KOREB & MENKORER ENGINEERING Consultancy

Socio-economic Baseline Survey Report

Submitted to:
HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation- Ethiopia
First Mile Project (FMP)

February 2022
Bahir Dar

Table of Contents Page

Acronyms and Abbreviations

I. Introduction………………………………………………..………………….………3
1.1. Background…………………………………………………..…………………………..3
1.2. Objectives of the Baseline Survey…………………………………..………...…………4
1.3. Scope of the Baseline Survey……………………………………….……………………4
II. Methodology…………………………………………………....………………….…11
2.1. Sample Size and Sampling Procedures………….....………………………….……..…...11
2.1.1. Sample Size…………………………………………………………………...…..……...11
2.1.2. Sampling Procedures………………………………………………………….…………12
2.2. Data Gathering Instrument…………………………………………………...…………12
2.2.1. Household Questionnaire……………………………………………………………….13
2.2.2. Key Informant Interview………………………………………………………………...13
2.2.3. Focus Group Discussions……………………………………………………………….13
2.2.4. Documents………………………………………………………………………………14
2.3. Data Analysis……………………………………..…………………………...….……....14
2.4. Limitation of the Study……………………………………………………………..……14
III. Baseline Results………..……………………………………………………..…..…...16
3.1. Demographic Characteristics of the Study Households……………..……………...…....16
3.1.1. Age Structure…………………………………………………………………………….16
3.1.2. Sex Structure……………………………………………………………………………..16
3.1.3. Household Size…………………………………………………………………………...17
3.2. Socio-economic Characteristics of the Study Population………………………….……18
3.2.1. Educational Level……………………………………………………………………....…18
3.2.2. Membership to Economic/Social Institutions…………………………………………….19
3.2.3. Land Ownership………………………………………………….………………...…….20
3.2.4. Income of the Study Households…………………………………………………………21
3.2.5. Sources of Income………………………………………………………..…………...….26
3.2.6. External Migration……………………………………………………..…….……..…….27
3.2.7. Food Self-Sufficiency
Level……………………………………………………………….29
3.3. Access to Public and Economic Services and Administration Centers…………………30
3.3.1. Access to Marketing and Economic Services……………………………….…………....30
1
3.3.2. Access to Health, Education and Veterinary Services……………………………………31
3.3.3. Access to Woreda and Kebele Centers…………………………………………………33
3.3.4. Access to Religious and Social Gatherings/ Events…………………………………....…34
3.3.5. Access to Domestic/ Household Consumption Items……………………….……….…35
3.4. Frequency of Access to Public and Economic Services and Administration Centers…...36
3.5. Impact of Tame and Marweha Rivers on the Life of the Community…………..…….…37
3.6. Willingness to Participate in the Construction of Bridges………………….…..……..…38
IV. Conclusion and Remarks…………………………………………………………….40

Annexes
Annex 1: Household Questionnaire.
Annex 2: Semi-structured Interview Guide
Annex 3: Focus Group Discussion Guide
Annex 4: Checklist for secondary data collection
References:

List of Tables
Table 1: Heads of Households of Enebse Sar Medir Woreda, 2022……………………..……….8
Table 2: Heads of Households of Hulete Eji Enese Woreda, 2022………………………...….....10
Table 3: Summary Tabulation of Sample Design by Kebele, 2022…………………………..
…...12
Table 4: Summary of Respondent Household Heads by the Age Category, 2022………....…...16
Table 5: Summary of Sex Category of Respondent Household Heads, 2022…………….……17
Table 6: Educational Level of Respondent Household heads, 2022………………..…….….….18
Table 7: Membership of the heads of the Study Households to Community-based Groups,
2022………………………………………………………………………………………………19
Table 8: Summary of the Income of the Respondent Households from Crop Farming, 2022.
…..22
2
Table 9: Summary of the Income of the Respondent Households from Livestock Farming,
2022…23
Table 10: Summary of the Income of the Respondent Households from Cash Crop, 2022. ….24
Table 11: Summary of the Income of the Respondent Households from Agriculture Labour,
2022………………………………………………………………………………………………24
Table 12: Summary of the Income of the Respondent Households from Non-Agriculture Labour,
2022………………………………………………………………………………………….…...25
Table 13: Summary of the Income of the Respondent Households from Petty Trading,
2022………………..……………………………………………………..………………………26
Table 14: Source of Income of the Respondent Households, 2022……………..…..…..………26

Table 15: Ever migration to abroad for Labour Work, 2022…………………………....………28

Table 16: Households’ Access to Marketing and Economic Services, 2022………….…………30

Table 17: Households’ Access to Health, Education and Veterinary Services, 2022…...………33

Table 18: Households’ Access to Woreda and Kebele Centers, 2022…………………..…….…34

Table 19: Households’ Access to Religious and Social Gathering/ Events, 2022……….….....…
34

Table 20: Households’ Access to Water, Firewood and Grinding Mills, 2022…………………35
Table 21: Summary of Frequency of Visit to Market/ Religious Service/.. 2022…………………
36 Table 22: Types of Property Lost as a result of Tame River and Mar Weha
River…………….36
Table 23: Forms of Participation for the construction of bridges, 2022……………………...…39

List of Figures

Figure 1: The Household Size of the Respondent Households, 2022…………………………18

Figure 2: Land holding Size of the Respondents Heads of Households, 2022………………….21

3
Acronyms and Abbreviations

AEWs Agriculture Extension Workers

BoFEC Bureau of Finance and Economic Cooperation

CSA Central Statistical Agency

FMP First Mile Project

FGD Focus Group Discussion

GPS Global Positioning System

HEA Household Economic Analysis

HEWs Health Extension Workers

HH Household

HWs Health Workers

KII Key Informant Interview

LZ Livelihood Zoning

SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science

TOR Terms of Reference

1. Introduction
1.1. Background
More than 80% of Ethiopian population are living in rural areas where the rural road network is
so poor. The majority of the people still travel on foot through narrow and difficult trails
involving crossing small and large rivers. Such situations inhibit the mobility of the rural people
to access for agricultural and health extension workers, development actors, and other service
providers (often referred to as the last mile bottleneck). In return, it also prevents the right
4
holders to access to social services and isolates people from being open to new ideas, economic
opportunities, or market access (the first mile bottleneck). On the other hand, the rural people’s
travel through such challenging trails crossing of small and large rivers results in loss of human
life, livestock resources and other material assets. The situation of the rural road network and the
challenge of travelling through such trails is worse in Amhara region.

In view of addressing these challenges, HELVETAS Swiss Inter-cooperation- Ethiopia has

started implementing a project entitled ‘First Mile Project’ that intends to contribute towards
improving access to social and basic services as well as economic resources and opportunities of
the rural settlements in Amhara region through strengthened community ownership of rural
infrastructure (trails and bridges). The construction of bridges currently underway in Tame and
Mar Wuha rivers of Enebse Sar Midir and Hulute Eji Enese Woredas respectively are among
these rural infrastructure trail bridges planned under this project.

As part of the project, a baseline survey that aimed at assessing the major socio-economic
conditions of people of the two Woredas (Enebse Sar Midir and Hulute Eji Enese) that are
expected to be affected by the trail bridges is required to serve as a basis to demonstrate the
change that the construction of the bridge brings. In specific terms, the result of the survey is
expected to become a base for the project objectives, focusing mainly on the variables that the
execution is intended to affect- access to schooling, access to health services, access to local
markets, access to agriculture inputs, etc. The baseline also provides the basis for monitoring and
evaluation, with a follow-up study at a later point.

1.2. Objective of the Baseline Survey

The overall objective of the baseline survey is to document the prevailing socio-economic
conditions of communities living adjacent to the bridge construction areas and identify marking
points that help showing the demonstration of changes that happen due to the construction of trail
bridges in the catchment areas.

