Properties

and
solubility
of
solutions
General Chemistry 2
Quarter 3: Week 3
G12 STEM -Printed
Modular and Digital
Modular
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES:

Use different ways of expressing concentration of

solutions: percent by mass, mole fraction, molarity,
molality, percent by volume, percent by mass, ppm.
STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-111
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

a. define various ways of describing solution

composition;

b. use different ways of expressing concentration of

solutions: percent by mass, mole fraction, molarity,
molality, percent by volume, ppm;

c. solve problems on concentration of solutions;

d. explain the importance of identifying the

concentration of solutions.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

e. describe the mole concept;

f. Calculate concentrations of solutions through:

1. mole ratios
2. stoichiometric conversions
3. percent composition,
4. mole fraction, and
5. molarity (M)
6. molality (m)
LESSON 1: WAYS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
OF SOLUTIONS

ELICIT

Activity 1: Picture Analysis

Directions: You’ll be given 4

photos in a grid, all of which
share a word in common.
Your goal is to figure out the
common word based on the
word length which is provided
to you.
LESSON 1: WAYS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
OF SOLUTIONS

Question:

1. Based on the answers

that you have provided,
how are the two words
related with each other?
VOCABULARY:
Alloys either solid solutions made up of two or
more metals or of metals mixed with
nonmetals
Concentrated a solution which has a large amount of
solute for a certain volume of solvent.
Concentration shows the measure of how much of a given
substance is mixed with another
substance.
Dilute a solution in which there is a small amount
of solute in a given amount of solvent.
VOCABULARY:
Percent by mass the amount of solute in a given mass of
solution expressed as grams solute per 100
grams of solution.

Percent by volume the amount of solute in a given volume of

solution expressed as gram solute
per 100 milliliters of solution.

Solute the component of a solution that is lesser

in quantity; the substance being dissolved.

Solutions homogeneous mixtures. It may be solids

dissolved in liquids or gases dissolved in liquids.

Solvent the component of a solution that is greater in amount;

the dissolving substance of a solution.
EXPLORE
According to studies, isopropyl alcohol manufacturers
maximize its capacity to meet a surge in demand around the world
due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Similarly, hand sanitizers and
cleaning products are also extremely sought after. I’m sure you
were one of the few who want to hoard one. As a result, both
governments and manufacturers will need to find ways to make
these essential materials available in the market. In order to meet
this need, chemical manufacturers are increasing their production,
reconfiguring plants, or building new ones.
Have you noticed that there is a whole range of percentages
of Isopropyl Alcohol, like 40% 70%, 99% and 100%? We know it
can be confusing to choose among them.
Questions:

2. If you were to choose a better alcohol disinfectant, which

will you prefer, 70% solution or 40 % solution? Why?

3. What do the 70% and the 40% on the label of alcohol

represent in the solution?

4. Why do you think 100% alcohol is not used for

sterilization or disinfection?
Concentration is the measure of how
much of a given substance is mixed with
another substance.

Solutions are said to be:

dilute or concentrated.
Figure 1: The solution on the left is more concentrated than the
solution on the right because there is a greater ratio of solute (red
balls) than solvent (blue balls) particles. The solution particles are
closer together. The solution on the right is more dilute (less
concentrated). (CC-SA-BY-3.0 Tracy Poulsen).
A concentrated solution is
one in which there is a large
amount of solute in a given
amount of solvent.

A dilute solution is one in

which there is a small
amount of solute in a given
amount of solvent.
 In general, a solution
has two components:
solute and solvent.
The solute and the
solvent dissolve in each
other.
The component present
in small amount is
called the solute.
The particles of solute
are dissolved in a
solution while the
solvent is the
component present in
greater amount.
Activity 2: Identification

Identify the solute and the solvent in the following solutions by labeling each item
as solute or solvent.
(HINT: the solvent is always the one with greater amount)

1. Solution : Cup of coffee

A. Caffeine : __________________
B. Water : __________________

2. Solution : Vinegar

A. Acetic acid: __________________

B. Water : __________________

3. Solution : Ocean water

A. Salt : __________________
B. Water : __________________
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS
Percent by mass. This express the mass of solute per
100g of solution. Mass of solution is equal to the mass of solute
plus the mass of solvent.

A solution that contains 30% by mass of sugar means that

the solution contains 30g of sugar and 70g of water. It also
means that there are 30g of sugar per 100g of solution.

The formula for percent by mass is:

% by mass solute = Mass solute x 100

Mass of solution
Mass solution = mass solute + mass solvent
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS:
100 g of air consists of 78g of Nitrogen, 21g of Oxygen.
0.04g CO2, and 0.06 g of other gases. This method is also
frequently used in the field of allied health.

