LABORATORY PRACTICE REPORT
0
MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING PROGRAM
Dynamic visualization
Espejo David
{Est.david.espejo}@unimilitar.edu.co
Profesor: Puerto Jorje
Resumen—In this practice we wanted to configure the input
and output pins of the micro controlled system to perform a
dynamic display of the output signals. To comply with this, a
calculator was developed using a matrix keyboard for data entry
and 5 multiplexed screens for data output. Finally, the reasons
why a membrane keyboard is not the best option for this type
of application are given, and all the advantages offered by the
use of variables such as flags are also highlighted.
Palabras clave—Keyboard, display, flag, variables, conversion.
I. I NTRODUCCI ÓN
I n tools like a micro controller and any system involving it
is very important the space use, for example, for this lab
practice, have 2 or more displays individually connected takes
up too much space and hardware, and this is something that is
not just in outputs cases, like the displays are, but for get into
data exist the same problem. Over the years there have been
different ways to read data inputs but one of the most efficient
ways so far has been the matrix keyboard a circuit made up of
an arrangement of buttons in the form of a matrix where it is
possible to precisely locate which button was pressed [1]. It is
usual that eight pins is used to connect the single-chip with 4
× 4 matrix keyboard by the method of scanning.but One of the
most hardware efficient methods to read a matrix keyboard is
a method without any other active element is raised. Only one
pin, four capacitors and four resistances are used to connect
the single-chip with 4 × 4 matrix keyboard without any other
chip and active element [2]. However, it is a complex method
and it is not the one used in the development of this practice.
An other thing to solve is the output data optimization, in this
case, with displays, a solution for that is multiplexing. For a
micro controller the code for this goes something like this [3]:
Program computes a number to display.
Program retrieves the 7-bit code from memory.
The code is then sent to the I/O pins or port.
The data is then latched into the register with a control
signal on another MCU output pin.
Number shows up on the display.
II. M ARCO TE ÓRICO
II-A. Matrix Keypad
The 4 x 4 Matrix Keypad Module is a non-encoded matrix
keypad consisting of 16 keys in parallel. The keys of each
El presente documento corresponde a un informe de práctica de laboratorio
de “nombre de la materia” presentado en la Universidad Militar Nueva
Granada durante el periodo 2022-1.
Version 1.
Period 2022-1
row and column are connected through the pins outside –
pin R1-R4 as labeled beside control the rows, when L1-
L4, the columns. A 4×4 matrix keypad consisting of micro
switch buttons.How Keypads Work. Pressing a button closes
the switch between a column and a row trace, allowing current
to flow between a column pin and a row pin.
II-B. Multiplexed 7-segment display
By multiplexing seven-segment displays the number of pins
required to drive the displays can be reduced. In the scheme of
Figure 4 the segments are driven high by the micro-controller.
The required segments for digit 1 are set on lines A to G and
Q1 strobed (turned on briefly). The key idea of controlling
multiple 7-segment displays is to use the same 7 IO output
pins for all the segment lines. And also an additional control
pin (transistor) to activate each 7-segment unit one at a time.
II-C. Calculators
Calculators (and computers) combine inputs using electro-
nic components called logic gates. As the name implies, a
logic gate acts as a barrier in an electronic circuit; it takes
in two electric currents, compares them and sends out a new
current based on what it finds. The memory chips inside the
calculator contain thousands or millions of bytes of program
code that allows the calculator to do the work. In some cases,
the chips may contain some information in table form, while
in others, they contain sequences of steps that can be used to
get to the answer.
III. O BJECTIVES
Configure the input/output pins of the micro controlled
system to perform dynamic display of output signals.
IV. P RACTICE DEVELOPMENT
IV-A. Displays Multiplication
Displays Multiplication is a different and more efficient
way to show a process and monitoring the different interest
variables. Exist different ways to do a display multiplexing,
as can be seen in the figure 1, in this lab has been used 7 PE
outputs for all displays inputs, a mean, every .aı̈nput of every
displays is interconnected, so the same number is sending to
all displays. Also we used 7 PF pins more for the enables of
every display.
 How it Works
LABORATORY PRACTICE REPORT Version 1.0
Matrix keypads use a combination of four rows and four columns to provide button states to the host
MECHATRONICSdevice,
ENGINEERING PROGRAM Underneath each key is a push button, with onePeriod
typically a microcontroller. 2022-1 to one
end connected
row, and the other end connected to one column. These connections are shown in Figure 1.

