ISBN: 9789385983283

Wireless Communication

H
Dr. M. Kathirvelu
Professor & Head
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

ECKPR Institute of Engineering and Technology

Arasur, Coimbatore - 641 407.

V. Chandra Prasad
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics & Communication
KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology
Arasur, Coimbatore - 641 407.
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S. Finney Daniel Shadrach
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics & Communication
KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology
Arasur, Coimbatore - 641 407.
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 ISBN: 9789385983283

Contents

Chapter 1 Wireless Channels 1.1 - 1.43

1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1

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1.2 Large Scale Path Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1
1.2.1 Free space propagation model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3
1.2.2 Propagation model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6
1.3 Link Budget Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.16
1.3.1 Practical link budget design using path loss models . . 1.19

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1.4

1.5

1.6
Small Scale Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.1 Doppler shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.2 Factors influencing small-scale fading . . . . . . . .
Parameters of Mobile Multipath Channels . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.1 Time dispersion parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.2 Coherence bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.3 Doppler spread and coherence time . . . . . . . . .
Types of Small-Scale Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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1.22
1.22
1.24
1.24
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.26
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1.6.1 Fading due to multipath time delay spread . . . . . . . 1.27
1.6.2 Fading effects due to doppler spread . . . . . . . . . . . 1.29
Short Questions with Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.39
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.43

Chapter 2 Cellular Architecture 2.1 - 2.34

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2.1 Multiple Access Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1

2.1.1 FDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1
2.1.2 Features of FDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2
2.1.3 TDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3
2.1.4 CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6
2.2 Cellular Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7
2.2.1 Frequency reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8
2.2.2 Channel assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.11
2.2.3 Hand off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.11
2.2.4 Interference and system capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.14
2.2.5 Trunking and grade of service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.17

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2.2.6 Coverage and capacity improvement . . . . . . . . . . 2.19

Solved Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.22
Short Questions with Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.28
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.34

Chapter 3 Digital Signalling for Fading Channels 3.1 - 3.56

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3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1
3.2 Structure of a Wireless Communication Link . . . . . . . . . . 3.3
3.2.1 Detailed block diagram of digital transmitter and receiver 3.5
3.2.2 Mathematical link model for analysing modulation

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3.3
3.4
3.5

3.6
3.5.3
schemes (simplified model) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8
Geometric Representation of Modulation Signals . . . . . . . . 3.8
Digital Modulation Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.11
Linear Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.11
3.5.1 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) . . . . . . . . . 3.12
3.5.2 Offset QPSK (OQPSK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.17
π
4
QPSK;
π
4

Quadrature phase shift keying . . . . . . 3.19
Non - Linear Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.23
3.6.1 Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK) . . . . . . . . . . 3.24
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3.6.2 Minimum Shift Keying [MSK] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.27
3.6.3 Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) . . . . . . . . 3.30
3.7 Error Performance in Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.33
3.7.1 Error performance in slow flat - fading channels . . . . 3.34
3.7.2 Error performance in frequency selective fading
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channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.36
3.8 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing [OFDM] . . . . 3.37
3.8.1 Principle behind OFDM techniques . . . . . . . . . . . 3.38
3.8.2 Implementation of transceiver sections . . . . . . . . . 3.39
3.8.3 Advantages of OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.42
3.8.4 Disadvantages of OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.42
3.8.5 Cyclic Prefix (CP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.42
3.8.6 Peak - to - Average Power Ratio (PAPR) . . . . . . . . . 3.44
Solved Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.45
Short Questions with Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.47
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.55

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Chapter 4 Multipath Mitigation Techniques 4.1 - 4.39

4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1
4.2 Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1
4.3 Adaptive Equalizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2
4.3.1 Block diagram of a communication system with an
adaptive equalizer at receiver end . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2

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4.3.2 Basic structure of an adaptive equalizer, during training 4.3
4.4 Equalization Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5
4.5 Types of Equalizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8
4.5.1 Linear equalizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8

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4.6

4.7
4.8
4.5.2 Non - Linear equalizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Algorithm for Adaptive Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6.1 Factors influencing the performance of an adaptive
algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6.2 Equalizer algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Classification of Diversity Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.8.1 Space diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.8.2 Frequency diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.11
4.14

4.14
4.15
4.19
4.20
4.20
4.27
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4.8.3 Polarization diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.27
4.8.4 Time diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.29
Solved Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.30
Short Questions with Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.32
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.38
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Chapter 5 Multiple Antenna Techniques 5.1 - 5.39

5.1 MIMO Systems. [Multiple Input Multiple Output] . . . . . . . 5.1
5.1.1 Comparison between MIMO and smart antenna . . . . 5.3
5.1.2 MIMO - System architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3
5.1.3 Advantage of MIMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5
5.1.4 Disadvantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5
5.1.5 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5
5.2 Spatial Multiplexing and System Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5
5.2.1 Shannon’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6
5.2.2 Space-Time Processing (STP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8
5.3 Beam-Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.10

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5.3.1 Beam-forming techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.10

5.3.2 Beam-forming schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.11
5.3.3 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.11
5.4 Precoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.12
5.4.1 Precoding for Single user MIMO system . . . . . . . . . 5.12
5.4.2 Precoding for multi user MIMO system . . . . . . . . . 5.13

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5.5 Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.13
5.5.1 Classes of diversity schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.14
5.5.2 Space diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.14
5.5.3 Transmit diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.19
5.6 Channel State Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.19

5.7EC 5.6.1 Different kinds of channel state information .

5.6.2 Mathematical description . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6.3 Classification of channel estimation techniques
Channel Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.1 AWGN Channel capacity . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7.2 Linear time-invariant Gaussian channels . . .
5.7.3 Capacity of fading channels . . . . . . . . . . .
Short Questions with Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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5.20
5.20
5.21
5.21
5.22
5.24
5.29
5.35
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.38
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University Question Papers UQ.1 - UQ.10
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