Energy, Environment & Sustainability

23 Sep Sustainability: concept and approaches. The evolution and the implications of the concept for
energy. The CO2 and the global warming issue.
30 Oct Environment: concept and context for energy use. The climate change issue. How to access the
effects of the energy as the major environment stress factor.
07 Oct Energy. Concept, energy forms and sustainability.
14 Oct Impact assessment and strategic environment impact assessment. Impact of energy systems.

21 Oct The Thermodynamics constraints. Basics for the environment implications of thermal energy.

28 Oct Energy under two perspectives: supply and demand. The energy system approach.

04 Nov Water, materials and activities in cities: Life cycle analysis. Urban metabolism.

11 Nov The new energy paradigm: decentralised, renewable and demand side oriented.

18 Nov Energy for sustainable cities: potential and rationale for cities as `control volumes` for
sustainability.

25 Nov Critical issues on energy for the future

02 Dec Indicators for sustainability. The qualitative and the invisible sustainability. Trends and
expectations.
09 Dec Tools of management and monitoring energy, environment and sustainability.
16Dec Buildings as Energy Systems
Sustainability

The ability of meeting the needs of the present without

compromising the possibility of future generations to meet
their own needs. (Brundtland Report)

environmental Rational
Anthropogenic CO2
economical
Global warming
social Climate Change
 Climate Change starts at home!
Energy is the unique environmental pressure factor that crosses all
environmental levels

Global
Climate change
Biodiversity Global
Regional
Regional
Atmospheric pollution Local
Landscaping
Interior
Local
Microclimate Energy
Morphology

Interior Problem: Climate change

Indoor air quality
Comfort Strategy: ‘act locally; think globally’
Energy use & CO2 emissions
Case: energy vs CO2 production
The Combustion paradigm
 Fossil energy
(Just) a one ‘shot’ experience for humanity
40 Petroleum
Jet engine,1930s-40s
U.S. Energy Consumption by Source

30
Quadrillion Btu

Hydroelectric
Power Natural Gas
Incandescent Four-stroke
20 lamp, 1870s combustion
engine, 1870s

Coal Nuclear
Electric
10 Power

Watt Steam Cotton Gin,

Engine, 1782 1793 Wood
Mayflower, 1620

0
1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

First U.S. oil

well, 1859 REA, 1935 CP-1 reactor, 1942
The oil culture
The oil culture
The oil culture
When a non criticized need is to be fulfilled by a ‘new energy’...
 % prim ary energy dem and

0
100

85
1990

1991

1992

1993
Critical indicators

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998
Portugal external energy dependence

1999

2000
Critical indicators

Load diagram - days of annual peak demand

Energy for people
Consumption per capita (2006)

tep per capita

USA > 6.0
EU (15) 3.0 - 4.5
Portugal < 3.0
Context for the 21st century
• Oil to last as a dominant form of energy
• Sustainability to introduce a wider holist environment
concept (LCA; externalities, CO2 commerce, green
certificates, precautionary principle i.e. passive
technologies): yes to renewable and efficiency
• Practice too far away from the knowledge and the tools
available
• Role of standards
• Transports as a loose (or lost!) sector...
• Indoor Environment Quality with too many questions
(criteria, controlled efficient ventilation solutions;
comfort;...)
• Challenge: to search the path towards a good ‘green’
building/city/world?
Two ways for sustainable energy

• Either
− Energy efficiency for the fossile
− Clean technologies

• Or
− Renewable
The concept of energy service

Energy = Primary X Energy

service Energy use Efficiency
• equipment
• processes
• systems

USA  2 x EU
per capita ?
Energy matrix: from source to service
Primary energy Energy service
(supply) (demand)

oil lighting

coal ventilation

gas heating

nuclear cooling

hot water
hydro
biomass multimedia
wind
propulsion
solar
… hidrogen ! industry
(2030!)
Energy efficiency: one more energy form

2000

Demand
‘business-as-usual’
1500
Energy
saving due
to increased
EJ/ano

efficiency
1000

All renewables
500

Fossil + nuclear

0
2000 2050 2100
Source: IEA
Energy Efficiency
Energy consumption

1850 1880 1920 1940 1970 1980 1990 2000 2002

Source: EIA Annual Energy Review 2003

EE: Technology based solutions
There is no single nor simple answer
• Energy efficiency
• Renewable energy
• Transition to smart, resilient, distributed energy systems coupled
with pollution-free energy carriers, e.g. hydrogen and electricity
• Non-polluting transportation fuels
• Separation and capture of CO2 from fossil fuels
• Next generation of nuclear fission and fusion technology
EE: Technology expression (transports: CO 2 )

