The impacts of corona virus outbreak on economic growth, trade and human welfare and

possible options for economies in the pacific to deal with its potential threats

Prepared by

Shamal Vivek Singh

S11172656

JUNE 2021

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Table of Contents
1.0 ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................................................ 3
2.0 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................ 4
3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................................................................... 6
3.1 Impacts on economic growth..................................................................................................................................... 6
3.2 Impacts on trade and employment................................................................................................................. 7
3.1 Impacts on human welfare..................................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 1.0 GDP per capita growth rate: Fiji......................................................................................................... 12
Figure 1.1 GDP growth rate: Fiji............................................................................................................................. 12
4.0 DISCUSSIONS........................................................................................................................................................... 13
5.0 CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................................................... 15
6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS......................................................................................................................................... 15
6.0 REFERENCE.............................................................................................................................................................. 16

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1.0 ABSTRACT
The world as we all know is currently facing a major setback led by the COVID-19 pandemic.
The virus has the potential to drive the economies back to the level from which they all started. It
is evident that the current state of the economies not only in Fiji but the rest of the world is in a
pretty bad state. Reports from the world health organization suggest that millions of people are
being driven into the poverty line with the number expected to increase by the end of this year.
The report also suggests that half of the worlds 3.3 billion global labor workforces are on the
verge of losing their sources of livelihood. If these figures stand to be correct, then surely the
world is headed towards a major financial crisis. South pacific countries are no exception from
the impacts of corona virus. The economy as we know is struggling to cope up with the impacts
of imposed virus. A number of people have lost their jobs because companies are not able to
cover the burden of paying wages to their extensive staff number. This report will further explain
the impacts of the virus on economic growth, trade and human welfare in the section to come. It
will also outline the possible options that the businesses can adopt to counteract the impacts of
the virus. For instance the business could reduce the wage rate so that they continue to employ
people for their organizations without having to bear a lot of expenses.

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2.0 INTRODUCTION
The republic of Fiji islands is an group of islands which consist of 332 islands and is encircled by
Vanuatu to the west, Tuvalu to the north, Wallis and Futuna to the northeast to the southeast and
new Zealand to the south. Fiji has a land area of 18333km2 inside 1.3million km2. In 2020 the
full populace changed into 837,271 people, with a population growth rate of 0.41 percent. Fiji is
assessed as an upper middle earnings united states with the aid of using the World Bank, with a
gross home product (GDP) in keeping with capita of $6,152 in 2020. Fiji’s economy is mainly
depended on tourism industry and agricultural industry. Most of national income is generated by
exports of sugar and exports of Yaqona. Fiji is tropical country which experiences all types of
weather and it is prone to natural disasters such as tropical cyclones and flash floods.

The economical growth of Fiji’s economy is experiencing a very slow growth from past years
due to various crisis faced by the country for example cyclones. Reviewing the past trends of
economic growth in 2014 the economic growth was 5.6%, then in 2015 the growth declined to
4.50% and in 2016 there was a huge decline as the country faced cyclone Winston which caused
a lot of damages to the whole country, the economic growth declined to 2.44%. In 2017 it
increased to 5.35% and then again it started to decline economic growth from 2018 to 3.81% and
in 2019 it went to a negative growth rate of – 0.45% due to the global pandemic economic
growth declined to -4.3% growth rates in May 2020

The global pandemic coronavirus is considered to be the worst crisis of all time and it is worse
than the global financial crisis of 2008. This pandemic has weakened the global economy as the
growing and well developed businesses are facing a huge drop in the profitability and sales. Thus
this assignment intends to highlight on the impacts of coronavirus on the economic growth, trade
and human welfare and it will further elaborate on the possible alternatives for economies in the
pacific to deal with its potential threats.

