Ethics Complete Module

ETHICS
GENERAL EDUCATION
Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges Marbel Incorporated

Prk. Waling-waling, Zone II, Arellano Street, City of Koronadal
1
COURSE
REQUIREMENTS
ETHICS
All students should
actively participate
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
in all oral/online
CHAPTER 1: THE MORAL AGENT activities and
Lesson 1: Orientation of the Course 5-12 discussions.
Rules and its Importance Read all assigned
Why do we have rules? text and other
Importance of Rules materials attached
The Subject Ethics per lesson.
Branches of Ethics
Lesson 2: The Moral Agent 13-16 Punctual
Morality performance of
Key Features of Morality assigned tasks such
Man as Moral Agent as performance
Aristotle and Moral Responsibility tasks, quizzes,
Lesson 3: Standards and Dilemmas 17-21 class/home works,
Differences between Moral and Non-moral Standards reflective papers,
How Are Moral Standards Formed? reports, projects,
Characteristics of Moral Standard major examinations,
Moral Dilemmas in Organization etc.
Moral Dilemmas in Health care Service Regular checking of
Philippine Health Care Dilemma class attendance.
CHAPTER 2: FREEDOM AND MORALITY
Lesson 1: Freedom and Moral Acts 22-27
Kant’s Morality and Freedom
What is Categorical Imperative?
The Role of Freedom in Morality
Freedom: The Foundation of Moral Acts
Freedom ad Free Will
Requirement of True Freedom Requirement of True freedom
Human Acts vs Acts of Humans
Lesson 2: Culture and Morality 28-30
What is Culture?
The Influence of Culture in Moral Development
Lesson 3: Dynamics of Culture 31-34
Cultural Relativism
Advantages and Disadvantages of Cultural Relativism
Lesson 4: The Filipino way 35-38
The Filipino Customs and Traditions
Characteristics of Filipino Culture
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Filipino Family Values

Social Values of Filipinos
Weaknesses of the Filipino Character
CHAPTER 3: UNIVERSAL VALUES
Lesson 1: Basic Universal Values 39-42
What is Universal Value?
Schwarts Concept of Universal Values
UN Charter on Universal Values
Basic Universal Human Values
The Human Dignity
Lesson 2: Development of Moral Character 43-48
What is Moral Character?
Importance of having a strong Moral Character
Development of Moral Character
Some Good Character Traits to Practice
Character Traits that Impact One’s Happiness
Lesson 3: Stages of Moral Development 49-52
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
Arguments against Kohlberg’s Theory
CHAPTER 4: THE ACT
Lesson :1 Ethical Reasoning 53-57
Reason and Impartiality
What is Reason?
Predicting consequences
Impartiality
Consequences of the Fundamental Principle
Of Impartiality
Reasons and Impartiality as Requirement of Ethics
Reason and Feelings
Ethics vs Feelings
Conclusion
The Difference Between Reason and Will
Lesson 2: Moral Theories 58-61

Moral Theories
Lesson 3: Mental Frames
The Mental Frames
The Framing Bias
The Consequences of Deciding with Blinders
CHAPTER 5: THE EARLY PHILOSOPHERS AND THEIR WORKS
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Lesson 1: The Early Philosophers 62-66

Aristotle on ethics
St. Thomas Aquinas on virtue
Kant on Goodwill
Kant on Rights
Rights
Nature of Rights
Kinds of Rights
Distinction Between Moral Rights and Legal rights
Lesson 2: The Categorical Imperatives 67-74
Categorical Imperative
Utilitarianism
Utilitarian Philosophy
CHAPTER 6: FRAMEWORK AND PRINCIPLES
Lesson 1: Righteousness and Equality 75-78
Justice and Fairness
Principles of Fairness
Principles of Justice
Different Kinds of Justice
Lesson 2: Political Doctrines 79-85
Egalitarian Justice
Types of Egalitarianism
Socialism (Socialist Justice)
Origins and Development
Advantages and Disadvantages
Capitalism
Characteristics of Capitalism
Advantages and Disadvantages
Capitalism and Private Property
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Chapter 1: The Moral Agent
Lesson 1: Orientation of the Course___________________________________________
Rules and its Importance
Why do we have rules?
Importance of Rules
Learning outcomes:
Recall rules they have to follow; and
Apprehend why they have to follow rules.
No. of Hours to complete: 2 Hours
ENABLING ACTIVITY
TITLE : The Rules I Follow

TIME : 15 minutes
MATERIALS : Worksheet and pen
Instruction: List down 10 rules that you follow at home, in school, or in the community inside the
box below. Write a one paragraph explanation as to why do we have rules at the spaces provided
below the box.
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Rules and its Importance______________________________
Rules refer to a set of guidelines which have been put into place in different countries and
communities and have been accepted by all. Rules are useful tools in guiding and monitoring the
interactions of humans in the society.
Click this link https://bringyourownscience.com/rules/ to read an article about the

importance of rules.
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MAIN TASK 1
TITLE : Rules of the Game

TIME : 10 minutes
Instruction: Think of a game that you used to play. Identify the rules involved in playing the game.
What will happen if there will be no rules in that game? List down your answers inside the box.
Name of the Game: ______________________________
Rules of the game:
What will happen if there are no rules in this game? Write your answer below.
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MAIN TASK 2
TITLE : Short answers
TIME : 10 minutes
Instruction: Write brief answers to the questions below. Write your answer in the spaces provided.
1. Why are rules important to social being? What will happen if there are no rules in our society?
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2. Based on your experience, what rules do you find restricting? List down five rules that restrict
you? Why?
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REINFORCEMENT
TITLE : Recitation
TIME : 20 minutes
MATERIALS : Flashcards
Instruction: Instructor shall use flash cards showing different concepts related to the topic and
students who will be called shall elaborate or explain what’s being shown in the flash card.
TOPIC SUMMARY
 Rules are sets of guidelines which have been established in all countries and communities
and have been accepted by all. Rules are a specific modes of behavior that secure a
regulated flow of all processes
 Rules are important because: it protects the weaker class, it provides a stable
environment and human co-existence, peace and order is maintained
REFERENCES
Textbook:
Leano Jr., Roman D., and Gubiaon, Arthur B. 2018. Ethics For College Students.
MINDSHAPERS, CO. INC. Recoletos St., Manila
Online:
What are Rules and Why Do We Need to Follow Them? https://bringyourownscience.com/rules/
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Lesson 1: Orientation of the Course____________________________________________
The Subject Ethics
Branches of Ethics
No. of Hours to complete: 1 Hour
Learning outcomes:
a. Explain the difference between moral and non-moral standards;
b. Detect moral dilemma; and
c. Explain why only human beings can be ethical.
ENABLING ACTIVITY
TITLE : Concept Mapping

TIME : 15 minutes
Instruction: Think of words associated with the word “ethics”. Write these words in at the tip of
each line below. After that, use these words to personally define what ethics is on the spaces
provided.
Ethics
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The Subject: Ethics________________________________________________
Ethics or moral philosophy may be defined in a provisional way as the scientific study of
moral judgments. It is concerned with what is morally good and bad, right and wrong. The term is
derived from the Greek word ethos which means custom, habit, character or disposition. Ethics
has two branches- the normative and the descriptive. The study of ethics will enable a person to
understand better what his conscience is, how he acquired it and how he have a clearer insight into
his claims upon society.
Click here for a video clips about the subject ethics.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXJanjMEEwI&feature=share
https://www.youtu.be/OMGHrKSUb8E
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u399XmkjeXo&feature=share
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rr7U49RPpTs&feature=share
Click the links below for video clips about the branches of ethics.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MWGoww1JmXY&feature=share
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=paAuQANFVI8&feature=share
MAIN TASK 1
TITLE : Graphic Organizer

