Analytica Chimica Acta 1071 (2019) 53e58

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Analytica Chimica Acta

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/aca

A morphology-based ultrasensitive multicolor colorimetric assay for

detection of blood glucose by enzymatic etching of plasmonic gold
nanobipyramids
Shenghao Xu a, Liping Jiang a, Yuanyuan Liu a, Pingping Liu b, Wei Wang a, Xiliang Luo a, *
a
Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao
University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
b
Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450000, PR China

h i g h l i g h t s g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t

Enzyme-catalyzed reaction mediated

etching of Au NBPs was firstly used
for blood glucose detection.

Approximate glucose levels can be
intuitively and conveniently judged
with naked eye.

Au NBPs based-detection limitcan be
reduced three orders of magnitude
lower thangold nanorods.

Serums from normal and diabetic
patients could be visually discrimi-
nated with naked eye .

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: An ultrasensitively multicolor colorimetric assay on the basis of enzyme-catalyzed reaction mediated
Received 19 December 2018 etching of gold nanobipyramids (Au NBPs) is developed for detection of blood glucose with naked eye.
Received in revised form This assay depends on the catalytic oxidation of H2O2 (generated from glucose oxidation) by horseradish
1 April 2019
peroxidase (HRP) to generate hydroxyl radicals (
OH) with strong oxidizability, which can accelerate the
Accepted 22 April 2019
Available online 25 April 2019
Au NBPs etching and accompany with vivid color changes and localized surface plasmon resonance
(LSPR) blue shift. On the basis of this, the proposed colorimetric glucose assay accomplishes a dynamic
range of 0.05e90 mM with detection limit of 0.02 mM, which is almost three orders of magnitude lower
Keywords:
Gold nanobipyramids
than that (10 mM) based on gold nanorods (Au NRs). Moreover, the approximate glucose levels can be
Colorimetric assay intuitively and conveniently judged by the color changes with naked eye. Most importantly, visually
Multicolor distinguish between healthy people and diabetic patients by naked eye dispense with any sophisticated
Glucose instrument is the most important highlight of this colorimetric assay, indicating the available potential
for diagnosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of colorimetric assay using Au NBPs as
etching substrates for visually analysis of glucose.
© 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

