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Quantum Strategies and Evolutionary Stability (In Urdu) : February 2019
Quantum Strategies and Evolutionary Stability (In Urdu) : February 2019
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ا ب I.
�
رف II.
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ل ا رى ؟ رى اردو ال
رى ّ ت ا وا رو )(roulette ا
ں )(strategies دا ں ت ز دہ
رى اردو د د در ۔ اس ّ
۔ اس ا ف ر ن اس ۔
III.
�
اور ر ڈ ں ا ں ا ا آ ۔ وا
۔ آ دى ا ان د ں ر ا ا ں د د ر
د اس ر اردو ا ا ن ا ان
وں اور اس ں آ ں۔ ن ر اور راو ى اردو زاروں
اس ز ن وا را ز دہ رت ۔ ى اردو رت ل اب
ءد و ت اس ن اد ۔ اس ر اور
۔
ازن IV.
اس، (s∗A , s∗B , s∗C ) ى ڑى ں اور اس ا ر ا ل
اس ى ا ں اس ا اورA, B ں ڑ ںs∗C اورs∗A, s∗B
C
۔ PA (s∗A , s∗B , s∗C ) ر ا دA ڑى
ں اور ا ڑى A, B · · · G ( اs∗A, s∗B · · · s∗G) ى ا ا
: ازن ا را ے ا ا درج ذ ى
PA (sA , s∗B · · · s∗G )
≤ PA (s∗A , s∗B
· · · s∗G )
∗
PB (sA , sB · · · sG ) ≤ PB (sA , sB · · · sG )
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
, (2)
···
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
PG (sA , sB · · · sG ) ≤ PG (sA , sB · · · sG )
ں دو ر V.
�
ن5 : ،0: :ا د ت: ل ا ۔ اس
: ا ح اس
F
C D
C )(r, r) (s, t
N , )(4
D )(t, s) (u, u
ت درج ذ
s < u < r < t, )(5
ں۔ در
ا ر۔ ا ف ا ن ا ن دو ں
ا ر۔ اور اس ح ا د ا ف ا ن ح ا
�
ى م وا ں )(2 ، ا دو ں ڑ ں ا د ت، )(3
: ڑے ) (D , Dاس ح
PN (D, D) − PN (C, D) ≤ 0,
PF (D, D) − PF (D, C) ≤ 0, )(6
۔ ڑى B دو ا ا راج ڑى A ا راج ا دى
ان م وا ں ل ) (4ا
(u − s) ≤ 0, )(7
اور VI.
�
ف ا د )(Blackmailer Paradox آو و
ر و ى ر ا ں ز د ف ا ا
] [5۔ د
وہ ان ر اس ت ا ا وا ڈ ا بر ل ان
ارا رو ر ا ا ا ں بر و آ ۔ اور اس
۔ ے و ا
ا VII.
ا ا اور ا ڈ ڈ ا.
��
)quantum information ا ا ر اور ّ ن ا ں ا اس
دہ ا ا ر )(oracle problem (and computationا اور
دو ح ى ) (quantum algorithmا ا
ا ا ا ا ا ں ا ادى ا د ت )(individual utilities
ود ۔ ا ح ا ا ا ر درآ ا دو ا ا
ں رى ا ا ر ں در ر ى ت ا
۔ ر ا ل اوزار ا
ا ر ا ں در ن ا ا ا
ز )(quantum superposition ) (quantum entanglementاور ا ا
م ا ف ا دو دو ز دہ ا ں ا ۔ ا و
ى ا ر )local unitary اور اس ں ى
۔ا ں ) (quantum measurementا ق (transformationsاور ا
، ى ا ر (، ىا ا ت) ا ادى ا د ت ان
۔ وا آ ى ا
ا دو ر ں اور دو ب .آ رٹ ،و ،اور
��
(3 ، 3) دو ں ڑ ں ) ں( ا ادى ا د ت آ
ز ں ۔ اس ى ڑى
دو ص (pure or mixed classical strategies) ا ا ازن دو
۔ ى ا ر
ّ
|ψf in ⟩ آ ى (expected utilities) ادا ں ڑ ں دو ں
و او ا و ز، HA ⊗ H B ، (tensor-product space) وڈ
��
( وہweights) اوزان ان و اس ح (projections)
(4) ر ادا ۔ ل د (matrix) ں ار
ّ
: ( ا حpayoff) ادا (N) ل ا
PN = r |⟨S1 S1 | ψf in ⟩|2 + s |⟨S1 S2 | ψf in ⟩|2 + t |⟨S2 S1 | ψf in ⟩|2 + u |⟨S2 S2 | ψf in ⟩|2 , (9)
ّ
: (transformation) اس ا ر ادا (F) ن اور ں
: ،s ⇄ t
PF = s |⟨S1 S1 | ψf in ⟩|2 + t |⟨S1 S2 | ψf in ⟩|2 + s |⟨S2 S1 | ψf in ⟩|2 + u |⟨S2 S2 | ψf in ⟩|2 . (10)
دو ں ڑ ں دہ ا ا ا در ن ں دو ڑ ں آ رٹ اور
: ود ىآ ز ا درج ذ
eiϕ cos(θ/2) sin(θ/2)
U (θ, ϕ) = , (11)
- sin(θ/2) e−iϕ cos(θ/2)
��
ا ر وہ ا γ = 0 ا ت د
م ں ز ں۔ آ رٹ اور دو ں ڑى
)(Pareto optimal آ )(unique ا رت γ = π/2 ز دہ ا
آ اس ح ) Q̂ ∼ Û (0, π/2۔ ڑے ̂Q̂ ⊗ Q ز ىآ ازن ا
][2 ڑى ا د ا از ا
۔
ا ل ا ا ا و ا ا د ى ں دو ر
ف ا ف ا د دو ں ڑى ) ى( ا دو ے
): (Pareto-optimal آ ا ا
(Q̂, Q̂), )(14
��
ا ر ار VIII.
