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Bank of America
Bank of America
Financial analysis
1. Introduction
2. Company overview
2.1 History
2.2 Business overview
2.3 Industy overview
3. Annual variations
4. Ratio analysis
5. Sector analysis
6. Valuation
7. References
Apendix
1. Introduction
The main aim of this project is to implement financial analysis by using Bank of
America’s past data, define its relevant position in sector, interpreting its
performance with the help of appropriate ratios and predict future forecast.
The project includes 6 sections. The first section is introduction which consists of
explanation of financial analysis’s significance and general idea of content. The
second section is a company’s overview where we look briefly at the history,
business practices and industry of Bank of America.
The third section is the company’s annual variations for the last five years. The
fourth section is about productivity, profitability and efficiency ratios of the
company.
The sixth section is sector analysis. Here we took and calculated Bank of
America's financial analysis, and compared it with different financial analysis of 3
other banks and determined its position in sector.
Last but not least, the seventh section is valuation. In this section, we calculated
Bank of America's value over FCF and DCF and made predictions for the
upcoming 5 years.
To conclude, we also provided references and appendix at the end of our project,
with additional information and sources we used.
2. Company overview
2.1 History
The bank’s history dates to 1904 when Amadeo Peter Giannini opened the Bank of
Italy in San Francisco. It eventually developed into the Bank of America and was
for a time owned by Giannini’s holding company, Transamerica Corporation.
Through a series of mergers and acquisitions, it built upon its commercial banking
business by establishing Merrill Lynch for wealth management and Bank of
America Merrill Lynch for investment banking in 2008 and 2009, respectively
(since renamed BofA Securities).
2.2 Business overview
Bank of America generates 90% of its revenues in its domestic market. The core of
Bank of America's strategy is to be the number one bank in its domestic market. It
has achieved this through key acquisitions.
The company serves clients through operations across the United States, its
territories and approximately 35 countries. Bank of America Corporation stock
(NYSE: BAC) is listed on the New York Stock Exchange.
3. Annual valuations
Condensed Balance
2020 2019 2018 2017 2016
Sheet
ASSETS
Total Long Term
947 183 721 884 680 655 691 133 674 982
Assets:
PPE 11 000 10 561 9 906 9 247 9 139
Long Term
684 850 472 197 441 753 440 130 430 731
Investment
Goodwill and
68 951 68 951 68 951 68 951 71 891
Intangible Assets
Other Long-Term
182 382 170 175 160 045 172 805 163 221
Assets
Total Current
Assets/Cash and cash 1 872 444 1 712 195 1 673 852 1 590 101 1 512 720
equivalent
Total assets 2 819 627 2 434 079 2 354 507 2 281 234 2 187 702
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Long Term Debt 262 934 240 856 229 340 227 402 216 823
Other Non-current
Liabilities/Derivative 45 526 38 229 37 891 34 300 39 480
Liabilities
Total Current
2 238 243 1 890 184 1 821 951 1 752 386 1 664 559
Liabilities
Total Liabilities 2 546 703 2 169 269 2 089 182 2 014 088 1 920 862
Stock 110 492 115 124 141 222 160 412 172 258
Retained earnings 164 088 156 319 136 314 113 816 101 870
Accumulated
comprehensive -1 656 -6 633 -12 211 -7 082 -7 288
income
Total Shareholders'
272 924 264 810 265 325 267 146 266 840
Equity
Total liabilities and
2 819 627 2 434 079 2 354 507 2 281 234 2 187 702
shareholders’ equity
Let’s take a look at annual valuations in both balance sheet and income statement.
As you see, there is sharp decrease in net income from 2019 to 2020 due to
decrease in income after tax in 2020. The decrease in net income was primarily
driven by lower interest rates, partially offset by reduced deposit and funding costs,
the deployment of excess deposits into securities and an additional day of interest
accrual. Long-term assets, current assets,total current liabilities increased from
2019 to 2020, therefore, we see gradually increasing trend between these years.
Annual Variations
40,00%
30,00%
20,00%
10,00%
0,00%
-10,00%
-20,00% Total LongTotal CurrentLong TermTotal CurrentStockRetained
-30,00% Term Assets Assets/Cash Debt Liabilities earnings
and cash
equivalent
2020201920182017
Annual Variation
80,00%
60,00%
40,00%
20,00%
-40,00%
-60,00%
-80,00%
2020201920182017
Because of the large number of ratios, it is helpful to think about ratios in terms of
broad categories based on what aspects of performance a ratio is intended to detect.
