Electrical Energy

Generation and Transmission

ECE 105 - Electrical Engineering for Civil Engineers

Lecture 09

Mrs. Hinduja Durairaj

 Importance of Electrical Energy
Convenient form.
It can be easily converted into other forms of energy.
Easy control.
The electrically operated machines have simple and convenient starting, control and operation.
Greater flexibility.
It can be easily transported from one place to another with the help of conductors.
Cheapness.
it is overall economical to use this form of energy for domestic, commercial and industrial
purposes.
Cleanliness.
Electrical energy is not associated with smoke, fumes or poisonous gases.
High transmission efficiency.
The electrical energy can be transmitted conveniently and efficiently from the centers of
generation to the consumers with the help of overhead conductors known as transmission lines.
Generation of Electrical Energy
The conversion of energy available in different forms in
nature into electrical energy is known as generation of
electrical energy.
 Generation of Electrical Energy
• The prime mover is driven by the energy obtained from various sources
such as burning of fuel, pressure of water, force of wind etc. For example,
chemical energy of a fuel (e.g., coal) can be used to produce steam at high
temperature and pressure.

• The steam is fed to a prime mover which may be a steam engine or a

steam turbine. The turbine converts heat energy of steam into mechanical
energy which is further converted into electrical energy by the alternator.

• Similarly, other forms of energy can be converted into electrical energy

by employing suitable machinery and equipment.
 Sources of Electrical Energy
• Since electrical energy is produced from energy available in various
forms in nature, it is desirable to look into the various sources of energy.
• Today a variety of energy sources are used, such as:

Coal Solar
Nuclear Tidal
Natural gas Geothermal
Water Wind
Fossil fuel Biofuel
Sources of Electrical Energy
Statistical Details of Generation Sources in Sri Lankan
Power System

Source: Statistical Digest 2019, Ceylon Electricity Board

 Efficiency
• All these forms of energy can be converted into electrical energy by the
use of suitable arrangement.

• In this process of conversion, some energy is lost in the sense that it is

converted to a form different from electrical energy.

• Therefore, the output energy is less than the input energy.

Efficiency

As power is the rate of energy flow, therefore, efficiency may be expressed

equally well as output power divided by input power i.e.,
Efficiency
Efficiency
Traditional
Electricity
Grid
Modern Electricity Grid

Fang, X. et al. (2012) ‘Smart grid - The new and improved power grid: A survey’, IEEE
Communications Surveys and Tutorials. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Inc., pp. 944–980. doi: 10.1109/SURV.2011.101911.00087.
Load Curves
It shows the variation of demand in a power system over a specific
time space
If this curve is plotted over a time period of 24 hours, it is known as
daily load curve

AKILA JAYASINGHE
Sri Lankan Load Curve
Voltage Levels in Typical Power System

17
Power Transmission
Primary transmission.
The electric power at 132 kV is transmitted by 3-phase, 3-wire overhead
system to the outskirts of the city.

Secondary transmission.
The primary transmission line terminates at the receiving station (RS) which
usually lies at the outskirts of the city. At the receiving station, the voltage is
reduced to 33kV by step-down transformers.
From this station, electric power is transmitted at 33kV by 3-phase, 3-wire
overhead system to various sub-stations (SS) located at the strategic points in
the city.
Distribution
Primary distribution.
The secondary transmission line terminates at the sub-station (SS) where
voltage is reduced from 33 kV to 11kV, 3-phase, 3-wire.

The 11 kV lines run along the important road sides of the city.

This forms the primary distribution. It may be noted that big consumers
(having demand more than 50 kW) are generally supplied power at 11kV for
further handling with their own sub-stations.
Distribution
Secondary distribution.
The electric power from primary distribution line (11 kV) is delivered to distribution sub-
stations (DS).

These sub-stations are located near the consumers’ localities and step down the voltage to
400 V, 3-phase, 4-wire for secondary distribution.

The voltage between any two phases is 400 V and between any phase and neutral is 230 V.
The single-phase residential lighting load is connected between any one phase and neutral,
whereas 3-phase, 400 V motor load is connected across 3-phase lines directly.