Geographical coverage of 5G from the previous
generations
Ram Prasad Pokhrel
21MEC1003
Abstract—The Tremendous growth and popularization of in-
door wireless systems require a suitable design and After the
uprise of 4G wireless mobile technology takes place; researchers,
mobile operator industries representatives, academic institutions
have started to look into the advancement (technological) towards
5G communication networks due to some main demands that
are meliorated data rates, better capacity, minimized latency
and better QoS (Quality of Service)[1]. Sophisticated wave
propagation models are required for computing the 5G radio
coverage as well as for the 5G radio channel analysis. The
scenarios of interest range from large rural or suburban areas to
dense urban city centres, and even complex indoor scenarios are
relevant [2]. For detailed network planning the overall signal and
interference situation needs to be computed. In this paper, we
are studying about geographical coverage of 5G networks with
respect to previous generations.
Index Terms—coverage area of communication, 5G, 4G, 3G.
I. I NTRODUCTION
Today, 5G has received a lot of attention. Since its inception,
5G has been utilised to develop technology in a variety of ar-
eas, including medical, automotive, and entertainment, among
others. Before we discuss 5G, it’s important to understand
what each G (Generation) stands for, which starts with 1G.
A. 1st Generation of communication
Let’s talk about 1st generation of networks where we use
a frequency of 150MHz/900MHz and analogue telecommuni-
cation of 30 kHz data rate capacity is 2kbps Despite being
a revolutionary technology at the time, 1G has significant
flaws by today’s standards. Due to the poor audio quality,
listening to anyone over a 1G network was difficult. The
quality of the coverage was also terrible, with a lot of static
noise and background cracking. There was also no roaming
service. There was no security over a 1G connection as there
was no encryption, so anybody with a radio scanner could
hear in during a call. Over 1G, download speeds were also
exceedingly sluggish, averaging around 2.4kbps. In 1G unable
to send or receive any data, including text messages or SMS.
1G began in the 1980s and was mostly used for analogue voice
communications.
B. 2nd Generation of communication
Following the success of 1G, 2G was launched in Finland
in 1991 on the Global System for Mobile Communications
(GSM). It will concentrate on digital voice communication,
which will improve the clarity of the sound. We can send text
Abhinaba Goswami
21MEC1020
or SMS and use the internet, however, the speed is limited
to less than 0.5 Mbps 2G brought important breakthroughs
in mobile communication, including the introduction of en-
crypted calls (nobody could drop in on your call unwanted
anymore). While conversing, 2G increased sound quality by
decreasing static and crackling noises. The download speeds
of 2G were likewise substantially quicker (although it still
terribly slow by today’s standards) than those of 1G, averaging
around 0.2 Mbps for its lifetime. The 2G network also allowed
us to send bits of data from one phone to another, allowing us
to access media material such as ring tones on our phones.
2G gave us some basic smartphone capability because we
could now transmit data. In reality, the introduction of text
messages (SMS) and multimedia messaging (MMS) as new
means of communication with 2G data transfer significantly
transformed the way we communicated. Messages are sent
in packets of data from your cell phone to a tower, then to
your friend’s phone, using the same control channels as talk,
SMS, and MMS. The 2G network led to widespread cellphone
adoption on both the consumer and commercial side as texting,
downloading, and talking over the phone grew more popular.
However, as more people began to use cell phones, the demand
for data rose. However, that wasn’t the most cutting-edge
benefit offered by this data transfer feature.