Financial analysts and data vendors use a variety of categories to classify ratios.
The category names and the ratios included in each category can differ. In this
project our common ratio categories include liquidity, solvency, profitability, and
efficiency ratios.
Solvency refers to a company’s ability to fulfill its long- term debt obligations.
Assessment of a company’s ability to pay its long- term obligations (i.e., to make
interest and principal payments) generally includes an in-depth analysis of the
components of its financial structure. Debt to equity ratios, financial autonomy and
financial leverage ratios are examples of solvency ratios.
The debt- to- equity ratio measures the amount of debt capital relative to equity
capital. From 2016 to 2020 this ratio have been increasing gradually. A ratio of 1.0
would indicate equal amounts of debt and equity, as we see in 2020 it’s already
approaching this amount (here we wrote it in percentages).
Profitability ratios measure the return earned by the company during a period. The
ability to generate profit on capital invested is a key determinant of a company’s
overall value and the value of the securities it issues.
Net profit, or net income, is calculated as revenue minus all expenses. Net profit
margin shows every dollar in sales as in terms of net income.
Although gross profit margin of Bank of America increased from 2019 to 2020,
Net profit margin decreased approximately 5.24% which relates with deducted
expenses in the numerator.
Profit before tax margin is the ratio of pretax income to revenue. The pretax
margin reflects the effects on profitability of leverage and other (non- operating)
income and expenses. This ratio is used to evaluate company’s profit without
distortion due to tax. Lower ratio means weaker profitability for operations.
ROA measures the return earned by a company on its assets. The higher the ratio,
the more income is generated by a given level of assets. Increase in total
assets(from 2434079 to 2819627) and decrease in net income (from 27430 to
17894) from 2019 to 2020 lead decline in calculation of ROA.
ROE measures the return earned by a company on its equity capital, including
minority equity, preferred equity, and common equity. It increases from 2016 to
2018 and decreases from 2018 to 2020.
Activity ratios are also known as asset utilization ratios or operating efficiency
ratios. This category is intended to measure how well a company manages various
activities, particularly how efficiently it manages its various assets. Activity ratios
are analyzed as indicators of ongoing operational performance—how effectively
assets are used by a company. These ratios reflect the efficient management of
both working capital and longer term assets.
There are approximately 25000 global banks in the world. Bank of America is the
second largest banking instution in the USA and the eighth largest bank in the
world. In this section, we will compare BofA with other 3 banks (JPM,
Citigroup,Wells Fargo).
If we look table above, JPM and BofA have higher and Wells Fargo has the lowest
indicators. In fact, coming to such a conclusion does not seem realistic while
evaluating companies.
As we see in table 5.1 the largest net income and revenue are observed in
JPMorgan and net profit margin is also in line with it, therefore, the largest NPM
is 22.50%. The second largest net income and revenue are both examined in BofA
(NPM as well) following the JPMorgan. In our comparison, NPM is coherent with
indicators shown in table 5.1.
Financial leverage is the use of debt to buy more assets. The financial leverage
formula is measured as the ratio of total debt to total assets. As the proportion of
debt to assets increases, so too does the amount of financial leverage. Actually, it
might represent a bad indicator if a company has high financial leverage ratio.
Though, if you classify companies according to their industries different
consequences will be seen. Here, in our case as banks own much more liabilities as
a sector high financial leverage is not considered as a bad sign.
6. Valuation
Free cash flow (FCF) represents the cash a company generates after accounting
for cash outflows to support operations and maintain its capital assets.
Unlike earnings or net income, free cash flow is a measure of profitability that
excludes the non-cash expenses of the income statement and includes spending on
equipment and assets as well as changes in working capital from the balance
sheet. Formula used to determine FCFF:
We see at the graph below that company had quite close Free cash flows from
2017 to 2019. But in 2020, there was a sharp decrease in FCF if we look
mathematically this is due to the rise in CAPEX from 34894 to 219036 in 2020.In
fact, due to economic downturn related to COVID 19 bank decreased its interest
rate which in turn brought massive quantity of deposits that will reflect itself in
bank’s cash flow in near future as bank will have to pay depositholders.