The specific objectives included assessing the existing socio-economic conditions in trails and
bridges catchment areas before the construction of trail and bridges.

5
1.3. Scope of the Baseline Survey
The baseline survey geographically covered the two trail bridges sites (Mar Weha and Tame) in
Enebsie Sar Mider and Hulet Eji Enesea Woreas of East Gojjam Zone. It is only the Kebeles with
in which the communities are potentially expected to use the bridge and benefit in any of related
social, economic, political and other aspects of livelihoods that are addressed.

The technical scope included the detail description of the current social and economic
characteristics of the communities residing around the two trail bridge sites which are assumed to
serve as a benchmark for the changes that is going to happen as a result of the construction of the
trail bridges in these sites.

1.4. Study Area and Population

1.4.1. Enebise Sar Midir Woreda
Enebise Sar Midir is one of the Woredas in East Gojam Zone of Amhara Region. Enbise Sar
Midir is bordered on the south by Enarj Enawga, on the west by Goncha Siso Enese, and on the
north and east by Abay River which separates it from the South Gondar Zone and South Wollo
Zone. The Woreda’s capital, Mertule Mariam, is found 370 km Northwest of Addis Ababa and
170 km southwest of the regional capital (Bahir Dar), at the centre of 10° 45΄ N and 11° 1΄ N of
latitude and 38° 14΄ E and 38° 18΄ E of longitude.

The total area of the Woreda is 1065.29 square km (7.6% of East Gojjam Zone) and
administratively it is divided in to 35 rural and 1 urban Kebeles. This district has a wide range of
altitudes, from 950 meter to 3,660 meter above sea level (masl). Since climatic zones and other
physical characteristics are directly related to altitude in Ethiopia, Enebsie Sar Midir Woreda also
represents wide range of these features. As per the LIU - HEA Livelihood Zone (LZ)
classification, the Woreda shares three Livelihood Zones. Based on this, 14 Kebeles fall under
Abay Beshilo River Basin (ABB) LZ, 13 27 Kebeles fall under South West ‘’Woina Dega‟
Wheat (SWW) LZ and the remaining 3 Kebeles under Central Highland Barely and Potato (CBP)
LZ (USAID, 2009). Enebise Sar Midir is currently categorized to be one of the chronically food

6
insecure Woredas in this part of the Amhara Region, due to much of their farmland being
"extremely depleted, deforested and eroded".

According to the 2021/22 Population Projection estimated by Planning Commission of Amhara

Region, the current total population size of Enese Sar Medir Woreda is 122,316. The sex ratio is
98 percent favoring a bit the size of females. Based on the1994 national census conducted by the
Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), the largest ethnic group reported in Enbise Sar
Midir was the Amhara (99.94%). The majority of the inhabitants practiced Ethiopian Orthodox
Christianity, with 98.1% reporting that as their religion, while 1.8% were Muslim.

Table 1: Heads of Households of Enebse Sar Medir Woreda, 2022

Woreda Kebele Population Sex of the head of Households
Size Male Female Total

Yeshewa 4,597 562 76 638

Beslay 3,335 459 62 521

Doma 4,625 664 90 754

Enebse
Sar Medir Yetefet 5,711 650 95 745

Gessess 2,877 479 66 545

Amed Weha 3,420 515 70 585

Gusfty 2,879 461 62 523

Ezana 4606 890 109 999

Total 32,050 4,680 630 5,310

Source: Source: Finance and Economic Cooperation Office, Enebse Sar Medir Woreda, 2022

In Enebse Sar Medir Woreda, the female headed households account 11.8% which is less than by
3% from Hulete Eje Enese Woreda. As the report indicates, there is no child-headed household in
the study Kebeles.

7
1.4.2. Hulet Eji Enese Woreda

Hulete Eji Enese is one of the Woredas in East Gojjam Zone of Amhara Region. The Woreda is
bordered on the south by Debay Telatgen, on the west by Bibugn and Goncha, on the northwest
by the West Gojjam Zone, on the north by the Abay River (which separates it from the South
Gondar Zone), on the east by Goncha Siso Enese, and on the southeast by Enarj Enawga. The
capital of the Woreda is Mota. Rivers in Hulet Ej Enese include the Tammi, a tributary of the
Abay. The Sabero Dilde (also known as the "Second Portuguese Bridge" or the "Broken Bridge")
crosses the Abay here, connecting Hulet Ej Enese with andabet Woreda , a Woreda in South
Gondar.

The Woreda is geographically located 100 45' 00'' -110 10' 00'' N latitude and 370 45' 69'' - 380
10' 00'' E longitude. The district has an altitude range of 1290- 4036 m a.s.l. (WAO, 2011). The
Woreda consists of 44 rural and 6 urban Kebeles. The total land area is 138,336 ha; the land use
pattern is classified into five categories; 66.7% cultivated, 13% grazing, 7.2% bushes and forest
land around homestead, 12.96% land not useful (kola) and 0.14% settlement areas (WAO, 2011).
Agro ecologically, the district is classified as 52% of “Weinadega“ (mid-land), 18% of “Dega”
(highland), 30% of “Kola” (lowland).The mean annual rainfall is 1100 mm ranging from 997
mm to 1203 mm. It is unimodal, falling during “Kiremt” (June-September), however, there is
small rain falling between April and May (“Belge”). The mean annual temperature is 18.5o C
and the range is from mean minimum of 10 o C to mean maximum 27o C (WAO, 2022).

According to the 2021/22 Population Projection estimated by Planning Commission of Amhara

Region, the current total population size of Hulete Eji Enese Woreda is 155,108. The sex ratio is
99.9 percent favoring a bit the size of the females. Based on this estimate, the urban population
accounts 2.5% of the Woreda total population. Based on the 1996 national census conducted by
the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), the largest ethnic group reported in Hulet Ej
Enese was the Amhara (99.93%). The majority of the inhabitants practiced Ethiopian Orthodox
Christianity, with 93.37% reporting that as their religion, while 6.55% were Muslim.

Table 2: Heads of Households of Hulete Eji Enese Woreda, 2022

Population Sex of the head of households Total

8
 Woreda Kebele Size
Male Female

Hulute Eji Shegie 3652 972 134 1,106

Enese
Keranio 2101 747 585 1,332

Teji Bahir 4955 1427 203 1,630

Boha 3944 1122 184 1,306

Total 14,652 4,268 1,106 5,374

Source: Finance and Economic Cooperation Office, Huletu Eji Enese Woreda , 2022

In Huletu Eji Enese Woreda, the female- headed households are around 14% in rural areas except
the Keranio Kebele. However, the rate is higher for keranio which is almost semi-urban area
where the main livelihood included small businesses and alcohol drinks.

II. Methodology
In this baseline survey undertaking, both quantitative and qualitative data are collected. The
quantitative data is obtained through household questionnaire. Additional quantitate data is also
gathered through secondary data obtained from the Woreda and Kebele government sectors.

In the following paragraphs, the sample size and sampling procedures, the data gathering tools
and procedures employed and the methods of data analyses are outlined.

2.1. Sample Size and Sampling Procedures

2.1.1. Sample Size
The baseline survey is undertaken in the two FMP (First Mile Project) intervention Woredas:
Hulete Eje Enese and Enbse Sar Medir. The 1996 population projection indicates that the total
number of beneficiaries of the trail bridge site in Hulete Eje Enese and Enbse Sar Medir are
5,374 households and 5,310 households respectively. It is evident that sample size determination
depends up on the homogeneity or the heterogeneity of the subject understudy. Hence, the rural
community in the region are homogeneous in terms of livelihood, income level, social status, etc.

