DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

DIVISION OF SAN JOSE DEL MONTE CITY

San Ignacio St., Poblacion, City of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan 3023
8
Mathematics
Quarter IV– Module 8
Illustrating Experimental and
Theoretical Probability and
Solving Problems Involving
Probabilities of Simple Events
 What I Need to Know

CONTENT STANDARD
The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of probability.

PERFORMANCE STANDARD
The learner is able to formulate and solve practical problems involving probability of
simple events.

LEARNING COMPETENCY:
The learner
1) illustrates an experimental probability and a theoretical probability; and
2) solve problems involving probabilities of simple events.

At the end of the module, you are expected to:

1) Illustrates an experimental probability and a theoretical probability;
2) Differentiate experimental probability and theoretical probability;
3) Determine if a probability is experimental or theoretical;
4) Solves problems involving probabilities of simple events; and
5) Relate probabilities to real-life situation

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 What I Know

Directions: Read and understand each item carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer
and write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. If the event is certain to happen, then the probability is equal to _____.
A. -1 B. 0 C. 1 D. 2
2. Which of the following can be used to express probability of an event to happen?
A. decimal B. fraction C. percentage D. any of the three
3. How many outcomes are there in the sample space of an experiment that involves rolling a
die and tossing a fair coin simultaneously?
A. 2 B. 6 C. 8 D. 12
4. Suppose that the probability that XYZ vaccine can cure a disease is 0.872. What is the
probability that a patient to be treated with the vaccine will not be cured?
A. -0.872 B. -0.128 C. 0.128 D. 0.872
For item numbers 5 - 7, refer to the given experiment.
A coin is tossed six times showing the following results.
Trial 1 2 3 4 5 6
Result H H T H T H

5. What is the probability that a head comes up?

1 1 2
A. B. C. D. 1
3 2 3
6. What is the probability that a tail comes up?
1 1 2
A. B. C. D. 1
3 2 3
7. The activity of tossing a coin six times with the results provided above is an example of what
probability?
A. experimental C. mutually exclusive
B. independent D. theoretical
8. A box contains 15 bulbs, 3 of which are defective. If one bulb is taken at random, determine
the probability that the bulb is good.
1 4
A. 0 B. C. D. 1
5 5
9. A fast food chain offers 3 value meals, 4 combo meals and 2 big time meals. What is the
probability that a customer would buy a non-big time meal?
5 2 7
A. B. C. D. 1
9 3 9
10. Two fair coins are tossed. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about the outcomes?
A. The sample space has four outcomes.
B. The probability that at most two are heads is 1/3.
C. The probability that both are of the same kind is 50%.
D. The chance that a head and a tail will appear are equally likely.
11. A trip can be made by taking a bus, jeepney or a taxi. Suppose that there are 3 jeepney
routes. What is the chance that a trip would be made through a bus ride?
1 1 2 3
A. B. C. D.
3 5 5 5
For item numbers 12 – 15, refer to the given situation.
Two bags contain marbles. The first has 2 red and 3 white marbles while the second has 3
red and one white marbles. A boy takes one marble from each bag without looking at the marbles.
12. What is the total number of possibilities?
A. 8 B. 9 C. 15 D. 20
13. What is the probability of getting marbles of the same color?
1 2 9 11
A. B. C. D.
3 3 20 20
14. What is the probability of getting a blue marble?
1 1
A. − B. 0 C. D. 1
3 3
15. Which of the following indicates the chance of getting different colors?
1 2 9 11
A. B. C. D.
3 3 20 20

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 LESSON
Illustrating Experimental and
1 Theoretical Probability

What’s In

In your previous lessons, you learned the fundamental counting principle which is used
in determining the number of possible outcomes of an event. Let us recall the fundamental
counting principle using the activity below.
Activity: Count Me In
A. Directions: Find the number of possible outcomes in the following event. Write your answer
in a separate sheet of paper.
1. tossing a coin
2. rolling 2 dice
3. tossing a coin and rolling a die
4. drawing a card in a standard deck of cards
5. spinning a wheel with numbers 1-10.
B. Directions: Answer the problems below. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. How many two-digit numbers can be formed using the digits 0,1,2,3,4,5 without
repetition?
2. A shop sells shirts in 7 colors, 3 designs and 4 sizes. How many different T-shirts
can be sold?
3. A True or False test consists of 5 questions. If all questions are answered, in how
many ways can this be done?

