Abbas

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DEBRE TABOR UNIVERSITY 2014
DEBRE TABOR UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT
HOSTING COMPANY……………….FE construction plc
PREPARED BY………….………Abbas Nuredin
ID No…………...…………003/10
MENTOR…………………….. Endale
Prepared by Abbas Page 1

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DECLARATION
It is important to declare that where and what I have done in my internship program. I have
done my internship program in FE construction in order to have practical knowledge and skill.
So, my declaration describes about what I have done during my staying of an internship program
in Ethio tele building site. And I declare that this internship final report is an original work of
mine. Properly organized and prepared during my forth month of internship program. I assure
that the report contains actual events and facts that we observed and performed throughout my
practical program. All the contents are my own and have not been submitted to any other
university or institutes.
Student Name: Abbas Nuredin
Signature…… Date……….
Approval of the supervisor
Name Mrs Selam date of approve…………
Signature………..
Approval of advisor
Name Mr Endale Date of approve………….
Signature……

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Acknowledgement
First of all I would like to thanks to Allah for his support for all things by standing in front of me
and making all challenging thing good. During my internship period different persons play big
role to develop my practical and theoretical knowledge. Secondly I would like to thanks
technology faculty of Debre Tabor university for adjust this internship program and for civil
engineering department head and all staff member for their kindly support.
Also I would like to thank all other university student those stay three month in my internship
site for share their knowledge.
Finally I would like to thanks all team member of FE construction plc, from the daily workers up
to the manager for their willingness to share their knowledge.

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Executive Summary
An overall view that shows about what I have been doing. A report about the
internship experience that the Challenges I faced and the successes I have achieved
during the period of the program in ethio tele project the last four months
of practice. The report gives detail information about site and office activities carried
for building project. I have briefly summarized what is expected in the next chapters
in this report.
In the first part of my report, I briefly described the concept of internship,
objective of the internship and where the internship conducted, I also described the
type of construction and the position I have participated.
In second part of my report it describes mainly about the internship experience. I
tried to explain the step by step procedure, starting from the supper
structure of the building,
In the third part overall benefits I gained from my internship in terms ofimproving my practical
skills, interpersonal communication skills, team playing skills,leadership skills, upgrading my
theoretical knowledge and work ethics.
Finally, I covered my conclusions and recommendations for my company and
university.

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Acronyms
 OPC-Ordinary port land cement

 PLC-Private limited company
 C-25 - concrete grade 25
 C-30 - concrete grade 30
 HCB - Hallow concrete block

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Table of contents
DECLARATION2
Acknowledgements3
Executive summary4
ACRONYMS5
Table of Content6
List of Figure9
List of Tables10
Chapter one1
INTRODUCTION1
1.1 Concept of Internship………………………………………………………………….
1.2 Objective of the internship2
1.4 Background of the company12
1.4.1 the main activity of the company
1.4.2 the Objectives vision,mission and goals of the company
1.4.4 products and services of FE construction plc
1.5 the main customers or end product users
1.6 Material, Equipment and machinaries14
1.7 Human Resource and Work Flow at the project site15
Chapter two9
Over all internship experience9
2.1. How I Get Into The Company
2.2.2Section of the company I have been working in the company19
2.3 the work flow in the section9

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2.3.1 the work pieces I have been executing20
2.3.1.1 Office work20
2.3.1.2 Site work21
2.3.1.3 Scaffolding work22
2.3.1.4 Form work22
2.3.2 Reinforcement steel work25
2.3.2.1 Concrete work33
2.3.2.2 Detaching of formwork40
2.3.2.3 Curing of the concrete41
2.3.2.4 Construction eqeupments41
2.3.2.Challenges faced and Measures taken44
Chapter 345
Over all benefits gained from the internship45
3.1 Improving practical skills45
3.2 Improving theoretical knowledge46
3.3 Improving communication skills46
3.4 Improving team working skills46
3.5 Improving leadership skills47
3.6 Improving understanding about work ethics47
3.7 Entrepreneurship skill49
Chapter four50
Recommendation and Conclusion50
4.1 conclusion
4.2 Recommendation
4.2.1 Recommendation for hosting company50

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4.2.2 for the university51
References
Appendices

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List of figure
Figure 1Flow diagram of work......................................................................................................15

Figure 2Slab reinforcement, formwork for slab and slab during casting......................................27
Figure 3Column reinforcement and formwork..............................................................................29
Figure 4Beam reinforcement.........................................................................................................31
Figure 5Stirrups.............................................................................................................................32
Figure 6Stair case reinforcement and formwork...........................................................................33
Figure 9 Fine and coarse aggregate...............................................................................................37
Figure 11 Mixer.............................................................................................................................42
Figure 12Vibrator..........................................................................................................................42
Figure 13 Lift.................................................................................................................................43
Figure 14 Grinder..........................................................................................................................43

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List of table
Table 1Format for takeoff sheet
Table 2 Format for bar schedule
Table 3 Batching box size
Table 4 Formwork detaching Time

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CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1 Concept of Internship
Every theoretically knowledge is not satisfactory to overcome the problem encountered
practically. It is known that internship is the way to achieves practical skills. The internship
program provides employers with an effective way to outreach a qualified and motivated group
of students. This program, however, has a goal beyond that of matching up employers
with prospective employees. It is the intent of the program that this partnership will provide a
meaningful learning experience to students who are developing to be future engineers. In this
manner, the employer becomes an important asset in the development of students who participate
in this program. Also to depend on their civil engineering knowledge acquired during their
academic years through this in the field practical experiences in applied construction industry
projects. In addition such program enhances relationship between engineering department and
the governments and private industrial firms. It also provides the business and construction
industry with well trained professionals.
The Curriculum used for higher education system has new features that involve practical and
theoretical courses and the internship semester in fourth first semester. The main objective of the
internship program is to enable the intern to experience the practical activities carried out on site
(working environment) and correlate it with the theoretical background gained through learning
in three years class time. Other objectives include if problems exist to identify its
cause and take engineering measures to solve it, to get accustomed to the working environment,
to be governed by the rule and regulation of the employer, to be more of team player

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1.2 Objective of the internship

This internship program is very important for students to integrate their theoretical concept to
practice. This enabled us to share and obtain practical knowledge from experienced persons and
professionals. Internship have the following main objective.
 To improve practical skill.
 Upgrading theoretical knowledge.
 To improve interpersonal communication skill.
 Improving leader ship skill and management
 Understanding work ethics.
1.3 Back ground of the company

