GOAT MARKET STUDY OF BIHAR

Being the 5th largest goat population state, Bihar contributes about 7.63% of India's
total goat population. The state is also a habitat of 42.6% people below poverty line
and hence there is a tremendous scope of goat farming to meet up the large gap
between demand and supply of meat. Around 574000 goats are slaughtered annually
in recognised slaughterhouses contributing 31.17% of total meat production of the
state (175 thousand tonnes of meat in 2003). However, goat rearing is not well
accepted by all classes of people in Bihar. It is mostly confined to backward classes
and landless labourers who are unable to rear large animals. As a result, goat rearing
has not been developed as an industry.

During the last 10 years, the population of buffalos, goats and chickens has increased
steadily. Bihar is one of the states with higher proportion of buffalos and goats than in
the total livestock population of India.The goat population grew 20% from 120 lakh
in 2012 to 145.3 lakh in 2017-18

Village goat is mostly of Black Bengal breed. However, crosses with other breeds like
Jamunapari, Barbari, Sirohi and Jakharana are also available. Male Bengal breed
comes in puberty at the age of 8-9 months where as the age of 1st kidding is on an
average 14-15 months. Lactation length of this breed of goat at farmer's field has
been recorded as 80-120 days and kidding interval at 250 days. This breed is highly
prolific and twining percentage has been recorded as 45. Goats are raised on grazing.
Goat has also been playing a significant role in rain-fed farming system. Marketing of
goat is under the hand of unorganised sector and middleman oriented.

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Being the 5th largest goat population state (9489830 in numbers), Bihar contributes
about 7.63% of India's total goat population (Department of Animal Husbandry and
Dairying 2005). District wise goat population density is depicted in Table

Table.  District wise goat population density in Bihar

Density of goat
District* population
(numbers/sq km)
Kaimur (Bhabua), Jahanabad, Buxer, Rohtas, Bhojpur,
30 - 75
West Champaran, Saran, Patna, Aurangabad and Nalanda
Lakhisarai, Begusarai, Sheikhpura, Gaya, Madhubani,
75 - 100
Darbhanga, Siwan, Jamui, Samastipur and Munger
Gopalganj, Banka, Vaishali, Khagaria, Nawada, East
100 - 150
Champaran, Purnia, Bhagalpur, Muzaffarpur and Katihar
Kishanganj, Sitamarhi, Madhepura, Saharsa, Araria,
> 150
Supaul and Sheohar
*Districts are listed as per increasing density category wise
Source: Based on Livestock Census (2003), Department of Animal Husbandry and
Dairying, Government. of India

Breed

Village goat is mostly of Bengal breed. However, crosses with other breeds like
Jamunapari, Barbari, Sirohi and Jakharna are also available. Male goat having higher
growth and adult body weight is preferred. As a result crosses with improved Indian
breeds are mostly in the adjacent districts of U.P. However, mostly Bengal breed of
goats are found in North Bihar. Natural breeding is followed with the available buck
in all most all the villages.

Marketing

Marketing of goat is under the hand of unorganised sector and middleman oriented.
Goats from villages are sold to middleman or butcher or in the local goat market that
go to the slaughterhouses of organised or unorganised sector. Male goat is sold at the
age of 12-15 months and at higher prices. However, farmer grows the male goat to
sell in festive season for more profit. Intact male goat is sacrificed before God in
many places. During Bakri Id, male goat is sold even at the cost of 40-45 thousand.
Female goats are sold to market for slaughter at the end of their productive life (Spent
goat), which forms a substantial quantity of goat meat in the state.

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Even though goat meat is acceptable by some members of both Hindu and Muslim
communities, the consumption of goat meat is moderate in Bihar due to high cost.
Goat meat is consumed by the better-off households or those who rear these animals.
Lower caste SC and ST households rear goat to sell in the market rather than for their
own consumption

Traditionally, people in India, including in Bihar, have a diet based on grains and
vegetables, and consume limited amounts of meats and meat products. The recent
economic growth and introduction of western culture have changed the food
consumption habits. There are wide variations in the consumption of different
livestock products. Cultural differences and religious belief are mainly responsible
for variation in meat consumption patterns in Bihar. Dietary habits of Indians are
significantly influenced and controlled by traditions, customs and taboos. This is a
strong factor of influence especially in rural societies.

BAKRI BAZAR-
Patna historically known as Pataliputra, is the capital and largest city of the state of
Bihar in India. According to the United Nations, as of 2018, Patna had a population
of 2.35 million, making it the 19th largest city in India.

