“ A REVIEW ON BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

IN THE CONTEXT OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES ”

A

SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted for the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement of the

Degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Guided By : Submitted By:

Prof. Pooja Soni Mr. Nilesh Kumar Sharma
Assistant Professor (Sr. Scale) (IV B. Tech, VII Sem.)
(Electrical Engineering) Roll No.: 19EJIEE201

Department of Electrical Engineering

Jodhpur Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Affiliated to Bikaner Technical University, Bikaner (Raj.)
JIET Group of Institutions, Jodhpur
2021
i
 CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I Mr. Nilesh Kumar Sharma hereby declare that the work, which is being
presented in the Seminar, entitled “ A REVIEW ON BATTERY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN THE CONTEXT OF ELECTRIC
VEHICLES ” in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of “Bachelor of
Technology” in Electrical Engineering submitted to the Department of
Electrical Engineering, Jodhpur Institute of Engineering and Technology,
affiliated to the Bikaner Technical University, is a record of my own work
carried under the guidance of Prof. Pooja Soni (Assistant Professor (Sr.
Scale)(Electrical Engineering), Department of Electrical Engineering,
Jodhpur Institute of Engineering and Technology.

I have not submitted the matter presented in this Seminar anywhere for the
award of any other Degree.

Submitted By:
Mr. Nilesh Kumar Sharma
(IV B. Tech, VII Sem.)
Roll No.: 19EJIEE201

Countersigned By :
Prof. Pooja Soni
Assistant Professor (Sr. Scale)
(Electrical Engineering)

ii
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar report entitled “ A REVIEW ON BATTERY

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN THE CONTEXT OF ELECTRIC
VEHICLES ”, being submitted by Mr. Nilesh Kumar Sharma (IV B. Tech.,
VIII Sem.) for the partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering at Jodhpur Institute of
Engineering & Technology, Jodhpur; is a record of the seminar work
undertaken by him/her. The matter embodied in this seminar report has not
beensubmitted earlier for the award of any other degree or diploma.

Guided By :
Prof. Pooja Soni
Assistant Professor (Sr. Scale)
(Electrical Engineering)

iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Mr. Nilesh Kumar Sharma

(II B. Tech, IV Sem.)
Roll No.: 19EJIEE201

iv
ABSTRACT

Mr. Nilesh Kumar Sharma

(II B. Tech, IV Sem.)
Roll No.: 19EJIEE201

v
 CONTENTS

Candidate’s declaration ii
Certificate iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Contents vi
List of Figures vii
List of Tables viii

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1-8

1.1 Introduction

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title of Figure

Fig 1.1

v
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title of Table

Table 1.1

v
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 An Introduction to “ELECTRIC VEHICLES ”

Electric vehicles (EV) are playing a key role because of its zero-emission of harmful gases
and use of efficient energy. Transport sector dependent mostly on oil and fuel, which their
prices are unstable and their reserves are severely depleted. Moreover, the use of these forms
of energy pollutes the environment and causes the emission of greenhouse. Electric vehicles
are equipped by a large number of battery cells which require a effective battery
management system (BMS) while they are providing necessary power. The battery installed
in a electric vehicle should not only provide long lasting energy but also provide high power.
Lead-acid, Lithium-ion, -metal hydride are the most commonly used traction batteries, of all
these traction batteries lithium-ion is most commonly used because of its advantages and its
performance. The battery capacity range for a electric vehicle is about 30 to 100 KWH or
more. Battery management system (BMS) makes decisions based on the battery charging
and discharging rates, state of charge estimation, state of health estimation, cell voltage,
temperature, current etc.

To improve vehicle performance various researches deal with the optimization of

energy management for the new generation of vehicle Battery is one of the energy storage
management systems in HEV or EV. The battery provide power when vehicle accelerating
and absorb power when vehicle braking. So the cruse range and accelerate performance
depend on the battery.
Usually, there is a battery management system (BMS) in battery pack of vehicles.
The BMS monitor the statues of the battery, and communicates with vehicle control
unit(VCU), to ensure the battery not in abused, such as over-charged, overdischarged or
over-temperature. And BMS play a vital role in hybrid and electric applications, since the
importance of BMS have a significant impact on the energy efficiency and the battery’s life.
In addition to these functions, the BMS also monitors the system temperature to
provide a better power consumption scheme, and communicates with individual
components and operators. In other words, a comprehensive BMS should include the
following functions:

Data acquisition
Safety protection
Ability to determine and predict the state of the battery
Ability to control battery charging and discharging
Cell balancing
Thermal management
Delivery of battery status and authentication to a user interface
Communication with all battery components
Prolonged battery life
v
https://www.energy.gov/articles/history-electric-car
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