My hosting company FE construction plc was established in 2001 E.C as grade 2 building contractor. The
company has its head office in Jimma .This Company constructs so many projects in various regions of
Ethiopia effectively with good quality and earliest completion period .According to its organization, it
enjoys a remarkable reputation in the construction industry. Having started with regular staff members,
it has now been able to create job opportunity for many permanent skilled persons and daily labour.
1.3.1 The main activities of the company

 Construction of mixed use buildings
 Residences
 Apartments
 Hotel buildings
 College buildings
 School buildings
 Factory buildings

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1.3.2 The Objective , Vision ,Mission and Goals of the company
Objective:
 To develop the infrastructure of the country and thereby to fulfill the development
needs of the resident public by carrying out study, design and construction supervision
works of the building and providing other similar activities of study, design and
construction supervision as deemed necessary.
 To make the enterprise long lasting and profitable.
Vision:
 To ensure our clients get the service competitive prices and being punctual to complete
the existent project.
 To become the leading consultant enterprise on the areas of building and construction
supervision works.
 To participate in development activities through the construction of infrastructure
provision of employment and treading for youth.
Mission:
 To provide quality consultancy services with fair price on the areas of building designs and
construction supervision works to satisfy the development needs of the country.
Goal:
 Accomplishing the construction projects in quality basis.
 Promotion of the construction activities of the country.
 Creating job opportunities for peoples in various construction project.

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1.3.4 Products and services of FE Construction plc
FE Construction PLC offers buildings wide range of construction services in construction of building,
including high rise buildings.
Some of the products are:
 City Centaral Trading Building JImma Merkato

 Yenage Tesfa School Mentina
 Community apartment around kochi
Some of the project under construction are:

 Tele office building shewa ber
 Jemal building araboch tera
1.4 The main customers or end product users

In all its sector of activities the company has different users over the country. Some of the user of the
company construction services are:
 Governmental organization and institute.

 None governmental organization and institute.
 Private sectors etc.
1.3 Material, equipment and machineries

1. Material: there is different materials that are used in the site for different purposes. Like:
 Cement,
 Aggregate
 Sand
 Water

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 Some admixture if it is necessary
 Reinforcement bars etc.
2. Equipment and machineries : an equipment that are used in FE constructions are:
 Mechanical mixer
 Excavator(chain and wheel)
 Automobile
 Dump trucks
 Sino truck
 Loader
 Scaffoldings
 Formwork
 Hand compactor
 Pick ups
 Vibrators
 Generator
1.6. Human resource and work flow at the project site

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General Consultancy
project Office
manager
Field Secretary
Coordinator
Office Construction Supply & Adm &

Engineer Engineer purchase Finance
Head
Chief Quantity Site Purchaser Accounta

Survey survey Engineer & store nt &
keepers Casher
General
Foreman
Carpentry Steel Struct Electrical Sanitary Masonry

&Joinery work &Rebar Installation Installation and
finishing
leader Preparation work leader work leader
work
Work Leader

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At the project site there were different peoples who are skilled and non-skilled those were daily labors
with different responsibilities. The following are skilled and mandatory persons for the site.
1. Consultant: consults the client and supervise the work of contractor on the site and
approve the work of the contractor and payment sheets prepared by the office engineer
for the activities carried out in the month.
2. The project manager: a person who manages and controls the overall activities on the
site. All the other sections are responsible for the project manager and every work tasks
should be reported to the project manager.
3. Office engineer: is a person who manages the project in order to avoid any delays on the
project completion time. The activities performed by him or her are;
- Preparation of payment sheets
- Preparation of the direct and indirect costs
- Preparation of working drawings
- Preparation of weekly plans and evaluations
- Preparation of expenses for manpower, material, machineries and equipment
4. Site engineer: is a person who guide and control all the construction activities based on
the schedule the office engineer planed and project manager approved. The activities of
the site engineer are;
 Guide the overall site work according to the drawings
 Quantify the materials and requests
 Assigning work tasks to the general Forman.
5. General Forman: is a person who assigns and controls sub-Forman’s such as carpenter
Forman, mason Forman, plastering Forman and soon. The activities carried by him/her
are:
Guide the overall work process
Check executed work tasks
Report the challenges during work procedures.

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6. Forman: a person who controls skilled workers (mason, carpenter, plumber and gang
leader) by giving the directions that he/she has received from the general Forman or the
site engineer:
7. Finance: is a person who is responsible to adjust the work executed and to take care of
monthly salary payment for the employee, finance purchasing of requested and imported
material and submits the payment certificate to the finance. He/she pays the wages of
every worker.
8. Gang leader: a person who controls the distribution of labor forces by taking order from
the Forman. He/she controls the number of labors at each work place and checks whether
the labors are performing their job properly.
There are also other persons who perform different activities within this work flow that take part in the
construction. These are:
 Machine operator: operate and maintain different machines like loader, roller, mixer,
compactor, generator, excavator, and vibrator so on.
 Electrician: installs, maintain and repair electrical systems
 Plumber: install, maintain and repair the sanitary systems
 Store keeper: control the amount and the type of the material entering and leaving the
store.
 Data collector: collects the daily work activities carried out on the site.
 Bar bender: cut, bend, erect and fix the rebar on the required position.
 Carpenter: makes scaffolding, profile boards, formwork and performs formwork
related works.
 The driver: the person who gives the service for office workers, to take the tests to the
lab and gives service for the labor workers at the emergency time.
 The guards: is giving the security for the site for 24 hours.