TIME : 10 minutes
Instruction: Differentiate the two branches of ethics using the chart below using your own words.
NORMATIVE ETHICS DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS
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MAIN TASK 2
TIME : 20 minutes
Instruction: Give 5 examples of descriptive ethics and 5 examples of normative ethics.
Descriptive Normative
REINFORCEMENT
TITLE : Short Quiz/ Q & A

TIME : 10 minutes
Instruction: Multiple choices. Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it down on the
space provided in each item.
_____1. The philosophical study of morality

a. rules b. norms c. ethics d. character
_____2. This kind of ethics actually defines what is right and wrong.
a. normative ethics b. descriptive ethics c. moral ethics d. all of the
above
_____3. Ethics is sometimes called as
a. ethical standard b. moral philosophy c. philosophy of right and wrong d. none of the
above
_____4. This branch of ethics defines morals in terms of their cultural and personal significance.
a. normative ethics b. descriptive ethics c. moral ethics d. all of the
above
_____5. Ethics came from the ______ word “ethos” which means custom, habit, character or
disposition
a. Latin b. French c. Greek d. English
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TOPIC SUMMARY
 Ethics is the discipline concerned with what is right or wrong, good and bad.
 Ethics has two branches- normative and descriptive.
 Normative ethics defines what is right and wrong while descriptive ethics defines morals
in terms of their cultural or personal significance.
REFERENCES
Textbook:
Online:
What is Ethics? Defination In 1.19 Sec.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXJanjMEEwI&feature=share
What is Ethics? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u399XmkjeXo&feature=share
What is Ethics? - PHILO-notes Whiteboard Edition

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rr7U49RPpTs&feature=share
What is NORMATIVE ETHICS? What does NORMATIVE ETHICS mean? NORMATIVE

ETHICS meaning & explanation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MWGoww1JmXY&feature=share
What is DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS? What does DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS mean? DESCRIPTIVE

ETHICS meaning https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=paAuQANFVI8&feature=share
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Lesson 2: The Moral Agent___________________________________________________
Morality
Key Features of Morality
Man as Moral Agent
Aristotle and Moral Responsibility
Learning outcomes:
Recall rules they have to follow; and
Apprehend why they have to follow rules
No. of Hours to complete: 1 Hour
ENABLING ACTIVITY
TITLE : Picture Interpretation

TIME : 10 minutes
Instruction: Analyze the picture taken from the hit series Mr. Bean below. What is the situation?
What is Mr. Bean doing in the picture doing? Is it good? Is it bad? Why? Explain your answer.
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Morality______________________________________
Click https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9A4UHYeBcE&feature=share
for a video clip about morality.
Key Features of Morality__________________________________

In order to understand morality in its true sense, it is important to identify its six features.
 People experience a sense of moral obligation and accountability
 Moral values and moral absolutes exist
 Moral law does exist
 Moral law is known to humans
 Morality is objective
 Moral judgments must be supported by reasons
Click here for a powerpoint presentation about key features of morality.
Man as a Moral Agent________________________________

A moral agent is a being that’s capable of acting with reference to right and wrong.
Click https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qthEZ2zSPWU&feature=share for a video

clip about moral agent
Aristotle and Moral Responsibility________________________
Click here for a powerpoint presentation about Aristotle and moral responsibility.
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MAIN TASK
TITLE : Venn Diagram

TIME : 10 minutes
Instruction: Compare and contrast ethics from morality using the venn diagram below.
REINFORCEMENT
TITLE : Q & A/ Forum

TIME : 20 minutes
MATERIALS : Google Classroom
Instruction: Construct a question related to the topic the moral agent and let your classmates post
their answer.
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TOPIC SUMMARY
 Morality are the standards that an individual or a group has about what is right and
wrong, good and evil.
 In order to understand morality, there are 6 key features
 Moral agents can be anything that can be held responsible for behaviour or actions
they make.
 Moral responsibility is in every individual considered to be moral agents can be
praiseworthy or blameworthy for their actions
REFERENCES
Textbook:
Online:
Ethics Defined: Moral Agent
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qthEZ2zSPWU&feature=share
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Lesson 3: Standards and Dilemmas______________________________________
Differences between Moral and Non-moral Standards
How Are Moral Standards Formed?
Characteristics of Moral Standard
Learning outcomes:
Differentiate between Moral and Non-Moral Standard
Recognize how moral standards are formed
Detect a moral dilemma; and
Analyze examples of moral dilemmas
No. of Hours to complete: 2 Hours
ENABLING ACTIVITY
TITLE : Picture interpretation

TIME : 10 minutes
Instruction: Interpret the picture below. Write your own personal explanation about the picture.
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Differences between Moral and Non-Moral Standards___________
Click https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVYcETMuJg8&feature=share for a video

clip about moral and non-moral standards.
Click here for a powerpoint presentation about how moral standards are formed and
the chractereristics of Moral Standards.
Moral Dilemmas____________________________________
Click here for a powerpoint presentation about moral dilemma.
Click https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzmNoFnxu68&feature=share to learn

more about examples of moral dilemmas.
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MAIN TASK 1

TIME : 15 minutes
Instruction: What are the differences between moral and non-moral standards? Cite examples by
writing it down on the space provided for in each column.
Moral Standards Non-Moral Standards
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MAIN TASK 2
TITLE : Short Answers
TIME : 15 minutes
Instruction: Read and answer what is being asked. Write your answers on the spaces provided.
As an individual, you have encountered some dilemmas in your life. What did you do? Write 5
examples of dilemmas based on your personal experience.
1._____________________________________________________________________________
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2._____________________________________________________________________________
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3._____________________________________________________________________________
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4._____________________________________________________________________________
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5._____________________________________________________________________________
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REINFORCEMENT
TITLE : Post it questions

TIME : 20 minutes
Instruction: Construct a question related to the topic and let your classmates post there answer.
TOPIC SUMMARY
 Moral standards are norms people accept as actions that are morally acceptable or
morally unacceptable and are grave enough to be under the discussion of ethics
 Non-moral standards are rules unrelated to moral or ethical considerations. Examples
are statutes or etiquettes.
 There are six characteristics of moral standards that further differentiate it from non
moral standards
 Moral dilemmas are situations which an individual have to choose between two or more
actions and have moral reasons for doing it.
 Moral responsibility is in every individual considered to be moral agents can be
praiseworthy or blameworthy for their actions
REFERENCES
Textbook:
Online:
Moral Standards vs Non-Moral Standards - General Ethics - PHILO-notes Whiteboard Edition
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVYcETMuJg8&feature=share
6 Hardest 'Would You Rather' Dilemmas Ever

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzmNoFnxu68&feature=share
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Chapter 2: Freedom and Morality
Lesson 1: Freedom and Moral Acts___________________________________________
Kant’s Morality and Freedom
What is Categorical Imperative?
The Role of Freedom in Morality
Freedom: The Foundation of Moral Acts
Freedom ad Free Will
Requirement of True Freedom Requirement of True freedom
Human Acts vs Acts of Humans
Learning outcomes:
Explain why only humans can be ethical
Discuss the meaning of moral acts; and
Put into practice Kant’s definition of freedom and morality
No. of Hours to complete: 3
ENABLING ACTIVITY
TITLE : Concept Mapping

TIME : 15 minutes
Instruction: Describe what the word freedom means for you personally. Write your answers on the
circles.
Freedom is…
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Kant’s Morality and Freedom___________________________
Click here to view powerpoint presentation about freedom and morality.
What is Categorical Imperative?_________________________
Click https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=284PIEhQ-Xg&feature=share to watch a

video clip that explains Categorical Imperative.
Human Acts vs Acts of Humans_________________________
Click here to view file about human acts vs acts of humans.
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MAIN TASK 1
TITLE : Reading Task

TIME : 20 minutes
Task 1
Instruction: Read the article “Freedom is Essential for True Morality” by Alex Salter, at
https://fee.org/articles/freedom-is-essential-for-true-morality/ and answer the questions below.
1. Why is freedom essential for true morality?