The Covid has caused huge annihilation of the worldwide economy. It is a pandemic that has
caused numerous passings and the conclusion of numerous organizations all throughout the
planet. Hence, numerous players are on the ascent to battle the Covid. Subsequently, this mission
means to recognize the effects of the Coronavirus on financial development, exchange, and
human prosperity. Moreover, it will give an outline of potential alternatives for Pacific

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economies confronting its staggering dangers. An emergency that has emitted in China has now
hit the world economy. The worldwide economy is required to progressively recuperate toward
the finish of 2020 and 2021, as the COVID-19 pandemic starts to decrease. Economies all
throughout the planet are relied upon to enter a downturn beginning this year. From that point
forward, there is no exact importance of a downturn; it is basically the ramifications of the
decrease in the degree of financial activity in the economy for a half year or more. Hence, it
hugely affects financial development, exchange, and human prosperity. The Covid significantly
affects the monetary development of numerous economies all throughout the planet. Monetary
development alludes to the expansion in a country's useful limit throughout some undefined time
frame, normally a year. Subsequently, because of this emergency, creation had to stop and along
these lines, financial development was likewise influenced. For instance, in Fiji the new
conjecture for financial development was 1.7%, however now, because of the emergency, it is
required to contract 4.3% in 2020. This is because of the way that numerous organizations and
organizations have shut and there has been an increment in joblessness in the country. Also,
economies all throughout the planet will set aside some effort to recuperate from this emergency.
(World Bank, 2020)

Furthermore, the Covid immensely affects exchange. At the point when travel is prohibited and
there are no shipments of products, numerous economies will confront exchange difficulties,
both broadly and globally. Exchange is a significant component that aids economies flourish.
Assembling organizations shut down due to a forced lockdown (for wellbeing reasons), and
couldn't convey products to their customers. An immediate effect was felt worldwide in ventures
that depended on assembling in China, for example, gadgets.

Organizations overall confronted declining deals across numerous enterprises, as an aftereffect of

diminished family spending and in this manner the brief close up of the numerous organizations.
The limit of coordination tasks has likewise been battling a result of forced wellbeing limitation.

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3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1 Impacts on economic growth

A virus that developed in china in 2019 has now overblown the global economy. It is predicted
that the economy is going to take a lot of vanishes. This crisis has hugely impacted on economic
growth as it declines due to low productivity and profits. The major consequences of this virus is
travel restricts which directly affects the tourism industry which leads to close down of resorts
and hotels which increases the unemployment rate as the people are laid off from their jobs.

As the countries discovered the coronavirus cases in their countries, the nation went under
lockdowns and strict travel restrictions was imposed and that directly impacted the tourism
industry and were forced to shut down and business started to close down and people started to
lose out their jobs and the unemployment rate went up really quick. As the production and sales
declined the national income reduced as exports stopped resulting declining economic growth.

However, most governments in the region have insufficient resources to offset the pandemic's
economic impact through increased expenditures. Since the end of the global financial crisis, the
average level of public debt among Pacific islands has climbed. Some governments have now
launched fiscal packages that include increased health expenditures, temporary cash transfers for
displaced workers, and credit support for small and medium-sized businesses and affected
industries, among other things. Central banks and regulators should work together to encourage
economic activity whenever possible. Fiji's, Papua New Guinea's, and Vanuatu's central banks
have lowered policy rates or reserve requirements. Other regional central banks have also offered
liquidity assistance in other forms. Some banks and other lenders have granted qualifying
customers short-term payment deferrals and interest rate reductions on mortgages and loans, as
well as reduced late fees and costs. Supervisors should step up their surveillance and raise the
frequency with which financial institutions report to ensure financial stability. Identifying
financial sector risks, particularly exposures to tourism-related activities, and conducting stress
testing to ensure financial institutions are equipped to handle shocks, will be significant
considerations for Pacific island governments.

The most notable labor-market development emerging from COVID-19 is the widespread and
widespread adoption of remote working across countries and industries. The rise in demand for
telecommunication services, infrastructure, and devices has resulted in increased employment
prospects in these industries in the short and medium-term, owing to the predominance of home-
based work. More crucially, remote working's higher-than-expected feasibility and efficiency
may lead to a more fundamental shift in business paradigms.
 
If this trend continues, Pacific workers will be able to labor across national and international
borders and be employed remotely. Domestic firms may be able to obtain non-local talent at
cheaper costs and save greatly on rent and other overheads by lowering or eliminating physical
office space as a result of this trend.

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3.2 Impacts on trade and employment
Food supply chain plays a very vital role in food security across the world. From the early 2020
the food supply is experiencing a major decline due to the coronavirus outbreak. From being a
virus that affected the health has now developed into an economical threat to food supply across
the world in the forms of movement restricts like lockdowns, food trade restrictions and increase
in food inflation. This pandemic has mostly affected the third world countries which are
developing nations and are at risk to hunger and malnutrition. (Erokhin, V., & Gao, T, 2020).