With the advantages of portability, speediness and simplicity,

ultrasensitively assay of blood glucose level is of high significance
* Corresponding author. for early diagnosis of diabetes [1]. So far, various sensitive
E-mail address: xiliangluo@qust.edu.cn (X. Luo).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2019.04.053
0003-2670/© 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
54 S. Xu et al. / Analytica Chimica Acta 1071 (2019) 53e58
techniques for glucose detection have been proposed, including
fluorescence, electrochemiluminescence, colorimetric, surface
enhanced raman scattering and electrochemistry [2e8]. Among
these, colorimetric assay is considered as a potential candidate for
assay because visual judgment can be intuitively achieved by naked
eye without the requirement of sophisticated equipments [9,10].
However, qualitative detection can only be achived by traditional
colorimetric assay because of the limited single color variation
(only intensity changes but no spectral peak shift) [11]. It's known
to all that human eyes are more subtle to color variance (with peak
shift) instead of the optical intensity changes (no peak shift) [12]. It
can be predicted that the accuracy of visual detection will be
extremely enhanced if multiple colors are appeared in a colori-
metric sensor. Therefore, the development of highly sensitive
colorimetric assays that shows muticolor responses for quantita-
tively or semi-quantitatively detection of glucose is still urgently
needed.
Recently, plasmonic gold nanorods (Au NRs) based colorimetric
glucose assays have attracted great interest due to their tunable
aspect ratio [13,14]. Vivid colors for visual detection can be ach-
ieved by altering the aspect ratio of Au NRs. Although visually semi-
quantitative glucose detection can be obtained with naked eyes, the
sensitivity is still limited because the color change is unapparent
when a low glucose concentration exsits because of the round end
shape of Au NRs [15]. Compared with Au NRs, gold nanobipyramids
(Au NBPs) own two more sharper apexes, which makes the aspect
ratio easier to be changed [16]. Therefore, it is predictable that the
sensitivity can be improved, while still keep the various color re-
sponses. To the best of our knowledge, utilizing Au NBPs as etching
substrates for ultrasensitively assay of glucose level has not been
explored yet.
In this work, we propose an ultrasensitively multicolor colori-
metric assay for detection of blood glucose based on enzyme-
catalyzed reaction mediated etching of Au NBPs. Under the catal-
ysis of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), H2O2 (generated from glucose
oxidation) broken down into hydroxyl radicals (·OH) with strong
oxidizability, which can accelerate the Au NBPs etching, inducing
vivid colors changing and localized surface plasmon resonance
(LSPR) blue shift. Based on this, the approximate glucose levels can
be intuitively and conveniently judged by the color changes with
naked eye. Most importantly, visually distinguish between healthy
people from diabetic patients with naked eye can be successfully
realized by this proposed multicolor colorimetric sensor, demon-
strating its great potential in clinical blood glucose detection.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Materials
HRP, sodium borohydride (NaBH4), Cetyltrimethylammonium
bromide (CTAB), glucose oxidase (GOx), sodium citrate, hydrogen
tetrachloroaurate trihydrate (HAuCl4$3H2O), ascorbic acid,
NH3$H2O (25%), cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) and
silver nitrate (AgNO3) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich
(Shanghai, China). H2O2 (30%) and glucose were obtained from
Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Serum samples were obtained from
Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, and collected with
informed agreement from the human volunteers. The serum sam-
ples were obtained from people who went to the hospital for a
routine physical examination without meal. Some of these were
diagnosed to be diabetes with type I diabetic condiotion. Serum
samples from these diabetes patients were collected with their
agreement. Meanwhile, these diagnosed diabetes have also
received appropriate insulin therapy in the hospital after physical
examination. The glucose levels of serum samples have also been
verified by a standard method using the OLYMPUS AU 400 auto-
matic biochemical analyzer in hospital, which we have shown in
Table S2. Additionally, the sample collection was authorized by
Institutional Review Board of Qingdao Women and Children's
Hospital.
2.2. Instruments
Ultravioletevisible (UVeVis) absorption spectra were measured
by a UV-2600 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan). The mor-
phologies of Au NBPs with different oxidation stage were charac-
terized by a H-7650 (Hitachi, Japan) transmission electron
microscope (TEM).
2.3. Preparation of Au NBPs
Au NBPs were synthesized according to a classical seed-
mediated growth method with some modification [14]. In detail,
sodium citrate (500 mL, 0.01 M) and HAuCl4 (250 mL, 0.01 M) were
added to 19.25 mL deionized water and stirred for 10 min. Then,
ice-cold NaBH4 (300 mL, 0.01 M) was added to the above mixture
under vigorous stirring for 15 min. After aging at 30  C for
2120 min, the seed solution was obtained. The seed solution (4 mL)
was added to the mixtures of HAuCl4 (20 mL, 0.01 M), CTAB
(400 mL, 0.1 M), HCl (8.0 mL, 1 M), ascorbic acid (3.2 mL, 0.1 M) and
AgNO3 (4.0 mL, 0.01 M), which was prepared in advance. After
standing for 30  C overnight, the crude products were obtained.
After centrifuging at 10 000 rpm for 10 min, the precipitate was
redispersed into CTAC (320 mL, 0.08 M). Whereafter, ascorbic acid
(30 mL, 0.1 M) and AgNO3 (80 mL, 0.01 M) were added to the above
redispered solution. After aging at 65  C for 6 h, precipitates were
obtained after centrifuging at 10 000 rpm for 10 min, and then
redispersed in CTAB (320 mL, 0.1 M) at 30  C for 8 h to get Ag/Au
NRs. Afterwards, the obtained Ag/Au NRs were redispersed in
200 mL deionized water, followed by adding 3.2 mL of NH3$H2O
(25%) and 1.6 mL of H2O2 (30%), keeping undisturbed for 3 h. At last,
the precipitate obtained after centrifuging for 10 min at 10 000 rpm
was redispered into 0.2 M of CTAB, acquiring the purified Au NBPs.
2.4. Visually colorimetric assay of glucose
GOx (3 mL, 10 mM) and HRP (2 mL, 500 mM) were added to 480 mL
Au NBPs (pH ¼ 4.0, adjust by citrate buffer). Then, 15 mL glucose
with various concentrations was added to the above mixtures. After
incubating at 37  C for 0.5 h, the absorption spectra weremeasured,
and the corresponding color changes were obtained by digital
camera.
2.5. Visually distinguish between healthy and diabetic people by
naked eye
Serum samples were diluted 100 times before use. GOx (3 mL,
10 mM) and HRP (2 mL, 500 mM) were added to 480 mL Au NBPs
(pH ¼ 4.0, adjust by citrate buffer). Then, 15 mL of serum (1/100) was
added to the above mixtures. After incubating at 37  C for 0.5 h, the
corresponding color changes were obtained by digital camera.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Characterization of Au NBPs
Fig. 1A shows the crude products contain both Au NBPs and gold
nanoparticles (Au NPs). To acquire pure Au NBPs, three-step puri-
fication was performed. The first step is growing Ag on the crude
products, acquiring the mixtures of Ag/Au NRs and Ag/Au NPs
 S. Xu et al. / Analytica Chimica Acta 1071 (2019) 53e58 55

