FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

ENERGY CONVERTION RURAL ELECTRIFICATION PROJECT

STREAM POWER

YEAR IV

SEMESTER I

GROUP MEMBERS ID NO

1. MELESE ABERA ...........................................................................................004195

2. MULUKEN TKLE ………………………. …………………………………………………………………..004190

3. MULUNEH ANSHISO ……………………………………………………………………………………..004184

4. TSEDEKE DANIEL …………………………………………………………………………………………….0870

5. AKLILU GEREMEW ………………………………………………………………………………………… 007551

6. BETELEHEM TESFAYE…………………………………………………………………………………….. 004091

7. DEHININET SEWUNET…………………… ………………………………………………………………..004275

8. ASFAWU YALIS A …………………………………………………………………………………………….004094

9. ABAYNEH AMARE ……………………………………………………………………………………..... 004595

10. ESAYAS GOA ……………………………….. …………………………………………………………………004493

SUBMITTED TO MR ABRHA F.

SUBMISSION DATE 18/06/2014 E.C

Table of content Page

List of figures

Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………………. ………..3

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………4

Photovoltaic Cells …………………………………………………………………………………..4

Working Principle of Solar Panels …………………………………………………………..5

Types of PV Systems ……………………………………………………………………………….6

Concentrated Solar Power……………………………………………………………………….7

Standalone or Off-Grid Systems ……………………………………………………………..8

Integrated or Grid-Tied System ……………………………………………………………….9

Methodology of Designing an Off-Grid PV System …………………………………10

Site assessment ………………………………………………………………………………………10

Shed analysis…………………………………………………………………………………………….10

Sun Hour …………………………………………………………………………………………………..11

Tilt Angle ……………………………………………………………………………………………………11

Load Assessment………………………………………………………………………………………….12

Energy Calculations …………………………………………………………………………………….12

Panel Sizing. …………………………………………………………………………………………………13

Battery Bank Sizing and Battery Selection……………………………………………………….13

Invertor and Invertor Sizing………………………………………………………………….. ………16

Charge Controller ………………………………………………………………………………………….17

Advantages………………………………………………………………………………………………………17

Disadvantages …………………………………………………………………………………………………19

Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………….20

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References ………………………………………………………………………………………………………21

List of figures Page

1. Fig (1) photovoltaic cell…………………………………………………………………….. 5

2. Fig (2) Working Principle of Solar Panels………………………………………….. 6

3. Fig (3) Solar Power Tower……………………………………………………………….. 7

4. Fig (4) Off-Grid Systems…………………………………………………………………. 8

5. Fig (5) Grid-Tied System…………………………………………………………………….. 9

6. Fig (6) Available locution…………………………………………………………………….. 10

7. Fig (7) Whole solar power working principle………………………………………… 11

8. Fig (8) Battery connection ………………………………………………………………… 15

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Abstract

Solar energy has incredible potential to power our daily lives. Researchers suggest that the
amount of sunlight that strikes the Earth's surface in an hour and a half is enough to handle the
entire world's energy consumption for a full year.

Solar power system is one of the best renewable energy technology which is not only cost
effective but environment friendly as well. For our research, we have suggested methodologies
that may be applicable to other off grid applications.

We will be explaining design methodology using an example of an off-grid bus shelter. Off-grid
or standalone systems can be defined as independent systems that are not connected to any
electrical grid.

These come in different sizes and are mostly used in location where there is little access to grid
infrastructure.

The off-grid bus shelter project will completely depend on the solar energy i.e. solar
photovoltaic will harvest electricity to supply the devices such as lighting LED, Wi-Fi router and
advertising billboard. A battery backup would be used as a continuous power supply in case of
the worst weather. This project will focus on how methodology of off grid systems/stand-alone
systems can help to reduce the dependency of grid and allow us to live in self-sufficient
manners without reliance on one or more public utilities.

