Priya Nalamwar 1901045

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, PUNE

(AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTE OF GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA)

DEPARETMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ACADEMIC YEAR 2021-2021

A MICRO PROJECT REPORT ON

THE DETAILS OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES NATM, TBM OF TUNNEL
EXCAVATION

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:

Prof. D.K.BHANDARE.

SUBMITTED BY: PRIYA SANTOSH NALAMWAR 1901045

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GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, PUNE

(AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTE OF GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA)

CERTIFICATE
This to certify that Term work entitled as
A MICRO PROJECT REPORT on
THE DETAILS OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES NATM, TBM OF TUNNEL
EXCAVATION
Is the bonafied work carried out by
Student Of Third Year Civil Engineering Diploma
During academic year
2021-2022
This report embodies the study done by the candidate
Towards the partial fulfilment of Diploma in Civil Engineering

Prof.D.K.Bhandare Prof.V.B.Kondawar. Prof.Dr.V.B.Bandal

(Guide) (Head of department) (Principal)

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INDEX
 Chapter 1

TBM
1. Introduction.
2. Component Parts Of TBM
3. Operating Principle Of EPB. TBM.
4. Survey system for TBM Tunnel construction.

 Chapter 2

NATM
1. Introduction
2. Historyy of NATM
3. Broad Principle Of NATM
4. Advantages
5. Disadvantages

 Chapter 3

1. Conclusion
2.Reference

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CHAPTER 1

1. INTRODUCTION
TUNNEL BORING MACHINE :-
The tunnel boring machine is a machine which has been developed
in recent years and has revolutionized the tunneling industry both making
tunneling a safer, more economic solution for creating underground space
and opening the possibility of creating tunnels where it was not feasible
before.
A tunnel boring machine (TBM) also known as a “mole” is a machine
used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of
soil and rock strata. They can bore through hard rock, sand, and almost
anything in between. Tunnel diameters can range from a meter (done with
micro-TBMs) to almost 16 meters to date. Tunnels of less than a meter or
so in diameter are typically done using trenchless construction methods
or horizontal directional drilling ratherthan TBMs.
Tunnel boring machines are used as an alternative to drilling and
blasting (D&B) methods in rock and conventional "hand mining" in soil.
TBMs have the advantages of limiting the disturbance to the surrounding
ground and producing a smooth tunnel wall. This significantly reduces the
cost of lining the tunnel, and makes them suitable to use in heavily
urbanized areas. The major disadvantage is the upfront cost. TBMs are
expensive to construct, and can be difficult to transport. The longer the
tunnel, the less the relative cost of tunnel boring machines versus drill and
blast methods. This is because tunnelling with TBMs is much more
efficient and results in shortened completion times, assuming they operate
successfully. Drilling and blasting however remains the preferred method
when working through heavily fractured and sheared rock layers

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2. Component parts of TBM.

❖ Cutting wheel
Cutting knives and disc cutters remove the soil from the tunnel face
❖ Excavation chamber
The pliable, plastic soil in the excavation chamber transfers the necessary
support pressure at the tunnel face
❖ Bulkhead
Transfers the thrust force to the soil paste in the excavation
chamber where it is controlled using pressure sensors
❖ Mixing arms
Mixing arms at the cutting wheel and bulkhead mix the soil in the
excavation chamber to obtain the required texture
❖ Screw conveyor
The rotation speed determines how much material is removed from the
excavation chamber, thus regulating the support pressure

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❖ Tail skin
Wire brushes seal the gap between the inside of the tailskin and the
outside of the segmental lining

❖ Erector
Remote-controlled, movable
segments during ring building vacuum manipulator to position the

❖ Tunnel lining
Lining of the tunnel with precision precast concrete segments

❖ Backfilling
The annular gap between excavated surface of the ground and the
outside of the tunnel lining is continuously filled with grout

Earth pressure balance (EPB) TBM adopts the techniques of

maintaining appropriate pressure in front of the cutter head by balancing
the advance speed of TBM and the outflow of excavated material through
the screw conveyor. Three possible situations may arise based on the
earth pressure as follows;
 When the earth pressure is equal to TBM Pressure, the
surface of overburden does not experience any settlement or
mud pumping.

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• When the TBM pressure is less than that of the earth pressure, the
excessive earth pressure pushes overburden strata in to the TBM
resulting in settlement of over burden.

When TBM pressure is more than the earth pressure, it pushes the strata in front of th

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3. Operating principle of EPB. TBM.

Earth Pressure Balance (EPB) TBMs are used in excavating and

advancing tunnels through any type of soft ground or soil condition,
particularly below the water table. The EPB method consists of a cutting
chamber located behind the cutterhead. This chamber is used to mix the
soil with water foam. It is maintained under pressure by the mucking
system. The ground at the cutting face is supported by earth pressure by
balancing the advancement of the tunnel with the discharge rate of the
excavated soil.

The underlying principle of the EPB method is that the excavated

soil itself is used to provide continuous support to the tunnel face by
balancing earth pressure against the forward pressure of the machine.
The thrust forces generated from rear section of TBM is transferred to the
earth in the cutterhead chamber so as to prevent uncontrolled intrusion of
excavated materials into the chamber. When the shield advances at the
face of excavation, the excavated soil is then mixed together with a special
foam material which changes its viscosity or thickness and transforms it
into a flowing material. This muck is then stored and is used to provide
support and to balance pressure at the tunnel face during the excavation
process
 Excavation
Cutting knives and disc cutters remove the soil
The cutterhead is rotated and the thrust arm is generating a thrust force
for supporting the face. Thus, the working chamber is filled with excavated
material. When the working chamber is full, excavated material has been
transported by screw conveyor.
 Tunnel face support
Pliable, plastic soil produces active support pressure in the excavation
chamber

● Removal
A screw conveyor transports the excavated material to the logistics
systems at the back

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 Thrust
Hydraulic thrust cylinders in the shield or a jacking frame in the launch
shaft push the machine forward

 Tunnel linning
Segmental lining
In this process give support to the excavated area of tunnel with the help
of precast concrete segmentring which is installed by TBM

Working process of TBM

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SURVEY SYSTEM FOR TBM TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION

For a TBM tunnel project, it is essential to establish a flawless engineering
survey system to ensure that the tunnel being excavated and built is in
accordance with the predefined alignment. Most importantly, the ultimate
goal is to construct the tunnel such that it does not exceed the allowable
construction tolerance.