(Fig.S1A). The second step is separation. According to the distinct
depletion interactions between surfactant micelles [17], Ag/Au NRs
(Fig.S1B) and Ag/Au NPs (Fig.S1C) were well separated with each
other. At last, the purified Au NBPs with high monodispersity were
acquired after etching the coated Ag by H2O2 and NH3$H2O (Fig. 1B).
In addition, the structure and composition results of growing and
etching Ag on a single Au NBP were simultaneously obtained by
high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron mi-
croscopy (HAADF-STEM) imaging and elemental mapping (Fig. 1C).
Absorption spectrums shown in Fig. 1D further indicated the suc-
cessful purification. Moreover, the plasmon peak wavelength and
intensity show negligible changes within one week of incubation,
demonstrating the high stability of the as-prepared Au NBPs
(Fig. 1E).
3.2. Principle of the multicolor colormetric glucose assay
Fig. 2A schematically illustrated the sensing mechanism of the
multicolor colormetric glucose assay. H2O2 was produced by GOx-
catalyzed glucose oxidation, and then decomposed into highly
oxidizing
OH under the catalysis of HRP [13], which can accelerate
the Au NBPs etching. Different concentrations of glucose will result
in different degrees of etching, causing the LSPR band of Au NBPs
blue shift accompanied various color change (such as light brown,
blue and pink) which can be identified with the naked eye. On the
basis of this sensing mechanism, a considerably simple multicolor
colorimetric assay was proposed for analysis of glucose.
Control experiments were performed to investigated the feasi-
bility of the multicolor colormetric glucose assay. As shown in
Fig. S2, after adding glucose, GOx, or glucose and GOx to Au NBPs,
respectively, the longitudinal LSPR band exhibited neglectable shift,

Fig. 1. TEM images of (A) crude products and (B) purified Au NBPs. (C) HAADF-STEM image of a single Ag/AuNR (a) and a single purified Au NBP (c); (b,d) the corresponding
elemental mapping images, respectively. (D) Absorption spectra of the crude products (black line), purified Au NBPs (red line), and Au NPs (blue line). (E) Absorption spectra of Au
NBPs storaged for 3 days, 7 days and 15 days, respectively. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
56 S. Xu et al. / Analytica Chimica Acta 1071 (2019) 53e58

demonstrating the unsuccessful etching of Au NBPs. Whereas the
longitudinal LSPR band obviously blue shifted when glucose, GOx
and HRP were both simultaneously added, demonstrating the
successful etching of Au NBPs. Furthermore, TEM was also used to
characterize the different stages of oxidation of Au NBPs during the
etching process. It can be seen from Fig. 2BeE, as the increase of
glucose concentrations, the length of AuNBPs gradually decreased
accompanied color change from light brown to pink. The distri-
butions histogram of aspect ratios and their average values
analyzed from the corresponding TEM images (Fig. S3)
demonstrating that the average aspect ratio decreased from 3.1 to
1.2, which is in consistant with the blue shift of the longitudinal
LSPR band of Au NBPs (Fig. S4). It's worth noting that all these re-
sults further confrmed the feasibility of the sensing mechanism of
the multicolor colormetric glucose assay. Furthermore, the con-
centrations of HRP, CTAB and the effect of the reaction time were
optimized. As shown in Fig. S5 and 6, 2.0 mM of HRP, 0.2 M of CTAB
and 30 min were selected as the optimal conditions.