PE0 PE0 PE0 PE0 PE0

PE1 PE1 PE1 PE1 PE1
PE2 PE2 PE2 PE2 PE2
PE3 PE3 PE3 PE3 PE3
PE4 PE4 PE4 PE4 PE4
PE5 PE5 PE5 PE5 PE5
PE6 PE6 PE6 PE6 PE6

PF4

PF3

PF2

PF1

PF0
Figura 1. Display multiplexing

In this way you can make a dynamic visualization with the

help of two vectors, a vector contains the 0-9 numbers code
in every position, but as all displays pins are the same, enable
is used to turn on only the display that corresponds to the
number being sent.
In the figure 2 the number 9801 is observed, where all the
displays are receiving both the number, such as 8, 0 and 1 but
only the displays corresponding to these numbers are turned
on at a very fast speed

Figure 1: Matrix Keypad Connections

Figura 3. Display multiplexing example
In order for the microc ontroller to determine which button is pressed, it first needs to pull each of the
four column s (pins 1-4 ) either low or high one at a time , and then poll the states of the four rows
(pins 5-8). Depending on the states of the columns, the microcontroller can tell which button is pressed.
IV-C. Programming
For example, say your program pulls all four columns low and then pulls the first row high. It then reads
the input states of each column, and reads pin 1 high. This means that a contact has been made
Figure 4 looks how int main work, as you can see there is
between column 4 and row 1, so button ‘A’ has been pressed.
not much work here since most of the work is done in the
interrupts themselves.

Start

4x4 Matrix Membrane

Declare variables Int VectorF, numero, Vector_Numero_1, Keypadidentificador, resultado, Operacion.
Posicion_Vector_numero_1,

Declare variable double ResultadosMDT

Declare variables char Vector_Numero_1[2], numeroC, Resultado_Display[5]

Declare variables char * Resultado_Display_1.

Start GPIO and

interruptions watch.
Configure PD like output and
Pull-up PC like input and
Pull-up.

Figura 2. Display multiplexing example Declare interruptions in 0, 1, 2,

3, 4 and 5 port C pins, remove masks
and an declare on falling edge

Configure a cycle that move by 5 VectorF positions and assign every value to
GPIOD->ODR Interruptions

Yes

IV-B. Matrix keyboard

Reflect vectorF on PD, the 0
vector visualisacion position is always the
number in that instant, reflect to Vector_Visualizacion at its

in the figure 3 it is possible to observe how the rows and position "r" in port E and Vector_PruebaEn at
its position r in port F

columns of a membrane matrix keyboard that was used for

this practice are organized.There are different ways to read a
matrix keyboard, for this practice 4 interruptions were made
with 4 conditionals inside each one in order to cover the 16
possible cases of the keyboard. if a pull down configuration is
done on the keyboard buttons and the rows are connected to
a micro controller pin configured as an output, it is possible
to vary a 0 between each row at high speed, each conditional
within the interrupt compares the output of the port to which
the rows are connected to know the exact position where it
was pressed, this is seen in more detail later in the subsection
with flow charts that explain this process in more detail.
Figura 4. Infinite while flowchart
figure 5 corresponds to the follow chard to the 4 matrix
keyboard column. It can be seen, as mentioned before, that an
interruption has 4 cases within itself, in order to achieve the
16 cases of the matrix keyboard. Every conditional assigns,
in the case of this column, a code for each operation and
this is very important. Since the calculator operates numbers
with a maximum of two digits, the largest number that can be
obtained is:
 LABORATORY PRACTICE REPORT Version 1.0
MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING PROGRAM Period 2022-1

99 ∗ 99 = 9801 (1) Interruption 3, 6, 9, #

The first position of
No Vector_Numero_1 is
equal to numero

Lower pin 2 flag

Vector_Visualizacion scrolls 1
position to the left and the first
Identificador > 0 Yes
numero = 3 become numero in Vecor_Visualzacion position is
the enabled Yes equal to numeros in the 3 position
row is 1 a char variable.

No The first position of

No Vector_Numero_1 is
equal to numero
the enabled Yes
numero = 6 become numero in
row is 2 a char variable.
Vector_Visualizacion scrolls 1
position to the left and the first
No Identificador > 0 Yes
Vecor_Visualzacion position is
Therefore, to shield the system a little from errors, it was the enabled numero = 9, become numero in
equal to numeros in the 6 position

Yes

obtained by providing the following codes for each operation: row is 3 a char variable.