Adapted from: “Energy Technology Perspectives, Scenarios & Strategies to 2050”, IEA, 2006
EE: Technology expression (transports: CO 2 )

Adapted from: “Energy Technology Perspectives, Scenarios & Strategies to 2050”, IEA, 2006
EE: Technology expression (buildings: CO 2 )

Adapted from: “Energy Technology Perspectives, Scenarios & Strategies to 2050”, IEA, 2006
 New energy paradigm
Drivers for change

Past: ‘Centralized’ paradigm

Future: Liberalization Decentralization

Diversification Demand management
Energy Efficiency and Renewable
Environmental suitability
Quality of Service

The alternative to the 'fossil' is not form of energy 'A' or 'B', but
rather a mix of all, including the efficiency!
 Diversification and CO2

Useful Energy
Electricity 0 =  30%
Pr imary Energy

Useful Energy
Gas 0 =  60%
Pr imary Energy

Pollution (CO2) Electricity > 2 x G

Impact of fossil energy
CO2 emissions and energy use

Critical: nature of the

primary energy used!
Energy Matrix
supply
ENERGY MATRIX Porto 2007
Demand
Decentralisation: system approach

Yesterday Tomorrow: Distribution / on site

Generation with fully integrated
Central power station
network management
CHP and/or
Central power station

Photovoltaics
Transmission Network power plant

Storage Storage

Flow
Control

Storage Storage Power

House
quality
Distribution Network Power
device
quality
Local CHP plant
device
Wind
power
plant House with domestic CHP

Commercial
Factory
building Source: COGEN Europe
 Decentralization: Efficiency and the
supply/demand matching at the urban scale

• Conventional power station

10% losses in transmission and

distribution

30 - 40 %
50-60% losses in Fuel of primary energy
power stations reaches the users
100%

• Cogeneration
water to
process or
heating
Cogeneration
unit 60 - 70 %
Electricity of primary energy
reaches the users
Fuel 100%
Decentralization: Cogeneration at
EXPO’98 (1993-…)
Climaespaço network at EXPO‘98 Lisboa
electricity – heating - cooling

Source: EXPO’98/CCE/DGTREN
 Decentralisation: regional/urban network
MESAP – Modular Energy System Analysis and Planning
(University of Stuttgart, used at Expo’98)
Primary Energy Energy Final Final Use Useful Demand Demand
Energy Production/Conversion Distribution Energy Technology Energy Intensity Activ.

Network supply
(NET) Permanent
Pavilions
with network:
DH & DC:
Heat Exchanger
district heating sub-station
Gas Turbine
TG801A
E202A

Absorb.Chiller
GRA151A
District heating
network
District cooling
50% of district cooling sub-station Oriente
Auxiliary network Station
Boiler B551A

Post Comb.
Absorb.Chiller
GRA151B

Compr.Chiller
the Lisboa
Individual supply (IND)
Boiler B501A
GRC101A

Compr.Chiller
GRC101B
Energy without network:
Heating Central &
Residential
Buildings
Cooling Central:

Trigeneration Climaespaço per capita Gas central heating

Central Chiller
EDP
Electricity distribution Office
network Individual
heating & cooling: Buildings
Electrical Radiator

EDP Power
Plant Murial Boiler SHW

AC-Window Unit
Industry
EDP National electricity
production mix
GDP Hotels
Natural gas distribution
network Applications

Lightning
Retail
Sustainability goals
Expo 98: almost (!) an example of urban sustainability
(350 ha; 30000 inhabitants)

Primary energy 50%

of actual per capita in Lisboa

CO2 emissions 60%

idem
Decentralization:
Renewable à la carte
 A cost curve for greenhouse gas reduction
P. Enkvist, T.Nauclér, and J. Rosander The McKinsey Quarterly June 2007
Evidence from certified projects (LEED)
Cost / Performance - It Depends
450

400

350

300
Certified Silver Gold Platinum
Cost $/sq ft

250

200

150

100

50

0
Conclusions (1)
• The World energy scene is changing in the right direction

• Economics is taking into account more and more energy

externalities

• Liberalized markets, cities protagonism and demand side

perspective are a few examples of new realities

• It is difficult to identify a parameter more intrinsic to

sustainability than energy

• DSM, Efficiency and Renewable, by that order, are

perfectly in tune with those new trends
Conclusions (2)
• New opportunities for renewable energy depending
− on technology;
− on market creativity; and
− on public governance

• Great potential for DSM already demonstrated

• New generation of measures needed that are not in the
agenda
• Cities/regions are critical entities to tackle the energy vs
environment issue
• There is wide room for technology development not just as
‘rockets to kill flies’ but as a mature practice to solve
people’s problems
Thank you