Free Cash Flow to the Firm
15 890 14 041 14 899
-177 415
Free Cash Flow to the Firm
Now we will look through assumptions to estimate future free cash flows.
Let’s start with Revenues. Here we find changes in revenues between years and
find average rate for each company. The we determine average of sum of rates and
get estimated revenue growth rate.
Revenues Growth Rate
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Rate
BOA 93 662 100 264 109 627 113 589 93 753 0,63%
C 83309 88 962 97 120 103 449 88 839 2,09%
WFC 94176 97141 101 060 103 915 80 303 -3,18%
JPM 106387 114 579 129 824 142 194 129 503 5,40%
1,24%
We will use an average costs growth rate of 13.93% for the forecasting purposes.
Based on our assumption, there’ll be examining fixed 13.93% increase in Total
costs for each year of 2021- 2025 period.
Forecasts
Free cash flow to the firm 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Revenue 94912 96086 97274 98476 99694
COGS 8327 8430 8534 8639 8746
Gross profit 86585 87656 88740 89837 90948
Non-interest expenses besides besides
66970 74022 81817 90433 99956
Depr and Amort
EBITDA 19616 13634 6923 -596 -9009
Depreciation and Amortizations 6309 6696 7106 7542 8005
EBT 13307 6938 -184 -8139 -17014
Working Capital
Trading accounts 212307 214932 217589 220279 223003
Change in Inventory 13453 2625 2657 2690 2723
AHP 9306 9306 9306 9306 9306
Acc. Receivable 60758 61509 62270 63039 63819
Change in A.R -32995 751 760 770 779
ACP 234 234 234 234 234
Acc.Payable -84049 95176 96353 97544 98750
Change in A.P. -265848 -87622 -68725 -54579 -47609
APP 5985 5985 5985 5985 5985
Change in Working Capital 357113 181264 183505 185774 188071
106245 118549 132277
853367 952189
Fixed and Intangible Assets 5 0 3
CAPEX(Net of Depreciation) 779725 105518 117372 130577 145288
Taxes 4658 2428 -64 -2849 -5955
Free cash flow to the firm 1115571 -268881 -286784 -306557 -328408
Discounted cash flow analysis 1052425 239303 -240790 -242822 -245405
1 2 3 4 5
Discounted cash flow (DCF) is a method of valuation used to determine the value
of an investment based on its return in the future–called future cash flows. DCF
helps to calculate how much an investment is worth today based on the return in
the future. Formula used:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_America
https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/BAC/bank-of-america/dividend-yield-
history
https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/21/banks-have-grown-by-2-trillion-in-deposits-since-coronavirus-first-
hit.html
https://www.accountingtools.com/articles/what-is-the-total-asset-turnover-
ratio.html
Apendix
LIABILITIES
Deposits in U.S. offices:
Non-interest bearing 650 674 403 305 412 587 430 650 438 125
Interest bearing 1 038 341 940 731 891 636 796 576 750 891
Deposits in non-U.S. offices:
Non-interest bearing 17 698 13 719 14 060 14 024 12 039
Interest bearing 88 767 77 048 63 193 68 295 59 879
1 260
Total deposits 1 795 480 1 434 803 1 381 476 1 309 545
934
Fed.funds purchased and securities
loaned or sold under aggree. to 170 323 165 109 186 988 176 865 170 291
repurch.
Trading account liabilities 71 320 83 270 68 220 81 187 63 031
Derivative liabilities 45 526 38 229 37 891 34 300 39 480
Short-term borrowings 19 321 24 204 20 189 32 666 23 944
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 181 799 182 798 165 078 152 123 146 359
Long-term debt 262 934 240 856 229 340 227 402 216 823
1 920
Total Liabilities 2 546 703 2 169 269 2 089 182 2 014 088
862
Shareholders' equity
Preferred Stock 24 510 23 401 22 326 22 323 25 220
Common Stock 85 982 91 723 118 896 138 089 147 038
Retained Earnings 164 088 156 319 136 314 113 816 101 870
Accumulated other comprehensive
-1 656 -6 633 -12 211 -7 082 -7 288
income
Total Shareholders' Equity 272 924 264 810 265 325 267 146 266 840
Total liabilities and shareholders’ 2 187
2 819 627 2 434 079 2 354 507 2 281 234
equity 702