Energy, Environment & Sustainability

23 Sep Sustainability: concept and approaches. The evolution and the implications of the concept for
energy. The CO2 and the global warming issue.
30 Oct Environment: concept and context for energy use. The climate change issue. How to access the
effects of the energy as the major environment stress factor.
07 Oct Energy. Concept, energy forms and sustainability.
14 Oct Impact assessment and strategic environment impact assessment. Impact of energy systems.

21 Oct The Thermodynamics constraints. Basics for the environment implications of thermal energy.

28 Oct Energy under two perspectives: supply and demand. The energy system approach.

04 Nov Water, materials and activities in cities: Life cycle analysis. Urban metabolism.

11 Nov The new energy paradigm: decentralised, renewable and demand side oriented.

18 Nov Energy for sustainable cities: potential and rationale for cities as `control volumes` for
sustainability.

25 Nov Critical issues on energy for the future

02 Dec Indicators for sustainability. The qualitative and the invisible sustainability. Trends and
expectations.
09 Dec Tools of management and monitoring energy, environment and sustainability.
16Dec Buildings as Energy Systems
 Sustainability

environmental

economical

social

«The ability to meet the needs of present generations

without compromising the possibilities of future
generations» (Brundtland Report, 1987)
Challenges

Socio-Economic
To fight against poverty, to control demography and to
protect health
....

Environment
Conservation and management of natural resources
Sustainable human settlements
Integration of environment and development (sustainable
development) in the policies, namely, in the planning and
management activities
 Energy in the World
(2005)

toe per capita

USA > 6.0
EU (15) 3.0 - 4.5
Portugal 3.0
The combustion paradigm: oil culture…
Environmental scales: Energy the
unique global pressure factor on the environment

Global
Climate changes Global
Biodiversity
Regional
Regional
Local
Atmospheric pollution
Interior
Local
Microclimate Energy
Morphology

Interior
Indoor air quality Problem: Climate change
Comfort
Energy efficiency Strategy: ‘think globally, act locally ’

Case: energy vs CO2 production

Scientific evidence (1)
Gases and solar radiation
Scientific evidence (2)
The greenhouse effect of the (open) cycle of solar radiation
 Condicionantes
ºC
1,0 Ambiente (CO2, …)
0,8 1,5-4,5 ºC entre 2040 e 2080
0,6

0,4

0,2

0,0

-0,2

-0,4
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060
Ano
The atmosphere is not infinite
Sustainable development (PSR model)

Environment pressure State of the

factors* environment

Strategies, actors, actions

* Valid for all activities/pressure factors (including energy)

Energy ‘country’ & roads map
Primary energy Energy service
(supply) (demand)

oil lighting

coal ventilation

gas heating

nuclear cooling

hot water
hydro
biomass multimedia
wind
propulsion
solar
… hidrogen ! industry
(2030!)
New paradigm – Decentralized management of resources
– or the new role for cities
(agenda 21; municipal environmental management plan)

Energy

Water

Materials

Information
Decentralization / Participation

TOP - DOWN
Energy and
Building Technologies Planning and Regulations

SUPPLY SIDE Cities DEMAND SIDE

Best Practice Involvement and Partnership

BOTTOM - UP

Re-Start THERMIE Project

Sustainable cities?
No, why?
 If all primary energies were renewable…

REFLECTED
DIFUSE

ATMOSPHERIC
DISPERSION

ABSORVED
DIRECT DIFUSE

…only a small share would be “deviated” from the natural flow …

Urban planning vs sustainability

Energy
observatory

Indoor
climate control

Low energy buildings

Terms of reference

Integrated heating and cooling service

Shaping outdoor micro-climate

SINOPSE: Sustainable urban categories of indicators

Probably the one that better integrates the relationship energy-

Global environment namely regarding the climate change.
Typically of a local/regional dimension. Main descriptors are: water,
Resources
air, climate, energy, space, habitat, landscape and soil.

Land use Mainly of a prescriptive character under the form of linear,

superficial or volumetric dimensions.
Morphology Centred in the urban space: water, vegetation, space, access to the
sun, microclimate, habitat, mobility.
Infra-structures They form the truly urban nervous and other basic systems (eg
energy, water, waste, )
Final users
Buildings and transport offer many opportunities for the
energy/environment optimisation.
 SUSTAINABILITY:
A chalenge towards the future

• Major chalenge The quantification

• Common sense Something must be done
• Concept and scope To avoid bias and ‘out of focus’
• Approaches What systems and what
boundaries for the proper
evaluations?
A few quantifications (benchmarking) ...