9
 Hence, the sample size for this baseline survey is calculated based on the following sampling
formula (Yamane, 1967, pp886).
n= N/1+N (e)2

where:

• n is the sample size

• N is the population size and
• e is the level of precision
The above formula yielded a sample size of 101 for Enebsie Sar Medir and 98 for Huletu Eji
Enebse Woredas respectively. In total, 199 HHs are taken as a sample size for the two
intervention Woredas.

Table 3: Summary Tabulation of Sample Design by Kebele, 2022

Zone Woreda Kebeles Affected by Total Kebele HHs Sampled
the Project/ Bridge Affected by the project/ HHs
Bridge
East Enebse Shegie 1106 21
Gojjam Sar Keranio 1332 25
Medir
Teji Bahir 1630 31
(4)
Boha 1306 24
Total 5374 101
Hulete Yeshewa 638 11
Eji
Enese Beslay 521 11
(8) Doma 754 13

Yetefet 745 13

Gessess 545 11

Amed Weha 585 11

Gusfty 523 10

Ezana 999 19

10
 Total 5310 99
Grand total 10,684 199

2.1.2. Sampling Procedure

The sample size selection is based on systematic random sampling technique. The list of
beneficiary households has been obtained from the health extension workers of the study
Kebeles. Once the list is obtained, the selection of the households is undertaken systematically
maintaining the appropriate interval.

2.2. Data Gathering Instruments

Household questionnaire, KII (Key Informant Interviews), FGD (Focus Group Discussions), and
documents analysis are the major tools employed for gathering the socio-economic data.

2.2.1. Household Questionnaire

The questionnaire is developed in reference to the following four major socio-economic

characteristics of the rural community residing around the trail bridges expected to be
constructed in the project.

 Agricultural production and marketing of products

 Annual income of households
 Access to district centers, health centers, market centers, grinding mills
 Access to primary and secondary school services and attendance (The HH
questionnaire is annexed to this document for further reference.)

A total of 10 trained data collectors participated in this socio-economic data collection. The
Kebele administrator collaborated in assigning guides/ locators from the local residents that show
the households. The data collectors moved Enebse Sar Midir and Hulute Eji Enese together with
the locators from home to home and applied digital/mobile/ data collection tools with GPS
coordinate to enable the team to track location of each and every household and genuine process
of the data collection.

11
2.2.2. Key Informant Interviews

The semi- structured interview items were conducted with the selected community members who
are expected to have a good knowledge of the socio-economic situation of the study Kebeles.
Among the community members, the Kebele Health, Agriculture, Education and Women’s
Association heads are addressed through interview. In addition, the Kebele administrators were
interviewed. The semi-structured interview was addressed to a total of 10 key informants of the
community.

2.2.3. Focus Group Discussions

In this baseline survey, one FGD per Woreda was conducted. A total of two FGDs were
conducted. The FGD participants in both Woredas included the steering and technical committee
members of the bridge. The size of the participants of each FGD is eight persons per Woreda.
The FGDs session took a total of 2 hours and was facilitated by an experienced moderator and an
assistant from the consulting group.

2.2.4. Documents
As secondary information, the agriculture sector, the education sector, the health sector and trade
sector of the two Woredas, Enebse Sar Medir and Hulete Eji Enese were reviewed and the
appropriate data were used for analysis.

2.3. Data Analysis

The quantitative data specifically the HH questionnaire data entered and analyzed through the
recent statistical software program (SPSS version 25). The outputs derived from quantitative data
was presented using tabular forms and graphs.

The KIIs and FGDs findings were collected through Amharic language. As the recorded textual
data/facts were in large quantities, it was organized into different thematic areas. Further, the data
gathered through the KII and FGDs was compiled with respect to the socio-economic
characteristics of the community around the selected bridge sites. Furthermore, the textual data
was translated into technical research language (English), the qualitative facts were constructed
and used it to complement the qualitative discussion in the report.

12
2.4. Limitations of the Study
• Population Data Inconsistency: A different figures of population size are kept by the
different government sector offices as all maintain the population figures which is
relevant for their purpose. As a result, the population size of the Woredas are taken from
the 2007 population projection conducted by the regional BoFEC.

• Absence of a complete list of households in the Rural Kebeles: The Kebele

Administration Offices have not a complete record of the households residing in the
community. They keep only the records of the households capable of paying land income
taxes. A complete record of the households is obtained only from the health post of each
kebele. The health extension workers have kept the list of households to implement the
health program packages.

13
 III. Baseline Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics of the Study Population
3.1.1. Age Structure
The age of the heads of the study household population is presented in Table 4. As the findings
reflect, more than one-third of the heads of the households are found in the middle ages, that is
41-50 age category. While 41.2% of the respondent heads of households in Enebse Sar Mider is
found in the 41-50 age category, 39.8% of the respondent heads of households are in Hulete Eje
Enese Woreda are also found in this same age category. This shows that 41-50 age category is
the peak where all the heads of the households in the two Woredas are found.

As Table 4 below reflects, respondents of Enebsie Sar Medir Woreda constitute younger heads
of households than respondents of Hulete Eji Enebse Woreda.

Table 4: Summary of Respondent Household Heads by the Age Category, 2022

Woreda
Age Category

<30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 Total

Enebse Sar Medir 9 18 42 25 5 2 101

8.9% 17.8% 41.6% 24.8% 5.0% 2.0% 100%

Hulete Eje 5 19 39 22 12 1 98

Enebse 5.1% 19.4% 39.8% 22.4% 12.2% 1.0% 100%

Total 14 37 81 47 17 3 199

7.0% 18.6% 40.7% 23.6% 8.5% 1.5% 100%

3.1.2. Sex Structure

As table 5 depicts, the female headed households accounts 16.8 % in Enebsie Sar Medir Woreda
and 12.2 % in Hulute Enebse Woreda. The main reason for the variation is that the study covered
some semi-urban areas of Enebsie Sar Medir who based their livelihood mainly on petty trading
and selling of alcoholic drinks. Fortunately, there is no child-headed households found in this
study population.

14
The summary of the sex of the head of the study household population is presented in Table 5
below.

Table 5: Summary of Sex Category of Respondent Household Heads, 2022

Woreda Sex Category Total

Male Female
Enebse Sar Medir 84 17 101

83.2% 16.8% 100%

Hulete Eji Enebse 86 12 98

87.8% 12.2% 100%

Total 170 29 199

85.4% 14.6% 100%

3.1.3. Household Size

The household size of the two Woredas ranges from 1 to 9. The average household size is 5.27
for Enebse Sar Medir Woreda and 5.4 for Hulete Eje Enese Woreda. The average household size
is a bit higher than the Amhara region’s average which is 4.8 and almost near to the national
average which is 5.2. In terms of gender, the average male and female family size for Enebse Sar
Medir Woreda is 2.6 and 2.5 respectively and for Hulete Eje Enebse is 3.0 and 2.5 respectively.

15
 Figure 1: The Household Size of the Respondent Households, 2022

3.2. Socio-economic Characteristics of the Study Population

3.2.1. Education Level
The education level of the heads of the study households of the two Woredas is so low. However,
there is a big difference between the two Woredas. While those who cannot read and write in
Huletu Eji Enese Woredas is 60%, it is almost half (31%) in Enebse Sar Medir. Those who are
able to read and write are almost above half in Hulute Eje Enebse and one-third in Enebse Sar
Medir.