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DESIGN METHODOLOGY OF OFF GRID 5KW SOLAR POWER PLANT SYSTEMS FOR
60 RESIDENTALIS

Introduction
Energy is a necessity like food and water. Everything around us requires energy. Over the years
there has been an increase in the earth’s population which is directly proportional to the
energy used as well. All the possible gadgets and equipment need some or the other kind of
energy to function. With depleting fossil fuel reserves it becomes necessary to identify viable
renewable energy resources that can decrease the dependency on fossil fuels.

Solar energy is the most abundant form of energy available to us. It is approximated that 10000
TW worth of solar energy is incident on earth’s surface in a day.

It is the radiation from the sun that is capable of: producing heat, causing chemical reactions
and Generating electricity.

It is the largest source of energy received on earth, but its intensity on the earth’s surface is
quite low.

Solar energy is rapidly becoming the ultimate energy source because of its non-polluting
character and its inexhaustible supply which are in stark contrast to such fossil fuel source as
coal, oil, and natural gas.

Photovoltaic Cells
A solar cell (photovoltaic cell) is a solid state device that converts the energy of sunlight directly
into electricity by the photovoltaic effect.

A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of photons that
are incident on it to electrical energy, which is a natural and synthetic marvel.

A separate cell unit can be connected to a frame module, also known as a solar panel. Different
solar cells in a unified set, all arranged in the plane represents a solar photovoltaic board or
module.

PV modules usually have a glass in front of the panel, allowing light to pass through, while
ensuring that the semiconductor plate is protected inside the case.

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Solar cells are usually associated, and arranged in series or parallel module, depending upon
the requirement of the customer. The parallel interface unit gets higher current; however, the
problem, for example, that shadow effects can turn off weaker (less bright) parallel strings
(different permutations of cells) can cause great unpleasant effects and may cause damage
because of their enlightened complicity and the reversal of dark cell tendencies. A series of
stacked units are usually autonomous and not parallel, but each module provides a singular
power box on a regular basis and connects in parallel.

Fig 1

Working Principle of Solar Panels

Sun is a powerhouse of energy and this energy moves around in the form of electromagnetic
radiations. These radiations are of several types such as light, radio waves, etc. depending upon
the wavelength of the radiations emitted. A very less percentage of sun radiations reach the

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earth’s atmosphere in the form of visible light. Solar cells use this visible light to make
electrons. Different wavelength of light is used by different solar cells.

Solar cells are made up of semiconductor materials, such as silicon, which is used to produce
electricity.

The electricity is conducted as a stream of tiny particles called electrons and the stream is called
electric current. Two main types of electric currents are; DC (direct current) in which the flow of
current is in the same direction while in AC (Alternating current) it may reverse the direction of
current.

A typical solar cell has two layers of silicon, which is n-type at the top and p-type at the bottom.
When sunlight strikes the solar cell, the electrons are absorbed by silicon, they flow between n
and p-layers to produce electric current and the current leaves the cell through the metal
contact. The electricity generated is of AC type.

An array of solar panels converts solar energy into dc (direct current) electricity. The dc
electricity enters an inverter. The inverter turns dc electricity into 120-volt ac (alternating
current).

The ac power enters the utility panel in the house. The electricity (load) is then distributed to
appliances or light in the house.

Fig 2

Types of PV Systems
With growing demand for PV systems, the utilities provided an option for the consumers to
connect their systems to the grid. This step introduced a new term called “Net Metering.” Net

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metering allows the consumers to send back the electricity they generate from their PV systems
to the grid.

This is possible because of the grid-tied connection enabled by the utility. Similarly, we also
have systems that are independent and do not require themselves to be connected to the grid
such systems are called off-grid systems or standalone systems. Both the systems have been
explained in detail below:

Concentrated Solar Power

As the name suggest, in this type of solar power system, sun rays are concentrated (focused) on
a small area by placing mirrors or lenses over a large area. Due to this, a huge amount of heat is
generated at the focused area. This heat can be used to heat up the working fluid which can
further drive the steam turbine.

There are different types of technologies that are based on the concentrated solar power to
produce electricity. Some of them are - parabolic trough Sterling dish, solar power tower etc.
The following schematic shows how a solar power tower works.