 SURVEYMETHOLOGY

1) PRECONSTRUCTION STAGE :-
Step 1: Identified the geographical extent of the construction works
involved and designed a scheme of survey control network to cover the
area .

lining of pune metro tunnel

Step 2: Carried out a reconnaissance survey on site to identify the

known control stations nearby and established the new survey stations

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Step 3: Set up a survey control network, the new stations were rigidly tied
to the known stations
Step 4: Carried out field measurements of angle and distance among the
stations followed by
computation of global coordinates of control stations.

All field measurements were to meet the following acceptance criterias

before computation
was performed :-
1) The spread of a repeated angle measurementshould not be more
than 3”.
2) The spread of a repeated distance measurement should not be more
than the measuring
accuracy of total station (2mm+2ppm), 5mm for the 2.5km as an example.
The global coordinates of the stations was finalized and would be made
use of for construction as primary control stations. The accuracy of the
stations is better than 1:50,000

2) Construction Stage :-
Step 1: Prior to the initial drive of TBM, secondary control station was
established at the TBM Launching Shaft at surface by transferring co-
ordinates from the primary control stations

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Step 3: Moved up the tunnel control station by Double Zigzag

Traverse(3.5) behind the TBM as the machine travelled ahead, and
transferred a temporary station to the shoulder position of the erected
ring at the back-up gantry of the TBM.

Zigzag traversing in tunnel

Step 4: Traversed the temporary control stations at the erected rings

above the TBM back up gantry to reach the Laser Station located about
30m behind the TBM.

Transfer of control station at the TBM back up

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CHAPTER 2

1. INTRODUCTION

NA TM: This method has been developed basically in Austria so its

name make use of providing flexible primary lining in shape of
shotcrete, wire mesh, rock bolts ,lattice girder. In case of weaker
rock mass the use of pipe forepole/pipe roofing is also resrted for
crown support which in turn lead to less overbreak as well as
ensure safety during the execution. The main aspect of the
approach is dynamic design based on rock mass classification
as well as the in situ deformation observed. Hence more
economical use of the tunnel support system along with the
rational approach of execution.

2. History of NA TM:
The term New Austrian Tunneling Method Popularly known
As NATM got its name from Saleburg (Austria). It was first
med by Mr Rabcewicz in 1962 It got world wise recognition
in 1964. This method has been evolved as a result of experience
gained in Austrian Alpine tunneling condition.
The first use of NATM in soft ground turmeling is done in Frankfurt
metro in 1969. The haic aim of NATM is for getting stable and
economic tunnel support systems. This method
has been very useful in complex diversified geological condition
where forecasting of the rock mass is difficult
due to rapidly changing geology.

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3. Broad Principles of NATM:

NATM broadly based on the following principles:

Mobilization of the strength of rock mass- The method

relies on the inherent strength of the rock mass being conserved as
the main component of tunnel support.
Primary support is directed to enable the rock to support
itself.
Shotcrete protection - Loosening and excessive rock mass
deformation should be minimised by applying a layer 25-50mm
of sealing shotcrete immediately after opening of the face.
Measurements - Every deformation of the excavation must be
measured, NATM requires installation of sophisticated
measurement instrumentation. It is embedded in lining, ground
such as load cells, extensometers and relectors.
Primary Lining - The primary lining is thin. It is active support
and the tunnel is strengthened not by a thicker concrete lining
but by a flexible combination of rock bolts, wire mesh and Lattice
girders .
Closing of invert - Early as far as possible closing the invert so
as to complete the arch action and creating a load-bearing ring is
important. It is crucial in soft ground tunnels.
Rock mass dassification - The participation of expert geologist
is very important as the primary support as well as the further
designing of supports etc during the excavation of rock requires
the classification of the rock mass.
Dynamic Design - The deigning is dynamic during the tunnel
construction.Every face opening classification of rock is done
and the support are selected accordingly. Also the design is
further reinforced based on the deformation as noiced during
the monitoring.

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General design aspect for NATM

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4. Advantages

a. Flexible - Support provide as required by the ground conditions.

b. Safe Able to deal with locally unexpected ground condition, minimizing claims.

c.Economical - Support provided as required by the encountered ground

conditions, in contrast to TBM segments, which are designed for worst load
case - if needed or not, therefore overdesigned.

d. Adaptable - Optimizing equipment and crews,allowing multiple heading

operations concurrent.

5. Disadvantages

a. High level of coordination, cooperation and communication.

b. Lower production rates. c. Interruptions in excavation and support works

have to be avoided as much as possible.

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Chapter 3

Conclusion:

TBMS are very varied and their suitability for different soil conditions means
that the correct choice of machine and the level of experience of the operators
is critical in their successful use.

NATM approach of design and execution of the tunneling in varied geology

and especially in soft ground tunneling is advantageous and scientific way
of tunneling in comparison to the old /conventional way of tunneling. This
system monitors the rock mass deformation and designs the support
system with reference to the rock mass type and deformation.

Reference :

1 www.google.com
2 www.wikipedia.com
3 www.indianexpress.com
4 www.mahametro.com

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