What’s New

Activity: Toss It
Directions: Do the activity below and answer the questions that follow.
Materials: a coin, paper, and pen
Procedures:
1. Toss the coin ten times.
2. Record what turns up in every toss.
3. Copy the table below in a separate sheet of paper and write the result of your
experiment.
Trial 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Result
Guide Questions:
1. How many times does a Head occur?
2. How many times does a Tail occur?
3. Do you think the result will be the same or different if you repeat the process?

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Probability tells us how likely for an event to happen. It can be expressed in fraction form,
decimal, percent, or ratio. If the probability is 1, then the event will surely happen or certain. If
the probability is 0, then the event will not happen or impossible. The closer the probability to
one, the more likely the event will happen.
Less Equally More
Impossibl Certain
likely to likely to likely to
e
happen happen happen

There are two ways of finding the probability based on the kind of events.

Experimental Probability
To get this probability, an experiment is repeatedly done and observing the outcomes.
The probability of an event E which is based on actual result is computed by this formula:
number of times event E occured
P(E) =
number of times the experiment is repeated

In the above activity, you do an actual experiment, that you need to do in computing
the experimental probability. The more you repeat the process, the more you become close
to theoretical probability.
Illustrative Example 1:
Determine the probability of getting a head when a coin is tossed.
Solution:
Suppose you have done an actual
experiment and there are 10 trials

What is It done. The result is shown in the

table below.

Trial 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Result Head Head Tail Head Head Head Tail Head Tail Tail

number of times Head occured 6 𝟑

P(Head) = = = 𝐨𝐫 𝟔𝟎%
number of times the experiment is repeated 10 𝟓
Illustrative Example 2:
Determine the probability of getting a Tail and a number 3 when a coin and a die are
tossed by performing an actual experiment using 20 trials.
Solution:
Suppose the result of the experiment is shown below.

Trial 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Coin Tail Tail Tail Tail Head Head Head Tail Head Head
Die 4 1 1 3 6 5 3 2 4 6

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 Trail 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Coin Head Tail Head Tail Tail Head Head Head Head Tail
Die 3 5 1 4 4 2 6 1 3 4

number of times the Tail and 3 occurs 𝟏

P(Tail, 3) = = = 𝟓%
number of times the experiment is repeated 𝟐𝟎
Notice that the result of experimental probability will depend on the actual experiment.
So, if you repeat the experiment, you will have a different result. Thus, it cannot generalize or
predict the occurrence of a certain event when similar event happens. This is one of the
disadvantages of experimental probability which can be addressed by the second kind of
probability.

Theoretical Probability
The probability of an event to happen is based on ideal occurrences. In this
probability, equally likely outcomes are required. The probability of an event E with
equally likely outcomes to occur is given by the formula:
number of ways E can occur 𝑛(𝐸)
P(E) = =
number of possible outcomes or sample space 𝑛(𝑆)

Illustrative Example 3:
In tossing a fair coin, find the probability of getting a head.
Solution:
There are two possible outcomes in tossing a fair coin: getting a head or getting a tail.
Thus, Sample Space: S = {Head, Tail}, n(S) = 2
The number of ways a Head can occur is 1, therefore
number of ways a Head can occur n(E) 𝟏
P(Head) = = = 𝒐𝒓 𝟓𝟎%
number of possible outcomes or sample space n(S) 𝟐
Illustrative Example 4:
If a die is rolled, find the probability of getting a number 3.
Solution:
There are six (6) possible outcomes when a die is rolled.
Sample Space: S = {1,2,3,4,5,6} n(S) = 6.
The number of ways a number 3 occurs is 1, therefore
number of ways a 3 occur n(3) 𝟏
P(3) = = = 𝐨𝐫 𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟕%
number of sample space n(S) 𝟔
Illustrative Example 5:
In a standard deck of cards, find the probability of getting a diamond card.
Solution:
The standard deck of cards has 52 cards, so the number of sample space is also 52.
The number of ways of getting a diamond card is 13 because there are 13 diamond
cards in the standard deck of cards. So,
number of diamond cards n(E) 13 𝟏
P(diamond card) = = = = 𝐨𝐫 𝟐𝟓%.
number of sample space n(S) 52 𝟒
Illustrative Example 6:
A box contains 15 balls numbered 1 to 15. A ball is drawn at random, what is the
probability of drawing
a) an even number?

