CENGR 3260 - HYDRAULICS

FUNDAMENTALS OF
FLUID FLOW

ENGR. JHOREENE A. JULIAN

Instructor
Department of Civil Engineering, CLSU

CENTRAL LUZON
STATE UNIVERSITY

FLUID DYNAMICS
Fluid in motion
It is a subdiscipline of Fluid Mechanics that describes the
flow of fluids - liquid and gas.
✓ Discharge
✓ Energy And Head
✓ Power And Efficiency
✓ Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem
✓ Energy And Hydraulic Grade
Lines

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CLASSIFICATIONS OF FLUID FLOWS
➢ Steady or Unsteady
A flow in which all conditions (velocity, pressure, density, discharge) at
any point in a stream remains constant with respect to time is called
steady flow.

A flow in which all conditions (velocity, pressure, density, discharge) at

any point in a stream changes with respect to time is called unsteady
flow.

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CLASSIFICATIONS OF FLUID FLOWS

➢ Uniform or Non-Uniform
If the flow velocity at a given instant of time does not change within a
given length of pipe or channel. Then the flow is called uniform flow.

If the flow velocity at a given instant of time changes within a given

length of pipe or channel. Then the flow is called uniform flow.

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CLASSIFICATIONS OF FLUID FLOWS
➢ Laminar or Turbulent
The flow at which adjacent layer do not cross to
each other and move along the well define path
is called as laminar flow, otherwise, it is called
turbulent flow.

Reynold’s number is used to differentiate

between laminar and turbulent flows.

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CLASSIFICATIONS OF FLUID FLOWS

➢ Rotational or Irrotational
The flow in which fluid particle while flowing along stream lines
rotate about their own axis is called a rotational flow.

The flow in which the fluid particle while flowing along stream
lines do not rotate about their axis is called as irrotational flow.

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DISCHARGE OR FLOW RATE
Discharge or flow rate is the amount of fluid passing through a section per unit of time.

a. Volume Flow Rate, Q c. Weight Flow Rate, W

𝐐 = 𝐀𝐯 W = γAv
W = γQ where:
Q = Discharge in m³/sec or ft³/sec

b. Mass Flow Rate, M A = cross-sectional area of flow in m² or ft²

v = mean velocity of flow in m/sec or ft/sec
M = ρAv M = mass flow rate in kg/sec
M = ρQ ρ = mass density in kg/m³ or slugs/ft³
W = weight flow rate in kN/sec
γ = weight density in N/m³ or lb/ ft³

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SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 1

Water flows through a 75mm diameter pipe at a velocity of 3m/s.
Find:
(a) the volume flow rate in m³/sec and in lit/sec
(b) the mass flow rate in kg/sec
(c) the weight flow rate in N/sec.

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Solution:
Given:
d = 75mm or 0.075m
v = 3 m/s

a. Volume Flow Rate

Q = Av
π m3 1,000 L
A = 4 d² Q = 0.0132 s 1 m3
π
A = 4 (0.075 m)² Q = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟐 𝐋/𝐬
A = 0.0044 m²
Q = (0.0044 m²)(3 m/s)

Q = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟐 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬

Solution:
b. Mass Flow Rate c. Weight Flow Rate
M = ρAv W = γAv
A = 0.0044 m² A = 0.0044 m²
ρ = 1000 kg/m³ γ = 9810 N/m³
(mass density of water) (unit weight of water)
M = (1000 kg/m³)(0.0044 m²)(3 m/s) W = (9810 N/m³)(0.0044 m²)(3 m/s)

M = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟐 𝐤𝐠/𝐬 W = 𝟏𝟐𝟗. 𝟒𝟗 𝐍/𝐬

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ENERGY AND HEAD
The energy possessed by a flowing fluid consists of the kinetic and the potential energy.