Table 6: Educational Level of Respondent Household heads, 2022

Woreda Educational Level of Respondent heads Households Cannot Can

Primary Primary Secondary read & Read & Incomplete
Complete Incomplete Total write Write

Enebse 60 32 6 2 1 101

Sar Medir 54% 31.7% 5.9% 2.0% 1.0% 100%

Hulete Eje 31 54 5 8 0 98

Enebse 31.6% 55.1% 5.1% 8.2% 0.0% 100%

Total 91 86 11 10 1 199
16
 45.7% 43.2% 5.5% 5.0% 0.5% 100%
3.2.2. Membership to Economic/ Social Institutions
Although there are many social and economic institutions formed in the rural areas, most of the
study heads of households recognize only the multi-purpose cooperatives and Saving and Credit
Cooperatives. As table 7 below depicts, the multi-purpose cooperatives are the common
community based economic institutions found in the rural areas to which more than half (62.8%)
of the two study households belong. Almost one-fourth of the heads of household members in
the two Woredas belong to the Saving and Credit Cooperatives. In Hulete Eji Enese Woreda, it is
found out that 8% of the heads of the household population reported that they have no
membership at all from any of the community-based associations found in the Woreda.

Table 7: Membership of the heads of the Study Households to Community-based

Groups, 2022
Woreda Membership to Community -Based Groups

No Multipurpose Saving and Women Youth Oth Total

Members Cooperat Credit Associat Coopera ers
hip ives Cooperat ions tives
ives

Enebse Sar 0 76 25 0 0 0 101

Medir
0% 75.2% 24.8% 0% 0% 0% 100%
Hulete Eji 8 49 29 1 1 10 98
Enebse
8.2% 50% 29.6% 1% 1% 10.2% 100%
Total 8 125 54 1 1 10 199
4% 62.8% 27.1% 0.5% 0.5% 5% 100%

17
3.2.3. Land Ownership
Figure 2 below indicates land holding size greatly varies between the two Woredas. Landlessness
is common in both Woredas. Among the survey respondents, it is found out that 9 in Enebse Sar
Medir Woreda and 13 in Hulete Eju Enese Woreda have no land.

In Enebsie Sar Medir Woreda, while 45.5% of the respondent’s households reported that they
have got a land which is less than 0.5 hectare, 41.6 % of the respondents’ household heads
reported that their landholding size is between 0.5 and 1 hectares. In Hulete Eji Enebse Woreda,
32% of the respondent household heads reported that they have got a land size between 0.5 and 1
hectares. In Hulete Eju Eenbse, there are many more households who have got a land size about
1.5 hectares and above.

While there are three households who report that they have got a land size of 1-1.5 hectare in
Enebse Sar Medir, there are 16 who report that they have 1-1.5. even more, in Hultute Eju Enese,
there are almost 20% households who reported that they have got a land size of 1.5 and above
and even up to 3 hectares.

18
Figure 2: Land holding Size of the Respondents Heads of Households, 2022

3.2.4. Income of the Study Households

In this baseline survey, the respondent household heads were simply asked about their annual
income in Ethiopian Birr. The annual income of the households is actually the sum of all crops
produced for both consumption and sale as well as the income obtained from livestock farming,
farm and non-farm wage labor and petty trading.

As the amount of income from crops varies depending on the climate, the households responded
only referring of 2021. It is not actually the crop, all other income sources do also reflect the

19
2021 annual production and income of the household. As stated in the previous section, the
households’ income is diversified and the amount of income is thus presented in reference to the
sources of income. The annual amount of income as mentioned by the respondent households is
thus presented in terms of its priority importance.

Crop Farming: It is the primary source of livelihood for almost all the households found in the
two Woredas. Despite its primacy, the amount of income earning from crop farming is much less
in Enebse Sar Medir Woreda than Hulete Eji Enebse Woreda. As Table ..below shows the
maximum annual income from crop production in Enebse Sar Medie Woreda reaches up to
60,000 Ethiopian Birr which is relatively lower than Hulete Eju Enese Woreda. In Hulet Eju
Enese Woreda, about 25% of the households obtain an annual income of 60,000 and more
Ethiopian Birr from crop production.

Table 8: Summary of the Income of the Respondent Households from Crop Farming, 2022
Woreda Not <10,000 10,001-
20,000 20,001- 30,001- 40,001- 50,001- >60,000 Total
Income 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000
Source

Enebse 3 9 40 22 17 8 2 0 101
Sar
Medir

3% 8.9% 39.6% 21.8% 16.8% 7.9% 2% 0 100%

Huletu 8 4 8 11 16 16 10 25 98
Eji
Enese

8.2% 4.1% 8.2% 11.2% 16.3% 16.3% 10.2% 25.5% 100%

Livestock Farming: As various literatures on Ethiopian economy reveals, the livestock sector
supports the livelihoods of a large proportion of rural households in rural Ethiopia. A livestock
survey conducted in Ethiopia during 2015 (World bank, 2015) reported that about 92 percent of
farm households owned at least one type of livestock. Cattle are the most common livestock
owned, followed by poultry. In this survey too, a similar finding has been revealed. About 88%

20
of the households in Enebse Sar Medir and 80% of the households in Hulet Eju Enese Woreda
have been found having livestock.

Table 9: Summary of the Income of the Respondent Households from Livestock

Farming, 2022
Woreda Not <10,000 10,001-
20,000 20,001- 30,001- 40,001- 50,001- >60,000 Total
Income 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000
Source

Enebse 12 30 23 17 6 4 5 4 101
Sar
Medir

11.9% 29.7% 22.8% 16.8% 5.9% 4% 5% 4% 100%

Huletu 20 13 31 8 8 5 7 6 98
Eji
Enese

20.4% 13.3% 31.6% 8.2% 8.2% 5.1% 7.1% 6.1 % 100%

Cash Cropping: Grains are the most important field crops in the two study Woredas: Enebse Sar
Medir and Hulet Eju Enese. The principal grains included teff, wheat, maize, sorghum, and
barley. These crops are produced both for both own-consumption and sales.

Although these grains are principal staple foods, they are also among the main cash crops in the
two Woredas. The main difference here between staple foods and cash crops is thus not the type
of crops but the amount of crops. In comparison, 18% percent of Enebse Sar Medir Woreda and
71% of Hulete Eje Enese Woreda are earning income from cash crops.

21
Table 10: Summary of the Income of the Respondent Households from Cash Crop, 2022
Woreda Not <10,000 10,001-
20,000 20,001- 30,001- 40,001- 50,001- >60,000 Total
Income 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000

Source

Enebse 83 15 3 0 0 0 0 0 101
Sar
Medir

82.2% 14.9% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100%

Huletu 27 4 26 24 8 8 1 0 98
Eji
Enese

27.6% 4.1% 26.5% 24.5% 8.2% 8.2% 1% 0% 100%

Income from Agriculture Labor: The number of households who reported that that they earn
income from the agriculture labour is 19% in Enebse Woreda and 29% in Hulete Eju Enese
Woreda. However, the annual income they are obtaining is a bit higher among Hulete Eju Enese
which is up to 40,000 Ethiopian Birr and less than 20,000 Ethiopian Birr in Enebse Sar Medir
Woreda.

Table 11: Summary of the Income of the Respondent Households from Agriculture
Labour, 2022
Woreda Not <10,000 10,001-
20,000 20,001- 30,001- 40,001- 50,001- >60,000 Total
Income 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000

Source

Enebse 82 15 4 0 0 0 0 0 101
Sar
Medir

81.2% 14.9% 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100%

Huletu 70 16 9 2 1 0 0 0 98
Eji
Enese

71.4% 16.3% 9.2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100%

22
Income from non-Agriculture Labour: Non-farm employment is an important source of
income for rural people specially for the young and female headed households. However, the
proportion of people who engage in non-agriculture labour and the income they are obtaining is
so insignificant. In both Woredas, it is found out that it is only 5% of the households who engage
in non-agriculture activities.