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 b) a multiple of 3?
c) a number greater than 15?
Solutions:
Since the box contains 15 balls numbered 1-15, the sample space will be
S = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15} and n(S) = 15.

a) The even numbers in the sample space are 2,4,6,8,10,12,14. There are 7 even
numbers, therefore
number of even numbers 𝟕
P(even) = = 𝐨𝐫 𝟒𝟔. 𝟔𝟕%
number of sample space 𝟏𝟓

b) The multiples of 3 in the sample space are 3,6,9,12,15. There 5 multiples of 3,

therefore,
number of multiples of 3 5 𝟏
P(multiple of 3) = = = 𝐨𝐫 𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑%
number of sample space 15 𝟑

c) In the sample space, there is no number which is greater than 15. There is no chance
to get a number greater than 15. Therefore, the probability is 0.

Since, theoretical probability is the probability that a certain event will occur based on
reasoning and calculation, it is the kind of probability that is often used to compute for the
probability of an event.

What’s More

Activity 1: Experimental or Theoretical

Directions: Determine if the given situation is an experimental probability or theoretical

probability. Write E if experimental and write T if theoretical. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. A coin is weighted so that head is twice as likely to appear as tails.
2. A coin is flipped 100 times getting 50% heads and 50% tails.
3. You spin a wheel numbered 1 to 8 ten times and found out that the probability of getting an
odd number is 7/10.
4. In a race where nine horses are positioned, it was observed that the horse by the rail wins
one time in four while the 2-positioned horse wins one time in five.
5. The probability that the eldest is a boy in a family is ½.
Activity 2: What’s My Probability
Directions: Find the probability for each event. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Ten boxes of oranges are delivered to a store, three of which contains at most 5 bad
oranges. A customer selects one box at random. What is the probability that the box contains
the following?
a. bad oranges
b) all good oranges
2. A spinner numbered 1 to 8 is spun. Find the probability of spinning the following.
a) an odd number
b) a number less than 9
c) a multiple of 3

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3. Among fifteen families with two children, it was found out that 34% have children with the
same gender. What is the probability that if a family is chosen at random, there is exactly one
girl?
4. Names of Al, Bea, Cath, Dave, and Ella are written on cards. One card is drawn by the
teacher for a recitation. Determine the probability of the following.
a) a boy is called.
b) Ella is called.
5. A die is tossed 100 times. The table below lists the six numbers and the number of times
(frequency) with which each number appeared.

Number 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 15 17 18 20 16 14
What is the probability of the following?
a) a four appears
b) an even number appears
c) a prime number appears

What I Have Learned

Directions: Differentiate Experimental and Theoretical probability using the Venn diagram
below. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Experimental Probability Theoretical Probability

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 LESSON
Solving Problems Involving
2 Probabilities of Simple Events

What’s In

In the previous lesson, you have studied the different concepts of probability. All of that
will help you in solving problems involving probabilities of simple events. To help you recall
those concepts, do the activity below.
Activity: Word Hunt
Directions: There are nine (9) words related to probabilities that you can find in the grid. The
words may be hidden in all direction. Write the words that you can find on a separate sheet of
paper. The first word is done for you.

A P R O B A B I L I T Y X
E L R S K U F B T P O A W
M X E A J Q Y Y I C S W J
J D P C V H G I O J S H Z
L T H E O R E T I C A L O
H U B D R O L L G N B M U
N M T A V I M C O G X G T
W D F S P Z M R S D F I C
A A C T N E V E R V X U O
R K L P Z N N W N E H L M
D T Q E O Y B F E T K H E
B Q E C A P S E L P M A S

1. Probability 6. ___________
2.____________ 7. ___________
3. ___________ 8. ___________
4. ___________ 9. ___________
5. ___________

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 What’s New

Read and analyze the situation below.

Joey went to Star City. As he went around the place, he saw two games that caught
his interest. One is a spinning wheel game and the other is rolling a die game. To win in the
spinning wheel game, the wheel should stop at a number less than 8. To win in the rolling a
die game, he needs to get an odd number. In what game does he have a more chance of
winning? What game should Joey choose?