Fig 3

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 1. Standalone or Off-Grid Systems
The off-grid system term states the system not relating to the gird facility. Primarily, the system
which is not connected to the main electrical grid is term as off-grid PV system.

Off-grid system also called standalone system or mini grid which can generate the power and
run the appliances by itself.

Off-grid systems are suitable for the electrification of small community. Off-grid electrification
system is viable for the remote areas in the countries where they do have little or no access to
the electricity because of the distinct living and spread population in the vast area, like Ethiopia.

The off-grid system refers to the support that would be adequate for a living without depending
on the grid or other system. Electrical energy in the off-gird system produced through the Solar
photovoltaic panels needs to be stored or saved because requirement from the load can be
different from the solar panel output, battery bank is also used for the purpose generally.

This project is considering the viability of having an off-grid PV system which can be used to
power a bus shelter.

Fig 4

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This concept can also be utilized on a larger scale to support all types of homes which are in
remote areas and where the cost of connecting cables and other infrastructure of electricity to
the house are expensive.

2. Integrated or Grid-Tied System

Grid connected photovoltaic power system is an electricity generating system which is linked to
the utility gird. This photovoltaic system contains solar panel, inverter and the equipment to
provide connection to the grid. Grid connected systems are feasible for various setup such as
residential, Commercial and larger scale grid tied system different than the off grid solar power
systems. Usually grid connected system does not need battery backup, because when system
generate the energy more than the load it will automatically transfer to the linked utility gird.

In the residential setups grid connected rooftop systems usually having the capability of 5
kilowatts which could be enough to meet the house requirements, and the excess would feed
the grid which can be used by other consumers connected to the grid.

The feedback or excess power transfer system works through a meter to track the transferred
power. In some instances, PV system wattage could be less than the normal consumption due
to several different factors and in this scenario consumer will utilize the grid energy.

Fig 5

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Methodology of Designing an Off-Grid PV System

Site assessment
In the introduction of solar photovoltaic (PV) for rural electrification operations; a best idea is
to determine the advantage of the site. Identifying the place and position of the panels is a best
step in designing a PV system as the later components will be streamlined to this step.

A few concepts and tips one must keep in mind while performing the site assessment are:

1. Shade Analysis: Shading can be a problem for the solar panels as they decrease the
maximum power that can be generated. Several factors contribute to this issue, the most
common cause of shade on a solar panel are;

1) Shade from neighboring trees and buildings in vicinity,

2) Typical cloudy weather, and

3) Shade from adjacent solar panels.

While designing a solar PV system one must investigate these factors thoroughly so that
maximum output can be obtained. One of the tools most commonly used is solar pathfinder
which gives the direction of the sun throughout the year and how much any specific area will
receive sunlight throughout the year

Apart from having this tool, it is important that the site assessment is done properly to locate
the best site keeping in mind all the aspects.

Fig 6

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. 2. Sun hours: Sun hours are important to know how much radiance will be required to
generate the needed output wattage. This parameter gives us the knowledge of number of
hours an area will receive maximum sunlight.

3. Tilt angle: Tilt angle is the setting of the panels one needs to have to get the maximum
radiance. Ideally the tilt angle is the latitude of the geographic location. It is suggested to have
an adjustable panel frames as the sun hours keep changing with respect to the tilt in winters
and summers.

Hence for any area a specific tilt angle is calculated to get the maximum radiance throughout
the year for a fixed panel. Also, it is advised to have the panels facing the south to get the
maximum afternoon sun. A couple of devices are used in the process of finding the tilt angle
and the radiance that will fall upon panel at that tilt angle are inclinometer and pyrometer,
respectively. An inclinometer is kept on the panel and the degrees are read to find the latitude
of the area as it is perpendicular to the Sun’s radiations when it is at its highest point in the sky.
Pyrometer measures the solar irradiance that will fall at a given tilt angle. It measures solar
irradiance in Watts per meter Sq.

Fig 7

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Load Assessment
The daily load profiles were determined by calculating the power demand (kWh/day) for all
load types in the village. The estimated daily energy demand is given in Table 1.0 below. All the
appliances used in the village are ac-appliances.