Potential Energy may in turn be subdivided

ENERGY
into energy due to position or elevation
above a given datum, and energy due to
pressure in the fluid.
POTENTIAL ENERGY KINETIC ENERGY

The amount of energy per pound

or Newton of fluid is called the
Head. PRESSURE ENERGY VELOCITY ENERGY

ELEVATION ENERGY

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ENERGY AND HEAD

a. Elevation Energy b. Pressure Energy
The energy possessed by the fluid by The energy possessed by the fluid due
virtue of its position or elevation with respect to pressure.
to a datum plane.
P
Elevation Energy = Wz = Mgz Pressure Energy = W γ

Elevation Energy Wz Pressure Energy

Elevation Head = =W Pressure Head = Weight
Weight

𝐏
Elevation Head = z Pressure Head =
𝛄
where:
z = position of the fluid where:
(+) above and ( - ) below P = Fluid pressure

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ENERGY AND HEAD
c. Velocity Energy/Kinetic Energy d. Total Flow Energy
The ability of the fluid mass to do The total energy of head in a fluid flow is
work by virtue of its velocity. the sum of the kinetic and the potential energies.

1 1 W
Kinetic Energy = 2 M v² = 2 v² Total Energy = KE + PEs
g
𝐯² 𝐩
Kinetic Energy
Total Head, E = + +𝐳
𝟐𝐠 𝛄
Kinetic Head = Weight
𝐯²
Velocity Head =
𝟐𝐠

where:
v = mean velocity of flow
G = acceleration

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POWER AND EFFICIENCY

Power is the rate at which work is done.

Power = Q γ E

Efficiency, η = 𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭/𝐈𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟎%

• Unit weight, γ (N/m³) Note:

• Rate, Q ( m³/s) 1 Horsepower (hp) = 746 Watts
• Total Energy, E (m) 1 Horsepower (hp) = 500 ft-lb/sec
• Power (N-m/s or Joule/s) 1 Watt = 1 N-m/s = 1 Joule/sec

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SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 2
A liquid having a sp.gr. of 2.0 is flowing in a 50-mm diameter pipe.
The total head at a given point was found to be 17.5 Joule per
Newton. The elevation of the pipe above the datum is 3-m and the
pressure in the pipe is 65.6 kPa. Compute the velocity of flow and
the horsepower in the stream at that point.

Solution:
Sp.gr. = 2.0 z= 3 m
d = 50 mm or 0.050 m p= 65.6 kPa
E = 17.5 Joule / N or 17.5 m
v² p
* 1 Joule = 1 N-m Total Energy, E = + +z
2g γ
1 N−m v² 65.6 kN/m²
17.5 Joule (1 Joule) 17.5 m = + + 3m
2g 9.81 kN/m3 (2.0)
17.5 N-m v²
17.5 m = + 3.34 m + 3 m
N−m 2g
17.5 N = 17.5 m
v2
=11.16 m
2g
v2
=11.16 m
2(9.81m/s²)

𝐯 =𝟏𝟒. 𝟖𝟎 m/s)

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Solution:
Power, P = Q γ E
π 2 m N
P = [ 4 0.050m · 14.80 s ] · [9810 · 2.0] · 17.5 m
m3

P = 9977.66 N-m/s or watts

P = 9977.66 watts
1 hp
= 9977.66 watts [ 746 watts]

P = 13.37 h𝐩

BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM

Originally formulated in 1783 by Swiss mathematician and physicist Daniel Bernoulli,

it states that the total energy in a steadily flowing fluid is a constant speed along the
flow path.
Bernoulli’s Principle, in physics, the concept that as the speed of a moving fluid (liquid
or gas) increases, the pressure within that fluid decreases.

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BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM
The Principle of Conservation of Mass
The principle of conservation of mass states that the mass of a body is constant during
its motion. This can be stated in the rate form, as the time rate of change of the mass of a body
is zero.

The Energy Principle (Kinetic and Potential Energies)

The principle of work and kinetic energy (also known as the work-energy theorem)
states that the work done by the sum of all forces acting on a particle equals the change in the
kinetic energy of the particle.