In patna, the goat market is located at Bailey road on NH 922. Bakri bazar is one of
the biggest markets for goats in Bihar probably due to good connectivity and large
consumption and the good purchasing power of the local residents.

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 From here the buyers of goats are coming from major towns of West Bengal, Assam,
Nepal, Orissa and some district of Jharkhand. A survey of the market revealed that
about 500-1000 goats are sold on Sunday, Monday,Wednesday and Thursday in bakri
bazar market and on Tuesday, Friday and Saturday the number goes upto 4000-6000
and in around peak season the number goes to 10000-12000.

MARKET STRUCTURE-
Good infrastructure facilities are given to the sellers, buyers, and traders.Some
backward community is also indulge in the goat rearing activity in this area.

In the bakri bazaar market the area is maintained and managed by privately owned
person named Fazil Haq and he charge Rs 10 per goat from sellers and no charges are
taken from buyers

The purchase price of the average goat is around Rs 6000-7000 and the preferred age
for the purchase is 8 months to 2.5 years and male and female goat are most
demanding, the average profit ranges from 1000-1500 per goat for the seller

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 JHARKHAND UTTAR PRADESH WEST BENGAL ORISSA BIHAR ASSAM NEPAL

BHIMNA
RANCHI MAU HOWRAH ROURKELA MUZZAFFARPUR GUWAHATI GAR
RAMGHAR SUNDARGA KATHM
AZAMGARH KANUPURE ARRARH KAMRUP
RH ANDU
BOKARO
GHAZIPUR PURULIA JHARSUGDA PATNA

HAZARIBA
BALLIA DURGAPUR ANGUL PURNIA
GH
DHANBAD
GONDA KOLKATA KATIHAR

MURSHIDAB
KODERMA ARARIA
AD

TAJPUR SITAMARHI

ARWAL

JEHANABAD

VAISHALI

MUNGER

DANAPUR

BUYERS ATTRIBUTES IN BAKRI BAZAAR

In the case of goats, traders mainly look for Black Bengal and Barbari who are
young healthy (active) male goats with medium fat content and medium size,
preferably black and white in colour . But, some traders look for female, diseased or
old goats at cheaper prices (the price of female goats is almost half that of the male
goats) to make more profit as there is no price variation of mutton based on breed/
age/sex or colour of goat

ATTRIBUTES GOAT

Breed/type Black Bengal and Barbari

Sex Male and female
Size Colour Black, white and shiny
Fat content Medium
Health status Good
Mode of payment Cash
Reputation of seller High

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DEMAND OF GOATS-

ON SEASON-During festival when consumption is more the price also fluctuates, they
major on season time is-

Winter months, Holi, Dussera, Mansa Puja, Kali puja, New Year, Ram Naomi,
Christmas, Sunday, marriage season, and Friday

OFF SEASON- During off season the prices and demand of goats decreases, the major
off season time is-

Nav Ratra, Kartik, Chhatt, Sawan, Gandhi Jayanti, Purnima

MAJOR FINDINGS
* We visited market on Friday, we saw most of the goats i.e. 60% of the goats are
Khasi, and 5% are patha and 5% pathi and buck and 30% are mother

* When we visited market on Saturday, we saw most of the goats are Khasi more that
Friday i.e. 70% and rest are 10% Patha, Pathi, and rest are Old she Goats

* Jharkhand buyers majorly buys Khasi and buck.

* West Bengal buyers majorly buys Old She Goats in cheaper rates.

* Odisha buyers too majorly buys Old She Goats in cheaper rates and sell it to the
local market, restaurants and butchers.

* The Truck drivers charges 150 per Goats for the transportation, pickup charges 100
per goats and auto charges 50/goat movement within 20km

* Most of the traders are from out side, and only few are from local area i.e 15%.

* There are four commission agents who charges 10 rupees per goats from the sellers
and in one months they give 1.5 lakhs to the owner of the market. On regular basis
they maintained a register to write the names of the sellers and the number of goats.614

Problems of the sellers

* They faces the problems of theft, thief follow the traders after the market and steal
all the money in the middle of the empty road.

* They have to pay money to the police man to cross the vehicle form their place or
check points.