1.2 Historical background of : Electric Vehicles And There Battery Management

Introduced more than 100 years ago, electric cars are seeing a rise in popularity today for
many of the same reasons they were first popular.
the demand for electric drive vehicles will continue to climb as prices drop and
consumers look for ways to save money at the pump. Currently more than 3 percent of new
vehicle sales, electric vehicles sales could to grow to nearly 7 percent -- or 6.6 million per
year -- worldwide by 2020, according to a report by Navigant Research.
n the early part of the century, innovators in Hungary, the Netherlands and the United States -
- including a blacksmith from Vermont -- began toying with the concept of a battery-
powered vehicle and created some of the first small-scale electric cars. And while Robert
Anderson, a British inventor, developed the first crude electric carriage around this same
time, it wasn’t until the second half of the 19th century that French and English inventors
built some of the first practical electric cars.
Around this same time, many big and small automakers began exploring options for
alternative fuel vehicles, including electric cars. For example, General Motors developed a
prototype for an urban electric car that it displayed at the Environmental Protection
Agency’s First Symposium on Low Pollution Power Systems Development in 1973, and the
American Motor Company produced electric delivery jeeps that the United States Postal
Service used in a 1975 test program. Even NASA helped raise the profile of the electric
vehicle when its electric Lunar rover became the first manned vehicle to drive on the moon
in 1971. Yet, the vehicles developed and produced in the 1970s still suffered from drawbacks
compared to gasoline-powered cars.

Figure 1 : History of An Electric Vehicle

https://www.energy.gov/articles/history-electric-car
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

1.2 Historical background of : Electric Vehicles And There Battery Management

Here in the U.S., the first successful electric car made its debut around 1890 thanks to
William Morrison, a chemist who lived in Des Moines, Iowa. His six-passenger vehicle
capable of a top speed of 14 miles per hour was little more than an electrified wagon, but it
helped spark interest in electric vehicles.
Fast forward again -- this time to the 1990s. In the 20 years since the long gas lines of
the 1970s, interest in electric vehicles had mostly died down. But new federal and state
regulations begin to change things. The passage of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendment and
the 1992 Energy Policy Act -- plus new transportation emissions regulations issued by the
California Air Resources Board -- helped create a renewed interest in electric vehicles in the
U.S.
One of the most well-known electric cars during this time was GM’s EV1, a car that
was heavily featured in the 2006 documentary Who Killed the Electric Car? Instead of
modifying an existing vehicle, GM designed and developed the EV1 from the ground up.
With a range of 80 miles and the ability to accelerate from 0 to 50 miles per hour in just seven
seconds, the EV1 quickly gained a cult following. But because of high production costs, the
EV1 was never commercially viable, and GM discontinued it in 2001.
The first turning point many have suggested was the introduction of the Toyota
Prius. Released in Japan in 1997, the Prius became the world’s first mass-produced hybrid
electric vehicle. In 2000, the Prius was released worldwide, and it became an instant success
with celebrities, helping to raise the profile of the car.
The other event that helped reshape electric vehicles was the announcement in 2006
that a small Silicon Valley startup, Tesla Motors, would start producing a luxury electric
sports car that could go more than 200 miles on a single charge. In 2010, Tesla received at
$465 million loan from the Department of Energy’s Loan Programs Office -- a loan that
Tesla repaid a full nine years early -- to establish a manufacturing facility in California.

Figure 2 : History of An Electric Vehicle

 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

1.3 An introduction to the Report :

In This Report we are review of the battery management system of the electric
vehicle Battery technology plays an important role in the development of battery powered
devices. Especially, it is regarded as a key role in electric vehicles. To contribute to this
important topic, researchers have focused on battery technologies and battery management
systems.

The battery management system (BMS) is a critical component of electric and

hybrid electric vehicles. The purpose of the BMS is to guarantee safe and reliable battery
operation. To maintain the safety and reliability of the battery, state monitoring and
evaluation, charge control, and cell balancing are functionalities that have been
implemented in BMS.

Battery management systems (BMS) is used in electric vehicle to monitor and

control the charging and discharging of rechargeable batteries which makes the operation
more economical. Battery management system keeps the battery safe, reliable and increases
the senility without entering into damaging state. In order to maintain the state of the battery,
voltage, current, ambient temperature different monitoring techniques are used. For
monitoring purpose different analog/digital sensors with microcontrollers are used. This
paper addresses state of charge, state of health, and state of life and also maximum capacity
of a battery. By reviewing all these methodologies future challenges and possible solutions
can be obtained.

The battery management system performs valuable tasks such as increasing the
efficiency of multi-cell battery packs, ensuring safe operation and providing information to
the user about the battery. In order to achieve the most efficient management system, several
methods have been proposed to
estimate the battery state of
charge (SoC). In this study, the
methods used for battery SoC
estimation are analyzed and
their positive and negative
aspects are discussed. As a
result, advanced and efficient
methods are highlighted and
recommendations are
expressed.
Figure 3 : Battery Management System of An Ev
 Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

1.3 An introduction to the Report :