Table 12: Summary of the Income of the Respondent Households from NonAgriculture
Labour, 2022
Woreda Not <10,000 10,001-
20,000 20,001- 30,001- 40,001- 50,001- >60,000 Total
Income 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000
Source

Enebse 95 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 101
Sar
Medir

94.1% 3% 1% 1% 0% 1% 0% 0% 100%

Huletu 94 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 98
Eji
Enese

95.9% 4.1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100%

Income from Petty Trading: The number of households who engage in petty trading is so
insignificant. However, there is better engagement among the households of Huletu Eji Enese
Woreda than the households in Enebse Sar Medir Woreda.

Table 13: Summary of the Income of the Respondent Households from Petty
Trading, 2022
Woreda Not <10,000 10,001-
20,000 20,001- 30,001- 40,001- 50,001- >60,000 Total
Income 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000
Source

23
 Enebse 97 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 101
Sar
Medir

96.0% 22% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100%

Huletu 86 7 2 1 1 0 0 1 98
Eji
Enese

87.8% 7.1% 2% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 100%

3.2.5. Sources of Income

As agrarian society, 97.8 % and 91.8% of the respondent households report that crop farming is
the main source of income for the household. It is found out that there are also households who
engage in petty trading and agriculture labour for livelihood.

Table 14 below depicts the percentage of the population who engage in different agriculture and
non-agriculture activities for livelihood.

Table 14: Source of Income of the Respondent Households

Sources of Income Woreda Response

Yes No Total

Crop Farming Enebse Sar Medir 98 3 101

97.0% 3.0% 100%

Hulete Eji Enebse 90 8 98

91.8% 8.2% 100%

Livestock Enebse Sar Medir 89 12 101

88.1% 11.9% 100%

Hulete Eji Enebse 78 20 98

79.6% 20.4% 100%

24
 Cash Crop Enebse Sar Medir 18 83 101

17.8% 82.2% 100%

Hulete Eji Enebse 71 27 98

72.4% 27.6% 100%

Agriculture Enebse Sar Medir 19 82 101

18.8% 81.2% 100%

Hulete Eji Enebse 28 70 98

28.6% 71.4% 100%

Non-Agriculture Enebse Sar Medir 6 96 101

5.9% 94.1% 100%

Hulete Eji Enebse 4 94 98

4.1% 95.9% 100%

Petty Trade Enebse Sar Medir 4 97 101

4.0% 96.0% 100%

Hulete Eji Enebse 12 86 98

12.2% 87.8% 100%

3.2.6. External Migration

The survey indicated that the level of external migration in the two Woredas is almost none. It is
only two household heads in Enebse Sar Medir and one household head in Hulute Eju Enebse
Woreda who mentioned that they have relative living abroad. Middle East and Arab countries are
mentioned as destinations for the two Emebse Sar Medir Woreda Migrants. The household head
who mentioned that he has a relative abroad mentioned United States of America as destination.

A few rural to urban migration is observed only in Enebse Sar Medir Woreda. Among the survey
respondents, only 5 % indicated that household heads themselves used to migrate to other urban
areas. In addition, 9% of the respondents indicated that they have family members which
migrated to urban areas for labour. Welega and Jimma towns of Oromia Regional
25
Administration are the only areas mentioned by the respondents as the destinations for their
labour migration.

Table 15: Ever migration to abroad for Labour Work, 2022

Woreda Ever Went Abroad for Labour Work Total

I used to go I had a family I have a family No

abroad for member that went member living
labour work abroad abroad

Enebse Sar 5 9 0 87 101

Medir 5% 8.9% 0% 86.1% 100%

Hulete Eje 0 0 1 97 98
Enebse 0% 0% 1% 99% 100%

Total 5 9 1 184 199

2.5% 4.5% 0.5% 92.5% 100%

3.2.7. Food Self-sufficiency level of the Study Households

Self-sufficiency is usually defined ‘’as the ratio between domestic production and total
consumption (or demand); the latter is assumed to be equal to domestic production plus net
imports’’ (Tesfaye Ket al., 2018). However, here food self-sufficiency is defined operationally as
the ratio between household food production and mere consumption. According to this
operational definition, the findings of the two Woredas with regard to food self-sufficiency
shows huge variation. While 65 percent of the respondents of Hulete Eji Enebse Woreda
reported that they are food self-sufficient, it is only 18 percent of the respondents of Enebse Sar
Medir Woreda who report that they are food self-sufficient.

Figure 3: Food self-sufficiency Level of Respondent Households, 2022

26
A rough correlation is observed between the household land ownership size and food
selfsufficiency level at a Woreda level. The land ownership level is higher among the people of
Hulete Eje enese Woreda than the Enebse Sar Medir Woreda.

3.3. Access to Public and Economic Services and Administration Centers

3.3.1. Access to Marketing and Economic Services

It is evident that safe access safe access to markets creates economic opportunity for a
community. As the majority of the rural people engage in agriculture, they need to go regularly
for market to sell their crops and return buy consumable products. In addition, they need to
access agricultural inputs like fertilizer or seeds.

As Table 16 below indicates, 97% and 87% household heads in Enebsie Sar Medir and Hulete
Eji Enebse respectively reported that they cross the river to access marketing service. As
marketing is at least a weekly activity, its access is very critical to the community of the two
Woredas. Almost half of the respondent households of the two woredas cross the river to access
the agriculture inputs and credit and loan services. As the key informants report, the credit and
load service is accessed through ACSI at woreda towns that is Mota and Merto Lemariam.

27
As one of the FGD participants reported, it is only the husbands and the strongest boys who went
to the market during rainy seasons. As a result, the rural community are forced to bring the
agriculture inputs specifically seeds and urea and dap during the dry seasons.

Table 16: Households’ Access to Marketing and Economic Services, 2022

Public Services Woreda Crossing the river to access the Total
Service

Yes No
Marketing Services Enebse Sar Medir 97 4 101

Hulete Eji Enbse 81 17 98

Agriculture Inputs Enebse Sar Medir 56 45 101

Hulete Eji Enbse 47 51 98

Credit and Loan Enebse Sar Medir 41 60 101

Services
Hulete Eji Enbse 45 53 98

3.3.2. Access to Health, Education and Veterinary Services

Health Services: The river has a great impact on the health service of the community residing
around the rivers of the two Woredas. At first, it has an effect on the follow-up and technical
support of the Woreda staff. The health service providers who come from the Woreda or health
center gets difficulty. In one hand, the health service providers who come to the community
crossing the river start the supporting activities delayed when there is rain and the river is full.
On the other hand, the health worker will depart finalizing the support activities earlier than
expected in fear of the increase of the volume of the water.

Secondly, the ambulance does not cross the river during summer seasons. As a result, many
people will suffer from serve illness because of the difficulty to cross the river. The rural
community will use locally made stretchers to carry the sick.

28
Thirdly, the crossing of the river to get the health service is difficult specially for pregnant and
lactating women. The pregnant and lactating women cannot cross the river independently. They
cross the river with the support of other household members. The attendance for antenatal care is
thus interrupted and the time of vaccination is postponed for fear of the difficulty in crossing the
rivers during the rainy seasons. In addition, the elderly men and women are also in difficulty to
cross the river to get the health service specially on summer seasons.

Fourthly, due to the fear of crossing the river specially on rainy seasons, the community does not
only restrict itself from getting services but also the health workers limit the referral services.

Education Services: The sex ratio of students is almost the same. However, there is a bit
increase of the male students as compared to the female ones. The impact of crossing of the river
on schooling is clearly among secondary school students. There is a delay and even absenteeism
among students during September, October and June during when the rain is heavier.

There are also female students who drop their education due to the fear of crossing the river.
When they cross the river, their clothes get wet. The males go to the school with another longer
routes but the males do not dare to do so. The female students need the support of other
individuals to cross the river.

