AGBEDE CEDAR T.

17CF022327

AGBEDE CEDAR TIRENIOLUWA

17CF022327
CHE 521
ASSIGNMENT 5: With the aid of diagram, explain the manufacture of iron and steel.

Most of the metallurgical processes of iron and steelmaking are energy-intensive and are
conducted at temperatures above 1,000°C. Steel can be produced from scrap or from iron ore
(integrated process). Steel production from scrap can be conducted in an electric arc furnace (EAF)
and steel production from iron ore is often carried out in a blast furnace. Raw material in the form
of iron ore pellets, coke and limestone are charged into the blast furnace. Iron ore is converted into
iron by heating whereby the carbon atoms from coke and coal powder combine with the oxygen
atoms in the ore. The liquid iron is then transported to a converter where the carbon content is
reduced to below 2% and the iron becomes steel. This is accomplished by blowing oxygen under
high pressure on the surface of the molten metal. The steel is then processed, e.g., with the addition
of alloys, to satisfy demands regarding material properties in the end-product. The figure below
shows a simplified process chart for an integrated steelmaking process with a coke oven and blast
furnace.

Figure 1: Process Chart for the Manufacture of Iron and Steel

ASSIGNMENT 6: What are the properties of mild, medium carbon and high carbon steel?
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Table 1: Properties of the different types of steel.

ASSIGNMENT 7: Explain cold rolled and hot rolled finishing methods of steel

 HOT ROLLED STEEL finishing method of steel refers to a mill process in which you
roll the steel at a temperature above its recrystallization temperature; a heat that
typically exceeds 1000° F. This makes it become more malleable and can be properly
formed and shaped. It also allows for the ability to produce larger quantities of steel.
The steel is then cooled at room temperature, which “normalizes” it, eliminating the
worry for stresses in the material arising when quenching or work-hardening.
 COLD ROLLED STEEL is essentially hot rolled steel that has had further processing.
The steel is processed further in cold reduction mills, where the material is cooled (at
room temperature) followed by annealing and/or tempers rolling. This process will
produce steel with closer dimensional tolerances and a wider range of surface finishes.
The characteristic of cold rolled steel includes; better and more finished surfaces with
closer tolerances, smooth surfaces that are often to the touch, bars are true and square,
and often have well-defined edges and corners and tubes have better concentric
uniformity and straightness.

ASSIGNMENT 8: Explain killed and semi-killed steel (oxidation process).

 Killed steel is deoxidized to such an extent that there is no gas evolution during
solidification. Aluminium together with ferroalloys of manganese and silicon is used for
deoxidation. In some applications, calcium silicide or other special strong deoxidizers are
also used. To minimize piping, almost all killed steels are cast in hot-topped big-end-up
molds.
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 Semi-killed steel is deoxidized less than killed steel. This results in the presence of just
enough oxygen in the molten steel; this oxygen reacts with carbon forming sufficient CO
to counterbalance the solidification shrinkage. The type of steel generally has carbon
content within the range of 0.15% to 0.30% and finds wide application in structural shapes.

ASSIGNMENT 9: Explain 3 types of heat treatment.

1. Annealing is a heat treatment that alters the physical and sometimes chemical
properties of a material to increase its ductility and reduce its hardness, making it more
workable. It involves heating a material above its recrystallization temperature,
maintaining a suitable temperature for an appropriate amount of time and then cooling.
2. Normalizing involves heating a material to an elevated temperature and then allowing
it to cool back to room temperature by exposing it to room temperature air after it is
heated. This heating and slow cooling alters the microstructure of the metal which in
turn reduces its hardness and increases its ductility.
3. Tempering is a process of heat treating, which is used to increase the toughness of iron-
based alloys. Tempering is usually performed after hardening, to reduce some of the
excess hardness, and is done by heating the metal to some temperature below
the critical point for a certain period of time, then allowing it to cool in still air. The
exact temperature determines the amount of hardness removed and depends on both the
specific composition of the alloy and on the desired properties in the finished product.