��
ڑوں ر ڑى ار ن ى آ دى ر ا ا رڈ
ا ى پ دو ں ار ن در ن ا ا ح
۔ )(bimatrix دو ے
ى در ن ڑے اور ا ح ڑ ں ڑى م )(anonymous
ا اور ۔ ڑى ا )(symmetric bi-matrix دو ے ا
۔ دو ے ا ا ادا ں
��
y آ دى در ر وٹ فاس آور ّ
(1 − ϵ)x + ϵy رت ۔ا ر وٹ ف اس وا ار ن
۔ ز دہ ادا y ادا x ف
ر ت ][11 درج ذ دو ا ر ل x ر ار
:
1. P (x, x) > P (y, x),
��
وا آ دى ان ڑ ں ن ر ا ڈا
ر اس ار ڈا رر و دى ۔ ا آ دى
ازن فا ا دہ ا ر ف ّات آ وں ر ان ا
ا ر ار ن ۔ اس دو ے ں ا ح ا ار ر
] [15۔ )(rest points ڈا ر در
از ت ّر ا ر ا ار م
ار ) (refinement۔ ر ا )(symmetric Nash equilibria
ر ازن ا ار ازن ا ر
] [15۔
��
؟ وں
��
سD C ى ى دو ر ں د او
ن ر اس ڑا ڑا ں وا ۔ ا آ دى
ا ) (3اور اى ا ں دو ر ؟ ر ر ار
د ت )(17
1 = P (D, D) > P (C, D) = 0, )(18
آ ا ر اى ا D اس آ دى ط را ا اى ا )(17
۔
ں ڑ ں ادا )(3 ڑ ں ادا آ رٹ ،و ،اور
دى ا آ اس ا ۔ د ا ت ) (probabilitiesا وا ں
ڑا آ دى ار ن در ن ڑا اس رت ل د د ار
ر Dا آپ ۔ ں دو ر رى ں اور ا
)Û (θ, ϕ ا وہ ار ۔ اب اس آ دى ا ا اى ا ا
۔ ن وات )(11 ا ر
وا ں )، (9 آور D اى ا ا )Û (θ, ϕ ا
: درج ذ ادا ں د ) (matricesرو د ) ، (10اور )(4) ، (3
P (D, D) = 1,
P (D, Û (θ, ϕ)) = 5 cos2 (ϕ) cos2 (θ/2) + sin2 (θ/2),
P (Û (θ, ϕ), D) = 5 sin2 (ϕ) cos2 (θ/2) + sin2 (θ/2),
2
P (Û (θ, ϕ), Û (θ, ϕ)) = 3 cos(2ϕ) cos2 (θ/2) + 5 cos2 (θ/2) sin2 (θ/2) |sin(ϕ) − cos(ϕ)|2 +
sin(2ϕ) cos2 (θ/2) + sin2 (θ/2)2 . )(19
��
آور ا ز دہ سا ڑ ں وا آور اس
√
بر ، ا D اى ا ا )ϕ > arcsin(1/ 5 ا
۔
P (Q̂, Û (θ, ϕ)) = [3 − 2 cos2 (ϕ)] cos2 (θ/2) + 5 sin2 (θ/2). )(20
��
م وا م ا XI.
