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Chapter Five: Financing Decision: Gedewon Gebre (MSC Accounting and Finance, Certified Authorized Accountant-Ethiopia)
Chapter Five: Financing Decision: Gedewon Gebre (MSC Accounting and Finance, Certified Authorized Accountant-Ethiopia)
Chapter Five: Financing Decision: Gedewon Gebre (MSC Accounting and Finance, Certified Authorized Accountant-Ethiopia)
1 Financial Decision (Chapter Five) compiled by : Instructors: Gedewon Gebre (Msc Accounting and Finance,
Certified Authorized Accountant- Ethiopia) October, 2021
INFO LINK UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HAWSSA ACFN FM –I FOR 3r d year (R, W & E)
exchange, it can be said that the borrowing has helped the company in moving towards its
optimum capital structure. In case, the borrowing results in fall the market value of the
company’s equity shares, it can be said that the borrowing has moved the company away from its
optimum capital structure.
Features of an Optimum/Appropriate Capital Structure:
A capital structure will be considered to be appropriate if it possesses following features:
Profitability: The capital structure of the company should be most of profitable. The
most profitable capital structure is one that tends to minimize cost of financing and
maximize earning per equity share.
Solvency: The pattern of capital structure should be so devised as to ensure that the firm
does not run the risk of becoming insolvent. Excess use of debt threatens the solvency of
the company. The debt content should not, therefore, be such that it is increases risk
beyond manageable limits.
Flexibility: The capital structure should be such that is can be easily maneuvered. To
meet the requirements of changing conditions. Moreover, it should also be possible for
the company to provide funds whenever needed to finance its profitable activities.
Conservatism: The capital structure should be conservative in the sense that the debt
content in the total structure does not exceed the limit which the company can bear. In
other words, it should be such as is commensurate with the company’s ability to generate
future cash flows.
Control: The capital structure be so devised that it involves minimum risk of loss of
control of the company.
At optimum capital structure, the average cost of capital is the minimum. In order to optimize its
capital the firm should answer the question: What is the optimal debt-equity ratio? It needs to
consider two kinds of risk:
A. Business risk
B. Financial risk
A) Business risk: What is business risk? It can be defined as uncertainty about future
pre-tax operating income (EBIT). The riskiness inherent in the firm’s operations if it
uses no debt.
Graphically:
2 Financial Decision (Chapter Five) compiled by : Instructors: Gedewon Gebre (Msc Accounting and Finance,
Certified Authorized Accountant- Ethiopia) October, 2021
INFO LINK UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HAWSSA ACFN FM –I FOR 3r d year (R, W & E)
50% debt and 50% equity – with five people investing in debt and five investing in equity, The 5
who put up the equity will have to bear all the business risk, so the common stock will be twice
as risky as it would have been had the firm been all-equity (unlevered).
Factors That Influence Business Risk: Business risk depends on a number of factors, the more
important of which are listed below:
1. Demand variability. The more stable the demand for a firm’s products, other things held
constant, the lower its business risk.
2. Sales price variability. Firms whose products are sold in highly volatile markets are exposed
to more business risk than similar firms whose output prices are more stable.
3. Input cost variability. Firms whose input costs are highly uncertain are exposed to a high
degree of business risk.
4. Ability to adjust output prices for changes in input costs. Some firms are better able than
others to raise their own output prices when input costs rise. The greater the ability to adjust
output prices to reflect cost conditions, the lower the degree of business risk.
5. Ability to develop new products in a timely, cost-effective manner. Firms in such high-tech
industries as drugs and computers depend on a constant stream of new products. The faster its
products become obsolete, the greater a firm’s business risks.
6. Foreign risk exposure. Firms that generate a high percentage of their earnings overseas are
subject to earnings declines due to exchange rate fluctuations. Also, if a firm operates in a
politically unstable area, it may be subject to political risks. See Chapter 16 for a further
discussion.
7. The extent to which costs are fixed: operating leverage. If a high percentage of costs are
fixed, hence do not decline when demand falls, then the firm is exposed to a relatively high
degree of business risk. This factor is called operating leverage, and it is discussed at length in
the next section.
B) Financial Risk: The additional risk placed on the common stockholders as a result of the
decision to finance with debt. Financial leverage concentrates the firm’s business risk on the
shareholders because debt-holders, who receive fixed interest payments, bear none of the
business risk.
5.2. Leverage
I Will Start My Class with a Question i.e. what is Leverage? Can you tell me what it is?
Meaning of Leverage:
In physics, leverage implies the use of a lever to raise a heavy object with a small force. In
politics, if people have leverage, their smallest word or action can accomplish a lot. However, in
the area of finance, the term leverage has a special meaning. It is used to describe the firm’s
ability to use fixed cost assets or funds to magnify the return to its owners. On other hand, a high
degree of operating leverage, other factors held constant, implies that a relatively small change in
sales results in a large change in EBIT. When the volume of sales changes in small, the volume
of profit highly changes & leverage helps in quantifying such influence. It may, therefore, be
defined as relative change in profits due to a change in sales. A high degree of leverage implies
that there will be a large change in profits due to relatively small change in sales and vice versa.