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 Challenges goat production in Bihar state-

Feed
• No scienti!c feeding practices are followed, little concentrate is given to goats

• Feed shortage, scarcity of community grazing land

• Low biomass and limitation on access to land, inability to supplement concentrate

due to affordability and goat rearing is a zero input

Animal health
• Lack of awareness about preventive goat health care and its management, lack of
timely deworming and vaccination which increase the risk of mortality

• High load of parasites/, lack of awareness on economic loss due to PPR, goat pox,
enterotoxaemia etc., lack of timely and complete vaccination, diagnostic facility not
fully functional

• Very limited availability of vet services

Genetics/ breeding
• Lack of good quality Black Bengal bucks, indiscriminate breeding leading to
inbreeding, natural breeding is followed with available bucks in most villages

• Like Northern zone

• Population of local nondescript goats is higher in this zone

Opportunities for goat production in Bihar state-

Goat meat
• Abundant grazing resources, growing demand for goat meat likely to outstrip
supply, availability of labour, need to diversify incomes, income generation
potential for scheduled castes, northwestern Bihar people are engaged in goat
marketing including bulk sales to other states and Nepal

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• More urbanisation and literacy, more awareness on the value of concentrate as

supplement, availability of market, higher population of improved goats, low
incidence of external and internal parasites

• Favourable topography and conducive environment

• proportion of landless wanting to keep goats, more open land is available

CASE STUDY

His name is Mohammad Javed . His hometown is in khagaria District. He is a big

seller in Bakri Bazar, Patna. He usually purchases Goats from the different market of
Purnia and Madhu Pura district and sell it in the Bakri Bazar. Markets in Purnia are
Dummar, Gulaab Bagh, Banbanki, Pakra , Birauly market and Singhser market in
Madhupura.

He usually buys goats on Monday and Wednesday and sell it on Friday, Saturday and
Tuesday. The quantity of Goats he sells are 50-60 in a particular day. He usually
prefer to buy Khasi and old she goats form the different market and sell it in the
market of Patna. His main buyer are form Bokaro, Guwahati, Kolkata and Asansol
and local restaurants in Patna.

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 Selling rates are 20kg of Khasi 10,000 for he pays 100 to the commission agents for
the old she goats 12-15kg 4000-5000 rupees.

For transportation they give 150 per goat to the transporter. They usually form a
group of buyers for the purchase of goats from different markets of Purnia and
Madhupur. And most of the times they come along with that truck driver to Bakri
Bazar market.

For the security purpose they came along with the drivers and also pay commission to
the police in the check points.

Fro the identification of the Goats they mark their now cuttings in the fur of the
Goats.

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His name is Jamal Ansari, who belongs from Danapur, Patna. His is mainly a buyer
and a small traders of Patna who use to use Goats from the Bakri Bazar and sell it to
the hotels and butchers. On an every for every goat he earns 1000-1500.

From 30 years he is doing the business of buying and selling of goats. He supplies
Goat meat to the small hotels, Dhaba and few big hotels in Danapur. On regular basis
he buys goats from this market.
His mainly buys old mother goats for the hotels and Khasi of good health for the
supply in butcher shop.
He usually come to the market in the morning 6 AM from rented Auto (for which he
pays 50/goat fro the transportation). On regular basis he buys 15-20 goats from the
market and gives fixed bribe of 500 at police station on his routes

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 Overall market study and mapping of product / actor

1. Name of the market with regularity in market day. Geographical importance and
connectivity with nearby big market options.

The market name is Bakri bazar, Patna which is also known as Raja Bazar. The market is regular
that is very day you can see buyers and sellers come to this market. The peak days are Tuesday,
Friday & Saturday.
Geographical it is located in the capital city of Bihar which is a very prosperous city. Its
connectivity is also very good with NH 922 Bailey Road which connect Patna with Danapur.

2. Why we choose this market for market study and what are the possible outcomes we are
expecting?

Because this is biggest market of Bihar and buyers and sellers came from different parts of Bihar as
well as the neighbouring states.
We will get a wholesome idea of the Bihar Goat market with the interaction from different players
in the market.

3. What is the coverage / catchment of this market? How many villages / GPs the market is
covering? From what distance people coming to the market?

- The coverage of the market is very huge buyers are coming from Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, West
Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Assam and Nepal. The sellers are coming different parts of Bihar,
Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh. And during the festival of Eid & Bakrid buyers are even come from
Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh as well.

4. Define the type of market. Whether it is a common market for various commodities or a
specific animal market? If animal market then any specific animals or else?