No
The first position of
Vector_Numero_1 is
No equal to numero

Operación = 9805, stock the

the enabled current number value in
Yes
row is 4 numero_1 and become
number=0. Become numero_1
to a vector, reset identificador
Vector_Visualizacion scrolls 1
position to the left and the first
Identificador > 0 Yes
Vecor_Visualzacion position is
equal to numeros in the 9 position

Sum 9802
Subtraction 9803 While a
colum button is Identificador < 2
Multiplication 9804 pressed
No

Division 9805 Yes Yes

Sine 9806 Identificador

Finish {}
Cosine 9807 ++

Tangent 9808
Figura 6. Column 1,2,3 interrupt

In the figure 5 you can also see how when you press a button
that is an operation, the number is stored at that moment in
a separate variable and the first variable is reset to be able to
receive another number.
And in this way in how numbers can be read, as seen in
the figure or know the desired operations.

Start interruption A, B,
C, D

Lower pin 3 flag

The enabled row is 1 Yes Operación=9802

No

The enabled row is 2 Yes Operación=9803

No

The enabled row is 3 Yes Operación=9806

No

The enabled row is 4 Yes Operación=9807

Finish

No

numero=0, turn off all store in number to

The button numero_1 and store in
that gives the interruption displays except the first and
{} Sí numero_1 to
is pressed reset to 0 to
Vector_Numero_1 Vector_Numero_1

Figura 5. Column 4 interrupt

Figura 7. Column 1,2,3 interrupt example

For the case of columns 1,2 and 3 it is quite similar. In 1

and 3 the first three rows correspond to numbers and the last
to signs. As can be seen in the figure 6, the first 3 cases are knowing the operations and the numbers that we are going
for the variable number and the last case is for an operation to operate, we just needed to know the result and view it on
because a symbol is found in that position on the keyboard. the displays, the logic to do this can be seen in 8 figure.
 LABORATORY PRACTICE REPORT Version 1.0
MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING PROGRAM Period 2022-1

Start Display vector will be

Resultado
Yes equal to the result
has 1 digit
vector

Division result Transform No

between numero_1 Start a
No variable ?i? in i menor 5 Yes Vector_Resutado
and numero_2 to a char
contains 0
vector
decimals Display vector will be
Resultado
Yes ((i*-1)+1) times the
has 2 digit
result vector
Yes

Become
numero_1 No
and 2 to
double

Display vector will be

Resultado
Yes ((i*-1)+2) times the
has 3 digit
result vector
Operacion=9805 Yes Resultado=numero_1/Numero_2

No No

Operacion=9806 Yes Resultado=sen(numero_1) Display vector will be

Resultado
Yes ((i*-1)+3) times the
has 4 digit
result vector

No

Operacion=9807 Yes Resultado=cos(numero_1)

No

Operacion=9807 Yes Resultado=tan(numero_1)

Figura 8. equal button interrupt

V. A NALYSIS OF RESULTS
Sometimes when one button is press just one time, is
read twice
Sometimes when one number is entered through a ope-
ration button, the number is not save
The multiplexing display was successful
The results are correct

VI. C ONCLUSIONS
A calculator has an error range so low that it can be
taken as zero, it must be such a symmetrical process
that each possible case, indeterminacy or contradiction
must already be foreseen and solved by a generality
specifically for each problem to be dealt with.
Display multiplexing reduces the amount of hardware but
keep in mind that this does overloading the software
The keyboard quality is not sufficient and sometimes read
twice the number.

R EFERENCIAS
[1] Rubasinghe AP. Connect a 4X3 matrix keyboard to a microcontroller
using two I/O pins. EDN Europe. 2013;6:44-45. Accessed March 17,
2022.
[2] Lin, Z & Shi, X 2016, ‘4 × 4 matrix keyboard interface circuit achieved
by single port lines’, Electronics Letters (Wiley-Blackwell), vol. 52, no.
11, pp. 803–805, viewed 17 March 2022
[3] Frenzel, Louis E., Jr. 2020. “APPENDIX B: Solutions to Design Projects.”
Chap. B in Practical Electronic Design for Experimenters. 1st ed. New
York: McGraw-Hill Education. viewed 17 March 2022
 LABORATORY PRACTICE REPORT Version 1.0
MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING PROGRAM Period 2022-1

VII. A NNEXES

Figura 9. Dynamic Display of number 9801 with low speeder, number 9

Figura 10. Dynamic Display of number 9801 with low speeder, number 8
 LABORATORY PRACTICE REPORT Version 1.0
MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING PROGRAM Period 2022-1

Figura 11. Dynamic Display of number 9801 with low speeder, number 0