Thus, higher is the leverage, higher is the risk and higher is the expected return.
Types of Leverages:
Leverages are of three types:
(A) Operating Leverage
(B) Financial Leverage, and
3 Financial Decision (Chapter Five) compiled by : Instructors: Gedewon Gebre (Msc Accounting and Finance,
Certified Authorized Accountant- Ethiopia) October, 2021
INFO LINK UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HAWSSA ACFN FM –I FOR 3r d year (R, W & E)
(C) Composite Leverage / Combined Leverage/
(A) Operating Leverage:
The operating leverage may be defined as the tendency of the operating profit to vary of
disproportionately with sales. It is said to exist when a firm has to pay fixed cost regardless of
volume of output or sales. The firm is said to have a high degree of operating leverage if it
employs a greater amount of fixed costs and a small amount of variable costs. One the other
hand, a firm will have a low operating leverage when it employs a greater amount of variable
costs and a smaller amount of fixed costs. In business terminology, a high degree of operating
leverage, other factors held constant, implies that a relatively small change in sales results in a
large change in EBIT.
4 Financial Decision (Chapter Five) compiled by : Instructors: Gedewon Gebre (Msc Accounting and Finance,
Certified Authorized Accountant- Ethiopia) October, 2021
INFO LINK UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HAWSSA ACFN FM –I FOR 3r d year (R, W & E)
Example 5.2: Suppose XY Corporation has 10,000 common stock outstanding, sold its products
at sales levels of 6,000 and 8,000 units with fixed costs is Birr.100, 000, each unit was sold for
Birr.43.75 Variable costs are Birr.18.75 per unit. Determine operating and degree of operating
leverage of the firm? With 30% tax and Ignore interest expense
Solution
First calculate EBIT under two cases
At, 8,000 quintal
Sales………………………Birr350, 000
At, 6,000 quintals
Sales………………………Birr 262,500 Less: Less: Variable Cost (150,000)
Variable Cost (112,500) Contribution margin 200,000
Contribution margin 150,000 Less: Fixed Cost (100,000)
Less: Fixed Cost (100,000) EBIT Birr.100, 000
EBIT (Operating Profit) Birr50, 000 Interest ……………………………10,000
Interest…………………………10,000 EBT…………………………………90,000
EBT…………………………….40, 000 Tax (0.3*90,000)…………………. (27,000)
Tax (0.3*40,000)……………… 12,000 EAT (net profit)…………………. Birr 63, 000
EAT ……………………………Birr 28, 000 EPS……………………………….Birr.6.3
EPS…… … (28,000/10,000)……Birr.2.8
CM 150,000 CM 200,000
OL @ 600= = =3 OL @ 8000= = =2
EBIT 50 ,000 EBIT 100,000
%EBIT 1.00
DOL= = =3
%Sales 0.33 '
5 Financial Decision (Chapter Five) compiled by : Instructors: Gedewon Gebre (Msc Accounting and Finance,
Certified Authorized Accountant- Ethiopia) October, 2021
INFO LINK UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HAWSSA ACFN FM –I FOR 3r d year (R, W & E)
(2) The above computations of DOL also indicate that a 1% change in sales will produce a 3%
change in EBIT. Or if sales increase 5%, a DOL of 3.0 indicates that EBIT would increase 15%.
On the other hand, if sales decline by 7%, a DOL of 3.0 indicates that EBIT would decline 21%.
B) Financial leverage:
Financial leverage is use of fund with fixed cost in order to increase earnings per share (EPS). It
can be alsodefined as the tendency of the residual net income to vary disproportionately with
operating profit. It indicates the change that takes place in the taxable income as a result of
change in the operating income. It signifies the existence of fixed interest/fixed dividend bearing
securities such as bonds and preferred stock along with the common equity in the total capital
structure of the company, is described as financial leverage. Where in the capital structure of the
company, the fixed interest/dividend bearing securities are greater as compared to the equity
capital, the leverage is said to be larger. In a reverse case the leverage will be said to be smaller.
6 Financial Decision (Chapter Five) compiled by : Instructors: Gedewon Gebre (Msc Accounting and Finance,
Certified Authorized Accountant- Ethiopia) October, 2021
INFO LINK UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HAWSSA ACFN FM –I FOR 3r d year (R, W & E)
Degree of financial leverage is defined as the percentage change in the EPS resulting from a
percentage change in EBIT. This can be calculated using the following formula:
Example 5.3: In the foregoing example the FL and DFL can be computed as follow: in our
example there is preferred capital, hence FL and DFL of the firm at both sale levels were
calculated as:
% Change∈ EPS 1.25 6.3−2.8 100,000−5
DFL= = =1.25 where % Change∈EPS= =1.25∧% change∈ EBIT
% change ∈EBIT 1 2.8 50,00
Interpretation: (1) Financial leverage may be favorable or unfavorable. In our example the FL of
the XY Corporation is favorable at both sales levels of 6,000 and 8,000 units since the EBIT (i.e.,
EBIT less financing cost) exceeds the interest.
