1
Some specific properties of Rician PDF and possibility
of its application in modeling of ITS infrastructures
Dimitrije Stefanović1, Dejan Blagojević2, Aleksandra Mitić3, Zoran Popovic4
Abstrac: Some specific properties of Rician PDF and
possibility of their implementation in the process of modelling
and design of the ITS infrastructure has been studied in this
paper. The existence of singular solution is considered and
analyzed under different conditions i.e. for different parameters
of Rician PDF. These facts could be use in the process of system
modelling and design
Keywords – DSCR. ITS, The Rician fading channel models,
PDF, envelope, distribution, singular solutions.
I. INTRODUCTION
The ITS (Intelligent transport systems) improves safety and
mobility and enhances productivity through communications
technology. The ITS services have been based on the DSCR
(dedicated short range communication) telecommunication
structure. The process of modeling ITS including develop of
information system, communications, sensors and advanced
mathematchical methods based on the nature of physical
process in the channel. On the other side modeling system
have to allowed sense the presence and identity of the vehicle
in the real time through the communication between the RSE
(road side equipments) and OBE (on board equipment) or
GPS (global satellite positioning), cheaply and reliably
transfer of large amount of information, process these
information through advanced information technology and
using information properly and opportunely to achieve better
transportation network operations [1, 2]. The signal envelopes
and the signal phase at the receiver are the important
parameters affected on the system performance [4-6].
Multipath propagation causes rapid fluctuations of the phase
and amplitude of the signal and has a small-scale effect. These
fluctuations of the instantaneous received power due to
multipath effects in ITS described with Rician model [7-12].
The fading analysis from the physical viewpoint needs a
forming of particular differential equations with information
entropy, which role lay in relating conditions in one region to
1
Dimitrije C. Stefanovic is with the Faculty of Faculty of
electronic engineering Aleksandra Medevdeva 20 18000 Nish Serbia,
E-mail
vule@elfak.ni.ac.yu
2
Dejan I. Blagojevic is with the The High Technical School,
Aleksandra Medevdeva 20 18000 Nish Serbia, E-mail:
blagojevicd70@yahoo.com
3
Aleksandra. Mitic is with the Faculty of electronic engineering
Aleksandra Medevdeva 20 18000 Nish Serbia, E-mail:
alekmi@elfak.ni.ac.yu
4 PDF’s are located on the envelope of the curve family (fig.1).
Zoran Popovic is with the Faculty of electronic engineering
Aleksandra Medevdeva 20 18000 Nish Serbia, E-mail
those in another. The sets of differential equations are very
useful for describing system behavior at every possible time
values
The analysis of integral properties of the fading channel
models have been subject of our previous papers [3]. The
results show possibility of detail analysis of the influence PDF
parameters on the model. The remarks could be use in the
analysis of the other physical processes involved in the radio
diffusion, optoelectronic and material properties. The main
point in this paper is the numerical analysis of Ricians PDF’s
as particular solutions of corresponding differential equation,
for one varying parameter, while the others are set to constant
values. On the other side, the envelope of family of PDF’s
curve shows that the initial differential equation has the
singular solution, which existences could be used during the
analysis of system performance and system modeling.
II. THE MODEL OF RICIAN FADING
The Rician fading channel models consider that the
dominant wave can be a phasor sum of dominant signals, e.g.
the LOS component and sum of multipath signals. This
combined signal is then mostly treated as a deterministic
(fully predictable) process. The wave components can also be
subject to shadow attenuation. [8]
The PDF dependence of the Rician factor K [3] could be
expressed like:
( K +1)z 2
2 z (K + 1) − K −  K (K + 1) 
p z (z ) = e Ω
I 0  2z [3]
Ω  Ω 
 
where isW, the mean power of envelope, and z is signal level.
As well known, the Rician K factor defined as the ratio of
LOS signal power to the random path signal power is very
important in completing the knowledge about the associated
probability density function of a wireless channel. Knowledge
of the Rician K factor and some of its properties can be useful
in determining channel and system performances [13-15].
III. NUMERICAL RESUTLTS
The start point in these paper, like in our previous paper,
have been the numerical analyze of Rician PDF’s, like
particular solutions of corresponding differential equation for
constant values of the PDF parameters [3]. The maximum of
 2
1
10
z1=1
zi+1 = zi + δz
zi
δz = 0.1, z1=1
0
10 i=1,2...,10 z11=2
K=0

pz(Ω)
2
-1
1.5 10
pz(z, Ω)