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CHAPTER TWO
2. Overall internship experience
2.1 How I get into the company

I got into this company after facing of some challenges; I try to send my application letter into different
hosting company which can give me a wide range of experience and practical works. I sent my
application letters to the different construction company, but all of the company did not accept my
application letters due to different reasons. One of the reasons for the rejection of letter by these
companies was their acceptance of other intern students from different universities. After this finally I
went to FE Construction plc by the help of my acceptance paper.
My company has a good working environment and great sociable persons around with great
experiences and readiness to share their knowledge. These all leads me happy for the joined of this
company at Jimma.
2.2 Section of the company I have been working in the company

I have been working in the construction building of mixed use building in which the work owned by the
contractor FE constfiction plc. FE construction plc now is undertaking this project for a purpose of
offices.construct to the ethio tele communication.
2.3 The work flow in the section

The work flow in this company starts at the top from the project manager that controls each and every
aspect concerning the project to facilitate the works to the daily labors. Starting from the project
manager, there are different working groups including the site engineer & office engineers and other
assistance working sectors that play a great role in the effectiveness of the construction progress of
theproject. Thus, to have a good quality in their construction and each member of the working section
must cooperate and work together as a team.
2.3.1 The work pieces I have been executing

As I was working in the building construction, I had to work on the site section. Since building
construction involves a number of steps on the site, the construction were ongoing superstructure

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work and the design of the building were complete in design office, whereas construction and
supervision were done at the construction site.
I spend my time in the site, because of the site engineer and other skilled workers were willing to share
their experience and knowledge in clear way, and also it is the only place where I develop andimprove
my practical skills.
The activities or works executed at the project site at which I am practicing my internship program that I
have grouped in to two:-
 Office work
 Site work
2.3.1.1 Office work

Under the office work the two basic formats in the project site to prepare the work volume of materials
are:
 Preparing take off sheet
 Preparing bar schedule
3. Preparing take off sheet

Take off sheet means calculating the amount of the volume or the area of the work which was executed
at the construction site.it is prepared by the format shown below.
Table 1 : format for takeoff sheet
Item Dimension QTY unit Description
(L*W*D)
Description for the above table

 Item No:-the number of the same type of members in the same floor system.

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 L*W*D:-length*width*depth.
 QTY:-quantity which is the product of length, width and depth.
 Description:-giving the description for which the analysis is done with their axis.
4. Preparation of bar schedule
It is known that the reinforcing bar is one of the essential units of certain structural element and for this
reason it is important to determine the type and the amount of steel required for a certain project,
which is determined by kilogram (kg).
Table 2 : Format for bar schedule
Locati Shape Diameter Length No No of Total Total length for each diameter
on (mm) (M) of member no of
bar bar ᶲ6 ᶲ8 ᶲ10 ᶲ 12 ᶲ14 ᶲ16 ᶲ20
1 Total length(m)
2 Weight(kg/m)
3 Total Weight(kg)
2.3.1.2 Site work

The activities which were done on the site are:
 Scaffolding work
 Formwork work
 reinforcing steel work
 Concrete casting work
 Dismantling formwork
 Chiseling of slabs, beams, columns, soffit etc.
 Curing of concrete

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2.3.1.3 Scaffolding work
Wooden scaffolding was done for manual pass, material transporting and other activities. Where work
cannot safely be done on the ground, from part of a building, or other permanent structure, a safe and
suitable scaffold shall be provided and maintained or other equally safe and suitable provisions should
be made. It is essential that scaffolds should be provided with safe means of access, such as stairs,
ladders or ramps.
In the construction of scaffolds, sufficient and suitable eucalyptus tree was used. It was straight grained,
sound, and free from large knots, worm holes and other defects likely to affect its strength. The
fastening it was done by using the appropriate nail size as longer as the size of it. Most of the time
carpenters were using the nails of size ♯12 and ♯10.
2.3.1.4 Formwork
Formwork: Is a temporary structure to confine and support the fresh and green concrete as it is in
plastic stage until it becomes self-supporting. It was provided until concrete gains strength. Strength,
with an adequate margin for expected loads is a basic requirement for the safety of both the workmen
and the structure itself.
 Requirements for formwork: -

 It was strong enough to resist the weight of fresh concrete, equipment, men, etc. if any
 It was rigid enough to retain the shape without deformation
 It was so tight that it should not allow a leakage of cement paste etc.
 The inside surface was smooth to get the required surface after stripping. To have the smooth
surface of formwork and desirable shape of concrete the formwork has oiled by burnt oil or
other chemicals by brush.
 It has been removed easily without injury to the surface.
 The material of formwork should be cheap and suitable for reuse.
 It should be water proof so that it does not absorb water from concrete.
 It should be as light as possible.

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The objective of a good formwork is:
Quality: to achieve the desired size, shape and finish of concrete
Safety: capable of supporting all dead and live loads without collapse or damage to workmen and
to the concrete structure
Economy: efficient, saving time and money for the contractor and owner
Some of the reasons why metal formwork is better than using wood panels
 it can be used over and over for a long time
 it is easy to remove the formwork from the surface
 it provides an even and smooth concrete surface
 it does not shrink or get distorted
Checking the form work was composed of the following activities

 Check for internal dimension
 Check for vertical alignment
 Check for horizontal alignment
 Internal dimension: the internal dimensions of the formwork were equal to the external
dimension of the concrete member to be casted.
 Vertical alignment: the vertical alignment of the form work for column and shear walls
were checked by plumb bob. A freely hanging plum bob gives exactly the vertical
alignment in both directions because any undisturbed freely hanging mass points to its
vertical. So using the verticality of the string carpenter measures the horizontal distance
from the formwork to the string at the top and bottom in both directions. They have to be
equal in order to be the form work alignment straight vertical.
Horizontal alignment: The horizontal alignment was checked by measuring “LEGNA” which is
the column alignment with other columns in both directions. The column formworks may be
steel, poly wood or timber. Timber formwork were used for column in my project site.
a) Formwork for beam

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The soffit formwork was prepared as wide as the width of the beam and plus of 2.5cm in each side for
the purpose of fixing the side formwork later. The side formworks were also the same with the depth of
the beam. If the beam supports the slab the outer periphery beam side formwork is the same with
depth of the beam and inner side formwork depth is the same with the web depth and the same for
entire beams.
The soffit form work for beam was supported by “PONTY” which was arranged in every 60cm spacing &
side formwork (SPONDA) for beams & slab which were supported by a “KRISTY” which is an inclined
supporter fixed at the tip of “KRISTY”. These formworks may be steel or wooden as the material
availability. But in my site wooden formwork was used. But in our site beam formwork were not needed
because the beam depth is equal with slab thickness.
b) Formwork for slab
In my site the slab formwork was a play wood with the dimension of 1m*2m. It is more strong, durable
and costly. Because of its strength and durability, the recycled use of it is more efficient. When it was
ready for slab soffit formwork it was placed over the leveled steel “RHS”. In one slab panel more
number of wood panels may require according to the slab panel area.
 The slab soffit formwork is supported by vertical steel poles called “PONTY” in 60cm
spacing & fixed with “KRISTY” according to floor height to care the safety of slab. The
horizontal member at the top which we call them as “RHS “were arranged. The soffit
formwork for the slab may be play wood, steel, timber. But in my site the slab soffit
formwork is play wood was used. These activities are managed by using water level.
These form works must be oiled before concrete casting because of easily removal of
formwork after setting time reaches.
C) Formwork for columns
Formwork was prepared in parallel sides with the addition of 2.5cm longer from the size of column for
the purpose of fixing the adjacent side formwork.
The elevation column formwork was prepared as long as the effective length of elevation column
respectively. All of the column were rectangular in shape, and that of rectangular column was timber
formwork. The inner to inner size of the formwork was also the same with the size of column and two
parallel side of it are 5cm longer from the size of column for fixing the adjacent side formwork. The
preparation of formwork for the shaft was also the same manner with column formwork.
d)Formwork for stair case