(2) If interest expense = 0, DFL = 1.0 (i.e., without any debt financing, the % change in EPS
would be equal to the % change in EBIT). By incurring interest expense (debt financing) the
firm’s % change in EPS will be greater than the % change in EBIT. Accordingly, the above
computations of DFL of XY Corporation also indicate that a 1% change in EPS will produce a
1.25% change in EBIT. Or if EPS increase 5%, a DFL of 1.25 indicates that EBIT would
increase 6.25%. On the other hand, if EPS decline by 4%, a DFL of 1.25 indicates that EBIT
would decline 5%.
Operating leverage measures percentage change in operating profit (EBIT) due to percentage
change in sales. It explains the degree of operating risk. Financial leverage measures percentage
change in earnings per share (EPS) on account of percentage change in operating profit (EBIT).
Thus, it explains the degree of financial risk. Both these leverages are closely concerned with
the firm’s capacity to meet its fixed costs (both operating and financial). In case both the
leverages are combined, the result obtained will disclose the effect of change in sales over
change in earnings per share (EPS). Composite leverage thus expresses the relations between
revenue on accounts of sales (i.e. contribution) and the Earnings per share (EPS). It helps in
finding out the resulting percentage change in EPS on account of percentage change in sales.
This can be computer as follows.
Exercise 5.4: From the above illustration we can calculate theDCL &Interpret your results?
Solution
In our example we have actually calculated DOL, DFL, % Change in EPS&% Change in Sales
therefore, DCL is 3*1.25 = 3.75 or 1.25/0.33’ = 3.75
8 Financial Decision (Chapter Five) compiled by : Instructors: Gedewon Gebre (Msc Accounting and Finance,
Certified Authorized Accountant- Ethiopia) October, 2021
INFO LINK UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HAWSSA ACFN FM –I FOR 3r d year (R, W & E)
Interpretation:Note: If Fixed = 0, and Interest = 0, DCL = 1.0 (i.e., without Fixed cost or
Interest the % change in EPS would be equal to the % change in sales). By employing Fixed cost
or Interest (or both), the firm’s % change in EPS will be greater than the % change in sales.
Accordingly, in our illustration of XY corporation 1% change in EPS resulted in 3.75% change
in sale.
9 Financial Decision (Chapter Five) compiled by : Instructors: Gedewon Gebre (Msc Accounting and Finance,
Certified Authorized Accountant- Ethiopia) October, 2021
INFO LINK UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HAWSSA ACFN FM –I FOR 3r d year (R, W & E)
Graphically,
Interpretation:At sales of 400 units, the firm’s EBIT should just equal to Birr 0. The firm will
have positive EBIT for sales greater than 400 units and negative EBIT, or a loss for sales less
than 400 units, along with the other values given constant.
Factors that determine BEP: A firm’s breakeven point is sensitive to a number of variables:
fixed operating cost (FC), the sale price per unit (P), and the variable operating cost per unit
(VC). Referring to Equation can readily see the effects of increases or decreases in these
variables. The sensitivity of the breakeven sales volume (Q) to an increase in each of these
variables is summarized in below Table 5.1. As might be expected, an increase in cost (FC or
VC) tends to increase the breakeven point, whereas an increase in the sale price per unit (P) will
decrease the breakeven point.
Sensitivity of Operating Breakeven Point to Increases in Key Breakeven Variables
Increase in variable Effect on breakeven point
Fixed operating cost (FC) Increase
Sale price per unit (P) Decrease
Variable operating cost per unit (VC) Increase
Note; Decreases in each of the variables shown would have the opposite effect from that
indicated on the breakeven point.
10 Financial Decision (Chapter Five) compiled by : Instructors: Gedewon Gebre (Msc Accounting and Finance,
Certified Authorized Accountant- Ethiopia) October, 2021
INFO LINK UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HAWSSA ACFN FM –I FOR 3r d year (R, W & E)
Equity capital represents ownership capital as equity shareholders collectively own the
company. They enjoy the rewards and bear the risks of ownership
11 Financial Decision (Chapter Five) compiled by : Instructors: Gedewon Gebre (Msc Accounting and Finance,
Certified Authorized Accountant- Ethiopia) October, 2021
INFO LINK UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HAWSSA ACFN FM –I FOR 3r d year (R, W & E)
12 Financial Decision (Chapter Five) compiled by : Instructors: Gedewon Gebre (Msc Accounting and Finance,
Certified Authorized Accountant- Ethiopia) October, 2021