Furthermore, all appliances mentioned in table are AC ones, so one might encounter this crucial
piece of information later at the system main components design and selection but specifically
at the inverter design step as it requires both type and portion of the energy demand by the
appliances.

Load Rated Hours used kW Wh/day

Power(w) Quantity per

day(h/day

Lighting (1) 32 1 7 0.032 224

Lighting (2) 28 1 6 0.028 168

Motion Sensor 9 1 6 0.009 54

Landscape Light 18 1 8 0.018 144

Refrigerator 80 1 10 0.08 800

TV/Receiver 80 1 2 0.08 160

Computers/Printer 150 1 6 0.15 900

Air Conditioner 850 1 3 0.85 2550

Total 1241 8 48 1.241 5000

Energy Calculations
The consensus is to add wattage of the equipment that is going to be powered using the PV
system. Alternatively, for this task we can use base load calculators. Other data that needs to
be entered is number of each appliance that is going to be used and number of hours the
appliance is supposed.

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 Another point one must pay attention to is the system voltage. It is required that the system
level chosen before designing. The equipment of designing would be based on the system
voltage level.

The energy consumption of the load can be determined by multiplying the power rating (W) of
the load by its number of hours of operation. Thus, the unit can be written as watt × hour or
simply Wh.

Energy demand Watt-hour = Power rating in Watt × Duration of operation in hours. Thus, the
daily total energy demand in WH is calculated by adding the individual load demand of each
appliance per day.

Total energy demand Watt-hour = ∑ (Power rating in Watt × Duration of operation in hours).

Panel Sizing
Once the total loads to be energized using the PV system is calculated we must find out what
area of solar panels would be required to generate that much amount of power. It is an
inherent property of any panel to have internal losses. This factor should be kept in mind.

As in the energy calculation we have already found the total watt-hours, for finding the wattage
of panels that would be required we need to divide the total watt-hours with the peak sun
hours.

Another useful tool that can be used is PV WATTS that helps us use to calculate panel sizing just
by putting the parameters of energy consumption, tilt angle, and Sun hour. We have used this
same website to calculate the solar panels.

The user to get the size of the panels that would be required to generate the required wattage.

Battery Bank Sizing and Battery Selection

The first decision that one needs to make for battery bank sizing is ‘how much storage you
would like your battery bank to provide to provide the off-grid PV system would be’.

Normally, this is expressed as ‘days of autonomy’; because it is based on the number of days
that one expects his/her system to provide electric power without receiving any input charge
from the off-grid solar PV array.

Moreover to the days of autonomy, load usage pattern should be also considered. From the
below equation, the battery capacity in (Ah) could easily be found as Following is a formula that

13
will enable to calculate what size of battery they should have. While sizing the battery some
parameters are needed to be considered as follows:

a) Depth of Discharge (DOD) of the battery.

b) Voltage and ampere-hour (Ah) capacity of the battery.

c) The number of days of autonomy

(It is the number of days required to power up the whole system (backup power) without solar
panels in case of full shading or rainy days.

Let us consider we have batteries of 12 V, 100 Ah with DOD of 70%. Thus, the usable capacity of
the batter is 100 Ah × 0.70 = 70 Ah. Therefore, the charged capacity that is required is
determined as follows;

Required charge capacity = energy supplied by the battery to the inverter input

System voltage

Required charge capacity = 6250 WH/ 12 V = 520.8Ah

No. of batteries required = required charge capacity / (100 × 0.7)

No. of batteries required = 125 Ah / (100 × 0.7) = 1.78 (round off 2 batteries)

Thus, 2 batteries of 12 V, 100 Ah are required. But due to round off 140 Ah instead of 125 Ah is
required.

Required charge capacity = 2 × 100Ah × 0.7 = 140 Ah.

Therefore, two 12 V, 100 Ah batteries in parallel to meet the above charge capacity.