The Principle of Momentum

In physics, the principle of conservation of momentum states that when you have an
isolated system with no external forces, the initial total momentum of objects before a collision
equals the final total momentum of the objects after the collision.
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BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM

The Bernoulli’s results from the application of the principles of conservation of energy.

Continuity Equation:
1
𝐐𝟏 = 𝐐𝟐
𝑧1 𝑧2

𝐄@ 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝟏 + 𝐄𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝 - 𝐄𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐱𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 = 𝐄@ 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝟐

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BERNOULLI’S ENERGY EQUATION
Energy Equation without Head Lost
If the fluid experiences no head lost in moving from section 1 to section 2, then
the total energy at section 1 must be equal to the total energy at section 2.
When neglecting head lost in fluid flow, the values are considered as ideal or
theoretical values.

𝐄𝟏 = 𝐄 𝟐
𝐯𝟏𝟐 𝐩𝟏 𝐯𝟐 𝟐 𝐩𝟐
+ + 𝐳𝟏 = + + 𝐳𝟐
𝟐𝐠 𝛄 𝟐𝐠 𝛄

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BERNOULLI’S ENERGY EQUATION

Energy Equation with Head Lost
When considering head lost in fluid flow, the values are called actual values.

𝐄𝟏 - 𝐇𝐋𝟏−𝟐 = 𝐄𝟐
𝐯𝟏𝟐 𝐩𝟏 𝐯𝟐𝟐 𝐩𝟐
+ + 𝐳𝟏 - 𝐇𝐋𝟏−𝟐 = + + 𝐳𝟐
𝟐𝐠 𝛄 𝟐𝐠 𝛄

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BERNOULLI’S ENERGY EQUATION
Energy Equation with Pump
Pump is used basically to increase the head or to raise water from a lower to a
higher elevation.
✓ The input power (Pinput ) of the pump is electrical energy.
✓ The output power (Poutput ) of the pump is the flow energy.

𝐄𝟏 + HA - 𝐇𝐋𝟏−𝟐 = 𝐄𝟐
𝐯𝟏𝟐 𝐩𝟏 𝐯𝟐 𝟐 𝐩𝟐
+ + 𝐳𝟏 + HA - 𝐇𝐋𝟏−𝟐 = + + 𝐳𝟐
𝟐𝐠 𝛄 𝟐𝐠 𝛄
Output Power of Pump = Q𝛄𝐇𝐀

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BERNOULLI’S ENERGY EQUATION

Energy Equation with Turbine or Motor
Turbines or motors extract flow energy to do mechanical work which in turn converted into
electrical energy for turbines.

𝐄𝟏 - HE - 𝐇𝐋𝟏−𝟐 = 𝐄𝟐
𝟐
𝐯𝟏 𝐩𝟏 𝐯𝟐 𝟐 𝐩𝟐
𝟐𝐠
+ 𝛄
+ 𝐳𝟏 - HE - 𝐇𝐋𝟏−𝟐 = 𝟐𝐠
+ 𝛄
+ 𝐳𝟐

Input Power of Turbine/Motor = Q𝛄𝐇𝐄

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SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 3
The pump shown draws water from tank A at elevation 10-m and lifts it to tank
B at elevation 60-m. The loss head from A to 1 is two times the velocity head in
the 200-mm diameter pipe and the loss of head from 2 to B is ten times the
velocity head in the 150-mm diameter pipe. Determine the rated horsepower
of the pump and the pressure heads at 1 and 2 in meters when the discharge is
0.03m³/s.