SPIN-A-WHEEL ROLL-A-DIE

1
13

Let us help Joey to find out the answers.

What is It

In this lesson, you will learn how to solve problem involving probabilities of simple
events. In solving word problem, we use the Polya’s 4-step process for problem solving. For
our solution we can follow these three (3) steps in solving problems involving probabilities.
Step 1: Determine the number of sample space.
Step 2: Determine the number of ways the event occur.
Step 3: Use the formula for theoretical probability.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑛(𝐸)
𝑃(𝐸) = =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑛(𝑆)
The following examples will help you in your journey of solving these kinds of problems
Illustrative Example 1:
A bag contains 5 red marbles, 6 blue marbles and 9 yellow marbles. If a marble is
drawn at random, what is the probability that it is
a) a red marble?
b) not a blue marble?
c) a yellow marble?

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Solutions:
a) a red marble
Step 1. Determine the number of sample space.
• There are 5 red, 6 blue and 9 yellow marbles. So, there are a total of 20 marbles
to choose from. Therefore, the number of sample space is 20. Thus, n(S) = 20
Step 2: Determine the number of ways the event occur.
• There are 5 red marbles, therefore the number of ways a red marble can occur
is 5. Thus, n(E) = 5.
Step 3: Use the formula for theoretical probability.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑛 n(E) 5 𝟏
P(red) = = = = 𝐨𝐫 𝟐𝟓%
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 n(S) 20 𝟒
b) not a blue marble
Step 1: Determine the number of sample space.
• The number of sample space is the same with letter a which is 20.
Step 2: Determine the number of ways the event occur.
• You need to get the number of marbles which is not blue. So, they are the red
marbles which is 5 and the yellow marbles which is 9. So
5 + 9 = 14. Thus n(E)=14
Step 3: Use the formula for theoretical probability.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒 n(E) 14 𝟕
P(not blue) = = = = 𝐨𝐫 𝟕𝟎%
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 n(S) 20 𝟏𝟎
c) a yellow marble
Step 1: Determine the number of sample space.
• The same with letter a. n(S) = 20.
Step 2: Determine the number of ways the event occur.
• The number of yellow marbles is 9. Therefore, n(E)=9.
Step 3: Use the formula for theoretical probability.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑛 n(E) 𝟗
P(yellow) = = = 𝐨𝐫 𝟒𝟓%
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 n(S) 𝟐𝟎
Illustrative Example 2:
A letter is chosen from the word P H I L I P P I N E S randomly. What is the probability
that the letter is
a) a consonant?
b) not a letter I?
Solutions:
a) a consonant
Step 1: Determine the number of sample space.
• There are 11 letters in the word Philippines. Therefore n(S) = 11.
Step 2: Determine the number of ways the event occur.
• The consonants in the word Philippines are letters P,H,L,P,P,N,S. So n(E)=7
Step 3: Use the formula for theoretical probability.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 n(E) 𝟕
P(consonant) = = = 𝐨𝐫 𝟔𝟑. 𝟔𝟒%
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 n(S) 𝟏𝟏
b) not a letter I
Step 1: Determine the number of sample space.
• Same with letter a. n(S) = 11.
Step 2: Determine the number of ways the event occur.
• The letters which are not I are P,H,L,P,P,N,E,S. Therefore n(E) = 8
Step 3: Use the formula for theoretical probability.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝐼 𝑛(𝐸) 𝟖
𝑃(𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝐼) = = = 𝒐𝒓 𝟕𝟐. 𝟕𝟑%
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑛(𝑆) 𝟏𝟏

9
Illustrative Example 3:
You are a witness in a car accident. When the police ask for the plate number of the
suspect’s vehicle, you forgot the last two digits of the plate number but remembers that it ends
in 2, does not contain 5 and the digits are not repeated.
a) how many digits does the police need to check?
b) What is the probability that you will remember the two digits correctly?
Solutions:
a) The last digit is 2, so you don’t need to check for that. The first digit can be 1,3,4,6,7,8,9,
since 2 cannot be repeated and 5 is not included. There are 7 choices for the first digit.
Therefore, the police just need to check for 7 digits.
b) probability that you will remember the two digits correctly
Step 1: Determine the number of sample space.
• There are two digits. So, for the number sample space, you need to use the
fundamental counting principle. So n(S) = (7)(1) = 7
There are 7 digits to The last digit is
choose for the first digit. 7 1 2. Therefore,
Namely: 1,3,4,6,7,8,9. there is only 1
choice.
Step 2: Determine the number of ways the event occur.
• There is only one (1) correct combination of digits. Therefore n(E)=1.
Step 3: Use the formula for theoretical probability
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 n(E) 𝟏
P(E) = = = 𝐨𝐫 𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟗%
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 n(S) 𝟕

