly relations among the members of the international community
4. Attain international cooperation, and harmony in the actions of nation
The 6 main Organs of the United Nations:

The General Assembly- The General Assembly is the main deliberative organ of the

United Nations. All UN Member States are represented in the General Assembly. Each
Member State has one vote in the decisions the council will carry out. Decisions on
such key issues as international peace and security, admitting new members and the
UN budget are decided by a two-thirds majority of those members who vote for a
certain agreement to be carried.
 
Under the UN Charter, the functions and powers of the General Assembly (GA)
include: To discuss any question relating to international peace and security (except
when a dispute or situation is being discussed by the Security Council); To make
recommendations for the peaceful settlement of any situation which might harm the
friendly relations among nations; To discuss and make recommendations on the
powers and functions of any organ of the United Nations; To request studies and make
recommendations to promote international cooperation, the development of
international law, the protection of human rights, and international collaboration on
economic, social, cultural, educational and health issues; To receive and discuss
reports from the Security Council and other UN organs; To discuss and approve the
UN budget; To elect non-permanent members of the Security Council, the members of
the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and additional members of the
Trusteeship Council (when necessary); to elect the judges of the International Court of
Justice (jointly with the Security Council); and on the recommendation of the Security
Council, to appoint the Secretary-General.
 
The Security Council- The Security Council has primary responsibility for the
maintenance of international peace and security. It has 15 Members, and each
Member has one vote in the decision the council is making.

Under the Charter, all Member States are obligated to comply with Council decisions.
The Charter of the United Nations – an international treaty – obligates member states
to settle their disputes by peaceful means, in such a manner that international peace
and security and justice are not endangered. They are to refrain from the threat or use
of force against any state, and may bring the dispute before the Security Council. The
UN Charter gives the Security Council primary responsibility for maintaining
international peace and security. The Council may convene at any time, whenever
peace is threatened. In contrast to the decisions made by the General Assembly, all
Member States are obligated under the UN Charter to carry out the Security Council’s
decisions.
 
 
The Economic and Social Council- A founding UN Charter body established in 1946,
the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is the place where the world’s economic,
so
cial and environmental challenges are discussed and debated, and policy
recommendations issued.
 
The Trusteeship Council- The Trusteeship Council was established to provide
international supervision for 11 Trust Territories and to make sure that adequate steps
were taken to prepare the Territories for self-government or independence. Western
Samoa, Tanganyika, Rwanda-Urundi, Cameroons under British and French
administration, Togoland under British and French administration, New Guinea,
Nauru, Strategic Trust Territory/ Trust territory of the Pacific Islands and Italian
Somaliland are some of the Trust Territories of the United Nations. These territories,
referred to as League of Nations Mandates, were renamed United Nations Trust
Territories once the UN Charter came into force in late 1945.
 
The International Court of Justice- The International Court of Justice is the principal
judicial organ of the United Nations. The Court is charged with settling legal disputes
between States and giving advisory opinions to the United Nations and its specialized
agencies. The International Court of Justice is composed of 15 judges elected to nine-
year terms of office by the United Nations General Assembly and the Security
Council.
 
The Secretariat- The UN Secretariat, consisting of staff representing all nationalities
working in duty stations all over the world, carries out the day to day work of the
Organization. The Secretariat services the other principal organs of the United
Nations and administers the programs and policies established by them.
 

MAIN FUNCTION of UN: to maintain peace and security for all of its
member-states.
 

 UN doesn’t have its own military but has peace keeping force which are supplied
by the member states. On approval of UN Security Council, these peace makers
are often sent to regions where armed conflict has recently ended to discourage
combatants from resuming
 
Other Functions:
 

 UN also aims to protect human rights and provide humanitarian assistance when

 The General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a
standard for its human rights Member States who had been violative of the said
 declaration may be summon to face the United Nations when cases on Human
Rights violation are rampant in member countries of the UN.
 UN currently provides technical assistance in elections, helps to improve judicial
structures and draft constitutions, trains human rights officials, and provides food,
drinking water, and other humanitarian services to peoples displaced by famine,
war and natural
 At present, the Holy See and Palestine are the only observer states at the United
Nations. Generally, they have limited ability to participate in the Organizations
day to day functioning, and also, they lack the ability to vote or propose
resolutions within the
 June 10, 1942 Philippines gained its membership to the United Nations
 

ROLE OF UNITED NATIONS TODAY AND IN THE FUTURE

 

United Nations established what it calls its Millennium Development Goals

Most of its member states and various international organizations have
agreed to achieve these goals relating to reducing poverty, child mortality, fighting
diseases and epidemics, and developing global partnership in terms of international
development, by 2015.
A report issued as the deadline neared noted the progress that had been
made, lauding efforts in developing nations, and noted shortfalls as well that need
continued focus: people still living in poverty without access to services, gender
inequality, the wealth gap, and climate change's effects on the poorest people.