El. 60 m

El. 10 m

A Q2

Q1 1 2
El. 0 m
500 m – 200 mm ∅ PUMP

Solution:

Q1 = Q2 = 0.03 m³/s

Q1 = A1 v1 Q2 = A2 v2
π π
0.03 m³/s = (0.200 m)² * v1 0.03 m³/s = 4(0.150 m)² * v2
4
v1 = 0.955 m/s v2 = 1.698 m/s
v1² (0.955 m/s)² v2² (1.698 m/s)²
= = 2 (9.81 m/s²)
2g
2g 2 (9.81 m/s²)
v1² v2²
= 0.0465 m = 0.147 m
2g 2g

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Solution:

Energy Equation from A to B: P = Q γ HA

EA - HLA−1 + HA - HL2−B = EB = (0.03m³/s)(9810 N/m³)( 51.563m)
𝐯𝐀 𝟐 𝐩 𝐯𝐁 𝟐 𝐩 P = 15,174.991 watts
𝟐𝐠
+ 𝛄𝐀 + 𝐳𝐀- 𝐇𝐋𝐀−𝟏 −𝐇𝐋𝟐−𝐁 + HA = 𝟐𝐠
+ 𝛄𝐁 + 𝐳𝐁

0 + 0 + 10m – 2(0.0465m) – 10(0.147m) + HA = 0 + 0 + 60 P = 15,174.991 watts/746

P = 20.342 hp
HA = 51.563 m (Energy Added)

Solution:

Pressure Heads at Section 1: Pressure Heads at Section 2:

Energy Equation between A and 1 Energy Equation between 2 and B

EA - HLA−1 = E1 E2 - HL2−B = EB
𝐯𝐀 𝟐 𝐩 𝐯𝟏 𝟐 𝐏 𝐯𝟐 𝟐 𝐩 𝐯𝐁 𝟐 𝐏𝐁
𝟐𝐠
+ 𝛄𝐀 + 𝐳𝐀- 𝐇𝐋𝐀−𝟏 = 𝟐𝐠
+ 𝛄𝟏+ 𝐳𝟏 + 𝛄𝟐 + 𝐳𝟐- 𝐇𝐋𝟐−𝐁 = + + 𝐳𝐁
𝟐𝐠 𝟐𝐠 𝛄
P1 P2
0+ 0 + 10 – 2(0.0465m) = 0.0465m + +0 0.147m + + 0 – 10(0.147m) = 0 + 0 + 60m
γ γ
𝐏𝟏 𝐏𝟐
= 9.861 m = 61.323 m
𝛄 𝛄

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ENERGY AND HYDRAULIC GRADE LINES
Hydraulic Grade Line
✓ Also known as pressure gradient. It is a graphical representation of the total potential energy
of flow.
✓ It is the line that connects the water levels in successive piezometer tubes placed at intervals
along the pipe.

Distance from the datum plane

𝐏
+z
𝛄

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ENERGY AND HYDRAULIC GRADE LINES

Characteristics of HGL
▪ HGL slopes downward in the direction of flow but it may rise or fall due to changes in velocity or pressure.
▪ For uniform pipe cross-section, HGL is parallel to the EGL. ▪ For horizontal pipes with uniform diameter, the drop in
pressure heads between any two points is also equal to the
head lost between these points

P Pd
γ γ

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

b Pump d Valve f h (N)

e Turbine
c g
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ENERGY AND HYDRAULIC GRADE LINES
Energy Grade Line
✓ Energy grade line is a graphical representation of the total energy of flow (the sum of kinetic
and potential energies).

Distance from the datum plane

𝐯𝟐 𝐏
+𝛄 +z
𝟐𝐠

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ENERGY AND HYDRAULIC GRADE LINES

Characteristics of EGL
▪ EGL always slopes downward in the direction of flow, and it will only rise with the presence of a pump.
▪ The drop of the EGL between any two points is the head ▪ EGL is always above the HGL by an amount equal to the
lost between those points. v2
velocity head,
2g
▪ Neglecting head loss, EGL is horizontal.

HL2
a
2
v1
HA
2g HLv
v4 2
HLf
2g
P Pd
HE
γ γ

HE
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) vn 2
2g
b Pump d Valve f h (N)
e Turbine
c g
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 THANK YOU!

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