PALEOPROTEROZOIC USAGARAN

OROGENIC BELT

GROUP 3

PARTICIPANTS
MAYAULA JACKLINE B
LUGOME ANNA JOHN
HUSNA SAID
NDAKI NATHAN
NGULO GOODLUCK R
AIKARUWA KENNEDY OSWALD
 CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Geology
 Stratigraphy
 Metamorphism
 Geochronology
 Mode of evolution
 Deformation Events
 Mineralisation
 Comparison of Usagaran and Ubendian belt
 Comparison with other world belts
 Reference
GEOLOGICAL MAP OF TANZANIA
INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION
Usagaran belt is located on the south
east of the Archean Tanzanian craton and
bordered by ubendian belt to the NE. The
belt has a SW- NE and E-W trending
 GEOLOGY
 REGIONAL GEOLOGY
• The Usagaran Orogen of central Tanzania is a
Palaeoproterozoic orogenic belt that lies
directly east of the 2.7 Ma Tanzanian Craton .
• In the south, the 2.0 Ga Usagaran Orogen
links with a similar sequence of rocks of the
Ubendian Orogen of western Tanzania.
• The Usagaran belt is subdivided into 2
major litho- tectonic metamorphic units
(a) High grade Isimani group of 2 Ga
(b)Low grade Konse group of 1.9 Ga
 Continuation
ISIMANI GROUP
Composes of high grade metamorphic rocks
 Gneisses
 Mafic amphibolite ( banded, garnet rich and foliated)
Dominated by amphibolite and locally granulite and eclogite
facies mineral assemblages.
KONSE GROUP
Overlies Isimani group and Tanzania Craton and is composed
of Low grade (greenschist to amphibolite facies)
 Meta volcanic(meta gabbros)
 Meta sedimentary(metapelites,marble,quartzites)
 continuation
• Undeformed to weakly foliated granitoids
intruded into the Usagaran gneisses, and into the
virtually undeformed Ndembera unit, consisting
of intermediate to felsic volcanic rocks,
subordinate phyllites and quartzites
• The Ndembera unit overlies both deformed
Usagaran and, locally, some of the undeformed
later intruded granites. These later intruded
granitoid rocks post-date the Usagaran gneisses
and are thus post-Usagaran granitoids
STRATIGRAPHY OF USAGARA
OROGENIC BELT
 METAMOPRHISM OF USAGARA BELT
The ISIMANI GROUP:Is a zone of high grade
amphibolite ,granulite and eclogite facies
 Eclogite facies:750°C and 18kbar
 Granulite facies:780°C and 10kbar
 An extensive amphibolite facies metamorphism that
overprints these high pressure events has yielded
pressure–temperature estimates of 4–6 kbar and
500–700 °C
THE KONSE GROUP Is composed of a
stratigraphic succession of seven sedimentary
and volcanic formations subsequently
metamorphosed at greenschist facies
conditions.
 GEOCHRONOLGY
 Usagaran orogenic belt formed approximately 2.05
– 1.8 Ga
Ismani suite formed 2000 Ma
 The Konse group formed 1920 Ma
Post granitoids yielded SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages
1910 Ma,1870 Ma (SOMMER, KRONER et
al.,2005)and 1892Ma( BAHAME, 2012)
Also Usagaran belt had Archean influence with the
evidence from the xenocrysts of zircons in the
granites yielding a SHRIMP age of 2700Ma (
indicating incorporation of Archean components of
the Tanzaniaz Craton reworked in Proterozoic times)
 MODE OF FORMATION
• The geotectonic evolution of
Usagaran belt could be explained by
model of oceanic plate subduction
and continental collision.
• Remnants or relics of the subducted
oceanic plate are preserved as
eclogitic rocks slicers
 Continuation
Therefore three modes are proposed to explain the
observed rock associations in the Usagaran Orogeny
 Supra-subduction zone accretion of voluminous
uniform-aged granitoid, partially subducted slices of
MOR-like basalt and mudrocks.
 Thinning of the eastern Tanzanian Craton followed by
partial subduction of the margin and subsequent
exhumation.
 Rifting of the eastern Tanzanian Craton followed by
subduction and closure of the marginal basin and
continued accretion of the ribbon continent onto the
craton.
• Konse and Ndembera group representing
foreland basin sediments are presumed to be