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2. Why did Alex Salter said that “when some people are permitted to dominate others, they treat
others as merely a means to an end, rather than ends in themselves”?
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3. What makes freedom as the foundation of moral act?

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MAIN TASK 2
TIME : 10 minutes
Instruction: Contrast the categorical imperative and hypothetical imperative. Write your answer in
the table below.
categorical imperative hypothetical imperative
REINFORCEMENT
TITLE : Short Quiz

TIME : 15 minutes
Instruction: Multiple Choices. Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it down on the
space provided before each number.
______1. Making use of his knowledge and free will.
a. human acts
b. acts of human
c. freedom
d. all of the above
______2. Only the act and the intention make an act good or bad.
a. True
b. False
c. neither of the above
d. no comment
______3. Natural action of human
a. human acts
b. acts of human
c. freedom
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d. free will
______4. True freedom is based on-
a. reason
b. idea
c. will
d. truth
_______5. The following are elements of a good act except-
a. object
b. intention
c. circumstances
d. none of the above
_______6. For Kant, acting freely (autonomously) and acting morally are-
a. one and the same thing
b. elements of morality
c. culture is power that create something
d. art is part of culture
_______7. Deviating from the moral law violates man’s own.
a. freedom
b. rights
c. free will
d. actuality
_______8. This is the power rooted in reason and will
a. human acts
b. acts of human
c. freedom
d. free will
_______9. Which of the following is true?
a. only the motive of duty, acting according to the law I give myself confers moral worth to
an action
b. a good act is vitiated by an evil intention like praying in order to be seen as good
c. for freedom, Christ has set us free
d. all of the above
_______10. To act freely is to choose the-
a. end itself
b. means itself
c. goals
d. all of the above
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TOPIC SUMMARY
 For Kant, freedom is to act autonomously while acting morally.
 Kant also acknowledged two ways in which reason can command the will- it s either
categorical imperative or hypothetical imperative.
 Truth is the requirement of true freedom
 Human acts are actions which humans use his knowledge and free will while acts of
humans are actions which doesn’t use intellect or will knowledge.
REFERENCES
Textbook:
Online:
The Categorical Imperative - Immanuel Kant
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=284PIEhQ-Xg&feature=share
Freedom is Essential for True Morality https://fee.org/articles/freedom-is-essential-for-true-
morality/
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Lesson 2: Culture and Morality_______________________________________________
What is Culture?
The Influence of Culture in Moral Development
Learning outcomes:
Define culture; and
Understand how culture influence moral development
ENABLING ACTIVITY
TITLE : Graphic organizer

TIME : 15 minutes
Instruction: Below is a circle with the word “CULTURE” in it. Write everything you think is culture
for you around that word. On the spaces provided below the circle, explain your answer.
CULTURE
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What is Culture?___________________________________
Culture is that complex whole which

includes knowledge, belief, law, art, moral,
custom and other capabilities and habits
acquired as a member of society.
EDWARD B. TYLOR
Influence of Culture in Moral development_________________
Click here for a powerpoint presentation about the influence of culture in moral
development.
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MAIN TASK
TITLE : The Culture I Have

TIME : 15 minutes
Instruction: Based on the topic the influence of culture in moral development, how do you think
your community influences your behavior? Discuss your answer by writing it down below.
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Lesson 3: Dynamics of Culture________________________________________________
Cultural relativism
Advantages and Disadvantages of Cultural Relativism
Learning outcomes:
a. Define cultural relativism; and
b. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of cultural relativism
Cultural Relativism__________________________________
The concept of cultural relativism as we know and use it today was established as an
analytical tool by German-American anthropologist Franz Boas in the early 20 th century. We
recognize that many cultures of the world have their own beliefs, values, and practices that have
developed in particular historical, political, social, material, and ecological contexts and that it
makes sense that they would differ from our own and that none are necessarily right or wrong or
good or bad, then we are engaging the concept of cultural relativism.
Click the links below for video clips about cultural relativism
https://youtube.com/watch?v=xTjerQDIsM8&feature=share
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uzT-RDrWbZo&feature=share
Click here for powerpoint presentation about cultural relativism
Advantages and Disadvantages of Cultural Relativism__________

Hereunder are the advantages and disadvantages of cultural relativism.
Advantages Disadvanatages
it is a system which promotes cooperation It creates a system that is fueled by personal
bias
It creates a society where equality is possible It would create chaos
People can pursue a genuine interest It is an idea that is based on the perfection of
humanity
Respect is encouraged in a system of cultural It could promote lack of diversity
relativism
It preserves human cultures It draws people away from one another
Cultural relativism creates a society without It could limit moral progress
judgment
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Moral relativism can be excluded from cultural It could limit humanity’s progress
relativism
We can create personal moral codes based on Cultural relativism can turn perceptions into truth
societal standards with ease
It stops cultural conditioning
MAIN TASK 1

TIME : 15 minutes
1. Based on your experience, how does your family differ from other families in your place? List
these differences down and compare it with your own.
My Family Other families
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MAIN TASK 2
TIME : 10 minutes
Instruction: Identify one advantage and one disadvantage of cultural relativism and explain.
Advantage:
Disadvantage:
MAIN TASK 3
TITLE : Short answer
TIME : 5 minutes
3. List down some examples of cultural relativism which are bad in our society but good in other
society/country.
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REINFORCEMENT
TITLE : Short Quiz (True or False)

TIME : 15 minutes
Instruction: Identify whether the statement is true or false. Write True if you think it is correct and
write False if you think it is wrong.
______________1. Values is the sum total of human creation.
______________2. That culture is created and developed by man implies that it is dynamic.
______________3. According to Tylor, culture includes laws, mores, customs but not nature.
______________4. John Macionis was the first to define culture as that complex whole.
______________5. Culture is possessed only by males.
______________6. The goal of cultural relativism is to create chaos.
______________7. The opposite of ethnocentrism is xenocentrism.
______________8. Mores are shared rules of conduct that specify how people ought to think and
act.
______________9. Xenocentrism is the feeling that their particular way of life is superior and right
and that all other cultures are inferior and often wrong.
______________10. Cultural Relativism is the notion that each culture should be evaluated from
the standpoint of its own standard rather than from the standpoint of a different culture.
TOPIC SUMMARY
 Cultural relativism is the idea that each culture is unique in its own therefore it can only
be understood in its own cultural context.
 Cultural relativism has advantages and disadvantages
REFERENCES
Textbook:
Online:
Cultural Relativism https://youtube.com/watch?v=xTjerQDIsM8&feature=share
What is cultural relativism? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uzT-RDrWbZo&feature=share
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Lesson 4: The Filipino Way___________________________________________________
The Filipino Customs and Traditions
Characteristics of Filipino Culture
Filipino Family Values
Social Values of Filipinos
Weaknesses of the Filipino Character
Learning outcomes:
Identify Filipino customs and traditions
Appreciate the characteristics unique to Filipinos
Give importance to Filipino values; and
Examine the weaknesses of Filipino character
ENABLING ACTIVITY
TITLE : Wordscapes
TIME : 15 minutes
Instruction: Look for at least 10 words that is unique to the Filipino culture.
D M A N O B R B A F S E G R E T Y A S M A
F E G R W E F C S D B G I E H O K I M N A
V T B F J S U S U U A A P T N G A S B K E
U G E N K G T W P L Y V O F Y B W T U J T
I A I Y L R W R E O A S C H R D H G R M U
F S O H O G U T R E N G L H S B N E H N Y
O E G A R L I U S D I B K J R U L F I B H
G G M E C O U R T S H I P K Z I B E O E E
H N L S T I O K I A A Y B N G R S C A S R
H D K I Y K Y H T T N U H I J W D T P D D
H A O M U M H Y I Y S I O M T S S T M P T
S M R E L I G I O N N U U R T E E G C A O
A A P A I U I L N U S O T W I A R B S O S
E Y F K N J L K D E B P E F G E T Y D U P
W A T R O A W P A G G A L A N G I T E H L
Y N Y T I B C U A O O K N G H U J R G T J
T I N W W N A E C R B M B Y H I U E H R H
R B O S R H O S P I T A B L E I H B U E J
The Filipino Customs and Traditions______________________