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The staircase formwork was timber formwork and the length of it was same with its soffit length. Some
number of timber formwork may require as staircase width. The formwork for the riser
Was 17cm wide, as long as the width of the staircase to support these formworks “KRISTY” and “PONTY”
play an important role. Generally, all the formworks prepared were oiled with burnt oil for the sake of
easily removal of it when the concrete past gains its full strength. The formworks were detached after
the concrete structure gains its full strength and detaching process was somehow careful and
systematic.
e) Formwork for shear wall
The preparation of formwork for shear wall or lift shaft is the same manner with column formwork,
according to its height and width.
2.3.2 Reinforcement steel work

Reinforcing steel has a number of properties which are not found in any other materials. Some of
these properties are:
 High tensile and low compressive strength.
 Ability to deform plastically without damage.
 Can be easily welded, forged and riveted.
 Large displacement before collapse.
Steel reinforcements are used generally in the form of bars of circular cross section in the concrete
structure. They are like skeleton in the human body. Plain concrete without steel or any other
reinforcement is strong in compression, but week in tension. Steel is one of the best forms of
reinforcement to take care of the stresses induced and to strengthen concrete to bear all kinds of loads
applied on the concrete structure. The reinforcement steels were stored in dry places and some height
elevated from the ground to prevent it from rusting. (Ref. EBCS 2).
5. The terms used in reinforcement work are:-

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 Bar-bending- is the schedules of reinforcement bar prepared in advance before cutting
and bending of rebar. This schedule contains all details of size, shape and dimension of
rebar’s to be cut.
 Lap length- is the length over lap of bars tied to extend the reinforcement length. Lap
length about 40Фmm bars is considered to be safe was applied. The main advantage of
this lap length allows bond stress to transfer the load from one bar to another bar.
Bar cutting, bending, arranging on proper position and fixing
The arrangement, length, size and position of bars for beams, slab, columns, staircase, and elevator
shafts on the site were applied as provided at the structural drawing. For the arrangement and fixing of
bars the appropriate stirrups have used as specified on the drawing.
1-Slab work
Slab is flat member of structure that used to occupancy of materials and human or simply it is floor.
There many types slab such as: -
A. solid slab
B. Flat slab
C. Ribbed slab etc.
.
A.Solid slab:- The slab made of two components reinforcement bar and concrete. A solid slab
consumes more concrete than other type of slabs. The exercised (executed) solid slab in our
construction company had a double reinforcement with a thickness of 15cm. It contain top and
bottom re-bar separated by the spacer which is “kebeleto” .during casting of floor slab negative
bar is provided at the location of beam ,the length of negative bar equal to one third of the length
of the span.
Solid slab have the following advantage.
 High load caring capacity than ribbed slab.
 Minimum noise transfer.
 It is more durable then ribbed slab.

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Solid slab during casting
2-Column work
A column is a vertical structure member transmitting axial compression loads with or without
moments. Column support mainly vertical loads from the floors, beam and roof and transmit
these loads to the foundation. Columns are so long compared to the cross-sectional dimension
that under gradually
increasing loads they fail by buckling at a load considerably less than required to cause failure
by crushing. Shear column is column which has smaller width and long length of its cross
section.
Based on position column can be divided in to: -

Footing column: - column which is between footing and grade beam.
Elevation column: - column above grade beam.
There are different types of column based on shape of cross section. Such as Circular column and
Rectangular column but in our site were use Rectangular column.

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Circular column: the resistance to bending or deflection of a circular cross section is higher than a
rectangular cross section with the same area. And have aesthetical value.
Rectangular column: are very common, easy for construction and for masonry work.
Reinforcement for column
The stirrups have small spacing at the bottom of the column (overlap area) up to one meter of the
column height from the bottom top, because at the bottom of the column there is high amount of
interaction of load pressure. Therefore, to prevent structural failures and to increase the resisting
capacity of the column (building) the amounts of stirrups were provided with in high amount with small
spacing and normal spacing beyond the overlap end for columns.
 The arrangement of reinforcements for column and shaft was the same but different in
tying and the bar diameter. The over lapping length also the same for column 40Ф.
Stanga
Lap length Ceravat

Figure 3: column reinforcement and formwork
 3- Beam
 Beam is a structural member transversely supporting a load. As I know theoretically and
practically that beams must be reinforced at the position where tensile cracking is
expected to occur.

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 This is fulfilled by reinforcing beam at the bottom and top.
 Based on position or configuration of beam can be classified into: -
 1. Grad beam: -beam which rest directly on ground. It uses for frame action of structure.
It has not negative bars due to support throughout span which means support by soil.
There were equal in number and diameter of top and bottom bar.
 Grade beam has not need formwork at the bottom but there is lean concrete and stone
masonry.
 2.Suspended beam: - beam which is suspended between supports. It has both positive
and negative bars. It has formwork at the bottom because it is suspended on air between
supports
 There are possibilities fail at mid span due to tension at the bottom.
 3. Cantilever beam: - beam which is supported only one side. It has more top bars due to
tension is on the top. It has high risk unless we make detail design because it has not
support one side.
Reinforcement for beam
 Negative reinforcement: negative reinforcements were put on the top at the supports
were arranged up to one-third of span length in each direction from the centre of the
column or support. These are bars used to resist negative moment. They are usually
found at the support of the beams.
 Positive reinforcement: Positive bars were put on at the top and bottom of the beam
were firstly arranged in their corner position and distributed through the width of the
beam as specified by the structural drawing, these kinds of bars are mainly used to resist
the positive moment. This moment is mostly developed at the mid span on the beams.
Overlapping length position of top and bottom bar for beam

 Top beam bars are over lap at the middle span of the beam. Because at the middle span
tension crack develop at the bottom and compression develop at the top. This
compression resist by the concrete. The overlapping length for the top bars is 40Ø of the
larger diameter.
 Bottom bars with in the column width or it’s over lapping was within the support,
because at the support the tension crack develops at the top, while the compression