Fig. 2. (A) Schematic illustration of the Au NBPs etching based multicolor colorimetric assay for glucose detection. TEM images of AuNBPs after etching in the presence of (B) 0 M,
(C) 60 mM, (D) 70 mM and (E) 180 mM glucose. Insets show the corresponding colors. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the
Web version of this article.)
 S. Xu et al. / Analytica Chimica Acta 1071 (2019) 53e58 57

3.3. Sensitivity and selectivity to glucose

The concentrations of the glucose are related to the degree of

blue shift of the longitudinal LSPR band. Therefore, the dynamic
monitoring range and the sensitivity were studied under the
optimal conditions. Fig. 3A shows the longitudinal LSPR band of
AuNBPs gradually blue shifted with the increasing glucose con-
centrations. The longitudinal LSPR shift was found to be linear with
the concentrations of glucose in the range of 0.05e90 mM. The fitted
linear data can be expressed as △l ¼ 2.68 [Glucose]þ5.05,
R2 ¼ 0.994. This linear relationship between the longitudinal LSPR
shift of AuNBPs. The detection limit was calculated to be 0.02 mM
using the 3s/s method [18](Fig. 3B). To emphasize the prominent
advantages of Au NBPs as substrates for the multicolor colormetric
glucose assay, Au NRs with an optimal plasma absorption peak at
approximately 780 nm were synthesized for comparison (Fig. S7),
and the detection condition was the same as that of Au NBPs. As
shown in Fig. 3B, the detection limit on the basis of Au NBPs
(0.02 mM) was almost three orders of magnitude lower than that
(10 mM) based on Au NRs. As a new colormetric glucose assay, the
detection limit and detection time of the proposed assay were also
Fig. 4. Selectivity of the colormetric assay for glucose detection. The LSPR shift of the
compared to other methods for glucose detection (see Table S1). AuNBPs in response to 100 mM UA, 100 mM AA, 100 mM sucrose, 100 mM fructose,
Comparatively, the detection limit and detection time of the pre- 100 mM lactose, 1000 mM histidine, 3000 mM tyrosine, 3000 mM serine, 3000 mM glu-
sent work is better than or comparable to the recently reported tamic acid, 3000 mM alanine, 6000 mM phenylalanine, 1000 mM glycine and 60 mM
methods [19e24]. In addition, it is worth noting that different color glucose. Inset shows the corresponding color changes. (For interpretation of the ref-
erences to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this
change can be obviously observed with the increased concentration
article.)
of glucose (Fig. 3C). Therefore, semiquantitative detection of
glucose can be evidently realized by these vivid color changes by
naked eye at a glance, which provides a basis for visually and semi- acid, alanine, phentlalanine and glycine) exhibited negligible ef-
quantitatively detection of blood glucose. fects, indicating the current colormetric assay possessed excellent
Interference studies were then performed to investigate the selectivity towards glucose.
selectivity for glucose detection. As shown in Fig. 4, the current
colormetric assay exhibited high selectivity towards glucose, and
other commonly existing substances in human serum including 3.4. Visually distinguish between healthy people from diabetic
uric acid (UA), ascorbic acid (AA), sucrose, fructose, lactose and patients with naked eye
some common amino acids (histidine, tyrosine, serine, glutamic
To further explore the applicability of the proposed colormetric