If the solution involves a solute and solvent that are

both liquids, then percent by volume is used instead of
mass. The formulas is:

%by Volume = Volume of solute x 100

Volume of Solution
Volume solution = volume of solute + volume of solvent
 CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS:
Mole Fraction. Another method of expressing concentration of solution is the
mole fraction. It is the ratio of the number of moles of one component to the total
number of moles in a solution. It is represented by a capital letter X.

Mole Fraction (X) Solute (A) = moles solute

moles solution

Mole Fraction (X) Solvent (B) = moles solvent

moles solution
number of moles solution = number of moles solute + number of moles solvent
Mole Fraction of solute+ Mole fraction of solvent = 1

XA + XB = 1

Mole fraction is not affected by temperature.

 CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS:
Molality. This is defined as the number of moles of solute per
kilogram of solvent. It can also be mathematically expressed as:

Molality = number of moles solute

kilogram of solvent
Molarity. Concentration of solution may also be expressed in
terms of molarity. Molarity is the ratio of the number of moles of
solute per liter of solution which is mathematically expressed as:
Molarity = number of moles solute
liter of solution
Dimensional analysis can be used to solve problems on
molarity.
 CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS:
Molality. This is defined as the number of moles of solute per
kilogram of solvent. It can also be mathematically expressed as:

Molality = number of moles solute

kilogram of solvent
Molarity. Concentration of solution may also be expressed in
terms of molarity. Molarity is the ratio of the number of moles of
solute per liter of solution which is mathematically expressed as:
Molarity = number of moles solute
liter of solution
Dimensional analysis can be used to solve problems on
molarity.
 CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS:
Parts per Million. 3% by mass of solute means that there are
3g of solute per 100g of solution or parts per hundred (pph). In
some cases when the concentration of solute present is very low, it
is more convenient to use parts per million. In expressing the
amount of dissolved oxygen in water ppm is used. The
concentration of carbon dioxide in air is 0.0380% but in parts per
million, this is equivalent to 380 ppm. Parts per million is
mathematically expressed as:
Parts per Million = mass of solute x 1,000,000
mass of solution
This method is very similar to %by mass. Instead of
multiplying the ration of the mass of solute by 100, the ration is
multiplied by 1,000,000.
Summary of the units of concentration.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. Pure gold is referred to as 24 karats. Jewelry that is said to be 18 karats
contains 18 g of gold for every 24 g of the material, the remaining 6 g consist
of the other metal like copper or silver. Determine the % by mass of the
solution.
Given:
Mass of solute:18 g
Mass of solution: 24 g

Find: % by mass of the solution

Solution:
% = mass of solute / mass of solution x 100%
% = {18 g / 24 g}x 100%
% by mass = 75 %
2. Calculate the percentage concentration of 2g sucrose in 80g
water.

Given:
Mass of solute = 2g
Mass of solution = 80g +2g =82g

Find:
% by mass of the solution

Solution:
% = mass of solute / mass of solution x 100%
= (2g/82g)x100%
= 2.44%
3. Calculate the percentage concentration of 10 ml
ethanol in 50 ml solution.
Given:
Volume of solute = 10 mL
Volume of solution = 50mL

Find: %V/V or %by volume of the solution

Solution:
% = volume of solute / volume of solution x 100%
% = 10mL/50mL x 100%
% = 20%
4. Calculate the percentage concentration if 20g of
sodium hydroxide are contained in a 500-mL solution.

Given:
Mass = 20g
Volume = 500mL

Find: %(m/v)

Solution:

%(m/v) = 20g x 100%

500 mL
= 4mL
 5. How many
grams of glucose
are needed to
prepare 400 mL
of a 5% glucose
solution?
 6. A patient
needs 100g of
glucose in
6 hours.
How many litres
of 5% glucose
should be given?
LESSON 2: Expressing Concentration of
Solutions through Molarity, Molality, Mole
Fraction and Parts per Million (ppm)
ELICIT:

When we look at the labels of commercial food

items, we often find concentrations expressed as a
percentage (%) in terms mass or volume.

A popular vinegar brand indicates 4.5% natural

acidity on its label. What does it mean?
VOCABULARY:
Molarity (M) is the number of moles of solute divided by the
number of liters of solution.

Molality (m) is defined as the number of moles of solute

dissolved in each kilogram of solvent.

Mole fraction (X) This is the number of moles of one component

divided by the total number of moles in the
solution.

Parts per million For solutions, ppm is usually reported

in terms of mass and refers to grams of solute
per million grams of solution.
1. Molarity (M) is the number of moles of solute
in 1 litre of solution. A one molar (1 M)
solution of sodium chloride means that 1 litre
of such solution contains 1 mole of sodium
chloride.