As reflected in the FGD, the challenge of accessing to educational establishments is exacerbated

by the difficulty of crossing the rivers. The impact of the difficulty of crossing Tame river in
Enebsi Sar Medir Woreda on the accessibility to educational facilities is more severe among
female students than the male students. In elementary school, the female students are found to
have been in lower proportion than their male counterparts.

As reflected, the parents want children of both sexes to join schooling at similar ages but they are
forced to let the females join the school a bit at later ages than the males because of the threat
that the females are not so strong to the risks associated with crossing the river. They usually let
the female children to wait until they are able to go to school independently. This is reflected in
the age difference between males and females school children of the same class. In the same
school level, the age of female students is a bit higher than their school mates.
29
Even after joining school, the female students are afraid of going to school alone. They are
usually accompanied by their male school mates. Thus, there is a great likelihood that female
may be arriving late or returning home unless they have somebody to accompany them to cross
the river. As reported from the education sector informant, the females usually arrive at school
late and being tired resulting in difficulty to attend class attentively.

The impact is even worst at children with disabilities. The difficulty of crossing Tame River
prevented the disabled children from accessing to school attendance. The disabled children in
Enebsie Sar Medir Woreda are found to limit their schooling.

Agriculture extension service: The agriculture inputs reach to the rural community without any
problem. However, the agriculture extension workers from the Woreda do not come for technical
support to the Kebeles frequently. Apart from the remoteness of the Woreda center where the
agriculture extension workers are located, the difficultly in crossing the river specially during the
rainy times is cited as the major reason.

Veterinary service: Veterinary service is given on a regular basis. However, there are times
when animals die at home as a result of the difficulty of crossing the river specially on rainy
seasons. During rainy seasons, the vaccination for animals is not given on time. It is usually
provided either earlier or later than the appropriate time.

Table 17: Households’ Access to Health, Education and Veterinary Services, 2022
Public Services Woreda Crossing the river to access the Total
Service

Yes No
Health Services Enebse Sar Medir 29 72 101

Hulete Eji Enbse 69 29 98

Education Services Enebse Sar Medir 23 78 101

Hulete Eji Enbse 35 63 98

30
 Veterinary Services Enebse Sar Medir 11 90 101

Hulete Eji Enbse 0 98 98

3.3.3. Access to Woreda and Kebele Centers

Household respondents reported that they frequently go the Woreda and Kebele centers for
different reasons: marketing, meeting, court cases, seeking technical advice from the different
sector offices, asking relatives and friends, etc.

As Table 18 indicates, more than 60% of the respondents in the two Woredas cross the river to
go to the Woreda center. It is good that the site of the Kebele is found nearer to them as reported
in the two Woreda respondents.

Table 18: Households’ Access to Woreda and Kebele Centers, 2022

Public Services Woreda Crossing the river to access the Total
Service

Yes No
Woreda Enebse Sar Medir 69 32 101

Hulete Eji Enbse 72 26 98

Kebele Enebse Sar Medir 6 95 101

Hulete Eji Enbse 0 98 98

3.3.4. Access to Religious and Social Gatherings/Events

Religion is extremely an important element and part of the life of the rural people. In the two
Woredas, it is reported that the rural people are observing the religious ceremonies and
participating the social gatherings or events even crossing the river.

31
As reported in Table 19, around one-fifth of the respondent households go to get religious
services and attend social gathering crossing the river. As the FGD indicates, social gathering
events refers to the traditional communal grouping events like Senbetes and Edirs.

Table 19: Households’ Access to Religious and Social Gathering/ Events, 2022

Social / Family Woreda Crossing the river to access Total

Services the Service

Yes No
Religious Services/ Enebse Sar Medir 21 90 101
Ceremonies
Hulete Eji Enbse 24 74 98

Social Gatherings/ Enebse Sar Medir 20 81 101

Events
Hulete Eji Enbse 61 37 98

3.3.5. Access to Domestic/Household Consumption Items

The access of the respondent households to water, firewood and grinding mills is not
significantly affected by the rivers. Table 16 indicates that more than 95% of the households in
both Woredas do not cross the river to fetch water. About 10% of the respondent households in
Enebsie Sar Medir Woreda and 5% of Hulet Eju Eense Woreda report that they need to cross the
river to fetch firewood. In terms of grinding mills access, 5% of Enebse Sar Medir Woreda and
24% of Hulete Eju Enese Woreda report that they cross the river to access the grinding mills site.

Table 20: Households’ Access to Water, Firewood and Grinding Mills, 2022

Household Woreda Crossing the river to access Total

Consumption the Service

Items Yes No
Fetching Drinking Enebse Sar Medir 5 96 101
Water
Hulete Eji Enbse 0 98 98

32
 Fetching Firewood Enebse Sar Medir 10 91 101

Hulete Eji Enbse 3 95 98

Grinding Mills Enebse Sar Medir 6 95 101

Hulete Eji Enbse 24 74 98

As the report in the previous tables show, the activities of fetching water, firewood and going to
the grinding mill sites are the activities of women and girls. Although the percentage of
household members who cross the river to access these services is lower in both Woredas, it
needs to give attention in terms of reliving the work burden of women.
3.4. Frequency of Access to Public and Economic Services and Administration Centers
In this survey, the household members were asked how frequent they were going to the market
and economic services, public services, churches, daily necessity items and Woreda/ Kebele
centers. All the respondent households of the two Woredas reported the most frequent services
are markets, churches, and daily necessity items like water points, grinding mills and fire wood
collection apart from schooling. As schooling is the regular activity by students. Table –depicts
the frequency of the visit to access the services.

Table 21: Summary of Frequency of Visit to Market/ Religious Services/Daily Necessities,

2022
Public Woreda Frequency of Visit Total
Services Once a Once a Twice a When
day week Week Needed
Marketing Enebse Sar Medir 0 57 4 40 101
Centers
Hulete Eji Enbse 0 43 13 42 98

Grinding Enebse Sar Medir 0 7 0 94 101

Mills
Hulete Eji Enbse 0 11 0 87 98

Fetching Enebse Sar Medir 73 0 28 0 101

33
 Water Hulete Eji Enbse 73 0 25 0 98

Fetching Enebse Sar Medir 0 19 0 82 101

Firewood
Hulete Eji Enbse 0 13 0 85 98

Church Enebse Sar Medir 19 82 0 0 101

Hulete Eji Enbse 9 88 1 0 98

3.5. Impact of the Tamme and Mar Weha Rivers on the Life of the Community
Impact on Human Resource
The households from Enebsie Sar Medir reported that Tamme river inflicted 2 individuals, that is
a wife and child. Although the river does not take their life, it impedes them to cross it and causes
them to fall in to it. As reported, such incidences happen usually during summer seasons where
the rain is high and the river is full and overflowing. Similarly, the households from the Hulete
Eji Enebse reported that Mar Weha river has inflicted their relatives although it has not resulted
in death.
Sexual Violence
It is reported that there is no sexual violence in the two adjacent Woredas. However, the Woreda
Health office reflected that there is generally underreporting of sexual violence for fear of the
stigma associated with disclosing the incident. There is no openness in the community. The
victim of sexual violence is usually blamed as people expect that the incident is mainly with her
willingness or weakness. As one of the health workers in Enebse Sar Medir Woreda reported,
during the rainy seasons, rumors usually circulate around the raping of females while waiting for
the volume of water to decline.

Impact on Livestock and Material Resource

In terms of property and other material resources, it is reported that Tamme River and Mar Weha
river has damaged their property. While 50% and 2% of the respondent households in Enebse Sar
Medir and Hulete Eje Enebse Woredas report that Tamme and Mar Weha river caused property
damage on them.
34
As reflected from the survey results, the household respondents reported that their properities
including crops, agriculture inputs, and purchased household consumption items were lost during
rainy seasons when they cross the river. The KII also complemented that the river resulted in
damage of animals. Some also mentioned that there are also cases where the land is eroded due
to the overflow of the river.