Moreover due to these restrictions many food items which were imported are limited in supply
and the prices of the items are high due to decrease in supply. Pacific island countries mostly
imported rice, floor and noodles which was their daily bread. Top five primary sector imports for
the most of the pacific islanders are meat (for example lamb chops, etc), cereal and cereal
products, beverages, food preparations and sugar. If the pandemic lasts long it will affect the
food systems and will disrupt food supply chains in the urban areas.

Furthermore fish in the pacific is considered to be the main source of protein and it plays a vital
role in the food system. Due to these pandemic the fish supply is slowly decline due to
lockdowns and social distancing restricting a lot of people to be at one place which affects the
labor supply.

Fish industry is vital in light of the fact that it gives rack stable food (like canned fish) and they
get income from the authorizing of fishing vessels. Because of the exacting travel limitations
related with COVID-19, the preparation of onlookers is troublesome, it is difficult to supplant
group, admittance to vessels support activity is restricted, and vessels were required 14 days
isolated prior to going to the ports. Vessels activity have upset and at some point to get
authorization to work without onlooker, vessels were hanging tight for over week that expense
them US$ 50 – 60 000 every day for each vessel. The island countries likewise lose about
US$130 000 every day for each vessel at port under isolate. Fish is the second biggest income
worker for Solomon Islands and is severely influenced. Many workers from the fisheries area
have lost their jobs and Soltuna cannery, which utilizes more than 1,000 specialists, is an
organization that is downsizing. Limited scope fish supply chains are additionally disturbed. In
Samoa, under the highly sensitive situation (S.O.E.) orders, fish markets (counting side of the
road fishing slows down) across Samoa stay shut on Sunday. Because of which week by week
pay of fish merchants and customers admittance to fish are restricted (a side of the road fishing
slow down could acquire around WS$ 300 – US$ 108 somewhere in the range of 6am and
7.30am on Sunday morning  

Global demand is shrinking, which is impacting islands that rely on commodities and other
exports for revenue, particularly those that rely on oil and gas. And supply chain problems, such
as in the fishing industry, continue to hurt the islands that rely on it for revenue, especially
licensing. Furthermore, the persistent consequences of climate change and the tropical cyclone
season, which included Tropical Cyclone Harold, which wreaked havoc on Vanuatu, Tonga, Fiji,

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and the Solomon Islands, continue to put these economies at risk. Countries will need to allocate
resources to vulnerable groups affected by the epidemic to keep their economy afloat through the
crisis and contribute to a faster recovery.
Many island economies in the region are already struggling from the pandemic's aftermath,
which saw a dramatic drop in tourism. Tourism earnings are projected to account for up to 20-
30% of economic activity in countries such as Samoa and Tonga, and tourism is a major source
of employment and foreign money for Fiji, Palau, and Samoa.
 
Many of the islands were fast to respond to the spread of the corona virus, imposing travel limits
and increased screening as early as January to keep the virus at bay, particularly in Samoa, which
had recently experienced a devastating measles outbreak. However, hotels and resorts on the
islands are effectively vacant, prompting layoffs and closures, while tourists from nations such as
Australia, New Zealand, and others in Asia are unable or unable to come due to border controls
and travel restrictions. The reduction in global demand is mirrored in sharp declines in
commodity prices, which hurts commodity exporters like Papua New Guinea by reducing
shipments and earnings. Furthermore, energy businesses may reduce production plans in
expectation of lower energy consumption as a result of a worldwide manufacturing slowdown.
Lower oil prices will provide a buffer to the shock for the region's oil-importing countries.

Globally, decreased employment and the repatriation of guest workers are predicted to result in a
20 percent drop in remittances. In the Pacific islands, excluding Papua New Guinea, remittances
account for roughly 10% of GDP on average, exceeding 40% in Tonga and 15% in Samoa and
the Marshall Islands.
 
After the COVID-19 crisis passes, previous experience suggests that commodity prices, tourism,
and remittances will rebound. However, the epidemic could cause more damage than even the
biggest natural disaster. The continued loss of revenue is wreaking havoc for regional airlines,
which are the primary conduit for tourists to these far-flung island economies. Even after the
virus has passed, the possibility for major income losses and curtailed operations, as well as a
chilling effect on worldwide travel, could result in lower tourism.
 