Our culture is a big reflection of our great and complex history. It is influenced by most of
the people we have interacted with. A blend of Malayo-Polynesian and Hispanic culture with the
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influence of Chinese, Indians Arabs, and other Asian cultures really contribute to the customs and
traditions of the Filipinos. Filipino culture is unique compared to other Asian countries, and beliefs
applied every day in the life of the Filipinos reveal how rich and blessed the culture the people
have.
Below are common Filipino customs and Traditions

 Having close family ties
 The bayanihan
 Courtship
 Religion
 Superstition
 Marriage and wedding customs
 Death
 Society
 Christmas in the Philippines
 Fiestas
 Living with parents
Filipino Family Values________________________________

The Filipino family consists of many traditional values that have been treasured and
passed on for many generations already. These values are incredibly beneficial. Hereunder are the
following traditional values.
 Paggalang (Respect)
 Pakikisama (Helping Others)
 Utang na Loob (Debt of Gratitude)
 Pagpapahalaga sa pamilya (Prioritizing family)
 Hiya (shame)
 Damayan system
 Compassionate
 Fun-loving trait
Social Values of the Filipinos___________________________

The great majority of the Philippine population is bound together by common values and a
common religion. Philippine society is characterized by many positive traits. Among these are:
 High regard for amor propio (self-esteem)
 Smooth interpersonal relationships
 Personal alliance system
 The compadre system
 Utang-na-loob
 Suki relationship
 Friendship
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Weaknesses of the Filipino character______________________
 Passivity and lack of initiative
 Colonial mentality
 Kanya-kanya syndrome
 Extreme personalism
 Extreme family centeredness
 Lack of discipline
 Lack of self-analysis and reflection
 Ningas cogon
 Gaya-gaya attitude
MAIN TASK 1

TIME : 15 minutes
Instruction: Briefly answer the following questions below. Explain.

1. As a student, how can you contribute to the propagation of Filipino culture? Values? List down
your answers.
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MAIN TASK 2
TIME : 15 minutes
List down 5 negative values of Filipinos. Can we transform these negative values to positive ones?
Explain your answer.
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
REINFORCEMENT
TITLE : Collage
TIME : 15 minutes
MATERIALS : Short bond paper
Instruction: Make a collage that mirrors the unique culture of the Filipino people in a short bond
paper.
Collage rubric: https://moshej.edublogs.org/files/2011/04/Collage-Rubric-2cfq0em.pdf
TOPIC SUMMARY
 Filipino culture is a unique combination of cultures from different countries. This is
evident in different aspects like family values, social values, customs and traditions
 Although we have these unique characteristics, the Filipinos has weaknesses in
character too
REFERENCES
Textbook:
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Chapter 3: Universal Values
Lesson 1: Basic Universal Values_____________________________________________
What is Universal Value?
Schwarts Concept of Universal Values
UN Charter on Universal Values
Basic Universal Human Values
The Human Dignity
Learning outcomes:
Define values
Identify the different universal values; and
Discuss the different concepts of universal values
ENABLING ACTIVITY
TITLE : Graphic organizers

TIME : 15 minutes
Instruction: Read the short story entitled “The Gift of the Magi” at
file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/the-four-million-002-the-gift-of-the-magi.pdf. List down the human
values found in the story after reading it.
Basic Universal Human

Values__________________________
The function of most of basic values is to make it possible for every human to realize or maintain
the highest or most basic universal core values of love, life and happiness.
Click here for a powerpoint presentation about basic universal human values.
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Human Dignity_____________________________________
The English word dignity comes from the Latin word, dignitas, which means “worthiness”.
Dignity implies that each person is worthy of honor and respect for who they are, not just for what
they can do. In other words, dignity cannot be earned nor cannot be taken away.
Click the links below for video clips explaining more about dignity.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4MIjPd9P6Y&feature=share
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WNm73HhSns4&feature=share
MAIN TASK 1
TITLE : Web Search

TIME : 15 mins
Instruction: Research about the following.
1. Research about Shalom Shwartz concept of universal values. What are the 10 universal value
types with according to him?
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2. Click the link https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2003-12-12/secretary-generals-
lecture-global-ethics-do-we-still-have-universal to read about UN Secretary General Kofi Annan’s
lecture about global ethics.
What are the fundamental values essential to international relations in the twenty-first century
mentioned? List down below.
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3. Why are values important?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
REINFORCEMENT
TITLE : Short Quiz: Modified Multiple choices

TIME : 15 mins
Instruction: Read the questions below and identify each question is referring to. Choose your
answer from the values inside the box. Write your answer at the spaces before the number.
Intelligence Power Love Peace

Tradition Respect Faith Freedom
Happiness Health Charity Conformity
Justice Hedonism Equality Equality
Benevolence Achievement Safety Security
__________________1. Can be best defined as feelings, or an experience of deep connectedness

or oneness with any other human being, any animal, plant, tree or thing.
__________________2. Is seen as the basic condition for freedom and happiness, for without it
there cannot be real freedom.
__________________3. It means free of threat, fear, and survival stress.
__________________4. It is the preservation and enhancement of the welfare of people with
whom one is in frequent personal contact with.
__________________5. Social status and prestige, control or dominance over people and
resources.
__________________6. Pleasure or sensuous gratification for oneself.
__________________7. Respect, commitment, and acceptance of the customs and ideas that
traditional culture or religion provide.
__________________8. Safety, harmony, and stability of society, of relationships, and of self.
__________________9. Is the proper administration of the law.
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__________________10. The most basic principle of any social community is feelings of
connectedness which come out of our perception.
TOPIC SUMMARY
 Basic human values are the things or principles people generally believe are important
in life.
 Shalom Schwartz and have enumerated 10 universal value types as the result of his
global scale study about values all over the world, while the UN also enumerated the
essential values in the 20th century

REFERENCES
Textbook:
Online:
https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2003-12-12/secretary-generals-
lecture-global-ethics-do-we-still-have-universal
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Lesson 2: Development of Moral Character________________________
What is Moral Character?
Importance of having a strong Moral Character
Development of Moral Character
Some Good Character Traits to Practice
Character Traits that Impact One’s Happiness
Learning outcomes:
Define moral;
Appreciate the relationship between individual acts and character; and
Discuss the different concepts of universal values.
ENABLING ACTIVITY
TITLE : Online Quiz

TIME : 15 minutes
MATERIALS : Internet/data
Instruction: Click this link https://www.allthetests.com/quiz30/quiz/1360429909/Morality-Quiz to

take the online morality quiz.
What is Moral Character? _____________________________
Click here to view powerpoint presentation explaining moral character.
Importance of Having a Strong Moral Character ______________

When you have a strong moral character, you’ll be judged by who you are rather than who you
pretend to be. Below are some of the consequences of having a strong moral character
(Sonnenberg, 2016).
 Achieve peace of mind
 Strengthens trust
 Build a solid reputation
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 Reduce anxiety
 Increase leadership effectiveness
 Build confidence
 Become a positive role model
 Live a purpose-driven life
 Build a strong business
Click here powerpoint presentation for a more detailed explanation about the
importance of having a strong moral character.
Development of Moral Character ________________________

If you believe developing your character is an endeavor you want to pursue, here are some steps
to show you how:
 Define your core values
 Practice habits
 Find people with character
 Take some risks
 Stretch yourself
 Commit to self-improvement
Click here powerpoint presentation for a more detailed explanation about the
development of moral character.
Some Good Character Traits to Practice____________________

