Rule 4: Exponential function

𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑎
1 𝑑𝑦
( ) = 𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑎 = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝑑𝑥

𝑥
𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑙𝑛𝑎

𝑑 𝑎𝑥 1
( + 𝑐) = (𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑎) = 𝑎 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑎 𝑙𝑛𝑎

23𝑥
Example: ∫ 23𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑐; 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑙𝑛2

Rule 5: Substitution method

3𝑥
1 𝑢
1 𝑢
1 2𝑢 1 23𝑥
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 ( ) 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑢 = ( ) + 𝑐 = ( ) + 𝑐
3 3 3 𝑙𝑛2 3 𝑙𝑛2
Let us assume, 3𝑥 = 𝑢
≈ 3 ∗ 1 ∗ 𝑑𝑥 = 1 ∗ 𝑑𝑢
1
≈ 3𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 ≈ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
3

Suppose, 𝑦 = 𝑢(𝑥) ∗ 𝑣(𝑥)

1. Try to simplify this & then apply power rule.
2. If this doesn’t work, then Substitution rule. We are going to assume one of
the function as another variable. Then convert the whole f(x) according to
that variable.
3. Cheat: assume the difficult or complicated looking function as another
variable.

Example: 𝑦 = ∫ 12𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 + 2)5 𝑑𝑥

Solution: (𝑥 3 + 2) = 𝑢
≈ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 1 ∗ 𝑑𝑢
1
≈ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
3𝑥 2
1 𝑢6 4
𝑦 = ∫ 12𝑥 𝑢 ( 2 ) 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 4𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 4 ( ) + 𝑐 = ( 𝑥 3 + 2)^6 + 𝑐
2 5 5
3𝑥 6 6

Example: 𝑦 = ∫(3𝑥 + 7)5 𝑑𝑥

Let us assume, 3𝑥 + 7 = 𝑢
1
≈ 3𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 ≈ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
3
1
5
1 𝑢6 1
𝑦 = ∫ 𝑢 ( ) 𝑑𝑢 = ( ) + 𝑐 = (3𝑥 + 7)6 + 𝑐
3 3 6 18
 2
Example: 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution: assume, 𝑥 2 = 𝑢 (𝑥 = √𝑢)
1
≈ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 ≈ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
2𝑥
1 1 1
𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒𝑢 ( ) 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 ( ) 𝑑𝑢
2𝑥 2 √𝑢

Rule 6: Integration by parts.

Suppose, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥), we can’t apply substitution rule.

𝑦 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

According to Integration by parts rule, we are going to assume one of the function
as the first derivative. Cheat: the one which is more complicated, that will g’(x)

∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) ∗ 𝑔(𝑥) − ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Example: 𝑦 = ∫ 4𝑥(𝑥 + 1)5 𝑑𝑥

Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 & 𝑔′ (𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)5
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4

𝑔(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 + 1)5 𝑑𝑥

Assume, 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑢 ≈ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢

5
𝑢6
𝑔(𝑢) = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 =
6
1
𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)6
6
 1 1
∫ 4𝑥(𝑥 + 1)5 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑥 ∗ ( ) (𝑥 + 1)6 − ∫ 4 ( ) (𝑥 + 1)6 𝑑𝑥
6 6
4 4
= 𝑥(𝑥 + 1)6 − ∫(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟔 𝒅𝒙
6 6

Let us assume, 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑢 ≈ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
4 4 4 𝑢7 4 1
∫(𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ( ) = ( ) (𝑥 + 1)7
6 6
6 6 6 7 6 7

4 4 1
Final answer: ∫ 4𝑥(𝑥 + 1)5 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 1)6 − ( ) (𝑥 + 1)7 + 𝑐
6 6 7

2
Example: 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
Solution: 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒, 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑢 (𝑙𝑛𝑒^𝑥 2 ) = 𝑙𝑛𝑢 ≈ 𝑥^2 = 𝑙𝑛𝑢
2 1
≈ 𝑒 𝑥 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 ≈ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑑𝑢
2𝑥𝑒 𝑥
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
∫𝑢( 2 ) 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑢 = ∫
2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 2𝑥𝑢 2𝑥