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develops at the bottom. So, the compression force is resisted by the concrete. No more
steel required to resist the compression at the support. The overlapping length for the
bottom bars is 40Ø of the larger diameter. The bar benders must understand the drawing
and measure the length of the bar to cut as the same length provided by the drawing.
Unless there may be false work or wastage of the bar.
Generally, there were eight types of bars in the site according to their size. These are
 Ф6 they used for stirrup of beams and column reinforcement.
 Ф8 they used for stirrup of beams and column reinforcement,
 Ф10 they used for slab rinforcement,
 Ф12 they used for beam, slab,main rinforcement,
 Ф14 they used for stair cais ramp and landing,slab reinforcement, column
beam.
 Ф16 they used for beam and column.
 Ф20 they used for column & beam,
 Ф24 they used for column & beam.
Figure 4: beam reinforcement

Page | 31
 Stirrups: They are placed to provide shear resistance it’s called “Staffa”.The stirrups for
the beam were spaced closely near the support and normally or wide space at the middle.
The purpose of stirrups
 They are placed to provide diagonal shear resistance.
 It uses for tie top and bottom bars.
 To tie longitudinal bar
 To improve ductility

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4- Staircase work
Staircases are seen as connectors between at least two different levels. Vertical risers and horizontal
treads are connected to steps over a slope. A staircase serves to provide horizontal and vertical access
to buildings in order to negotiate height differences with the least possible exertion of force. Building
law and safety matters, user concerns and identification, function and spatial experience, clarity and
traffic flow as well as aesthetic concepts are determined very early in the course of a basic design brief.
The top, bottom, and riser reinforcement bars are placed as per the design. However, reinforcement
placement is more complex compared to that of beams and column.
Stairs can be classified into two broad heads: 1. Straight stairs

2. Turning stairs:
 Straight stairs: these stairs run straight b/n the two floors. It is used for small houses
where there is restriction in available width.
 Turning stair: there is turning to left or right.

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
 Figure 6: stair case reinforcement and formwork
 2.3.2.1 Concrete work

 Concrete is a composite material made up of inert materials of varying sizes, which are
bound together by a binding medium. Concrete contains coarse aggregate in addition to
cement, water, air and fine aggregate. The cement, water, and air combine to form a paste
that binds the aggregates together. Thus, the strength of concrete is dependent on the
strength of the aggregate matrix bond.
The entire mass of the concrete is deposited or placed in a plastic state and almost immediately begins
to develop strength (harden), a process which, under proper curing conditions, may continue for some
period
Of time. Because concrete is initially in a plastic state; it lends itself to all kinds of construction,
regardless of size or shape.
Advantage of concrete
 It doesn’t require complex equipment and special skill. I.e. it’s moldable in to any desired
shape.
 It does not deteriorate with time. I.e. it is fire, weather and corrosion resistant.

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 It is good in compression resistance and used as complex material with steel.
 It is less costly than reinforcement.
Disadvantage of concrete
 It’s difficult to dismantle.

 It’s requires formwork.
 It’s difficult to supervise after pouring.
 Due to crack, large portion of section not efficiently used.
 Low tensile strength and ductility.
For the above reasons the strength of concrete is affected by the quality of the materials used, ratio of
components and water to cement ratio used. Because of this fact concrete of different ratio of
components will be tested and the required ratio is the one that gives the intended strength. [EBCS 4-
1995-3.1]
Reinforced concrete :-also known as RCC (reinforced cement concrete), which incorporates steel bars in
sections of the concrete which are in tension (to supplement the low tensile strength of mass concrete
and control thermal and shrinkage cracking), for floor slabs, beams, columns and stair cases all these
were cast in situ. The high strength to weight ratio of steel, coupled with the fortunate coincidence of its
coefficient of thermal expansion being about the same as concrete, make it the ideal material for
reinforcement. Where deformed bars (which have ribs to inhibit longitudinal movement after casting)
were available and they are far more effective than plain bars, so that up to 30 % of steel can be saved.
Concreting materials
1. Cement
It is the most important gradient of concrete nowadays; cement is used for almost all sort of
construction work. Many types of cement are used for different works, Portland cement is one of most
important and most common cement used for most of the civil engineering construction works
including.
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC)

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This cement is the basic Portland cement and is used in general for most of the concrete construction
work when there is no exposure to Sulphate in the soil or in ground water. But in my site were uses
DANGOTE cement.
The measurement of cement in the site is by volume. Storage of cement needs great care or else can
lead to lose not only in terms of financial loses but also loses in the quality.
 Commands on cement storage: -

Cement is stored in dry and well – ventilated store, on a wooden floor raised minimum 20cm
above the ground. .
 Do not forget to pile the bags close together.
The following check lists are considered to assure the quality of cement
 It should have gray bright color to insure its freshness.
 Cheek the expired date of cement
 Cement more than six months old after production is tested to satisfy the
specified requirements.
2. Water
Water serves two purposes in making concrete. First of all, it causes the hydration of cement and
secondly, it makes the mix fluid and workable. Clean water is important for the same reasons, as is clean
aggregate; any impurities present will affect bond strength between the paste and aggregate.
Almost any water that is potable may be used to make concrete. Drinking water with a noticeable taste
or odor should not be used until it is tested for organic impurities.
Impurities in mixing water may cause anyone or all of the following:
1. Abnormal setting time
2. Decreased strength
3. Volume changes
4. Corrosion of reinforcement
Some of the impurities in mixing water that cause these undesirable effects in the final concrete are
1. Dissolved 4. Sugar

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2. Chemicals 5. Algae
3. Seawater
 Dissolved chemicals may either accelerate or retard the set and can substantially reduce
the concrete strength further such dissolved chemicals can actively attack the cement
sand bond concrete strength.
 If sugar is present in even small amounts, it can cause rapid setting and reduced
concrete strength. Algae can cause a reduction in the strength of concrete by increasing
the amount of air captured in the paste and reducing the bond strength between the
paste and the aggregate.
Although water is an essential ingredient, too much water added during mixing results in a weak
concrete. Very little water is necessary to cause the hydration process. Therefore, as a general rule, no
more water should be added than necessary to make the mix workable.
leading to early disintegration of the concrete.
 The presence of salt can lead to corrosion of the reinforcing bars and a decrease in
3. Aggregate
Aggregate are filer material which make up a large portion of aggregate of the concert volume.
Considerable care should be taken to provide the best aggregate available. This aggregate are fine
aggregate and coarse aggregate. In our site they the aggregate having a size of 00, 02 and 03. But they
use 02 aggregate size for C-25 and C-30. Aggregates are stored on clear hard surface to prevent
contamination by soil.
 Coarse aggregate: - It should be hard, strong, dense, durable, clean and free from clay or
admixture or query refuse or vegetable matter. The pieces of aggregate should be cubical,
rounded shape and should have granular or non-powdery surface. Aggregate should be
properly screened and if necessary washed clean before use. After 24 hours immersion in
water, previously dried sample of the coarse aggregate should not gain in weight more
than 5%. The quality of coarse aggregate can be determined by its color.
 Black: - very good quality.
 Blue: -good quality.
 Whitish: - bad quality.