Fig. 3. (A) UVevis spectra change of Au NBPs in the oxidation etching process in the presence of various concentrations of glucose (from right to left: 0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.3, 1.2, 3, 6, 10, 20,
30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 180 and 200 mM). (B) Linear curve for glucose detection on the basis of Au NRs (blue line) and Au NBPs (red line), respectively. (C) Color change
of the colormetric assay with the increasing glucose concentrations. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of
this article.)
58 S. Xu et al. / Analytica Chimica Acta 1071 (2019) 53e58
Fig. 5. Comparison of the serum test results between (A) three healthy people and (B)
three diabetes patients.
assay, human serum samples from three healthy volunteers and
three diabetes volunteers were detected (serum samples were
diluted 100 times before use). As is shown in Fig. 5, healthy people
and diabetes patients can be easily distinguished by the different
color changes. In details, green or blue color indicated that blood
sugar level was in the normal range (3.0e6.0 mM), while purple or
pink color indicated that blood sugar level was beyond normal
value (approximately 7.0 mM). That is to say, the approximate
blood glucose levels can be intuitively and conveniently judged by
color changes. In addition, the detection results by the present
colormetric assay were consistent with that by standard method in
hospital (Table S2). Notably, visually distinguish between healthy
and diabetic people by naked eye is the most important highlight of
this colorimetry, indicating the feasible potential for clinical
diagnosis.
4. Conclusions
In summary, we have successfully proposed a novel ultra-
sensitively multicolor colorimetric assay for highly sensitive and
visual detection of glucose on the basis of enzyme-catalyzed reac-
tion mediated etching of Au NBPs. The advantage of this method
over existing commercial blood glucose meters is the intuitively
and conveniently judging the approximate blood glucose levels
with high sensitivity by naked eye according to vivid color changes
which were generated during the etching process. Such high
sensitivity makes it possible for the proposed sensor to detect low
levels of glucose in other physiological samples such as tears be-
sides blood. Most importantly, the proposed colorimetric assay can
be successfully applied to visually distinguish between healthy
people and diabetic patients by naked eye. In addition, by changing
the type of enzyme, this colorimetric method could also be
extended to other biomolecules detection, showing its great po-
tential in clinical application. We believe that this sensitive color-
imetric glucose detection method by direct visualisation with the
naked eye will have greater room for development and gain much
more potential commercial values.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support from the Na-
tional Natural Science Foundation of China of China (21675093,
21505081), the Doctoral Found of QUST (010022832) and the
Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province, China
(ts20110829).
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2019.04.053.
References
[1] Y. Jiang, H. Zhao, Y.Q. Lin, N.N. Zhu, Y.R. Ma, L.Q. Mao, Colorimetric detection of
glucose in rat brain using gold nanoparticles, Angew. Chem. 122 (2010)
4910e4914.
[2] H. Wang, J.H. Yi, Y.Y. Yu, S.Q. Zhou, NIR upconversion fluorescence glucose
sensing and glucose-responsive insulin release of carbon dot-immobilized
hybrid microgels at physiological pH, Nanoscale 9 (2017) 509e516.
[3] T.R. Lin, Y.M. Qin, Y.L. Huang, R.T. Yang, L. Hou, F.G. Ye, S.L. Zhao, A label-free
fluorescence assay for hydrogen peroxide and glucose based on the bifunc-
tional MIL-53(Fe) nanozyme, Chem. Commun. 54 (2018) 1762e1765.
[4] Y. Shu, Y. Yan, J.Y. Chen, Q. Xu, H. Pang, X.Y. Hu, Ni and NiO nanoparticles
decorated metaleorganic framework nanosheets: facile synthesis and high-
performance nonenzymatic glucose detection in human serum, ACS Appl.
Mater. Interfaces 9 (2017) 22342e22349.
[5] S.A. Kitte, W.Y. Gao, Y.T. Zholudov, L.M. Qi, A. Nsabimana, Z.Y. Liu, G.B. Xu,
Stainless steel electrode for sensitive luminol electrochemiluminescent
detection of H2O2, glucose, and glucose oxidase activity, Anal. Chem. 89