deposited after the collision of the Zambian
and Tanzania cratons and the Usagarn
orogeny in Palaeproterozoic
• In this model the subducted plate during the
collision dips away from the craton. In this
case the post orogenic magmatic rocks
would be emplaced predominantly in the
Isimani suite.
• Presences of peripheral foreland basin leads
to the depositional cycle of the Konse group.
.
 DEFORMATION PHASE OF ISIMANI
GROUP
• The initial stage (D1)occurred at high pressure
conditions and resulted in formation of
recumbent folds and compositionalbandings
(Mruma, 1989 Red et al 2003).
• The eclogite and granulite facies mineral
assemblages are considered to have
developed at this stage.
• The second stage (D2) took place at
amphibolite facies conditions overprinted the
previous D1 deformations and mineral
assemblages
• In most outcrop, the S1 composition banding
and the mylonitics S2 foliation are sub-
parallel.Kinematics indicator associated with
D2 are generally well developed and record a
degree of heterogenity δ-and σ-
porphyroclast are the most common
kinematic indicators.
 Continuation
• The third stage (D3) probably only affected the
area in a short time and the
metamorphicgrade of the D3 fabrics are
indistinguished from those developed during
D2 which indicated that it is probably
associated with the later stages of D2 (Reddy
et al 2003)
 PHASE 4& 5
• The last two stages involved extension and D4
and followed by thrusting D5 under greenschist
facies condition that thrust the Isimani suite over
the Konse Group (Reddy et al. 2003).
• The ages of the D4 and D5 deformation phases
are poorly constrained and may reflect
deformation during Palaeoproterozoic
exhumanition of the Usagaran Orogen or during
the late Neoproterozoic East African Orogeny.
 MINERALIZATION
Iron(Fe) at Liganga Mchuchuma
The magmatic event that occured at ~1.82Ga in
the area around and south of Njombe resulted
in the formation of Liganga titaniferous-
magnetite deposit due magmatic segregation
PGM at Makete in Njombe
Tend to associate with Magmatic segregation
deposits around the mobile belt
Kaolin at Malangali in Njombe
 COMPARISON OF USAGARAN BELT
AND UBENDIAN BELT
 Ubendian and Usagaran belt were coevally formed
at 2000Ma, however metamorphism of Ubendian
orogen seems to be slight younger ( 1850- 1950).
 Both belts have similar high grade metamorphic
lithologies e.g eclogites, gneiss and ampibolites
 They have different structural trends where by
Ubendian strikes SE-NW while Usagaran strikes SW-
NE to E-W as previously shown on the maps.
 Granitic intrusion occurred coevally in the 2 belts
between 1890 Ma to 1860.
Comparisons with other mobile belts
of world
 Continuation
 The Aravalli-Delhi and Saptura mobile belts (ADMB
and SMB) and Eastern Ghat mobile belts (EMGB) in
India form major Proterozoic mobile belts with
adjoining cratons where Proterozoic convergences
and rifting are suggested in case of Aravalli,
Saptura and Eastern Ghat.
NE-SW directed stress with N-S and E-W directed
convergences are indicated along these fold belts.
 Plume caused rifting of cratons during palaeo-
Mesoproterozoic Columbia supercontinent breakup.
 REFERENCE
 Mruma, A.H., 1989. Stratigraphy, Metamorphism and
Tectonicevolution of the Early Proterozoic Usagaran belt,
Tanzania.Res Terrae, A, vol. 2. University of Oulu, Finland.
 Muhongo, S., Kro¨ner, A., Nemchin, A.A., 2001. Single zircon
evaporation and SHRIMP ages for granulite-facies rocks in the
Mozambique belt of Tanzania. Journal of Geology 109,171–
189.
 Maboko, M.A.H., Nakamura, E., 1996. Nd and Sr isotopic
mapping of the Archaean–Proterozoic boundary in
southeastern Tanzania using granites as probes for crustal
growth. Precambrian Research77, 105– 115.
 Andreas Möller, Peter Appel, Klaus Mezger and Volker Schenk
2011 Evidence for a 2 Ga subduction zone: Eclogites in the
Usagaran belt of Tanzania