Illustrative Example 4:
A family has three children
a) Give the sample space for the possible gender of the children.
b) What is the probability that there is exactly one girl in a family?
c) Find the probability that the eldest and the youngest are both boys.
Solutions:
a) Using the systematic listing, you can list down the sample space as Note:
𝑆 = { BBB, BBG, BGB, BGG, GGB, GBG, GBB, GGG}
Systematic listing is another
b) probability of exactly one girl
way of determining the
Step 1: Determine the number of sample space.
sample space by listing all
• The number of sample space is 8. Therefore n(S) = 8.
the possible outcomes.
Step 2: Determine the number of ways the event occur.
• The events that there is exactly one girl are BBG, BGB, GBB. So,
n(E) = 3.
Step 3: Use the formula for theoretical probability.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑙 n(E) 𝟑
P(one girl) = = = 𝐨𝐫 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓%
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 n(S) 𝟖
c) probability that the eldest and the youngest are both boys.
Step 1: Determine the number of sample space.
• The same number of sample space in letter b. n(S) = 8.
Step 2: Determine the number of ways the event occur.
• The event that the eldest and youngest are both boys are BBB and BGB. So
n(E)=2.
Step 3: Use the formula for theoretical probability
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑦𝑠 n(E) 2 𝟏
P(E) = = = = 𝐨𝐫 𝟐𝟓%
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 n(S) 8 𝟒

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 Illustrative Example 5:
Suppose that the probability that XYZ vaccine can cure a disease is 0.931. What is
the probability that a patient treated with the vaccine will not be cured?
Solution:
Since the probability is already given that the success of the vaccine is 0.931, to get
the probability that it will not cure the disease, you just subtract the success rate from 1.
1 − 0.931 = 0.069
Therefore, the probability that it will not cure the disease is 0.069.

What’s More
Guided Activity:
Directions: Solve the problem below. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
A special training class consists of boys and girls are consistent winners in various competitions. Three
(3) are gold medalist, five (5) are silver medalist and twelve (12) are bronze medalists. One student is
randomly chosen for an interview. Find the probability that the student is a
a) gold medalist.
Step 1: Determine the number of sample space.
______________________________________________________________
Step 2: Determine the number of ways the event occur.
______________________________________________________________
Step 3: Use the formula for theoretical probability.
______________________________________________________________
b) not a gold medalist
Step 1: Determine the number of sample space.
______________________________________________________________
Step 2: Determine the number of ways the event occur.
______________________________________________________________

Step 3: Use the formula for theoretical probability.

______________________________________________________________
c) not a silver medalist
Step 1: Determine the number of sample space.
______________________________________________________________
Step 2: Determine the number of ways the event occur.
______________________________________________________________
Step 3: Use the formula for theoretical probability.
______________________________________________________________
Independent Activity:
Directions: Solve the following problems. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Marielle updates her savings account by depositing the amount of money she kept in her
piggy bank. While preparing to write in a deposit slip, she forgot the last two digits of her
account number and remembers only that it ends in 5 and does not contain zero.
a) how many digits does she have to check?
b) what is the probability that she will remember the two digits correctly?
2. A letter is chosen from the word MATHEMATICS. What is the probability that the letter is
a) consonant

11
 b) vowel
c) not a letter M
3. A family has four (4) children
a) give the sample space for the possible gender of the children
b) What is the probability that there is exactly one boy in the family?
c) Find the probability that at least two are girl

What I Have Learned

Directions: Write the steps in solving problems involving probabilities of simple events in the
stairs below. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

Step 1:

Step 2:

Step 3:

What I Can Do

Directions: Read and analyze the problem below and do what is asked. Write your answer in
separate sheet of paper.