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3.1 Impacts on human welfare
Education, health and income have been heavily devastated by the impacts of the corona virus.
Youths of our nations are the assets for our country and they are the top priority to be protected
against this deadliest virus. Due to lockdowns many schools and universities have been closed
down for a long period of time. Education is now mostly based online with zoom classes and
online exams. The level of education is declining as students are no able study properly and a lot
of students face difficulties in studying online and students are left behind especially students
living in the rural areas with no internet available this will result in high level of illiteracy
amongst the students living in the rural and remote areas. Student find difficulties in learning
online as it reduces chances of students in developing in application skills and face to face was
more beneficial and easier to understand complicated problems. If the virus continue for a long
time it will heavily affect the education systems and job availability to the fresh graduates as
many students are jobless.

Health system for the individuals has been affected by this virus. People with serious diseases are
not able to travel overseas for their treatment as there are numerous travel restrictions in many
countries which can result in serious health complications to the patients. People with NCDs are
also facing difficulties for doing regular checkups in the hospitals which can result in severe
health issues. People with chronic diseases are more prone to covid; this makes doctors even
more difficult to conduct surgeries as well. The supply of some medicines is also limited to the
people with diseases like diabetes and high blood pressure. Furthermore patients in hospitals also
face a lot of difficulties as there are limited numbers of doctors available for the patients as most
of the doctors are used for covid patients. Most of the hospitals in the pacific are giving less
priority to the regular patients with normal diseases and more priority to the covid patients.
Private Doctors are now advised by the government to practice like public doctors and are paid
by the government therefore creating opportunities for the private doctors to earn. In Fiji nurses
and doctors are called from other places to work in the covid affected areas which put them at
risk of getting exposed to the virus from the covid patients. Increase number of covid cases put
more pressure on the staffs as some staffs have to overwork.

Pacific island countries reacted quickly to the threat of the pandemic by taking steps to prevent
COVID-19 from reaching their shores, limiting the spread of the virus in Fiji, increasing
spending on health infrastructure and preparedness, and attempting to mitigate the negative
impact on economic growth and household incomes.COVID-19 has caused changes in labor
demand, according to an analysis of job postings in February and May. Job advertisements in
Papua New Guinea (PNG) fell by 76 percent in May compared to February 202022, with a
notable reduction in job advertisements for professionals, managers, administrative support
workers, and crafts employees. Similarly, the total number of jobs listed in Vanuatu decreased,
with technicians and associate professionals experiencing the greatest decrease. In Fiji, new
hiring fell across major vocations, with new demand for service and sales personnel falling by
74%, implying grim prospects for the hard-hit services and tourism sectors in the immediate term

9
 
In addition, the new hiring of service and sales staff, as well as clerical support, technicians, and
associate professionals have decreased dramatically in Samoa.
A spike in demand for crafts and trades in Fiji shows that firms did repairs and maintenance
work during this time, a tendency that is also visible in the United States. Laborers and bakers
were the most popular jobs, followed by a combination of carpenters, plumbers, block and tile
layers, and welders. In the first quarter of 2020, the total value of private building and civil work
fell by only 6.7 percent compared to the same time in 2019.
 
 This is a minor decrease compared to a roughly 30% drop in cement demand during the same
period. The private sector was responsible for over 70% of the work. In comparison to the same
period in 2019, 54% of construction work was focused on new structures and capital repairs, a
little decrease of 3.5 percent. Civil engineering projects accounted for 36% of all construction
work completed in the first quarter of 2019, down 11.8 percent from the first quarter of 2019.
 The need for business, economics and management skills has shifted slightly in Vanuatu and
Fiji, according to job vacancy analyses. While business qualifications were also common in
Vanuatu before COVID-19, there were higher concentrations of administration and STEM-
related qualifications in job adverts such as engineering in February 2020 than in May 2020.
 
In Fiji, an examination of job ad qualification criteria showed continued hiring for persons with
accounting and management academic backgrounds, as well as increased need for marketing and
finance qualifications and decreased need for business and engineering degrees. As a result of
COVID-19, the number of job opportunities for professionals has increased in Vanuatu and
Samoa. Between February and May 2020, job advertisements for professionals as a percentage
of total job advertisements climbed by 13 percentage points in Vanuatu. There are signs that
there may be a mismatch between demand and availability for skilled labor. In February or May
2020, most jobs listed in Papua New Guinea required at least a Technical and Vocational
Education and Training (TVET) qualification.
 