��
وں م ا م وں ا ں ۔3
؟ ى
وں (static and dynamic games) ّك اور ّك ا م وہ ۔4
؟ وں ا، ود ، ، اد ود
theory of quantum) ا ا ت، وں ا ۔5
؟ ؟ا ں د ر (probability
ا ت ان ا ا ر اور ں وں ۔ ں ا6
؟
��
[10] M. Broom, C. Cannings, and G.T. Vickers, Choosing a nest site: Contests
and catalysts, American Naturalist 147/6 , 1108-1114 (1996)
[11] J. Maynard Smith, Evolution and the Theory of Games , Cambridge
University Press , ISBN 0-521-28884-3 (1982)
[12] R. A. Fisher, The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, Clarendon Press,
Oxford (1930)
[13] J. W. Weibull, Evolutionary Game Theory, The MIT Press, Cambridge
(1995)
[14] J. Hofbauer and K. Sigmund, Evolutionary Games and Population
Dynamics , Cambridge University Press (1998)
[15] R. Cressman, The Stability Concept of Evolutionary Game Theory ,
Springer Verlag, Berlin (1992)
[16] A. Iqbal and A. H. Toor, Evolutionarily stable strategies in quantum
games, Physics Letters A 280/5-6 , 249-256 (2001)
[17] A. Iqbal and A. H. Toor, Entanglement and dynamic stability of Nash
equilibria in a symmetric quantum game, Physics Letters A 286/4 , -245
250 (2001)
[18] A. Iqbal and A. H. Toor, Quantum mechanics gives stability to a Nash
equilibrium, Physical Review A 65 , 022306 (2002)
[19] A. Iqbal and A. H. Toor, Darwinism in quantum systems? Physics Letters
A 294/5-6 , 261-270 (2002)
[20] Iqbal and A. H. Toor, Stability of mixed Nash equilibria in symmetric
quantum games, Communications in Theoretical Physics 42/3 , 335-338
(2004)
[21] Preprints of Ahmad Nawaz's publications on quantum games
are available at this link: https://arxiv.org/search/quant-
ph?searchtype=authorquery=Nawaz
[22] Preprints of Mohammad Ramzan's publications on quantum
games are available at this link: https://arxiv.org/search/quant-
ph?searchtype=authorquery=Ramzan
[23] Preprints of Salman Khan's publications on quantum games
��
are available at this link: https://arxiv.org/search/quant-
ph?searchtype=authorquery=Khan
[24] Preprints of Faisal Shah Khan's publications on quantum
games are available at this link: https://arxiv.org/search/quant-
ph?searchtype=authorquery=Khan
[25] Preprints of Azhar Iqbal's publications on quantum games
are available at this link: https://arxiv.org/search/quant-
ph?searchtype=authorquery=Iqbal
[26] A. Iqbal and T. Cheon, Evolutionary stability in quantum games, Chapter
13 in Quantum Aspects of Life, edited by D. Abbott, P.C.W. Davies and
A. K. Pati, foreword by Sir Roger Penrose, ISBN 978-1-84816-267-9 ,
Imperial College Press, preprint: https://arxiv.org/abs/0706.1413 (2008)
رف ّ XIV.
��
آ ز2013 ( م ۔Senior Research Associate) ا ز ر ر چا
King Fahd University) د ان ر آف و اور دى ب ہ اس
( ر ت اور ر تof Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
و2014 ۔ ر (Department of Mathematics & Statistics) ڈ ر
اور ر ں وہ آ وا ر آف ا ر آف و اور وہ ہ
ا رى ا ذ ر ت اور ا ۔ا وا
۔ د (interdisciplinary research) ا اور ا
University of) روہ ر آف ڈ ى آ ز ا ڈ ك ا
اور ا آ آف ا ڈ ى ر ( اور ا ڈىLoughborough, UK
GEC)ن ر چ دورانوہ اى 1978-1986۔ ا ا ا
(Research Engineer) ر چا ا (Hirst Research Centre, London
Austek Microsystems,) آ و دوران وہ آ 1986-1987 ر ۔
1987 ۔ وہ (VLSI Design Engineer) آ ڈ ا ا وى ا ا (Australia
ا ا اور ا ل آف ا ں وہ آ وا آ ر آف ا
(patents) ا د ا د ز دہ 1000 م ۔ ان (Full Professor) و
complex) ہ ت ا ا ا د ت ۔ا
Institute of) ٹ آف ۔ وہ ا د ت ا (systems
2004 ل ّد ا ارڈز ( اور ا ںFellow) (Physics, UK
(South Australian Tall Poppy Award for Science) ا ارڈ ل آ
وز ا ت ا مد اور آ 2004 ل،
Premier's SA Great Award in Science and Technology) ا ارڈ ف
آ ى 2012 ل، (for outstanding contributions to South Australia
Australian Research Council Future) ف دى ر چ
ل, (David Dewhurst Medal) ل ڈ ڈ ڈ2015 ل، (Fellowship
ل ا اے ر2019 اور ل، (Barry Inglis Medal) ل ىا 2018
ن ا د وہ وہ ۔ اس (M. A. Sargent Medal)
Royal Society Open ، Frontiers in Physics ، IEEE Access ا اور آ
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۔ ر رڈز ادار Nature's Scientific Reports اورScience
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