 Attract the trust and respect of the people
 Allows you to influence others
 Changes your perspective about failure
 Sustains you through difficult times or opposition
 Improves your self-esteem, self-respect and confidence
 Creates a foundation for happy, healthy relationship
 Helps you stay committed to your values and goals
 Improves your chance of success in work and other endeavors
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MAIN TASK 1
TITLE : Web search

TIME : 15 mins
MATERIALS : module, Internet/data
Instruction: Research about the 20 “Character Traits that Impact One’s Happiness” from
liveboldandbloo.com List these character traits down below.
2. How can these character traits impact your own personal happiness? Explain your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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MAIN TASK 2
TIME : 10 minutes
Instruction: Assess yourself. List down your negative traits below. Do you think you can change
this negative traits of you into positive one? How?
My Negative traits Explanation
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REINFORCEMENT
TITLE : Short Quiz

TIME : 15 mins
Instruction: Read the following examples below. Choose the letter of the correct answer and write
your answer on the spaces provided before each number.
______ 1. Jason has a strong moral character. She knows how what is important to her by
determining her values for her professional and personal life.
a. practice the habits
b. define your core values
c. find people with character
d. take some risks
______ 2. Viethe wants to develop her moral character. She surrounds herself with people who
reflect the character traits she wants to embrace.
d. take some risks
______ 3. Melvin wants to become a better person so he started taking small actions toward a goal
or value that involve some level of risks.
d. take some risks
______ 4. Sean is a man of character. He creates high standards and big goals for himself.
a. define your core values
b. find people with character
c. stretch yourself
d. takes some risks
______ 5. After learning from his experiences, Cyrelle believes that when you face the possibility of
failure and challenge yourself toward success, you become mentally stronger and more committed
to your principles.
d. take some risks
______ 6. Jose, conquering so many battles in life, realized that building your character just as
building the body that you want is a life-long endeavor.
a. commit to self-improvement
b. practice the habits
c. stretch yourself
d. takes some risks
______ 7. Having this is more than telling the truth. It is living the truth.
47 | P a g e
a. Integrity b. Honesty c. Loyalty d.
Respectfulness
______ 8. It is the faithfulness and devotion to your loved ones, your friends, and anyone whom
you have a trusted relationship.
Respectfulness
_______9. Rosalinda accepts personal, relational, career, community, and societal obligations
even if these obligations are difficult or uncomfortable. Florabel shows,
a. Integrity b. Responsibilty c. Loyalty d.
Respectfulness
_______10. Everybody likes Starla because she treats herself and others with courtesy, kindness,
deference, dignity and civility. She shows,
Respectfulness
TOPIC SUMMARY
 This lesson talked about the development of moral character wherein importance of
moral of having a strong moral character how to develop these moral characters and
some good character traits to practice
REFERENCES
Textbook:
Online:
20 “Character Traits that Impact One’s Happiness” from liveboldandbloo.com
https://www.allthetests.com/quiz30/quiz/1360429909/Morality-Quiz
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Lesson 3: Stages of Moral Development __________________________
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
Arguments against Kohlberg’s Theory
Learning outcomes:
Identify the stages of moral development according to Lawrence Kohlberg; and
Recognize the arguments against Kohlberg’s theory.
ENABLING ACTIVITY

TIME : 15 mins
Instruction: Arrange the following from stage one to stage six using a graphic organizer.
Universal ethical principle punishment/obedience orientation

Good boy/nice girl orientation law and order orientation
Social contract orientation instrumental purpose orientation
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Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development___________________
Lawrence Kohlberg’s stages of moral development, a comprehensive stage theory of
moral development based on Jean Piaget’s theory of moral judgment for children (1932) and
developed Kohlberg in 1958. Cognitive in nature, Kohlberg’s theory focuses on the thinking
process that occurs when one decides whether a behavior is right or wrong. Thus, the theoretical
emphasis is on how one decides to respond to moral dilemma, not one decides or what one
actually does.
Click the links below to watch video clips about Kohlberg’s theory of moral
development.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bounXLkme4&feature=share
Click to https://www.simplypsychology.org/kohlberg.html read the article about

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development.
MAIN TASK 1

TIME : 15 mins
Instruction: Supply the necessary details in the graphic organizer below about Lawrence
Kohlberg’s theory.
Stage 1 Stage 2
Level 1
Stage 3 Stage 4
Level 2
Stage 5 Stage 6
Level 3
50 | P a g e
MAIN TASK 2
TITLE : Web Search

TIME : 15 mins
Instruction: Research about Carol Gilligan’s argument about the theory formulated by Lawrence
Kohlberg. Why is it that the ideas of Kohlberg wasn’t well-received by Carol Gilligan? Write her
arguments below.
REINFORCEMENT
TITLE : Short Answer

TIME : 15 mins
Instruction: Assess your moral development. Write your own personal examples on the stages of
moral development from stage one to stage six below.
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TOPIC SUMMARY
 This lesson talked about how morality develops. Lawrence Kohlberg, a psychologist
developed a comprehensive theory about moral development states that moral
development. According to him, there are 3 levels of moral development with 2 stages
each level. This theory was criticised by Carol Gilligan who developed her own theory.
REFERENCES
Textbook:
Online:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bounXLkme4&feature=share
https://www.simplypsychology.org/kohlberg.html
52 | P a g e
Chapter 4: The Act
Lesson 1: Ethical Requirements______________________________________________
Reason and Impartiality
What is Reason?
Predicting Consequences
Reasons and Feelings
Ethics vs Feelings
Difference between Reason and will
Learning outcomes:
Differentiate reason and impartiality;
Define reason;
Recognize the importance of predicting consequences;
Analyze how feelings would affect ethics; and
Differentiate reason from will.
ENABLING ACTIVITY
TITLE : Story Analysis
TIME : 15 mins
Instruction: Read the Story below and answer the following questions.
1 Kings 3:16-28
Contemporary English Version
Solomon Makes a Difficult Decision
16 One day two women[a] came to King Solomon, 17 and one of them said:
Your Majesty, this woman and I live in the same house. Not long ago my baby was born at
home, 18 and three days later her baby was born. Nobody else was there with us.
19 One night while we were all asleep, she rolled over on her baby, and he died. 20 Then
while I was still asleep, she got up and took my son out of my bed. She put him in her bed,
then she put her dead baby next to me.
21 In the morning when I got up to feed my son, I saw that he was dead. But when I looked at
him in the light, I knew he wasn’t my son.
22 “No!” the other woman shouted. “He was your son. My baby is alive!”
“The dead baby is yours,” the first woman yelled. “Mine is alive!”
53 | P a g e
They argued back and forth in front of Solomon, 23 until finally he said, “Both of you say this
live baby is yours. 24 Someone bring me a sword.”
A sword was brought, and Solomon ordered, 25 “Cut the baby in half! That way each of you
can have part of him.”
26 “Please don’t kill my son,” the baby’s mother screamed. “Your Majesty, I love him very
much, but give him to her. Just don’t kill him.”
The other woman shouted, “Go ahead and cut him in half. Then neither of us will have the
baby.”
27 Solomon said, “Don’t kill the baby.” Then he pointed to the first woman, “She is his real
mother. Give the baby to her.”
28 Everyone in Israel was amazed when they heard how Solomon had made his decision.
They realized that God had given him wisdom to judge fairly.
Questions:
1. How do you find King Solomon’s method to identify the real mother? Explain your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. By analyzing the story, why do you think is King Solomon considered to be the wisest king of
Israel?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Reason and Impartiality_______________________________
Click the links below to watch video clips explaining reason and impartiality, and
will.
https://www.youtube.com./watch?v=Cu0qefn-vXs&feature=share
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ozxB7YVCiDo&feauture=share
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zau5WRKsYI4&feature=share
54 | P a g e
MAIN TASK 1
TITLE : Reflection and graphic organizer