Table 22 shows the impact of two rivers (Tamme and Mar Weha) on the property of the
community.
Table 22: Types of Property Lost as a result of Tame River and Mar Weha River
W oreda Type of Property Lost Total

None Crop Animals Fire Agri. Crops + Crops + All

wood input Animals Animals +
Firewood
Enebse 51 11 19 2 5 8 2 3 101
Sar Medir
Hulete Eji 96 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 98
Enebse
Total 147 11 21 2 5 8 2 3 199

3.6. Willingness to Participation in the Construction of Bridges

As regards participation in the construction of bridges, all the respondent household heads
confirmed that they are willing in every form required to realize the bridge done. The forms of
participation as reflected from the respondents is expressed ranging from labour work to material
contribution to cash.

The forms of contribution to the construction of the bridges differ from household to household
depending on their capacity of the household. The summary of the respondent households’ forms
of participation is presented in Table 23 below:

Table 23: Forms of Participation for the construction of bridges, 2022

Woreda Forms of Contribution Total
Labour Materials Cash Labour &
Materials
Enebse Sar Medir 78 3 10 10 101
35
 77.2% 3.0% 9.9% 9.9% 100%
Hulete Eje Enebse 65 0 2 31 98
66.3% 0% 2% 31.6% 100%
Total 143 3 12 41 199
71.9% 1.5% 6.0% 20.6% 100%

As reflected from the responses, more than two- third of the respondent households of the two
Woredas report that they will contribute in the form of labor required to the construction of
bridges. There are also household heads who reported that they can also contribute through cash
(6%) and both labour and materials (20%).

36
 IV. Conclusion

More than 90% of the people in Enebse Sar Medir and Huletu Ej Ense Woredas are living in
areas where the road network is so poor. The people still travel on foot through narrow and
difficult trails involving crossing Tame River in case of Enebse Sar Medir and Mar Weha River
in case of Hulete Eje Enese Woreda. The strengthening of the road infrastructure thus
significantly contributes to the improvement of access to social and basic services as well as
economic resources and opportunities of the rural settlements in Amhara region.

It is found out that a total of 8 Kebele population of Enebsie Sar Medir Woreda (32,050) and 4
Kebele Population of Huletu Eje Enese Woreda (14,652) are significantly affected by the rivers.
As the survey result indicates, the households need to cross Tame and Mar Weha Rivers in order
to obtain the various economic and social services. The human life risks, animal and property
losses are mentioned as the threats in crossing the Tame and Mar Weha rivers to access the basic
social and economic services. Further, the quality of public services specifically of the health,
education and agricultural extension services are highly affected as better public services are
found at the Woreda/ district level (Merto Lemariam town in case of Enebse Sar Medir Woreda
and Mota town in case of Hulete Eje Enese Woreda) which needs crossing Tame and Mar Weha
Rivers. Furthermore, the impact of the trail travels through crossing the river is also on the shop
and market access (for household needs and for farm inputs and produces) and access to daily
necessities (water, fire wood, grinding mills), to follow religious observances and social
gatherings (Senbete, Edir).

In view its contribution to creating access, the households of the two Woredas recognized the
critical importance of the construction of bridges as reflected in their willingness for

37
 participation. All study households mentioned that they are willing to participate in the
construction of bridges although the forms of their participation depends on their capacity. This
also enhances the ownership of the project by the community.
V. Annexes

Annex 1: Household Questionnaire

Date ----------------------Name of interviewer-------------------

I. General Information
1. Name: ____________________ (Woreda)
2. Age: ______________________
3. Sex: 1) Male 2) Female
4. Educational Status of the respondent: 1) Can’t Read & Write 2) Read & write
3) Primary incomplete 4) Primary Complete 5) Secondary incomplete
6) Secondary Complete
5. Number of Household members
a) Male ______ b) Female_______ c) Total
6. How far is your house from the nearest river cross (in hours/minutes) __________
7. Location: Zone……………… Woreda………… Kebele…………
8. GPS Coordinate:
• Latitude: _________________
• Longitude: ________________
• Elevation: _________________
9. Which form of community-based associations/groups/coops belongs to you?
1. Multipurpose cooperative
2. Saving and credit cooperative
3. Women association
4. Youth association
5. Other forms of cooperative
10. Have you ever lost any family member/relatives for the last five years due to in lack
of bridges?
1. Yes
2. No
11. If yes, what are the family members?
1. Children 2.
Wife
3. Husband

38
 4. Sister
5. Brother
12. Have you ever lost any properties for the last five years due to lack of bridge?
1. Yes
2. No
13. If yes? What properties, (Tick more than one)
1. Crops, -------------------how many kgs?---------------- 2.
Animals, how many and type of animals?-----------------------
3. Firewood
4. Inputs like fertilizers and chemicals, the total cost-------------------------
5. Others (specify)
14. Are you willing to participate in the process of trail bridge construction?
1. Yes
2. No
15. If yes, in what form you would like to contribute?
1. Labor,
2. Materials
3. Cash

II. Household Income

16. What is the landholding size (in hectare) of the household? 1) Own land ______ 2) Rented
in land______3) Rented out land ______4) Landless________.

17. How many livestock does the household have? 1) Cattle______ 2) Sheep ______3)
Goats____________.

18. Food sufficiency from own production

SN Sufficiency of the food production (√)
a) <3 months
b) 4-6 months
c) 7-9 months
d) 10-11 months
e) >12 months

39
19. What is the main source of household income? (More than one answer is possible) (Put your
answers in priority order: 1 for the major source, 2 for the second source, 3 for the third
source, etc.)
SN Source of household income (√)
a Income from Subsistence Activities
Crops farming
Livestock farming
Other (specify)________
b Income from Cash crop farming
c Income from Wage/ Labor
Agricultural wage/Labor
Non-agricultural wage/Labor
d Income from Petty trade
e Other (specify)__________

20. On average, what is the amount of your annual household income? (more than one answer is
possible)
Sources of household income Estimated amount of Income (in Birr)
a Income from Subsistence Activities
Crops farming
Livestock farming
Other (specify)_________
b Income from cash crop farming
c Income from Wage/Labor
Agricultural wage /Labor
Non-agricultural wage /Labor
d Petty trade
e Other (specify)__________

21. Did you or any of your household members go abroad for labor migration? (more than one
answer is possible)
SN Ever go abroad for labor migration (√)
a. Yes, I used to go
Yes, I had a household member

40
 c. Yes, I still have a household member who went to abroad
d. No.

22. If yes, where did you or the other household members go for work?
SN Countries that you or your household members ever went (√)
a. Middle east countries
b. Arab Countries
c. Europe
d. Others_______

III. Access to Public Service

23. How frequently do you/ your household members have to travel for carrying out the
following activities/ access the services/ reach the administration centers?
S/N Activities Once a Once a Twice a When
day week week needed
1 Marketing service/ Shopping

2 Grinding Millis

3 Fetching Water

4 Fetching firewood

SN Services Once a Once a Twice a When

day week week needed
1 Health Services/ Pharmacy

2 Schools (Primary or secondary)

3 Agricultural inputs

4 Veterinary Services

5 Credit/loan services

6 Religious ceremonies/worships

7 Social gatherings/Mahiber

SN Administration Centers Once a Once a Twice a When

41
 day week week needed
1 Woreda Administration Center

2 Kebele Administration Center

Others

24. Who usually performs the following activities in your household? (More than one answer is
possible)
S/N Activities Men Wo Boy Gir Men+ Wo ALL
men s ls Boys men
+
girls
1 Marketing service/ Shopping
2 Grinding Millis
3 Fetching Water
4 Fetching firewood
SN Services
1 Health Services/ Pharmacy
2 Schools (Primary or
secondary)
3 Agricultural inputs
4 Veterinary Services
5 Credit/loan services
6 Religious
ceremonies/worships
7 Social gatherings/ Mahiber
SN Administration Centers
1 Woreda Administration
Center
2 Kebele Administration
Center
Others