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 Fine aggregate: - an aggregate which is passed through 4.75 millimeter sieve is termed
as fine aggregate. Fine aggregate is added to concrete to assist workability and to bring
uniformity in mixture. Usually, the natural rivers sand is used as fine aggregate.
Figure 7: fine and coarse aggregate
Concrete Casting in the beam, elevator shaft, slab and columns
Concrete casting is the process of filling the concrete past up to the required depth on the prepared
formwork of beam, column, staircase, elevator shaft or slab. Concrete casting includes the processes
from mixing, transporting, placing and compaction.
1. Concrete mixing
Concrete mixing is the process of joining the ingredients of concrete together to obtain the required
grade of concrete for the desired structure.
Before mixing the ingredients of concrete the appropriate batching was performed.
Batching: is measuring the materials accurately to ensure the right proportions. The concrete may be
batched either by weight or by volume. In my site volume batching was used.
When concrete is measured by volume there is always variation between one batch & another. This is
due to the fact that the quantities of solid materials in a container very much depend on its degree of
compaction, more over volume of most sand in a loose solution weight much less than the same volume

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of dry compacted sand. Because of this batch, weight batching is prefer than volume batch especially on
important works, however, because it is simple & convenient volume batching is used at most
construction sites.
Concrete has different grades such as C-5, C-20, C-25 and C-30. These grades were obtained from the
difference of batching of ingredients of concrete and were cast in-situ.
Table 3: batching box size
Concrete Ratio of cement, sand, and aggregate Batching box size
grade
Cement Sand Aggregate Length Width Depth
c-5 1 2 3 50 40 20
c-20 1 2 3 50 40 18
c-25 1 2 3 50 40 16
c-30 1 2 3 50 40 14
2. Concrete transporting
It is the activity performed from the mixed area to the place where the concrete to be casted. Concrete
cast was transported by manually and using the lift to address the concrete to the G+1 and above floor
concrete works.
3. Placing of concrete
The operation of placing and compaction are interdependent and were carried out simultaneously. As
for as placing is concerned, the main objective was to deposit the concrete as close as possible to its
final position so that segregation was avoided and the concrete was fully compacted.
To achieve proper placing following rules were applied:
 The concrete was placed in uniform layers, not in large heaps or sloping layers.
 The thickness of the layer was compatible with the method of vibration so that entrapped air
can be removed from the bottom of each layer.

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 The rate of placing and of compaction was with some extent equal.
 Each layer was fully compacted before placing the other.
4. Compaction of concrete
The purpose of compaction is to get rid of the air voids that are trapped in loose concrete. It is
important to compact the concrete fully because:
 Air voids reduce the strength of the concrete.
 Air voids increase concrete's permeability.
 Moisture and air are more likely to penetrate to the reinforcement causing it to rust.
 Air voids impair contact between the concrete mix and reinforcement.
Air voids produce blemishes on structures surfaces
 During concrete casting work there are different Joints. These joints are:-
 Expansion joints: - Wherever expansion might cause a concrete slab to buckle because of
temperature change, expansion joints are required. This joint was provided by chip wood or
other materials with little weight and compressible because these types of materials have no
bondage with concrete structure.
 Construction joint: - the joint provided because of concrete casting breaks or terminates that is
the concrete casting couldn’t finish at ones. To continue casting in other time “BUKO” (cement
mix with more amount of water) is used to facilitate the bondage between the hardened
concrete and the newly fresh concrete.
2.3.2.2 Detaching of formwork

The formwork has been removed after the concrete has attained its strength. All structures have their
own detaching period according to the decision made by the site engineer by considering the weather
condition and the type of construction. Some of the removing times depend on the structural
components are;
 The formwork was removed carefully and slowly.
 The-time at which formwork and is removed was determined by consideration of the following
criteria:
 The stresses that will be induced in the concrete when the formwork has been removed.
 The concrete strength at the time of removal.

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 The time at which formwork is struck will be influenced by the following factors:
 Concrete strength,
 Stresses in the concrete at any stage in the construction period,
 Curing,
 Subsequent surface treatment requirements.
 The time between casting and removal of the formwork depends mainly on the strength
development of the concrete and on the function of the formwork.
Some of the removing times depending on the structural components are given in the table below:-
Table 4 : Formwork detaching Time
Structural component Detaching time
Columns 24 hours
Soffit form work for slab 21-28 days
21-28 days
24 hours
2.3.2.3 Curing of the concrete

 Curing means to cover the concrete so it stays moist. It was a day to day activity after
concrete has cast. Curing was performed by spraying pure water at least for 7 days because
the concrete aggressive reaction takes place during these days. So the concrete gains its 95%
compressive strength. Curing was done after the concrete has casted and the concrete well
cured is less likely cracked and more durable. It was cured by applying the extra water to the
surface of the concrete or stopping water loss from the concrete.
Even though there are different curing methods like: -
 covering,
 shading,
 water cure or spraying and,
 Pounding.
Spraying method was applied in my site. Curing was continued as concrete keeps getting harder and
stronger over time. The longer the concrete is cured, the closer it will be to its possible strength and
durability.
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Some water from the concrete may be lost due to evaporation. Hence the first and foremost purpose of
curing is to:
 Provide enough quantity of water for cement to hydrate the set completely.
 Prevent formation of surface cracks due to rapid loss of water while the concrete is fresh and
concrete.
 Maintain a proper temperature in and around the concrete during the setting process. This is
because both freezing and drying temperatures hamper the process of setting of cement in a
normal manner.
 Ensure the concrete of good quality when set, strong enough to stress, hard to abrasion and
resistant to chemical attacks. Such a concrete is quite durable.
2.3.2.4 Construction equipment’s
a)Mixer
Mixer is used to have uniform mix concrete. The mixer has a part on which the components have to add.
Then they adding to rotating drum and the rotating drum mix the concrete. The quality of mix depends
on the numbers of revolutions which the drum rotates to the mix concrete. For the purpose of
operating the mixer, there will be a mixer operator. The operator control operations of the mixer,
workability of concrete by controlling volume of water to check the workability of concrete. We observe
also this concrete test when concrete mix out from the mixer.
Figure 11:mixer
b)Vibrator