TIME : 20 mins
Instruction: Watch the interview on the suspect alyas Paolo Bautista who murdered three people
in Banga, South Cotabato. Analyze the video and connect it to the topics discussed. Write a
reflection about the importance of reason in doing actions, how feelings could affect these actions,
and what determines the will of a person to do such action.
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MAIN TASK 2
TIME : 15 mins
Instruction: State the differences of the following items and write your answers on their respective
columns.
Reason Feeling Will
REINFORCEMENT

TIME : 10 mins
Instruction: Write your own experience applying reason, impartiality, and feelings when doing a
certain action. Cite your own personal experience and what have you learned from it.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
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TOPIC SUMMARY
 This lesson talked about the importance of reason and impartiality in doing actions,
the importance of predicting consequences before doing actions and how reason, will
and feelings are different with each other but are essential in doing actions.
REFERENCES
Textbook:
Online:
https://www.youtube.com./watch?v=Cu0qefn-vXs&feature=share
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ozxB7YVCiDo&feauture=share
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zau5WRKsYI4&feature=share
57 | P a g e
Lesson 2: Moral Theories_____________________________________________________
Moral Theories
Learning outcomes:
Identify some examples of moral theories; and
Understand, differentiate, and explain each moral theory from one another.
A theory is a structured set of statements used to explain or predict a set of facts or

concepts. A moral theory, then explains why a certain action is wrong or why we ought to act in
certain ways. In short, it is a theory of how we determine right and wrong conduct. Also, moral
theories provide the framework upon which we think and discuss in a reasoned way, and so
evaluate, specific moral issues.
ENABLING ACTIVITY
TITLE : Picture Interpretation

TIME : 10 mins
Instruction: Analyze the picture below. A classic example of moral dilemma. Would you kill one
person to save five? Explain your choice at the spaces beside the picture.
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
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Moral Theories_____________________________________
Through the ages, there have emerged multiple common moral theories and traditions. We will
cover each one briefly and see how they differ from each other. Hereunder are the major moral
theories:
 Consequentialism- this theory views that only the consequences, or outcomes of actions
matter morally. According to this view, acts are deemed to be morally right solely on the
basis of their consequences.
Based on two principles below:
1. whether an act is right or wrong depends only on the results of that act
2. the better consequences an act produces, the better or more right the act is
 Moral subjectivism- right or wrong is determined by what you, the subject, just happens to
think or feel is right or wrong.
Different types of Moral subjectivism:
1. Simple subjectivism
2. Individualist subjectivism
3. Moral relativism or (Ethical relativism)
4. Ideal Observer theory
5. Ethical Egoism
6. Utilitarianism
7. Deontology
8. Virtue Ethics
Three main elements of virtue ethics:
 Eudaimonism
 Ethics of care
Agent-based theories
The theory of natural rights
 Moral relativism
Click here for powerpoint presentation about different moral theories.
59 | P a g e
MAIN TASK

TIME : 15 mins
Instruction: Make a critique of utilitarianism. List down the advantages and disadvantages of
utilitarianism on their respective column below:
Advantages Disadvantages
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REINFORCEMENT
TITLE : Post it Forum

TIME : 20 mins
MATERIALS : Google classroom
Instruction: Students should construct a question about the topic moral theories and post it in
the google classroom stream for their classmates to answer and vice-versa.
TOPIC SUMMARY
 A theory is structured set of statements used to explain or predict a set of facts or
concepts.
 Moral theories explains why certain actions are considered wrong and why do people
should behave in certain ways.
 There are different theories that explains this such as consequentialism and moral
relativism
REFERENCES
Textbook:
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Lesson 3: Mental Frames_____________________________________________________
Learning outcomes:
Explain what is mental frame; and
Identify the consequences of deciding with blinders.
ENABLING ACTIVITY

TIME : 10 mins
Instruction: Analyze the picture below. Which one will you choose? Explain why.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
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To put theories or mental models to work, we use an approach referred to as systems
thinking. While strategic thinking involves consideration of the big picture, systems thinking
involves consideration of the big picture, systems thinking begins when we consider a real-world
phenomenon and to seek to understand the cause and effect relationship characteristics of system.
This is what we call mental framing.
Mental framing is a selective, reductive excessively narrow way by which a question or

information used to take a decision is expressed, presented, worded, formulated, categorized, and
pictured.
“Frames are the “schemata of Gitlin (1980) suggests that “frames are
interpretation” that allow individuals” to principles of selection, emphasis, and
locate, perceive, identify, and label a presentation composed of little tacit
seemingly infinite number of concrete theories about what exists, what
occurrence” happens, and what matters.
-Goffman 1974
Shon (1983) describes framing as a

mental device that sets the boundaries
of our attention, while Ahn and Ergin
(2996) model frames in terms of
different levels of awareness.
Mental frames are important in decision making not only by simplifying the chaotic situation that the
agent faces, but also by defining the problem itself.
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Framing Bias______________________________________
The framing bias gives a selective (framed) and simplistic picture of reality. This leads to
flawed decisions with unwanted effects. Biased mental frames can result from a kind of cognitive
myopia a narrow mental selectivity (selection bias), or representation that is deliberately reductive,
manipulative, one-sided, partial, truncated, non-neutral.
The consequences of deciding with blinders

To use narrow, selective (or wrong) data, explanations, ideas and approaches about either an
issue (i.e stressing gains or losses) or the facts themselves:
1. Thwart the ensuing reasoning, conclusions and decisions. As a common example, gives usully a
too favorable or too unfavorable impression (positive or negative framing);
2. Those flawed decisions bring dubious, damaging or at least “anomalous” practical effects.
MAIN TASK 1
TITLE : Down the Memory lane

TIME : 10 mins
Instruction: Recall a particular experience in your life where you applied mental framing. How did
affect your life personally? Share this experience by writing it below inside the box.
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MAIN TASK 2
TITLE : Down the Memory lane
TIME : 10 mins
Instruction: Recall a particular experience in your life where you had a framing bias. How did
affect your life personally? Share this experience by writing it below inside the box.
Is mental framing reliable in decision-making? Why? Support your answer.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
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REINFORCEMENT
TITLE : Post it Forum

TIME : 20 mins
MATERIALS : Google classroom
Instruction: Students should construct a question and post it in the google classroom stream for
their classmates to answer and vice-versa.
TOPIC SUMMARY
 Mental frames are important in decision making not only by simplifying the chaotic
situation that the agent faces, but also by defining the problem itself.
 The framing bias gives a selective (framed) and simplistic picture of reality. This leads
to flawed decisions with unwanted effects.
REFERENCE
Textbook:
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Chapter 5: The Early Philosophers and their Works
Learning outcomes:
Differentiate reason and impartiality;
Critique virtue ethics ;
Make use of virtue ethics;
Understand and articulate the rights theory; and
Differentiate legal from moral rights.
Lesson 1: The Early Philosophers______________________________________
ENABLING ACTIVITY

TIME : 10 mins
Instruction: Enumerate the top 10 things that make, or can make you happy. Explain why after.
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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Aristotle on Ethics______________________________________
The most famous and thorough of Aristotle’s ethical works is his Nicomachean Ehics.
This work is an inquiry into the best life for human beings to live. The life of human flourishing or
happiness (eudaimonia) is the best life. Aristotle consider happiness to be an activity- a way of
living one’s life
According to character Aristotle, happiness is the practice of virtue excellence (arête) and so it is
important to know the two types of virtue: character virtue, and intellectual virtue.
Click https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YmZqEsZfWyc to watch a video about