C. 3rd Generation of communication
In the early 1990s, 3G was introduced. With a focus on
highspeed wireless connections, 3G was famous for its speed
and data delivery. As a result, ideal multimedia applications
can be created. It can also transmit video and audio at high
speeds across a wireless network (20kbps- 42.2Mbps). This
enables a wide range of activities, including voice and video
chatting, gaming, and the creation of a service known as an
application. NTT DoCoMo launched 3G in Japan in 2001,
with the goal of standardising vendors’ network protocols. As
a result, customers could access data from anywhere, paving
the way for worldwide roaming services. When compared to
2G, 3G offered four times the data transfer capabilities, with
typical speeds of 2 Mbps. Video streaming, video conferences,
and live video chat (remember good old Skype) became possi-
ble as a result of this rise. Emails have also become a common
mode of communication on mobile devices. The ability to surf
the internet (basic HTML pages at the time) and stream music
on a mobile device was what made 3G revolutionary. Although
2G had the same qualities as 3G in terms of download speed,
it was not as advanced as 3G. Improvements to the network
were made as the 3G era progressed, enhancing speeds and
support. Today, download speeds in Canada are nearly 6 Mbps.
D. 4th Generation of communication
4G was first commercially available in Norway near the end
of 2009, and it provided today’s typical services. 4G provided
high-quality video streaming/chat, rapid mobile web access,
HD videos, and online gaming starting at a minimum of 12.5
Mbps. Mobile handsets had to be specifically engineered to
enable 4G, as opposed to a simple SIM card changeover
from 2G to 3G. When 4G was first introduced, though, it
wasn’t genuinely 4G. It wasn’t possible to achieve the needed
minimum speeds for 4G (12.5 Mbps) when the ITU-R set
them. The ITU-R agreed that LTE (Long-term evolution) may
be labelled as 4G in response to the amount of money that tech
firms were pouring into accomplishing this aim. But only if it
was a substantial step forward from 3G. In other words, instead
of 4G, you were seeing 3.9G or 3.95G when it initially came
out. Starting in the 2008s, 4G will be the next generation of
3G, with peak data rates of 100 Mbps (4G LTE), 150 Mbps
(4G LTE Cat.4), and 1000 Mbps (4G LTE Cat.4) (4G LTE
Advanced).This will aid in the increase of video quality and
various games to full HD, as well as smoother streaming
E. 5th Generation of communication
Starting in the early 2020s, 5G internet connections will be
available that are not confined to mobile phones. All gadgets,
however, will be able to access the Internet.Because it’s made
to work with a wide range of devices. 5G is more efficient
than previous generations in many ways, including: – Faster
reaction due to low latency. - Supports data throughput of up to
50 exabytes per month. - Has a data rate of up to 20 Gigabits
per second. — Has a frequency range of up to 30 GHz. -
Capable of supporting a maximum of 1 million users per
square kilometre. Recently, 6G technology has been developed
in China, where 6G will be the application of satellite network
theory to connect the internet that can transmit data faster
than 5G, improving communication and correcting bugs in
5G technology in the physical matter of waves, which allows
waves to pass through any limitless obstacles. Ready to
address challenges in the field of AI technology, where the
system will learn to learn on its own after a period of time.
Then, because it has to transmit and receive a lot of data
over the Internet, there will be a command system with the
ability to sort data to use in making data judgments. This is
what makes 6G technology so special. The rapid expansion
of mobile data and the widespread usage of smartphones
are presenting wireless service providers with unprecedented
hurdles in overcoming a global bandwidth bottleneck.
C ONCLUSION
For wireless devices, cellular operators strive to
deliver high-quality, low-latency video and multimedia
apps.Customers using older phones, as well as those with
newer smartphones, need to manage many technologies at
the same time in the same band-limited spectrum.In the
coming years, the demand for capacity and peak bit rates
in mobile cellular communication networks is expected to
skyrocket.Larger bandwidths, higher order multiple-input
multiple-output techniques, and sophisticated antenna systems
are all part of the planned fifth-generation wireless system
(5G), which is designed to meet these expectations. The
required bandwidths are likely to be significantly larger than
those currently employed in commercial cellular technology
and will be available in the region of 10-100 GHz. The
provision of realistic and high-quality wave propagation
models, which are essential for the effective development
and optimization of growing radio access networks, is a
particular issue. Both the computation of channel statistics
to evaluate MIMO concepts and radio coverage studies at
different frequencies to appraise different deployment options
are required to cope with the predicted unprecedented rise of
wireless communications traffic.
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