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Vibrator is used to compact concrete mix and to avoid air voids in the concrete mix. The presence of air
voids in the concrete reduces the strength of concrete and when dry it will create cracks. In this regard,
vibrators are the essential equipment for every concrete casting.
Figure 12: vibrator
c)Lift
Lift was used for transporting mixed concrete past, HCB and sand for the construction in the upper floors
of building.
Figure 13:Lift
d) Grinder

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Grinder was used for cutting reinforcement bar.
Figure 14:Grinder
e) Excavator
Excavator was used for bulk excavation and loading the soil to be cart away
2.3.2.5 Challenges faced and measures taken

 During the internship program I faced challenges while performing task site. I listed the
challenges and the measures that have been taken to solve those challenges.
 It had been a major challenge for me to communicate with the workers, Forman,
carpenters & site engineer, because the words they use on the site were new, and which
were totally confusing and hard to memorize in the first few weeks of the internship
period.
 Laboratory tests were not done in the enterprise so that I don’t have the
opportunity to observe such tests.
 The site stops construction work because of lack of materials this was the
challenge faced during my internship program.
 We have not given helmet and other safety shoe
Measures taken
Page | 44

 I have learned the words they used by asking and trying to memorize each word. As time
progresses I able to understand and respond to the words.
 Making good social interaction with workers.
 Attending in each activities and discussions.
CHAPTER THREE

Page | 45
Overall benefits gained from the internship
3.1 Overall benefits gained

It is obvious that student learn a lot and gain much when exposed to practical knowledge. The
engineering course that I have taken in our university is a basic on my internship programs. The
theoretical knowledge always assists to understand practical situations easily. Both theoretical and
practical knowledge guide to
 Know construction material,
 Select construction material,
 Manage construction work,
 Making schedules,
 Upgrade leadership skill.
Generally, these course which that I have taken from the university given a life for my internship
programs. The site work especially for construction work is more matter of fact than theoretical but I
had known much the theoretical only before the internship program.
3.2 Improving practical skill

This type of skill are gained when one person experience the theoretical knowledge in practices.
Theoretical education may or may not exactly apply on the field as practical skills. During the internship
period the following practical skills are obtained.
 How to collect data,
 How to select the alternative construction material and properties,
 The type and amount of skilled and unskilled worker identification,
 Creativity and an innovative approach to solving problems,
 Critical thinking and the ability to understand designs, plans and projects,
 Performance on engineering judgment,
 Understanding of the construction work flow.

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3.3 Improving theoretical knowledge
At the construction site theoretical knowledge is well improved, because of it is supported by the real
practical work. This knowledge is already that I have in university, but during the internship period it has
upgraded. Some of the improved knowledge is/are:
 Knowing how concrete could be produced and used,
 Visualizing structural drawings,
 Improving which type of construction material should be used,
 Increasing awareness about the department course.
3.4 Improving communication skills

For any individual, communication is an important way of learning, which can be defined formally as the
act, process or experience of gaining knowledge or skills. Communication and the subsequent learning
help individual specially engineers move from beginner to experts and allow them to gain new
professional knowledge and abilities.
Good communication is the mandatory medium of the engineering profession. Even though, it takes
many forms, such as speaking, writing and listening, it has the following advantages. Such as to:
 handle information,
 persuade people and,
 Improve relationships with others.
In the construction company, working with any individual peacefully was gained from interpersonal
communication that is asking questions and listening effectively to the answers in the great way to show
respect for their experience and ability.
Finally, to communicate effectively, it is essential to choose the suitable medium. Selecting the right
communication channel is like shopping in the right store. If someone selects the wrong store, he/she
will not get the items he/she wants. Similarly, if I select the wrong communication channel, I will not get
the result I want.
3.5 Improving team working skill

Even if tasks are done individuals by the respective person at different section of the construction
company, there are the times at which different individuals come together to work for common goals of
the company for increasing productivity. The most important point in team playing skill is just reach an
agreement from different points on the work to be done.

Page | 47

Furthermore, to have a common understanding on the task that is to be accomplished, I have always
tried to listen carefully those individuals with whom I am working.
Team works, especially for engineers, involve in every piece of task. Thus, generally some qualities of a
good team working skills are as follows:
 Cooperative and helping other,
 Active participant,
 Listen attentively to function effective work,
Speaking and expressing the thought and ideas clearly, directly, honestly and with respect for the work
of the team.
3.6 Improving leadership skill

Leadership is a process of leading the careers of the company. Problems in the company come in
different directions at different period of time.
In order to overcome these problems, the following leadership skills are obtained.
 Seeking of self-improvement,
 Being technically skill full,
 Taking responsibility for the actions,
 Making sound and timely decisions,
 Keeping the workers informed for necessary information,
 Developing a sense of responsibility in all workers,
 Using the full capability of the organization.
3.7 Understanding about work ethics

Ethics defines morality and determines the meaning and rational justification of the right way to live,
correct values as well as correct ways of treating others. As workers made to specialize in different
fields, specific codes of conduct were expected from each worker. In today’s complex world, Ethical
conduct of workers is very important for developing healthy working environment and increasing
productivity.
Ethical work conduct enables workers to posses’ appropriate behaviors in their work and so as to
develop proper relationships with co-workers and it helps them to create good industrial environment.
There are two common types of ethics. These are Personal ethics and Work ethics

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Personal ethics
All human beings as rational creatures and are expected to exhibit certain principles of personal ethics.
These principles of personal ethics are values which are expected to be possessed by all individuals in
their life, and contribute a lot for a smooth interaction among individuals and peaceful coexistence of a
society.
Principles of personal ethics include:
 Concern the law for the well-being of others,
 Honesty, Fairness and,
 Obedient to.
Work ethics
Work ethics refers to the standards or a set of moral principles for regulating behaviors of a certain
defined profession. In order to consider that an activity to be a profession, it should be carried out by
one who has advanced education, knowledge and skills. Thus, for developing healthy working
environment and increasing productivity, ethical work conducts are important medium.
The following are some of the common professional ethical principles which are applied in the
construction environment. These are;
 Impartiality,
 Punctuality,
 Confidentiality,
 Accountability,
 Transparency and openness,
 Avoiding probable or apparent conflict of interests and ,
 Combating corruption and presenting the report on time.
3.8 Entrepreneurship skill

Entrepreneurship is the process of involving the creation of new findings and innovations.
The major advantage of entrepreneurship includes the following.