(2017) 9864e9869.
[6] J. He, J. Sunarso, Y.L. Zhu, Y.J. Zhong, J. Miao, W. Zhou, Z.P. Shao, High-per-
formance non-enzymatic perovskite sensor for hydrogen peroxide and
glucose electrochemical detection, Sens. Actuators, B 244 (2017) 482e491.
[7] O.I. Wilner, Y. Weizmann, R. Gill, O. Lioubashevski, R. Freeman, I. Willner,
Enzyme cascades activated on topologically programmed DNA scaffolds, Nat.
Nanotechnol. 4 (2009) 249e254.
[8] J. Garcia, Y. Zhang, H. Taylor, O. Cespedes, M.E. Webb, D.J. Zhou, Multilayer
enzyme-coupled magnetic nanoparticles as efficient, reusable biocatalysts and
biosensors, Nanoscale 3 (2011) 3721e3730.
[9] N.A. Rakow, K.S. Suslick, A colorimetric sensor array for odour visualization,
Nature 406 (2000) 710e713.
[10] X. Ye, H. Shi, X. He, K. Wang, D. He, L.A. Yan, F. Xu, Y. Lei, J. Tang, Y. Yu, Iodide-
responsive Cu-Au nanoparticle-based colorimetric platform for ultrasensitive
detection of target cancer cells, Anal. Chem. 87 (2015) 7141e7147.
[11] Z.H. Chen, C.Q. Chen, H.W. Huang, F. Luo, L.H. Guo, L. Zhang, Z.Y. Lin, G.N. Chen,
Target-induced horseradish peroxidase deactivation for multicolor colori-
metric assay of hydrogen sulfide in rat brain microdialysis, Anal. Chem. 90
(2018) 6222e6228.
[12] D.L.R. Rica, M.M. Stevens, Plasmonic ELISA for the ultrasensitive detection of
disease biomarkers with the naked eye, Nat. Nanotechnol. 7 (2012) 821e824.
[13] L. Saa, M. Coronado, V. Pavlov, L.M. Marzan, Enzymatic etching of gold
nanorods by horseradish peroxidase and application to blood glucose detec-
tion 6 (2014) 7405e7409.
[14] Y. Lin, M. Zhao, Y. Guo, X. Ma, F. Luo, L. Guo, B. Qiu, G. Chen, Z. Lin, Multicolor
colormetric biosensor for the determination of glucose based on the etching
of gold nanorods, Sci. Rep. 6 (2016) 378e379.
[15] S.H. Xu, W.J. Ouyang, P.S. Xie, Y. Lin, B. Qiu, Z.Y. Lin, G.N. Chen, L.H. Guo, Highly
uniform gold nanobipyramids for ultrasensitive colorimetric detection of
influenza virus, Anal. Chem. 89 (2017) 1617e1623.
[16] S.H. Xu, L.P. Jiang, Y.Y. Nie, J. Wang, H.M. Li, Y.Y. Liu, W. Wang, G.Y. Xu,
X.L. Luo, Gold nanobipyramids as dual-functional substrates for in situ “turn
on” analyzing intracellular telomerase activity based on target-triggered
plasmon-enhanced fluorescence, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 (2018)
26851e26858.
[17] B.P. Khanal, E.R. Zubarev, Purification of high aspect ratio gold nanorods:
complete removal of platelets, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 (2008) 12634e12635.
[18] Z. Cheng, Z. Wang, D.E. Gillespie, C. Lausted, Z. Zheng, M. Yang, J. Zhu, Plain
silver surface plasmon resonance for microarray application, Anal. Chem. 87
(2015) 1466e1469.
[19] D. Zhou, X.Q. Cao, Z. Wang, S. Hao, X.D. Hou, F.L. Qu, G. Du, A.M. Asiri,
C.B. Zheng, X.P. Sun, Fe3N-Co2N nanowires array:ANon-noble-metal bifunc-
tional catalyst electrode for high-performance glucose oxidation and H2O2
reduction toward non-enzymatic sensing applications, Chem. Eur J. 23 (2017)
5214e5218.
[20] L.H. Jin, Z. Meng, Y.Q. Zhang, S.J. Cai, Z.H. Zhang, C. Li, L. Shang, Y.H. Shen,
Ultrasmall Pt nanoclusters as robust peroxidase mimics for colorimetric
detection of glucose in human serum, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9 (2017)
10027e10033.
[21] Q.Q. Wang, X.P. Zhang, L. Huang, Z.Q. Zhang, S.J. Dong, One-pot synthesis of
Fe3O4 nanoparticle loaded 3D porous graphene nanocomposites with
enhanced nanozyme activity for glucose detection, ACS Appl. Mater. In-
terfaces 9 (2017) 7465e7471.
[22] N. Lu, M. Zhang, L. Ding, J. Zheng, C.X. Zen, Y.L. Wen, G. Liu, A. Aldalbahi,
J.Y. Shi, S.P. Song, X.L. Zuo, L.H. Wang, Yolk-shell nanostructured Fe3O4@C
magnetic nanoparticles with enhanced peroxidase-like activity for label-free
colorimetric detection of H2O2 and glucose, Nanoscale 9 (2017) 4508e4515.
[23] X. Zheng, Q. Zhu, H. Song, X. Zhao, T. Yi, H. Chen, X. Chen, In situ synthesis of
self-assembled three-dimensional graphene-magnetic palladium nanohybrids
with dual-enzyme activity through one-pot strategy and its application in
glucose probe, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7 (2015) 3480e3491.
[24] J.L. Ma, B.C. Yin, X. Wu, B.C. Ye, Simple and cost-effective glucose detection.
Based on carbon nanodots supported on silver nanoparticles, Anal. Chem. 89
(2017) 1323e1328.