JAR 1 JAR 2

Two jars contain candies. The first jar has 4 mints and 2 fruities while the second jar
has 2 mints, 2 fruities and 2 chocolate candies. Two candies from each jar, shall be taken
without looking at the jar as a giveaway:

12
1. Complete the table showing all the possibilities. (Let M-mint, F-fruities, and C-chocolate).
The pattern will be (first jar, second jar). The first one is done for you

First Jar
M M M M F F
M (M, M)
Second Jar

M
F
F
C
C

2. Determine the probability that the candies taken from the two jars
a) are of the same kind P = ___________

b) are different P = ___________

c) contain at least one mint P = ___________

d) contain three different candies P = ___________

e) contains one chocolate P = ___________

Assessment

Directions: Read and understand each item carefully. Choose the correct answer. Then, write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. A fair die is rolled. What is the probability that a seven comes up?
A. -1 B. 0 C. 1 D. 2

2. A cafeteria offers 3 super meals, 2 budget meals and 4 barkada meals. What is the
probability that a group of customers would order a non-budget meal?
5 2 7
A. B. C. D. 1
9 3 9

3. Suppose that the probability that aftershocks will be experienced 5 minutes after an
earthquake is 0.678. What is the probability that it will not occur?
A. -0.678 B. -0.322 C. 0.322 D. 0.678

4. Which of the following can be used to express probability of an event to happen?

I. decimal II. fraction III. percentage

13
 A. I or II B. II or III C. I or III D. I, II, or III

5. A two-letter code is to be formed using A,B or C. If repetition of the letters is allowed, find
the probability that the letters are the same?
1 2 1
A. B. C. D. 1
3 3 2

6. How many outcomes are there in the sample space of an experiment that involves spinning
a wheel numbered 1 to 8 and tossing a fair coin simultaneously?
A. 2 B. 8 C. 10 D. 16

7. A jar contains 10 candies, 4 of which are mint. If one candy is taken at random, determine
the probability that the candy is non-mint.
2 3
A. 0 B. C. D. 1
5 5

8. A pair of die is rolled once. Which of the following is not true about the outcomes?

A. The sample space has 12 outcomes.

B. The probability that numbers are the same is 1/6.
C. The probability that the digits are different is 83.33%
D. The chance that a 1,2,3,4,5 or 6 will appear are equally likely.

For item numbers 9-12, refer to the given situation.

Two baskets contain fruits. The first has 2 lemons and 3 atis while the
second has 2 lemons and an atis. A boy takes one fruit from each basket
blindfolded.

9. What is the total number of possibilities?

A. 10 B. 15 C. 20 D. 25

10. What is the probability of getting the same fruit?

7 7 9 9
A. B. C. D.
10 15 20 25

11. What is the probability of getting exactly one lemon?

8 7 8 4
A. B. C. D.
25 25 15 5

12. Which of the following indicates the chance for getting different fruits?
4 8 7 8
A. B. C. D.
5 15 25 25

For item numbers 13-15, refer to the given experiment.

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 Trial 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Result T H T H T T T

13. What is the probability that a head comes up?

2 3 5
A. B. C. D. 1
7 7 7

14. What is the probability that a tail comes up?

2 3 5
A. B. C. D. 1
7 7 7

15. The activity of tossing a coin seven times with the results provided above is an example
of what probability?
A. dependent B. experimental C. independent D. theoretical

Additional Activities

Directions: Do the activity below and answer the questions that follow.

Materials: 3 red strips of paper, 6 blue strips of paper, 8 yellow strips of paper, paper and pen,
a box of any size.

Procedure:
1. Put all the strips of paper inside the box.

2. Get one strip at a time without looking. Return the strip of paper after each drawn.

3. Repeat procedure number 2 for 20 times.

4. Record the frequency of occurrence in the table below.

Color Red Blue Yellow

Frequency

Guide Questions:
1. What is the experimental probability of getting a red ball? A blue ball? A yellow ball?