Page | 49

 Makes self-confident and multi-skilled,
 Gives Innovative skills,
 Results self-orientated,
 Makes a risk-taker,
 To have total commitment,
 To be self-motivated,
 Developing communication skills,
 For improving management skills,
 Ability to work independently and as part of team work.

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CHAPTER FOUR
RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
4.1 CONCLUSION
The internship semester makes the curriculum so good to give real practical skills and make the
students familiar to the outside world. Even though there was a gap between the things which we
know in the class with the outside environment, we have got practical work experiences and
benefits at FE Construction Company. Some of the benefits that the internship offered to us
include; -
 Allow us to both making and developing professional contacts, for our future job search.
 Assist us in developing greater understanding of our own strength and weakness,
 Understanding company’s Work flow
 Upgrade our theoretical knowledge
 Knowing the local construction terms
 Work ethics
 Team playing skills
During the internship we also developed and enhanced employability skills. Because this time,
we feel like we are part of the organization and feel more to increase our productivity hence, gain
a greater sense of responsibility and personal direction.
It assists us in moving toward our career goals by combining what we had learned from school,
practical and supervised work experience; it thus explained the necessity of every student to
undergo this process.
4.2 Recommendation
In this Three month internship program we got much experience about our field. In this part of our
report we would try to suggest some ideas for our internship hosting company and our university.
4.2.1 Recommendation for the company

By studying the company organization structure and work flow I would like to recommend the
following terms:
 Hire highly professional skilled man powers, this enables the firm to attend projects with a
lot of speed and accuracy.
 Provide the necessary row materials, these will the firm to avoid unnecessary termination of
projects due to shortage of raw materials
 Daily laborers do not have safety closes like safety shoes, Helmet, glove etc.
 Low payment for unskilled labors

Page | 51

4.2.2 for the university
 The teaching and learning process should focus on practical as it focused to theoretical
part to make students to gain full confidence and good professionals skill in the field of
study.
 Field trips and Practical observations should be arranged more often in accordance with
the theoretical class time like RC1, RC2 … etc which is very helpful to easily
understanding of the theoretical courses given in the class and also it make the teaching
learning more practical rather than theoretical this make the students full confidential and
good professional in the field of study.
 All that were listed advantages above we recommend our university to keep giving this
great chance for the students not only for students at 4th year but also 3th year students.
 Finally, JIT must continue the internship program since it gives practical skill for students
which are very crucial for the future career.

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Reference
 Company profile
 www.concretecenter.com
 James G. MacGregor (2009) Reinforced Concrete Mechanics and Design
 Ethiopian Building Code Standard: EBCS 2 Structural Use of Concrete. (1995)
 http://www.Google.com

Page | 53
Appendix
1) Wood float: - used to smoothen out concrete surface before the concrete fully
cure
2) Trowel (spoon): - it has pointed end and used for general surface of
construction works.
3) Barrel: - used to store water that will be used for mixing, curing, cleaning,
etc.
4) Water level: - used to mark level from reference point to point where we need
it..
5) Plumb bob: - made of metal when suspended from vertically attached string.
It is employed to check vertical alignment of corners and surface of walls.
6) Ceravat- wood to support formwork
7) Ponty:-support slab at the bottom
8) Sponda:-side board
9) Kristy:-beam pop
10) Modini:- Horizontal posts
11) Buko: - It is composite of cement and water used as binder.

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Page | 1

DEBRE TABOR UNIVERSITY 2014

DEBRE TABOR UNIVERSITY

Prepared by Abbas Page 1

DEBRE TABOR UNIVERSITY 2014

Student Name: Abbas Nuredin

Approval of the supervisor

Name Mrs Selam date of approve…………

Name Mr Endale Date of approve………….

Prepared by Abbas Page 2

DEBRE TABOR UNIVERSITY 2014

Prepared by Abbas Page 3

DEBRE TABOR UNIVERSITY 2014

Prepared by Abbas Page 4

DEBRE TABOR UNIVERSITY 2014

 OPC-Ordinary port land cement

Prepared by Abbas Page 5

DEBRE TABOR UNIVERSITY 2014

1.1 Concept of Internship………………………………………………………………….

1.2 Objective of the internship2

1.4 Background of the company12

1.4.1 the main activity of the company

1.4.2 the Objectives vision,mission and goals of the company

1.4.4 products and services of FE construction plc

1.5 the main customers or end product users

1.6 Material, Equipment and machinaries14

1.7 Human Resource and Work Flow at the project site15

Over all internship experience9

2.1. How I Get Into The Company

2.2.2Section of the company I have been working in the company19

2.3 the work flow in the section9

Prepared by Abbas Page 6

DEBRE TABOR UNIVERSITY 2014

2.3.1.1 Office work20

2.3.1.2 Site work21

2.3.1.3 Scaffolding work22

2.3.1.4 Form work22

2.3.2 Reinforcement steel work25

2.3.2.1 Concrete work33

2.3.2.2 Detaching of formwork40

2.3.2.3 Curing of the concrete41

2.3.2.4 Construction eqeupments41

2.3.2.Challenges faced and Measures taken44

Over all benefits gained from the internship45

3.1 Improving practical skills45

3.2 Improving theoretical knowledge46

3.3 Improving communication skills46

3.4 Improving team working skills46

3.5 Improving leadership skills47

3.6 Improving understanding about work ethics47

3.7 Entrepreneurship skill49

Recommendation and Conclusion50

4.2.1 Recommendation for hosting company50

Prepared by Abbas Page 7

DEBRE TABOR UNIVERSITY 2014

Prepared by Abbas Page 8

DEBRE TABOR UNIVERSITY 2014

Figure 1Flow diagram of work......................................................................................................15

Prepared by Abbas Page 9

DEBRE TABOR UNIVERSITY 2014

Prepared by Abbas Page 10

DEBRE TABOR UNIVERSITY 2014