1 8
0.5
0 6 10
-2
Ω
0
1 4
z K=10
2 10
-3

2 0,1 1 10
3 Ω
4 Figure 3 The PDF versus the Ω, for various values of z, and K=0,
Figure 1 The 3D plot of Rician PDF versus the z, for variouse K=10
vaules of W, and for K=10
1
10
Ω i+1 = Ω i + δΩ Ω 1=1

δΩ = 1, Ω 1=1
Ωi
0 i=1,2...,14
10
Ω15 =15
K=0
pz(z)

-1
10 2 50
1 40
-2
10
0 30
K=10
pz(z, K)

20
10
-3 1
0,1 1
z 10 K
2
Figure 2. The PDF versus the z, with for various values ofW, K=0,
for K=10, in log-log coordinates z
30
Figure 4. The 3D plot of Rician PDF versus the z and K, Ω=2
The charachteristics of PDF curves families where Ω is
taken as parameter for K=0 i K=10 are shown on fig 2. With
the increase of Ω the maximums of PDF achieve smaller
values. The maximums of family of PDF curves increase with
increasing the Rician K factor too. In both case the envelope
of the PDF curves family could be approximate by straight
line. The properties of the noticed envelopes of the PDF
curves family could be characterized by the same trends (fig.
2 50
4 and 5).
pz(Ω, K)

The charachteristics of PDF curves families where Ω is 1 40

taken as parameter for K=0 i K=10 are shown on fig 3.. It can 0 30
be seen that similar conclusions exist as in previous case.
With the increase of z the maximums of PDF achieve smaller 1 20 K
values The maximums of family of PDF curves increase with 2
increasing the Rician K factor. In both case the envelope of Ω 3 10
the PDF curves family could be approximate by straight line. 4
The properties of the noticed envelopes of the PDF curves 5
family could be characterized by the same trends (fig. 4 and Figure 5. The 3D plot of Rician PDF versus Ω and K, and z=1.5
5).

The envelope existences enable to treat the PDF’s like
particular solutions of some PDE (partial differential
equation), corresponding to a specific value of the equation
free parameters. The numerical analysis, confirms that beside
the particular solutions, exist the singular solutions too. The
envelope equations could be determined by graph-analytical
methods.
IV. DISCUSSION
Complex system may be modeled as combinations of object
specified at different domains - abstract object oriented
specification, digital hardware, analog hardware and software-
and at multiple abstraction level. The models are composed of
interface and autonomous elements. Autonomous elements are
used to model concrete entities in the system and their
progressive replacement by analog components and the
interaction of model with real analog world needs analog
models. The analog model is based on the set of differential
equations which describing system behavior at every possible
time value. On this base, the object could be modeled as
mathematical function from the inputs to the outputs as
opposed to the structural approach, where objects are are
described as interconnections of analog components. So, the
initial point is the system of differential equation and their
properties are very important in this step of modeling process.
All of this implies on the importance of the Rician
distribution, and made us to analyze the integral properties of
Rician PDF from parameters, where are PDF treated, like we
already mention, as particular solutions of first order PDE
(partial differential equation) with the parameters of
distribution like variables. It means that the PDF could be
analyzed like particular integral of differential equation for
specific values of parameters. On the other side the curves
family envelope shows that initial differential equation has
singular solution, which existence could be used during the
analysis of different conditions in the information chain with
or without combiner. The ITS infrastructure is based on the
system which comprises a family of devices. All components
are designed to meet the requirements and full compliance
with CEN DSRC standards and secures that interoperability is
achieved. The basic platform is single lane transceiver and
transaction controller. The transceiver is design with
communication zone that meets requirements for most single
lane applications. The transaction controller handle parts or
complete EFC/DSCR transaction and security functions [16-
20].
So the approach to envelope like singular solution of the
PDF, concerning the empirical conditions of PDF
determining, enable to a better view on the physical process
and nature of fading. As we already mention the fading
analysis from the physical viewpoint needs a forming of
particular differential equations with information entropy,
which roles lie in relating conditions in one region to those in
another, through a recursive process which allows us to
progressively work out the solution from one place to another,
a little bit at a time. Also the framework is prescribed by the
differential equation, but the information which is to be
3
relayed from one place to another is contained in the boundary
conditions.
The designed of the hardware for OBE and RSE units and
many physical process and phenomena RF low power circuits
such as a peak noise voltage, varying load impedance, etc.,
based on one this approach, will result in the some optimal
relations between the system performance and design
parameters in the various communications conditions as well
as highway traffic conditions.
These remarks could be used in modeling of fading process,
and the designed process of OBE and RSE hardware by
providing very high date transfer rates in circumstances where
minimizing latency in communication and isolating relatively
small communication zones.
V. CONCLUSION
The ITS (Intelligent transport system) improves safety and
mobility and enhances productivity through communications
technology The nature and importance of the Rician
distribution in the modeling and design of ITS, made us to
analyze the integral properties of Rician PDF versus PDF
parameters, where are PDF treated, like particular solutions of
first order PDE with the parameters of distribution like
variables. This analysis showed some specific properties of
Rician PDF and these remarks could be used in improving of
modeling of fading process, and the designed process of OBE
and RSE hardware units, by providing very high date transfer
rates The envelope existences enable to treat the PDF’s like
particular solutions of some PDE (partial differential
equation), corresponding to a specific value of the equation
free parameters. The properties of the noticed envelopes of the
PDF curves family could be characterized by the same trends.
REFERENCES
[1] M. Yasunaga, “ITS research and Development Activities in
TAO, Japan, “Proc. of telecommunication Workshop of ITS,”
May 2000.
[2] Task Groupe p,”IEEE 802.11p Wireless Access for Vehicular
environment”, http:/grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11
[3] A.Mitic at all. The Integral Properties of Rician PDF from
viewpoint of DSRC Systems, ICEST 2007
[4] T.Aulin., “A modified model for the fading signal at mobile
radio channel”, IEEE Trans.Veh.Techn., Vol. 28, No.3, August
1979
[5] H.Sharam, H.Homayoun, “A propagation model for micro
cellular mobile and personal radio communications.” Proc.
IEEE PIMRC., vol.12, sept.1995, pp. 392-396
[6] J.D., Parsons, “The mobile propagation channel”, John
Wiley&Sons, Inc.2000
[7] M.K, Simon, M.S.,Alouni, “Digital telecommunication over
fading channels”, A Unified approach to performance analysis,
John Wiley&Sons, Inc.2000
[8] D.Drajic, Uvod u statisticku teoriju telekomunikacija,
Akademska misoa, Beograd, 2003
[9] C. Loo., “A statistical models for fading channels with
applications to digital transmission”, IEEE Transactions on
vehicular technology, Vol. 34, No.3, pp 122-127, August 1985