2. What is the theoretical probability of getting a red ball? A blue ball? A yellow ball?

3. What can you say about your answer in 1 and 2?

15
 16
What I Know What’s More
1. C 6. A 11. B Guided Activity
2. D 7. A 12. D 1. a. Step 1: 20; Step 2: 3; Step 3: 3/20
3. D 8. C 13. C b. Step 1: 20; Step 2: 17; Step 3: 17/20
4. C 9. C 14. B c. Step 1: 20; Step 2: 15; Step 3: 15/20 or ¾
5. C 10. B 15. D
Independent Activity
Lesson 1 1. a. 9
What’s In b. 1/9
A. 1. 2 B. 1. 25 2. a. 7/11
2. 36 2. 84 b. 4/11
3. 12 3. 32 c. 10/11
4. 52 3. a. {BBBB,BBBG,BBGB,BGBB,BBGG,
5. 10 BGGB,BGBG,BGGG,GGGG,GGGB,GGBG,GB
GG,GGBB,GBBG,GBGB,GBBB}
What’s New b. ¼
1. Answers may vary c. 3/8
2. Answers may vary
3. The result will be different because it What I Have Learned
depends on the actual result of the Step 1: Determine the # of sample space
experiment. Step 2: Determine the number of ways the event
occur.
What’s More Step 3: Use the formula
Act. 1. 1. E 𝑛(𝐸)
2. E 𝑃 (𝐸 ) =
𝑛(𝑆)
3. E
4. E What I Can Do
5. T
Act. 2. 1a. 3/10
1b. 7/10
2a. ½
2b. 1
2c. ¼
3. 66%
4a. 2/5 1.
4b. 1/5
4c. 3/5 2. a. 1/3
5a. 1/5 b. 2/3
5b. 51/100 c. 7/9
5c. 51/100 d. 0
e. 1/3
What I Have Learned
Answers may vary Assessment:
1. B 6. D 11. C
Lesson 2 2. C 7. C 12. B
What’s In 3. C 8. A 13. A
In No particular order 4. D 9. B 14. C
1. Probability 6. Roll 5. A 10. B 15. B
2. Experiment 7. Toss
3. Theoretical 8. Outcomes Additional Activities
4. Drawn 9. Sample Space 1. Answer may vary
5. Event 2. R=3/17, B=6/17, Y=8/17
3. Answers may vary
What’s New
Rolling a die game
Answer Key
References
Abuzo, Emmanuel P., Merden L. Bryant, Jem Boy B. Cabrella, Belen P. Caldez, Melvin M.
Callanta, Anastacia Proserfina I. Castro, Alicia R. Halabaso, Sonia P. Javier, Roger T. Nocom,
and Concepcion S. Ternida. Mathematics-Grade 8 Learner’s Module. Department of
Education, 2013

Orines, Fernando B., Zenaida B. Diaz, Mirla S. Esparrago, Catalina B. Manalo, Jesus P.
Mercado, Maharlika P. Mojica, Nestor V. Reyes, Jr, and Josephine L. Suzara. Next Century
Mathematics. Phoenix Publishing House, 2013

Oronce, Orlando A. and Marilyn O. Mendoza. Exploring Math 8. Rex Book Store, Inc. (RBSI),
2018

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Division of San Jose Del Monte City –

Learning Resource Management and Development Section (LRMDS)

San Ignacio Street, Poblacion, City of San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan

Email Address: lrmssdosjdmc@gmail.com

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 This material was contextualized and localized by the
Learning Resource Management and Development Section (LRMDS)
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF SAN JOSE DEL MONTE

MERLINA P. CRUZ PhD, CESO VI

Officer-in-Charge
Office of the Schools Division Superintendent

ERLEO T. VILLAROS PhD

Officer-in-Charge
Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

ROLANDO T. SOTELO DEM

Chief Education Supervisor
Curriculum Implementation Division

ANNALYN L. GERMAN EdD

Education Program Supervisor, LRMS

MA. CORAZON P. LOJA

Education Program Supervisor, Mathematics

MARIA LONITA E. LUNGAY

Sto. Cristo National High School
Writer/Lay-out Artist

MICHELLE B. DEL VALLE

Sapang Palay National High School
Writer

KAY MARK C. ORIO

Sapang Palay National High School
Writer/Illustrator

BERNADETTE F. ANCHETA
Kaypian National High School
Content Editor

DONN URIEL D. BUENAVENTURA, EdD

Kaypian National High School
Language Reviewer

MICHAEL B. ZAMORA
Sapang Palay National High School
Lay-out Evaluator

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