But as the individual battery is of 12 V, 100 Ah only and the system voltage requirement is of 24
V we need to connect two batteries in series to get the system voltage of 24 V as shown in
figure 8 below

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 Fig 8

So, in total there will be four batteries of 12 V, 100 Ah. Two connected in series and two
connected in parallel.

Also, the required capacity of batteries can be found by the following formula.

Battery Capacity (Ah) =

Total Watt-hours per day used by appliances x Days of autonomy (DOA)

(0.85 x 0.6 x nominal battery voltage)

Total Daily Watt-Hour Requirements (kWh) 5000

Days of Autonomy 2

Maximum Depth of Discharge 50%

Inverter Efficiency 96%

Nominal Battery Voltage (V) 12

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Selected Battery Specifications

Battery Manufacturer Ethiopia Solar. Power

Battery Capacity (Ah) 140

Battery Type Lead Acid

Nominal Battery Voltage (V) 12

Daily Amperes-Hours needed 1420

Number of Batteries in Parallel 6

Number of Batteries in Parallel 2

Total needed Batteries 12

Inverter
Inverter deals with following main tasks of energy: Convert DC from PV module to AC

Ensure that the cycle of alternating current cycles is 60 cycles Reduce voltage variations Ensure
that the condition of the AC waveform is suitable for the application

Most system-connected inverters can be introduced externally, and most of the off-grid
inverters are not weather-resistant. There are basically two types of grid intelligent Inverters:

Those designed for batteries and those designed for systems without battery-connected
inverter systems and give excellent void-quality strength.

Inverter Sizing
For matrix associations, the inverter should have a "useful-interactive" typeface, which is
printed specifically for the publication name.

The size of Inverter should be 25% bigger than the total load due to losses and efficiency
problem in the inverter.

In other words, it should be rated 125% than the total load required in watts. For example, if
the required wattage is 5000W, than the size of inverter should be:

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5000W *125%

5000W *1.25=6250 Watts

So we need a 6.25kW of inverter in case of 5000W load

Charge Controller
The charge controller, sometimes referred to as a photovoltaic controller or charger, is only
necessary for the system which involves a battery.

The main capacity of the charge controller is to counteract the battery spoofing. The basic
function of charge controller is to monitor charging and discharging of the battery.

It prevents the battery from being completely charged or discharged. This is important because
over charging can lead to destruction of the battery and under charging decreases the battery
life.

Another important reason to use a charge controller is to prevent a reverse current flowing
from battery to the system. Input power of the battery irrespective of the power generated by
the panels.

There is an inherent loss in power observed in this type of charger.

Though the MPPT charge controllers enable you to have better efficiencies and provides more
power than compared to PWM for similar condition, the main cause of not opting for MPPT is
for realizing the concept.

To select the size of charge controller one must know the voltage level of the system and the
maximum operating current. It is a usual practice to oversize the controller for safety reasons

Advantages of Solar Energy

1. Renewable Energy Source

Among all the benefits of solar panels, the most important thing is that solar energy is a truly
renewable energy source. It can be harnessed in all areas of the world and is available every
day. We cannot run out of solar energy, unlike some of the other sources of energy. Solar
energy will be accessible as long as we have the sun; therefore sunlight will be available to us
for at least 5 billion years when according to scientists the sun is going to die.

2. Reduces Electricity Bills

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Since you will be meeting some of your energy needs with the electricity your solar system has
generated, your energy bills will drop. How much you save on your bill will be dependent on the
size of the solar system and your electricity or heat usage. For example, if you are a business
using commercial solar panels this switch can have huge benefits because the large system size
can cover large chunks of your energy bills.

Moreover, not only will you be saving on the electricity bill, but there is also a possibility
to receive payments for the surplus energy that you export back to the grid through the Smart
Export Guarantee (SEG). If you generate more electricity than you use (considering that your
solar panel system is connected to the grid).

3. Diverse Applications

Solar energy can be used for diverse purposes. You can generate electricity (photovoltaic)
or heat (solar thermal). Solar energy can be used to produce electricity in areas without access
to the energy grid, to distil water in regions with limited clean water supplies and to power
satellites in space.