[10] C.Loo, J.S.Butterworth., “Land mobile satellite channel
measurement and modeling”, Proceeding of IEEE, Vol. 86, No.
7, pp. 1442-1463, July 1998
[11] D. Kwon, Y.Hahm,I.Jeong, and D.Im, “CDMA Mobile System
Test –bed and Field test“, ETRI Journal, vol. 19,no.3, Oct.1997,
pp.259-280
[12] T.S,Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and
Practice, Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey, 1996
[13] A.Abdi and S.Nader-Esfahani, “A general PDF for Signal
Envelope in Multhipath Fading Channels Using Laguerre
Polynomials”, in IEEE VTS 46th Vehicular Technology
Conference, Atlanta GA, May 1996, pp.1428-1432
[14] C.A.Balanis, Abdanced Engineering electromagnetic, John
Wiley&Sons, Inc, New York, 1989 Ch 13.
[15] M. Patzold, F. Laue., “Level-crossing rate and average duration
of fades of deterministic simulation model for Rice fading
4
channels”, IEEE Trans.Veh.Techn., Vol. 48, No.4, pp 1211-
1129, July 1999
[16] L.C.Godara,”Application of Antenna Arrays to Mobile
Communications, Part I: Performance Improvement, Feasibility,
and System Consideration,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol 85,
no.7, pp.1031-1060, July 1997.
[17] C. Wietfeld. “Performance evaluation of vehicles-roadside
communication systems in Shadowing&Multipath fading
environment“, IEEE Trans.Veh.Techn., vol VT-45,1995,pp.947-
952
[18] L.W.Couch, Digital and Analog Communication System,
Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 4th ed., 1993.
[19] T.M.Cover and J.A.Thomas, The Elements of Information
Theory, John Wiley&Sons, Inc, New York, 1991.
[20] Byung-Seub Lee, et al. “Performance evaluation of the physical
layer of the DSRC operating in 5.8 GHz frequency band”. ETRI
Journal, vol 23. No 3, sept. 2001, pp 121-128