M = moles of solute
L of solution
Sample Problems:
1. Compute for the Molarity of 3. 25 mole of NaCl in 250
mL solution.
Given:
moles of solute = 3.25 moles
L of solution = 250 ml or 0.25 L
Find: M=?
Solution:
M= moles solute
L of solution
= 3.25 moles
0.25 L
M = 13 moles/L
2. Compute for the Molarity of 24.0 g of sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) in 375 mL of solution.
Given:
mass of solute = 24.0 g
mol. Weight of solute = 40 g/moles
volume of solution = 0.375 L
Find: M?
Solution:
M= moles solute
L of solution
= 24.0 g
40 g/moles
0. 375 L
= 0.6 moles
0.375 L
M = 1.6 moles/L
2. Another measure of concentration is
called molality (m). This is defined as
the number of moles of solute dissolved
in each kilogram of solvent.

m = moles of solute
kg of solvent
Sample Problems:
1. Compute the Molality of 24.4 g of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in 198 g
of water.
Given:
mass of solute = 24.4 g
mol. Weight of solute = 100 g/mole
volume of solution = 0.198 kg
Find: m?
Solution:
m= moles solute
kg of solvent
= 24.4 g
100 g/mole
0.198 kg
= 0.244 mole
0.198 kg
m = 0.0000621 mole/kg or 6.21 x10-5 mole kg
3. Mole Fraction. The mole fraction of a component
(solute or solvent) is defined as the number of moles of the
component divided by the total moles of all the
components. Thus, the mole fraction of a solute is
represented by the following equation:
Mole fraction solute = moles solute
moles solute + moles solvent
= n solute
n solute + n solvent

The mole fraction of solvent is shown below:

Mole fraction solvent = moles solvent

moles solute + moles solvent
= n solvent
n solute + n solvent
Sample Problems:

1. Find the mole fraction in a 20% sucrose (C12H22O11) solution.

Given: 20g sucrose

Moles sucrose:
20 % sucrose
80g H2O
20g = 0.06 mole
342 g/mole
Find: Mole fraction of solute and solvent
Moles of water:
Solution:
Mole fraction solute = 0.06
80g = 4.44 mole
4. 50
18g/mole
= 0.01
Total Moles = 4.50
Mole fraction solvent = 4.44
4.50
= 0.99
Sample Problems:

2. Find the mole fraction in a 30% ethanol solution (C2H5OH).

Given: 30g ethanol Moles ethanol:

30 % ethanol
70g H2O 30g = 0.65 mole
46 g/mole
Find: Mole fraction of solute and solvent
Moles of water:
Solution:
Mole fraction solute = 0.65 70g = 3.89 mole
4.54 18g/mole
= 0.14
Total Moles = 4.54
Mole fraction solvent = 3.89
4.54
= 0.86
4. To express the concentration of very dilute
solutions, like those encountered in pollution,
parts per million is used.

ppm = mg solute
L solution
or ppm = grams solute x 106
grams solution
Sample Problems:
1. If a 4-ppm fluoride ion in drinking water contains 4mg
fluoride in a 1-litre solution, how many milligrams of
fluoride are contained in a 1.25-L water sample?

Given: Solution:
m = 4mg 4 mg = x
V 1L 1L 1.25L
= 1.25 L solution
x = 1.25 L 4mg
Find: 1L
mg fluoride x = 5 mg
Sample Problems:
2. A 123.0 g sample of hardwater is found to contain 0.015g
of calcium carbonate (CaCo3). What its concentration in
ppm?

Given: Solution:
g of solute = 0.015 g
ppm = grams solute x 106
g of solvent = 123.0 g
grams solution
= 0.15 g x 106
Find: 123.0 g
ppm?
Ppm = 1219.51
ELABORATE:
The most common impurities in tap water are
calcium and magnesium ions. These ions
dissolved into water as it runs through soils rich in
limestone. Calcium and magnesium are both
essential to proper nutrition, and many people take
them as dietary supplements. Water rich in
calcium and magnesium is called hard water and
is characterized by the amount of calcium
carbonate that would form if all the calcium ions in
the water reacted to form calcium carbonate.
Although hard water has no adverse health effects, it does
have annoying properties. The calcium and magnesium in
hard water leave a white scaly deposit on pipes, fixtures,
cooking utensils, and dishes. Can you give other
disadvantages of having too much concentration of
calcium and magnesium ions in water?
How can we avoid the undesirable effects of
hard water?
• You go to the store to buy fruit juice. One brand is half the
price of another. You think, what a great deal! But do not
stock up just yet. Whenever you buy a product that is in
solution- chlorine bleach, liquid cleaners, liquid laundry
detergents, vinegar, vanilla extract, and fruit drinks, to
name just a few- you should know the concentration.
Why do you think so?
• If you were to buy a product, which would
you choose, less expensive brands with
lower concentration or those with a higher
price but with higher concentration of
active ingredient?
• An older home has lead pipes. Should you
boil the water that comes out of the pipes
before drinking it? Does boiling lower the
concentration of lead in water? Why or why
not?
Performance Task 15