25. Do you or your household members cross the river to do /access the following activities/
services?
42
 S/N Activities Yes No
1 Marketing service/ Shopping
2 Grinding Millis
3 Fetching Water
4 Fetching firewood
SN Services
1 Health Services/ Pharmacy
2 Schools (Primary or secondary)
3 Agricultural inputs
4 Veterinary Services
5 Credit/loan services
6 Religious ceremonies/worships
7 Social gatherings/ Mahiber
SN Administration Centers
1 Woreda Administration Center
2 Kebele Administration Center
Others

26. How long does it take to access/ perform the following activities?
S/N Activities During dry season During rainy season
(in hours) (in hours)
1 Marketing service/ Shopping
2 Grinding Millis
3 Fetching Water
4 Fetching firewood
SN Services
1 Health Services/ Pharmacy
2 Schools (Primary or secondary)
3 Agricultural inputs
4 Veterinary Services
5 Credit/loan services
6 Religious ceremonies/worships
7 Social gatherings/ Mahiber

43
 SN Administration Centers
1 Woreda Administration Center
2 Kebele Administration Center
Others

Annex II: Semi-Structured Interview Guide A. Education Service

1. Can you please provide the following information about the students in the school?
a) Elementary School
 Total numbers of student in the school (2013 E.C.): o
Boys = ------------ Girls= ------------ Total= -----------
 Total numbers of students that cross rivers to come to
the school:
o Boys = ------------ Girls= ------------ Total= -----------
b) Secondary School
 Total numbers of student in the school:
o Boys = ------------ Girls= ------------ Total= -----------
 Total numbers of students that cross rivers to come to the school:
o Boys = ------------ Girls= ------------ Total= -----------

2. How do you explain the situation for students who cross the river to come to the school? (Hint:
students are always late or wet; Crossing is very dangerous for students; the river would prevent
students from reaching the school)
3. Can you explain the situation for girls that cross the river to come to school?
4. Do you think that the situation has impact on the students’ attendance? How?

B. Health
5. Can you please provide the following information?
SN Patients who come to the health services Male Female Children Total

1 Number of clients who accessed the health

services last year
2 Number of clients who accessed the health
services last year crossing a river

1 Total number of pregnant women who received prenatal follow up in the last
year
2 Number of pregnant women who received prenatal follow up last year
crossing the river
3 Total number of pregnant women who received postnatal follow up last year
44
 4 Total number of pregnant women who received postnatal follow up last year
crossing the river

6. Is there gendered based violence (GBV) in your community? Could you explain the prevalence?
What do you think the reason?
7. Can you explain the situation how the community accesses health services crossing the river
specifically?
• The sick and elderly people____________________
• Pregnant women for deliveries _____________________
• Lactating mothers that come to get their children vaccinated___________
8. Can you explain the situation how health workers provide health services to the community
crossing the river?
• In providing regular extension services________________________
• In providing emergency health services________________________
• Other services__________________________________________

C. Agricultural Extension Services

1. How do you provide agricultural extension services and veterinary services in the community of
the Woreda? Can you mention the barriers if the service is not given to all community members
equally?
2. If there was no service what was the challenges farmers faced every year?
3. Is there demand for extension services and veterinary services for their livestock from those who
have to cross the river?
4. The major crops produced and the coverage
5. How do you provide extension service to the farmers during rainy season?
6. How do you provide agricultural inputs to the farmers during the wet season?
7. How do you provide veterinary services to the livestock during the wet season?
8. Can you explain how lack of roads and bridges negatively affect the agricultural extension and
veterinary services in the Woreda?
9. What are the institutions/organizations operating in the area?
10. Population of each kebele (M and F)

D. Kebele Administration Office

1. Do you think the Woreda Administration center is accessible to all the population of the
Woreda?
2. Do you think the Kebele Administration Office is accessible to all the community members of
the Kebele?
3. How does the community access to market, education, health, and other services in the
Woreda/Kebele? (Especially during the rainy seasons?)
4. What are the types of roads existing in the Woreda? Can you explain the road coverage in the
Woreda/Kebele?
45
5. Is the construction of trail bridges the priority of the community in the Woreda/Kebele? How?
6. How do you evaluate the community participation and ownership trends in development
activities?
7. Did the community face loss due to the river or lack of bridges?
8. If yes, what were the losses (human and animal live loss, farm failure, others) Annex III: Focus
Group Discussion Guide

Woreda Technical and steering committee

1. Describe the overall perception of the community on the bridge?
2. What will be the contribution of the community for the construction of the bridge and roles
of the wereda to facilitate the contribution?
3. What contribution is expected from wereda admin and which organization is the leading one
to monitor the status of this project?
4. What activities done so far by wereda and kebele?
5. What are the perceived impacts of the bridge for the community?
6. What activities are planned this year concerning the bridge?
7. What damages and losses registered in the wereda due to the lack of the bridge?
8. What are the expected challenges that will occur?
9. Have you ever heard about sexual violence in the Kebele? what kind and its frequency of
occurrence?

Kebele bridge users and management groups/committee

1. Describe the overall perception of the community on the bridge?
2. What will be the contribution of the community for the construction of the bridge and roles of
the committee to facilitate the contribution?
3. What contribution is expected from kebele admin and who will be the leading one to monitor
the status of this project?
4. What activities done so far by the kebele?
5. What are the perceived impacts of the bridge for the community?
6. What activities are planned this year concerning the bridge?
7. What damages and losses registered in the kebele due to the lack of the bridge last year?
8. What are the expected challenges that will occur to construct the bridge?
9. Have you ever heard about sexual violence in the Kebele? what kind and its frequency of
occurrence?

Annex IV: Checklist for secondary data collection

Woreda and kebele information from secondary sources

1. Woreda/kebele
2. Adjacent weredas/kebeles
46
3. Location
4. Population (M/F)
5. Area in ha
6. Major crops planted and area covered in ha?
7. Access to irrigation and area covered?
8. Potential for irrigation
9. Number of schools (from kindergarten to TVET)
10. Number of health facilities (public and private)
11. Number and name of financial institutions (Banks, MFIs and SACCos
12. Source or energy (how many kebeles access electricity, solar etc)
13. Number and type of cooperatives in the wereda
14. Road condition from zone to wereda (all weather or one weather, asphalted or not)
15. Connected kebeles with wereda by roads (type, all weather or not) 16. Availability of
NGOS in the area and the focus of the intervention
17. Dominant types of business in the area?
18. Availability of manufacturing factories

Reference
Population Size of Amhara Region By Sex and Urban and Rural, 2021/2022. Planning
Commission of Amhara National Regional State, 2021/22.

47
Tesfaye K, Van Ittersum MK, Wiebe K, Boogaard H, Radeny M, Solomon D. 2018. Can
Ethiopia feed itself by 2050? Estimating cereal self-sufficiency to 2050. CCAFS Policy Brief no.
12. Wageningen, the Netherlands: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture
and
Food Security (CCAFS). Available online at: www.ccafs.cgiar.org
Woreda Agriculture Office, 2022. Enebse Sar Merdir Woreda.
Woreda Agriculture Office, 2022. Huletu Eje Enese Woreda.
Woreda Finance and Economic Cooperation Office, 2022. Enebse Sar Merdir Woreda.
Woreda Finance and Economic Cooperation Office, 2022. Huletu Eji Enese Woreda.
World Bank, 2015. Ethiopian Poverty Assessment. Poverty Global Practice Africa Region.
Report No. AUS6744

48