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Simulink Battery Model
Simulink Battery Model
Battery
Implement generic battery model
Library
Electrical Sources, Electric Drives/Extra Sources
Description
The Battery block implements a generic dynamic model parameterized to represent most popular types of rechargeable batteries.
Lead-Acid Model
Discharge model (i* > 0)
Lithium-Ion Model
Discharge Model (i* > 0)
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where,
Sel(s) = Represents the battery mode. Sel(s) = 0 during battery discharge, Sel(s) = 1 during battery charging.
The parameters of the equivalent circuit can be modified to represent a particular battery type, based on its discharge characteristics. A typical discharge
curve is composed of three sections, as shown in the next figure:
The first section represents the exponential voltage drop when the battery is charged. Depending on the battery type, this area is more or less wide. The
second section represents the charge that can be extracted from the battery until the voltage drops below the battery nominal voltage. Finally, the third
section represents the total discharge of the battery, when the voltage drops rapidly.
When the battery current is negative, the battery will recharge following a charge characteristic as shown below:
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Note that the parameters of the model are deduced from discharge characteristics and assumed to be the same for charging.
The Exp(s) transfer function represents the hysteresis phenomenon for the Lead-Acid, NiCD and NiMH batteries during charge and discharge cycles. The
exponential voltage increases when battery is charging, no matter the SOC of the battery. When the battery is discharging, the exponential voltage
decreases immediately:
Parameters Tab
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Battery type
Lead-Acid
Lithium-Ion
Nickel-Cadmium
Nickel-Metal-Hydride
The nominal voltage (Vnom) of the battery (volts). The nominal voltage represents the end of the linear zone of the discharge characteristics.
The rated capacity (Qrated) of the battery in ampere-hour. The rated capacity is the minimum effective capacity of the battery.
The initial State-Of-Charge (SOC) of the battery. 100% indicates a fully charged battery and 0% indicates an empty battery. This parameter is used
as an initial condition for the simulation and does not affect the discharge curve (when the option Plot Discharge Characteristics is used).
Load the corresponding parameters in the entries of the dialog box, depending on the selected Battery type, the Nominal Voltage and the Rated
Capacity.
When a preset model is used, the detailed parameters cannot be modified. If you want to modify the discharge curve, select the desired battery type
to load the default parameters, and then uncheck the Use parameters based on Battery type and nominal values checkbox to access the
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detailed parameters.
The maximum theoretical capacity (Q), when a discontinuity occurs in the battery voltage. This value is generally equal to 105% of the rated capacity.
The fully charged voltage (Vfull), for a given discharge current. Note that the fully charged voltage is not the no-load voltage.
The nominal discharge current, for which the discharge curve has been measured. For example, a typical discharge current for a 1.5 Ah NiMH battery
is 20% of the rated capacity: (0.2 * 1.5 Ah / 1h = 0.3A).
Internal Resistance
The internal resistance of the battery (ohms). When a preset model is used, a generic value is loaded, corresponding to 1% of the nominal power
(nominal voltage * rated capacity of the battery). The resistance is supposed to be constant during the charge and the discharge cycles and does not
vary with the amplitude of the current.
The capacity (Qnom) extracted from the battery until the voltage drops under the nominal voltage. This value should be between Qexp and Qmax.
The voltage (Vexp) and the capacity (Qexp) corresponding to the end of the exponential zone. The voltage should be between Vnom and Vfull. The
capacity should be between 0 and Qnom.
If selected, plots a figure containing two graphs. The first graph represents the nominal discharge curve (at the Nominal Discharge Current) and
the second graph represents the discharge curves at the specified discharge currents. When the checkbox is active, the graph remains on and
updates itself when a parameter changes in the dialog box. To clear the figure, uncheck and close the figure.
Discharge current
Allows to specify different values of discharge current. The discharge characteristics for these currents are presented in the second part of the graph.
Units
The response time of the battery (at 95% of the final value).
This value represents the voltage dynamics and can be observed when a current step is applied:
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From the specification tables, we obtain the rated capacity and the internal resistance. The other detailed parameters are deduced from the Typical
Discharge Characteristics plot:
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Parameter Value
Internal Resistance 2 mΩ
These parameters are approximate and depend on the precision of the points obtained from the discharge curve. A tool, called ScanIt (provided by
amsterCHEM, http://www.amsterchem.com) can be used to extract values from data sheet curves.
The parameters obtained from the data sheet are entered in the mask of the Battery block as in the following picture:
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The discharge curves (the dotted line curves in the following plots) obtained with these parameters are similar to the data sheet curves.
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To model a series and/or parallel combination of cells based on the parameters of a single cell, the parameter transformation shown in the next figure can
be used. The Nb_ser variable in mask below corresponds to the number of cells in series, and Nb_par corresponds to the number of cell in parallel:
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The Simulink output of the block is a vector containing three signals. You can demultiplex these signals by using the Bus Selector block provided in
the Simulink library.
SOC The State-Of-Charge of the battery (between 0 and 100%). The SOC for a fully charged battery is %
100% and for an empty battery is 0%. The SOC is calculated as:
Model Validation
Experimental validation of the model shown a maximum error of 5% (when SOC is between 10% and 100%) for charge (current between 0 and 2C) and
discharge (current between 0 and 5C) dynamics.
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Model Assumptions
The internal resistance is supposed constant during the charge and the discharge cycles and doesn't vary with the amplitude of the current.
The parameters of the model are deduced from discharge characteristics and assumed to be the same for charging.
The capacity of the battery doesn't change with the amplitude of current (No Peukert effect).
The Self-Discharge of the battery is not represented. It can be represented by adding a large resistance in parallel with the battery terminals.
Limitations
The minimum no-load battery voltage is 0 volt and the maximum battery voltage is equal to 2*E0.
The minimum capacity of the battery is 0 Ah and the maximum capacity is Qmax.
Example
The power_battery demo illustrates a 200 volts, 6.5 Ah NiMH battery connected to a constant load of 50 A. The DC machine is connected in parallel with
the load and operates at no load torque. When the State-Of-Charge (SOC) of the battery goes under 0.4 (40%), a negative load torque of 200 Nm is
applied to the machine so it acts as a generator to recharge the battery. When the SOC goes over 80%, the load torque is removed so only the battery
supplies the 50 amps load.
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The battery is discharged by the constant DC load of 50 A. When the SOC drops under 0.4, a mechanical torque of -200 Nm is applied so the machine acts
as a generator and provides a current of 100 amps. Hence, 50 amps goes to the load and 50 amps goes to recharge the battery. When the SOC goes over
0.8, the mechanical torque is removed and the machine operates freely. And then the cycle restarts.
References
[1] C. M. Shepherd, "Design of Primary and Secondary Cells - Part 2. An equation describing battery discharge," Journal of Electrochemical Society, Volume
112, Jul. 1965, pp. 657-664
[2] Tremblay, O.; Dessaint, L.-A.; Dekkiche, A.-I., "A Generic Battery Model for the Dynamic Simulation of Hybrid Electric Vehicles," Vehicle Power and
Propulsion Conference, 2007. VPPC 2007. IEEE 9-12 Sept. 2007, pp. 284-289
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