“Aristotle on Virtue” and
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrvtOWEXDIQ&t=179s “Aristotle & Virtue
Theory: Crash Course Philosophy #38”, and
https://www.youtube.com./watch?v=VFPBf1AZOQg&feature=share “Philosophy-
The Good Life: Aristotle”
Examples of virtues:
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St. Thomas Aquinas on Virtue_____________________________
The moral philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) involves a merger of at least
two apparently disparate traditions: Aristotelian eudaimonism and Christian theology he believes
that an act is good or bad depending on whether it contributes to or deters us from our proper
human end. He also believes that we can never achieve complete or final happiness in this life. For
him, happiness consists in beatitude or supernatural union with God.
Kant on Goodwill_______________________________________
To act out of a “good will” for Kant means to act out of a sense of moral obligation or
“duty”. In other words, a moral agent does a particular action not because of what it produces
(consequences)but because the moral agent recognizes by reasoning that it is the morally right
thing to do and thus regards himself as having a moral duty or obligation to do that action.
The idea of a good will is closer to the idea of a good person or a person of good will. Kant pointed
out that to be universally good, something must be good in every instance of its occurrence. He
argues that all those things which people call “good” including intelligence, wit, judgment, courage,
power, honor, health, or even happiness itself can become extremely bad and mischievous if the
will which is to make use of them… is not good.
Click this link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-UhiRLuSlIU to watch a video clip about “Kant's

Ethical Theory”
Kant on Rights_________________________________________
Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804) examined the idea of human rights within politics in such a
way that it “is only a legitimate government that guarantees our natural right to freedom, and from
this freedom we derive other rights”. From this basis it can be assumed that Kant looks at the
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development, creation and implementation of rights as primarily dependent on the state and how
the government within the state functions.
Without acceptance of the people a state would not exist therefore rights are necessary within
states to keep the support of the people of the state.
Click the link

https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~gerla22f/classweb/Human%20Rights%20Theories%20-
%20Modern%20Perspectives.html to read more about this topic.
Rights______________________________________
A right is described as an entitlement or justified claim to a certain kind of positive and
negative treatment from others, to support from others or non-interference from others. In other
words, right is something to which every individual in the community is morally permitted, and for
which that community is entitled to disrespect or compulsorily remove anything that stands in the
way even a single individual getting it. “A right is a claim recognized by society and enforced by the
state”. According to Laski, “Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can
seek, in general, to be himself at his best.”
Nature of Rights_______________________________
Laski’s (1935) concepts on the nature of rights are enumerated as follows:
(i) they are social conditions, given to the individual as a member of the society
(ii) they help promote individual personality, his best-self: 21 ‘those social conditions without which
no man can seek to be his best self’
(iii) they are social because they are never against social welfare; they were not there before the
emergence of society
(iv) the state only recognises and protects rights by maintaining them;
(v) rights are never absolute: absolute rights are a contradiction in terms
(vi) they are dynamic in nature in so far as their contents change according to place, time and
conditions (vii) they go along with duties; in fact, duties are prior to rights; the exercise of rights
implies the exercise of duties.
Kinds of Rights________________________________________
Hereunder are the different kinds of rights, namely:
1. Natural Rights
2. Moral Rights
3. Legal Rights
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Distinction between Moral Rights and Legal Rights______________
Moral rights Legal rights
Natural: Moral rights are discovered, not Created: Our legal rights are created by
created legislation
Equal: Moral rights are equal rights; there is no Can be unequal: there are many situations in
injustice in how they are distributed which the distribution of legal rights is unjust.
Inalienable: Moral rights cannot be taken away Alienable: Your legal rights can be taken from
from you without consent (although you can you against your will
voluntarily surrender them)
Universal: Your moral rights are the same no Local: Your legal rights change when you move
matter where you are. from jurisdiction to another.
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MAIN TASK 1
TITLE : Reflection about the movie, “The Pursuit of Happyness”

TIME : 1 hr 49 mins
Instruction: Watch the film “The Pursuit of Happyness” starring Will Smith. Write a reflection about
it. Cite a quote from the movie in your reflection. Write your reflection inside the box below.
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MAIN TASK 2
TIME : 8 mins
Instruction: Read the following questions below and write your answer on the spaces provided.
1. Kant has pointed out that to be universally and absolutely good, something must be good in
every instance of its occurrence. Explain.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________
2. Can there be morality without god?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________
REINFORCEMENT
TITLE : Post it forum

TIME : 30 mins
Instruction: Students should construct a question about the early philosophers topic and post it in
the google classroom stream for their classmates to answer and vice-versa.
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TOPIC SUMMARY
 In Aristotlean ethics, the cetral notion is eudaimonia which can only be attained by
living a life of virtue
 St. Thomas Aquinas’ on the other hand is a merger between Aristotlean virtue ethics
and Christian theology.
 Moral duty is central to Kant’s ethics.
REFERENCES
Textbook:
Online:
“Aristotle on Virtue” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YmZqEsZfWyc
“Aristotle & Virtue Theory: Crash Course Philosophy #38”,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrvtOWEXDIQ&t=179s
“Philosophy- The Good Life: Aristotle”

https://www.youtube.com./watch?v=VFPBf1AZOQg&feature=share
“Kant's Ethical Theory”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-UhiRLuSlIU
https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~gerla22f/classweb/Human%20Rights%20Theories%20-
%20Modern%20Perspectives.html
74 | P a g e
Lesson 2: The Categorical Imperatives and Utilitarianism ______________
Learning outcomes:
Define categorical imperative;
Identify categorical imperatives;
Explain utilitarianism; and
Critique utilitarianism.
ENABLING ACTIVITY
TITLE : Q and A
TIME : 15 mins
MATERIALS : none
Instruction: Instructor will ask some questions for the students to answer.
Categorical Imperative__________________________________
The categorical imperative was devised by Immanuel Kant to provide a set of requirements
a maxim (or motivation) must pass in order for the action to be considered moral obligation.
Click the links below to watch video clips about categorical imperatives.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=284PIEhQ-Xg&t=49s “The Categorical
Imperative - Immanuel Kant”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oDP4vSSuuHk “A short introduction to Kant's
Categorical Imperative”
Utilitarianism__________________________________________
This theory supports the idea that morally appropriate behavior will not harm others, but
instead increase happiness or utility.
Click the links below to watch video clips about utilitarianism.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uvmz5E75ZIA “PHILOSOPHY - Ethics:
Utilitarianism, Part 1 [HD]”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uGDk23Q0S9E “PHILOSOPHY - Ethics:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MoCuVa9UeR4 “PHILOSOPHY - Ethics:
75 | P a g e
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-a739VjqdSI “Utilitarianism: Crash Course
Philosophy #36”
MAIN TASK 1

TIME : 15 mins
Instruction: Make a critique of utilitarianism. List down the advantages and disadvantages of
utilitarianism on their respective columns.
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MAIN TASK 2
TIME : 3 mins
Instruction: Read and answer the question below. Write your answer on the spaces provided.
Utilitarians focus their attention on happiness or pleasure as the ultimate end of moral discussions.
What does this mean? Cite examples of pleasure that makes human happy.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
REINFORCEMENT
TITLE : Recitation
TIME : 30 mins
MATERIALS : Flash Cards
Instruction: Instructor shall use flash cards showing different moral theories and students who will
be called shall elaborate or explain what’s being shown in the flash card.
77 | P a g e
TOPIC SUMMARY
 Categorical imperative is a moral law that is unconditional or absolute for all agents, the
validity or claim of which does not depend on any ulterior motive or end.
 Utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory that places the locus of right and wrong
solely on the outcomes (consequences) of choosing one action/policy over other
actions/policies. As such, it moves beyond the scope of one's own interests and takes
into account the interests of others.
REFERENCES
Textbook:
Online:
The Categorical Imperative - Immanuel Kant”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=284PIEhQ-Xg&t=49s
“A short introduction to Kant's Categorical Imperative”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oDP4vSSuuHk
“PHILOSOPHY - Ethics: Utilitarianism, Part 1 [HD]”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uvmz5E75ZIA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uGDk23Q0S9E

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MoCuVa9UeR
“Utilitarianism: Crash Course Philosophy #36”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-a739VjqdSI
78 | P a g e
Chapter 6: Framework and Principles Behind Moral
Dispositions
Learning outcomes:
Differentiate justice and fairness;
Critique justice and fairness; and
Identify various forms of political doctrines.