Solar energy can also be integrated into the materials used for buildings. Not long ago Sharp
introduced transparent solar energy windows.

4. Low Maintenance Costs

Solar energy systems generally don’t require a lot of maintenance. You only need to keep them
relatively clean, so cleaning them a couple of times per year will do the job. If in doubt, you can
always rely on specialized cleaning companies, most reliable solar panel manufacturer’s
offer 20-25 years warranty.

Also, as there are no moving parts, there is no wear and tear. The inverter is usually the only
part that needs to be changed after 5-10 years because it is continuously working to convert
solar energy into electricity and heat (solar PV vs. solar thermal).

Apart from the inverter, the cables also need maintenance to ensure your solar power system
runs at maximum efficiency.

So, after covering the initial cost of the solar system, you can expect very little spending on
maintenance and repair work.

5. Technology Development

Technology in the solar power industry is constantly advancing and improvements will intensify
in the future. Innovations in quantum physics and nanotechnology can potentially increase the

18
effectiveness of solar panels and double, or even triple, the electrical input of the solar power
systems

Disadvantages of Solar Energy

1. Cost

The initial cost of purchasing a solar system is fairly high. This includes paying for solar panels,
inverter, batteries, wiring, and the installation. Nevertheless, solar technologies are constantly
developing, so it is safe to assume that prices will go down in the future.

2. Weather-Dependent

Although solar energy can still be collected during cloudy and rainy days, the efficiency of the
solar system drops. Solar panels are dependent on sunlight to effectively gather solar energy.

Therefore, a few cloudy, rainy days can have a noticeable effect on the energy system. You
should also take into account that solar energy cannot be collected during the night.

On the other hand, if you also require your water heating solution to work at night or during
wintertime, thermodynamic panels are an alternative to consider.

For a breakdown of how effective solar panels are in the winter, check out our video:

3. Solar Energy Storage Is Expensive

Solar energy has to be used right away, or it can be stored in large batteries. These batteries,
used in off-the-grid solar systems, can be charged during the day so that the energy is used at
night.

This is a good solution for using solar energy all day long but it is also quite expensive. In most
cases, it is smarter to just use solar energy during the day and take energy from the grid during
the night (you can only do this if your system is connected to the grid). Luckily your energy
demand is usually higher during the day so you can meet most of it with solar energy.

4. Uses a Lot of Space

The more electricity you want to produce, the more solar panels you will need, as you want to
collect as much sunlight as possible. Solar PV panels require a lot of space and some roofs are
not big enough to fit the number of solar panels that you would like to have.

An alternative is to install some of the panels in your yard but they need to have access to
sunlight. If you don’t have the space for all the panels that you wanted, you can opt for
installing fewer to still satisfy some of your energy needs.

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5. Associated with Pollution

Although pollution related to solar energy systems is far less compared to other sources of
energy, solar energy can be associated with pollution. Transportation and installation of solar
systems have been associated with the emission of greenhouse gas. There are also some toxic
materials and hazardous products used during the manufacturing process of solar photovoltaic
systems, which can indirectly affect the environment. Nevertheless, solar energy pollutes far
less than other alternative energy sources.

Conclusion
There is a cost associated with electrifying houses in rural areas that increases with distance
between the grid and the houses.

Such instances where the cost of electrification becomes enormously highly one can always use
an off-grid PV system. Both type of systems viz. gridtied and off-grid PV systems have their own
advantages and disadvantages.

Depending solely on the need one can decide what they would want to go for. It is trend that
one can observe is that the grid-tied system is mostly found in urban and sub-urban setting
where electrification of the area has already been achieved. The off-grid system is more suited
to areas where the electrification is yet to be accomplished and/or the consumer chose not to
supply back the energy generated at his/her end.

This paper provides the methodology of designing an off-grid PV system. The design
methodology is not limited to only bus shelters but could also be used for different purposes
where ever a need of having an off-grid system arises.

Economical aspect of the system has not been covered in this paper due to the availability of
numerous vendors in the market. Upon identifying the system capacity, one can search the best
option of different equipment depending on their financial preferences

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