However, the bulk of PNG's workforce lacks a secondary education and would be unable to
apply for the listed positions. Most advertised positions in Fiji still require a tertiary education,
indicating that there are skills gaps in the labor market. According to the Demographic
Household Survey, though Fiji has a comparatively well-educated population compared to other
Pacific Island Countries (PICs), tertiary education holders in the economically active group aged
25 to 44 years are in short supply. In Vanuatu, a comparable mismatch still exists, with the
majority of job openings requiring tertiary degrees. 
 
 During the worldwide pandemic, Vanuatu's qualifications looked to have been reduced to
secondary education and TVET certification for a few jobs, but most sought-after occupations
remained out of reach for the majority of the Vanuatu workforce due to skills shortages. It's

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worth noting that the data utilized in this analysis is confined to legally advertised employment,
implying that demand in the informal sector hasn't been properly recorded.
Unemployment and poverty can be exacerbated by persistent skills inequalities in the job market.
 
The aforementioned possible mismatch between demand and supply of skilled workers is a
feature of labor market demand that looks unchanged as a result of COVID-19, and it gives a
partial explanation for PNG's high rates of formal sector unemployment, particularly among the
young. Many secondary or lower education holders in Fiji have limited options or are likely to be
informal workers due to chronic skills gaps. Vanuatu is no exception. During the pandemic in
PNG, foreign workers continued to fill skills gaps in the native labor market. In May, the number
of work permits awarded to foreign employees exceeded the number of jobs advertised.
Construction, wholesale or retail trade, agriculture, forestry, and fisheries all remained popular
places to hire foreign employees. Nonetheless, all of these sectors showed declines in May
compared to March, with the mining and quarrying sector (51 percent) and the tourism-related
industry (51 percent) showing the most significant declines. (Ranasingh, R., Karunarathna, C.,
& Pradeepamali, J, 2020)
 
Business activity is anticipated to be further hampered by difficulties in bringing in new foreign
workers due to travel restrictions. Investing in training, workforce up-skilling and re-skilling,
during the recovery phase may be able to alleviate some of these constraints.
The data are given backs up the agreement that investing in skills development is still a top
priority. This sub-section, for example, depicts the widespread skills mismatch that is limiting
employment prospects for the Vanuatu labor force and slowing economic growth. Investing in
public education and health to enhance skill levels will allow a larger percentage of people to
have better and more secure earnings. Opportunities will be further enhanced by training
programs that emphasize digital literacy. Given the lack of institutional social safety nets,
addressing the vulnerability of persons in the informal sector will continue to be a challenge, but
one that is critical for human capital development.
 
 

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Figure 1.0 GDP per
capita growth rate: Fiji
The graph above shows the
GDP per capita growth
from 2019 to 2022 for
Fiji’s economy.

Figure 1.1 GDP growth

rate: Fiji
The graph above shows the
GDP growth rate from
2019 to 2022 for Fiji’s
economy. The negative
growth declined

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4.0 DISCUSSIONS
Coronavirus is a severe acute respiratory syndrome which is a curable virus and it can be cured
through medications, herbals and vaccinations. The preventive measure taken by the pacific
island countries to protect its people from the virus is implementing national lockdowns,
imposing curfew hours to restrict unnecessary movements and social gatherings. Most of the
countries stopped the business operations of the business which encouraged mass gatherings for
example cinemas, restaurants and recreational centers. This virus is spread through close contacts
with the people carrying the virus. Preventive measures to be taken by the individuals are
wearing a face mask, maintaining two meters social distancing and self isolation incase of any
developing symptoms of the virus. Countries like Fiji have developed a carefiji app in order to
track the people around an infected person to make it easier to track new cases of the virus.
United states have produced a vaccination AstraZeneca COVID-19 that can reduce the chances
of getting the virus, and if the whole country is vaccinated the restrictions can be uplifted and
people can go back to their normal life. The governments of different nations are implementing
various schemes to help the people who are laid off from their jobs and working on reduced
hours. Governments in the pacific are providing grants to youths for unique business plans to
encourage youths to become an entrepreneur. Stronger together job support schemes are
provided by the Fijian government so that people have jobs and companies are able to employ
more staffs. Various schemes provided by the Fijian government.