It is a specific market i.e. it only deals with live Goats and nothing else. The market has facility of
tea stall and lunch. It also provide a temporary shed structure for the sellers.

5. Major other commodities that come to the market? What is the biggest commodity of the
market? why so

Goats are the major commodities in the market. Khasi Goat of 50kg is the biggest commodity in the
market during Eid & Bakrid and on regular basis 25kg of Khasi is the biggest commodity.

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 6. Market demography. Who comes to the market? Buyers and sellers are producers and
consumers or a percentage of middle men / small traders / big traders are also seen?
Demarcate with percentage of actors of the market if possible.

The local traders are having very small percent in the market i.e. 15%. They basically came market
with 6-10 goats on peak days. Rest 85% of the sellers in the market are coming from different parts
of Bihar, UP and Jharkhand.
Big sellers are 20% those who are having 60-70 goats and rest of them are having 10-40 goats
(65%).

7. How many sellers are there for selling goat in the market? How many numbers of goats with
a seller? (average / minimum / maximum). Total number of goats in the market for sale?

On Tuesday 100-150 sellers , Friday 80-100 and on Saturday 80-100. Rest of the days i.e.
Sunday, Monday,Wednesday, Thursday sellers are less than 30 (most of them are local traders and
aggregators). The local sellers are from Danapur, Naubatpur, Bali, Bihta and Vikrampali.

8. Composition of sellers on an average or percentage basis (primary producers / middle men)

- The primary producers in the market are very few which accounts for almost 2-3%. The middle
man or aggregators are is about 10-15% who generally collects goats from nearby villages and
sell it to the market ( about 2-6 Goats). Rest sellers are the big one who are from different districts
Bihar and neighbouring states who come to sell their Goats in this mart ( about 80%).

9. Composition of buyers on an average basis. (Aggregator / middlemen / big vendor /

butcher / etc) Please find the type of buyers and purposes of buying.

- Local buyer who sell the goats to the nearby hotel and butchers are accounts for almost 20-30%
who basically use Auto to take 30-40 Goats on the peak days as well as on normal days too.
- Rest buyer are coming from different states such as Jharkhand, UP, West Bengal, Odisha, Nepal
and Assam on peak days, which accounts for 60-70% of the buyers in the markets.

10. What are the live goat products (patha / Khasi / Pathi / old she goat) available in the market?
Percentage wise categorisation of products and explore the reason for why so? A reference
table can help.

Table 1: Classification of products available in a market on basis of some indicative parameters

A B C D E
Parameters in percentage / Patha Khassi Pathi Old she
numbers / specific terms / goat
others as applicable by the
surveyor.

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 Types of breed / name of them Barbari/Black B a r b a r i / B l a c k Barbari/Black Barbari

bengal/sirohi bengal/sirohi bengal/sirohi / B l a c k
bengal/
sirohi
Types of color and names Black ,white, Black ,white, Black ,white, Black ,
brown and brown and brown and white,
patched patched patched brown
and
patched
Average age category / range 5-10 Months 1.5 -2.5Yr 5-10 Months 2 yrs
and
above

Overall percentage of all About About 60-65% About 10-15% About

10-15% 15-
30%

11. How prices being fixed in the market for any product of live goat? Which are premium
products and how much premium they enjoy? Any predefined mechanism or spot fixing or
else? This could be critically analysed between actors. Like price fixation mechanism
between producer and middlemen / between middlemen and big trader / middlemen vs
butcher etc.

The price is being fixed by the negotiation by the buyers and sellers. Once the price are fixed by the
sellers than comes the negotiation from buyer, buyers basically touch the backbone, legs and teeth
of the goat to check the heath and meat of the goats, after that they fixed their own price which is
lower than the sellers price. Once the buyers price is accepted by the sellers the deal is done.
There is no such price fixation method for the buying and selling of live goats in the market.

12. What are the preferences for fixing prices? Examples – Color / breed / product type / others.

In the case of goats, buyers mainly look for Black Bengal and Barbari who are young healthy
(active) male goats with medium fat content and medium size, preferably black and white in
colour . But, some buyers look for female, diseased or old goats at cheaper prices to make more
profit as there is no price variation of mutton based on breed/age/sex or colour of goat

13. How the transactions are made? Cash / credit / barter / others. The relationships among
various actors could also be checked with transaction mechanics.

Cash is the on mode of payment in the market sometimes they do buy and sell in credit those who
know each other for long.

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GLIMPSE OF MARKET

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