Lesson 1: Righteousness and Equality__________________________
ENABLING ACTIVITY
TITLE : Picture interpretation

TIME : 10 mins
Instruction: Analyze the picture below. What does it show? Interpret and give an opinion about
how it.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
79 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Justice and Fairness____________________________________
In its narrower sense, justice is fairness.
Click https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-lifestyle/2017/08/05/1725783/between-justice-
and-fairness to read an article about justice and fairness.
Justice Fairness
 Justice is often about overriding principles  Fairness is more commonly about
how those principles are applied to a
specific set of circumstances or a
 Justice means giving each person what he particular situation
or she deserves or, in more traditional  Addressing situations about how we
terms, giving each person his or her due expect to be treated and how others
 Usually has been used with reference to a expect us to treat them
standard of rightness  Has been used with regard to an
ability to judge without reference to
one’s feelings or interests
Principles of Fairness
Fairness requires that we:
1. Treat all people equitably based on their merits and abilities and handle all essentially
similar situations with consistency.
2. Make all decisions on appropriate criteria, without undue favoritism or improper prejudice
3. Never blame or punish people for what they did not do, and appropriately sanction those
those who violate moral obligations or laws.
4. Promptly and voluntarily correct personal and institutional mistakes and improprieties.
5. Not take unfair advantage of people’s mistakes or ignorance.
6. Fully consider the rights, and perspectives of all stakeholders, approach judgments with
open-minded impartiality (setting aside prejudice and predispositions), consciensciously
gather and verify facts, provide critical stakeholders with an opportunity to explain or
clarify, and carefully evaluate the information.
80 | P a g e
Principles of Justice
“Equals should be treated equals and unequal unequally” is the widely accepted principle of justice
first defined by Aristotle.
John Rawls, a Harvard political scientist identified two principles of justice, namely:
1. Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic
liberties compatible with a similar liberty for all
2. Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both: (a) to the
greatest benefit of the least advantaged, consistent with just the savings principle, and (b)
attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity.
Different kinds Justice___________________________________

There are different kinds of justice, namely:
1. Distributive justice
2. Retributive or corrective justice
3. Compensatory justice
Lesson 2: Political Doctrines_________________________________
Egalitarian Justice______________________________________
Egalitarianism is a trend of thought in political philosophy. An egalitarian favors equality of some
sort: People should get the same, or be treated the same, or be treated as equals, in some
respect. The term is derived is French word “legal”, meaning “equal” or “level” and was first used in
English in the 1880s, although the equivalent term “equalitarian” dates from the late 18th century.
Types of Egalitarianism
1. Economic Egalitarianism (or Material Egalitarianism)
2. Moral Egalitarianism
3. Legal Egalitarianism
4. Political Egalitarianism
5. Luck Egalitarianism
6. Gender Egalitarianism
7. Racial Egalitarianism
8. Opportunity Egalitarianism
9. Christian Egalitarianism
81 | P a g e
Socialism (Socialist Justice)_______________________________
Socialism is a populist economic and political system based on the public ownership (also
known as collective or common ownership) of the means of production.
Socialism’s mantra is “From each according to his ability, to each according to his
contribution”. Everyone in the society receives a share of the production based on how much each
has contributed.
Click this link https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/socialism.asp to watch a video

clip about socialism
Capitalism____________________________________________
Capitalism is an economic system where private entities own the factors of production. The
four factors are entrepreneurship, capital goods, natural resources, and labor. Capitalism, also
called free market economy or free enterprise economy, economic system.
Characteristics of Capitalism
1. Two-class system
2. Profits motive
3. Minimal government intervention
4. Competition
5. Willingness to change
82 | P a g e
MAIN TASK 1

TIME : 15 mins
Instruction: Based on the discussion. Write down the advantages and disadvantages of the
following political doctrines:
1. Socialism
83 | P a g e
2. Capitalism
84 | P a g e
MAIN TASK 2
TIME : 10 mins
Instruction: Compare and contrast the following using the Venn Diagram
a. egalitarianism
b. socialist
c. capitalist
85 | P a g e
MAIN TASK 3
TIME : 5 mins
Instruction: Read the question below and. Write your answer in the spaces provided.
1. In your own opinion, which of the three is the best? Why? Discuss this with your classmates.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
REINFORCEMENT ACTIVITY
TITLE : Flash card recitation

TIME : 20 mins
MATERIALS : flash cards
Instruction: Instructor shall use flash cards showing different moral theories and students who will
be called shall elaborate or explain what’s being shown in the flash card.
TOPIC SUMMARY
 Fairness is the quality of making judgments that are free from discrimination justice
is an action that is morally right and fair.
 Justice has three kinds namely: Distributive justice, Retributive or corrective justice
and Compensatory justice
 Political doctrines are political ideology of a nation typically affects that government's
position on private property rights.
 Three main types of political doctrines are: socialism, egalitarianism and capitalism.
REFERENCES
Textbook:
Online:
https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-lifestyle/2017/08/05/1725783/between-justice-and-
fairness
Socialism https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/socialism.asp
86 | P a g e

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ETHICS

Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges Marbel Incorporated

Filipino Family Values

Lesson 2: Moral Theories 58-61

Lesson 1: The Early Philosophers 62-66

No. of Hours to complete: 2 Hours

TITLE : The Rules I Follow

Click this link https://bringyourownscience.com/rules/ to read an article about the

TITLE : Rules of the Game

Name of the Game: ______________________________

Rules of the game:

No. of Hours to complete: 1 Hour

TITLE : Concept Mapping

Click here for a video clips about the subject ethics.

TITLE : Graphic Organizer

NORMATIVE ETHICS DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS

Instruction: Give 5 examples of descriptive ethics and 5 examples of normative ethics.

TITLE : Short Quiz/ Q & A

_____1. The philosophical study of morality

What is Ethics? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u399XmkjeXo&feature=share

What is Ethics? - PHILO-notes Whiteboard Edition

What is NORMATIVE ETHICS? What does NORMATIVE ETHICS mean? NORMATIVE

What is DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS? What does DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS mean? DESCRIPTIVE

No. of Hours to complete: 1 Hour

TITLE : Picture Interpretation

Key Features of Morality__________________________________

Click here for a powerpoint presentation about key features of morality.

Man as a Moral Agent________________________________

Click https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qthEZ2zSPWU&feature=share for a video

Aristotle and Moral Responsibility________________________

TITLE : Venn Diagram

TITLE : Q & A/ Forum

No. of Hours to complete: 2 Hours

TITLE : Picture interpretation

Click https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVYcETMuJg8&feature=share for a video

Click here for a powerpoint presentation about moral dilemma.

Click https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzmNoFnxu68&feature=share to learn

TITLE : Graphic Organizer

Moral Standards Non-Moral Standards

TITLE : Post it questions

6 Hardest 'Would You Rather' Dilemmas Ever

No. of Hours to complete: 3

TITLE : Concept Mapping

Click here to view powerpoint presentation about freedom and morality.

What is Categorical Imperative?_________________________

Click https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=284PIEhQ-Xg&feature=share to watch a

Human Acts vs Acts of Humans_________________________

Click here to view file about human acts vs acts of humans.

TITLE : Reading Task

1. Why is freedom essential for true morality?

3. What makes freedom as the foundation of moral act?

categorical imperative hypothetical imperative

TITLE : Short Quiz

No. of Hours to complete: 1

TITLE : Graphic organizer

Culture is that complex whole which

Influence of Culture in Moral development_________________

TITLE : The Culture I Have

No. of Hours to complete: 1

Click here for powerpoint presentation about cultural relativism

Advantages and Disadvantages of Cultural Relativism__________

TITLE : Graphic organizer

TITLE : Short Quiz (True or False)