1) MSME miniature financing plans: An aggregate of $9M has been dispensed and
regulated by the RBF with an end goal to advance and foster the neighborhood business
industry and animate development in the economy. For MSME advances to ladies
business, agribusiness, ranger service and fisheries areas, the Scheme will cover 75% of
the defaulted head exceptional sum up to a limit of $75,000 per singular business For
other MSME credits excluded from the classification over, the Scheme will cover 60% of
the defaulted head remarkable sum up to a limit of $60,000 per singular business
2.) Young Entrepreneurship Program (YES) - YES is to give prompt help with the type of
awards to youthful and growing business visionaries who have imaginative and bankable
thoughts/projects which monetary foundations are not able to help because of absence of
insurance. Award is accommodated up to $30K.

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3.) Stronger Together Job Support Scheme - Government endowment whereby government
will be paying the lowest pay permitted by law rate while bosses will be paying extra as
referenced in the agreement. It is to boost bosses to make work for unemployed Fijians.
Businesses supported as “Stronger Together Employers “will be conceded a compensation
sponsorship identical to the lowest pay permitted by law rate for a three-month time span
when they utilize qualified Fijians

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5.0 CONCLUSION
Conclusively it can be stated based on the research not all pacific island countries have gone into
recession as countries which were heavily dependent on tourism industry are facing economic
downfall and countries like Vanuatu and Samoa actually benefitted from coronavirus as their job
opportunities for professionals increased. Countries like Fiji which were earning most of the
national income through tourism industry which has been completely shut down and high
percentage of population lost their jobs resulting in economic downfall. This report mostly
focuses on Fiji’s economy with comparison to other pacific island countries. Fiji’s economy will
take a lot of time to recover as it was heavily dependent on the tourism industry and this
pandemic have completely shook the industry.

6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
Upon completion of this report constructive recommendation that would be suggested are that
this virus is mostly spread through close contact with people with the virus so for the individuals
it is recommended to maintain a safe distance from other people, wear a proper mask and avoid
social gathering. During lockdown period people can do backyard gardening for fruits and
vegetables as the supply of fruits and vegetables are low in the market with high prices. People
can involve themselves in a lot of activities during lockdown periods to avoid any movement.
For students parents should supervise them and monitor their ways of studying as online learning
is very difficult, students are not able to focus with a lot of freedom for social media. This virus
can be avoided very easily by following proper rules and regulations and maintaining distance.

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6.0 REFERENCE
Deepika, R. A. N. A. (2021). Impact of Global Pandemic on Part-time Employees
Working in Tourism Industry: The Case of Beppu.
Erokhin, V., & Gao, T. (2020). Impacts of COVID-19 on trade and economic aspects of
food security: Evidence from 45 developing countries. International journal of
environmental research and public health, 17(16), 5775.

Impacts of COVID-19 on the food systems of Pacific Small Island Developing States

(PSIDS) and responses | Food for the cities programme | Food and Agriculture

Organization of the United Nations. (n.d.). Food and Agriculture Organizations for

United Nation. Retrieved June 2, 2021, from http://www.fao.org/in-action/food-for-cities-

programme/news/detail/en/c/1278570/

Córdoba-Aguilar, A., Ibarra-Cerdeña, C. N., Castro-Arellano, I., & Suzan, G. (2021).

Tackling zoonoses in a crowded world: Lessons to be learned from the COVID-19
pandemic. Acta Tropica, 214, 105780.
 
Tin, S. T. W., Vivili, P., Na'ati, E., Bertrand, S., & Kubuabola, I. (2020). Insights in
public health: COVID-19 special column: the crisis of non-communicable diseases in the
Pacific and the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Hawai'i Journal of Health & Social
Welfare, 79(5), 147.

World Bank. (2020). World Bank East Asia and Pacific Economic Update, Spring 2020:
Preparedness and Vulnerabilities/Global Reverberations of COVID-19.
 
Ranasinghe, R., Karunarathna, C., & Pradeepamali, J. (2020). After Corona (COVID-19)
Impacts on Global Poverty and Recovery of Tourism Based Service Economies: An
Appraisal. Available at SSRN 3591259.

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