Indicator Guidelines
conventional objective

CO2 per capita (103 kg/year) 10-40 3

CO2/m2.year (kg) 10-200 50
Energy intensity of GDP (TEP/MEuro) 350 < 200
Heating energy (Central Europe) (kWh/m2ano) 100-140 40-60
Participation of renewables in energy ‘mix’ (%) 7 15 (2010)
Water (litres per person.day) 160 85
Urban waste (kg/resident.year) 200 120
Urban waste valorisation (%) < 42 100
Building materials recycling (%) 10? 70
 Examples EXPO’98

Matrix: Associated Information Systems

Urban Space, Passengers and Urban Traffic, Buildings, Energy
Infrastructures of
and Water Supply, Management of Urban Waste
information and
management of indicators

Data Exchange Interface

Analysis and Simulation

Planning
Data
Base
Information and
Multimedia Documentation
 Urban sustainable projects
Europe
• Lisboa (Expo 98)
• Hannover (Expo 2000)
• Utrecht (The Netherlands)
• Viikki (Helsinki)
• Ørestad (Copenhagen)
• Hammarby Sjöstad (Stockholm)
• Malmö (Sweden)
• Alessandria (Italy)
Other
• Sidney (Olympic games village 2000)
 Urban sustainable projects
Hannover Energy concept
- Energy Use Optimisation
- Quality Assurance Programme
- Electricity Saving
- District Heating Cogeneration
- Use of Renewable Energy
- Solar Powered District Heating
- Passive Houses
- Fuel Cell Cogeneration
- Wind Turbines
- Photovoltaic Technology
Water Concept
- Natural Rainwater Management
- Drinking Water Economy
- Qualification and Awareness
- Programme
Waste concept
- Building Waste
- Domestic and Commercial
- Pre-sorting Facilities
- Home Composting
- Packaging avoidance
- Waste Communication
- Concept
Soil Management concept
- Construction Traffic
- Biotopes
- Cost
Urban sustainable projects

Utrecht
Compact
Close to Utrecht city and compact building density

Sustainability
Ecology, urban management, low energy building and secondary
water system for household

Sustainable housing
Interior design and furnishing, living and maintenance

Zero-energy house
Building technique, installations, materials used and interior
design

Identity
Cultural and historical land marks
Urban sustainable projects

Viikki
Pollution Natural resources
- CO2 - fossil fuels
- effluents - heating energy
- building site waste
- domestic waste Biodiversity
- eco label
- selection of plants
- runoff water
Health
- interior climate Food production
- humidity risks
- noise - cultivated/planted area
- wind protection - “topsoil”
- solar impact
Urban sustainable projects

Ørestad
Ørestad stretches over five kilometres from the outskirts of
Copenhagen City to Copenhagen Airport, along with the placing of
the Metro lines

Sustainability
exceptional international traffic connections, roads, railways, urban
management, green urban area built up around nature and water,
leisure facilities, widespread recycling of rainwater, infrastructure
established with natural, reusable materials, district heating supply
(thermal power station), low temperature supply system is being
established

Sustainable housing
apartments and dwellings, design

Identity
“Green” and alive city
Functional and growing city (1997-2025)
 Urban sustainable projects
Hammarby
Sjöstad Built on land formerly occupied by industrial and dockyard
buildings

Sustainability
Substantial investments have been made in public transport to
reduce car usage, urban management, sport and leisure areas, fuel-
fired district heating plant, combustible waste is recycled as heat
and food waste is composted into soil, treatment of sewage and
waste water

Sustainable housing
apartments and dwellings, modern architecture

Identity
Growing city
Urban sustainable projects

Malmö

Malmö is undergoing a transition from being an industrial city

to a city of knowledge. Older industries have been replaced by
investments in new technology and training programmes of
high calibre.

Sustainability
Exceptionally well developed infrastructure
Safety and inexpensive housing, quality hospitals, good
primary schools and universities , a good range of cultural and
leisure activities and direct access to varied natural reserves

Identity
"The City of Parks"
Urban sustainable projects
 Urban sustainable projects

Sidney olympic
village
It resulted in the creation of an entirely new Sydney suburb
called Newington.

Sustainability
Each house has been designed to maximize its solar potential
through its orientation.
Houses were designed for the long term, as properties that
would make attractive homes.
Style and comfort accommodation.

Another challenge was to ensure the housing could be easily

converted at the conclusion of the Olympic Games for use by
disabled athletes during the Sydney 2000 Paralympics.
Tools: Indicators for sustainability: examples
Place3s Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Development DOE - USA
Infrastructure Efficiency:
- Water supply and use
- Waste water collection
- Storm drainage
- Street lighting Climate
- Traffic signalization Habitation
- Recycling facilities
Employment
On-Site Energy Resources: Transports
- Geothermal/groundwater
- Surface water
Infrastructures
- Wind Renewable resources
- Solar
- District heating/cooling Conventional
- Cogeneration energy
- Thermal storage
- Fuel cell power
 Scientific and technical fundaments…

CTO – Laboratory house INETI/FEUP (1984-…)

Solar energy: overall confort
(heating/cooling)

1000
1000
Solar house (!)
Winter Summer
900
900

800
800

700
700
Exterior Exterior
Interior Interior
600
600
Nº Horas
Nº Horas

500
500

400
400

300 300

200 200

100 100

0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 5 10 15 20 25 30 ºC

17ºC
(ºC)
21ºC