C o p y ri gh t , 1 91 5 , b y C h a rl e s S c ri b ne r s

’
S o ns

H EA D O F A C Ro M -
AG N O N M AN
A ft e r t h e i
r es t o r a t o n m o d el l e d by JH M c G r e go r Re p ro duc e d p by m is s io n
by y b er
. . .

fr o m M e n of t b e Ol d Sto n e A e Hen r F a ir fi el d O s
g o rn.
ANC I ENT MAN
IN B RI T A I N

D ON A L D A . M A C K E NZ I E
Au th o r of
“ y
Eg p t ian M yth an d L e ge n d
“ M th s of C re t e an d P rc - H el l e n ic Eu ro p e C o l o ur Symbo l is m &c
y .

W I TH FO REW O RD BY

G . E LL I OT SM I TH , F R S . . .

BLAC K I E AND SON L I M I TE D

5 0 O LD B A I L EY ,
L ON D ON G L ASG OW
; , B OM B AY
P rin ted in Gr ea t B r itain
1 92 2
 FORE W O RD

I n h i s P r e s i de n t i a l A dd r e s s to t h e Ro y a l An
t h ro p o l o gic a l I ns ti tute t h i s yea r the l a te Dr .

R i v e rs p h
ut i s fi n e r u p o n t h e mo s t u r e n t n e e d
g g
fo r r e fo r m in t h e s t u d y o f M a n , w h e n h e a p p e a l e d
fo r t h e U n i t y o f A n t h r o p o l o gy No t r u e c o n
c e p t io n o f t h e n a t u r e a n d t h e e a r l y h i s t o ry o f t h e

h u ma n fa m i l y c an b e a c qu i r e d b y i n v e s t i ga t i o n s ,

h o w e v e r c a r e fu ll y t h e y may b e d o n e , o f o n e c lass
o f e v i de n c e o n l y . Th e p h y s i c a l c h a ra c t e rs of a

ser i es of s k u ll s c an gi v e no r e l i a b l e i n fo r mat i o n
un el ss thei r x a c t p r o v e n a n c e a n d r e l a t i v e age a re
e

kno wn . B u t t h e i n t e r p r e ta ti o n o f t h e me a n i ng o f
t h e s e c h a ra c t e rs c a n n o t b e m a de u n l e s s w e k n o w
s o me t h i n g o f t h e mo v e me n t s o f t h e p e o p l e a n d t h e
d i s t i n c t i v e p e c u l i a ri t i e s o f t h e i n h a b i t a n t s of the

fo r e i gn l a n d s fr o m w h i c h t h e y may h a v e co me .

No l es s i mp o r ta n t t h a n t h e s t u d y o f t h e i r p h y s i c a l
s t r u c t u r e i s t h e c u l t u ra l h i s t o ry o f p e o p l e s Th e.

r e a l s p i r i t o f a p o p u l at i o n i s r e v e a l e d by i t s
soc i al a nd i n d u s t ri a l a c h i e v e me n t s , a n d by it s
vi FO R E W O R D

cu s t o ms a n d b e l i e fs , ra t h e r t h a n b y t h e s h a p e o f
t h e h e a d s a n d me mb e r s o f i t s un i t s Th e r e v i va l
.

of th e b e l i e f in th e w i de s p r e a d d i ffu s i o n of cu l tu re
in e a r l y t i me s h a s , a s o n e o f i t s m a n y i mp o r t a n t
e ffe c ts , d i r e c t e d a t t e n t i o n t o t h e p h y s i c a l p e c u l i a r

i t i e s o f t h e m i x e d p o p u l a t i o n s o f i mp o r t a n t fo c i o f
c i v i l i z a ti o n t h r o u h o u t t h e w o r l d S uch i n ui ries
g .
q
h a v e n o t o n l y e n a b l e d t h e s t u d e n t o f h u ma n
s t r u c t u r e t o d e t e c t ra c i a l a ffi n i t i e s w h e r e h e mi gh t
o t h e r w i s e h av e n e l e c t e d t o l o o k fo r t h e m, b u t o n
g
t h e o t h e r h a n d t h e y h a v e b e e n a b l e t o gi v e t h e ,

i n v e s t i ga t o r o f c u l t u ra l d i ffu s i o n e vi d e n c e o f t h e
mo s t d e fi n i t e a n d i rr e fu t a b l e k i n d in c o rr o b o ra t i o n
o f t h e r e a l i ty o f h i s i n fe r e n c e s .

A t t h e p r e s e n t t i me s t u d e n t s a re j u s t a wak e n i n g
to th e fa c t t h a t no a d e qu at e i d e a o f t h e a n t h r o
p o l o gy o f a n
y a r e a c a n b e a c
q u i r e d u n l e s s e v e ry
k i n d o f e vi d e n c e , s o m a t i c a n d c u l t u ra l , b e t a k e n
i n t o a c c o u n t , a n d t h e p r o b l e ms o f t h e p a r t i c u l a r
l o c a l i t y are i n t egrat e d w i t h t h o s e w o r l d w i d e mo v e
m e n t s o f me n a n d o f c i v i l i z a t i o n o f w h i c h t h e
e o p l e a n d c u l t u r e o f t h a t l o c a l i ty fo r m a a r t
p p .

Th e gr e a t me r i t o f M r D o n a l d M a c k e n z i e s
.
’

b o o k i s d u e in t h e ma i n t o t h e fa c t t h a t h e h a s
t a k e n t h i s w i d e r v i s i o n o f h i s s u bj e c t a n d i n t e r
r e t e d t h e h i s t o ry o f e a r l y ma n in B ri ta i n
p ,
not

s i mp l y b y d e s c ri b i n g t h e va r i e t i e s o f h e a d fo r m -

o r o f i mp l e me n t s , c u s t o m s a n d b e l i e fs b u t ra t h e r
,
 FO R E W O R D

b y i n d i c a ti n g h o w t h e s e d i ffe r e n t ca t e go r i e s o f
i n fo r mat i o n can be p ut i nto t h e i r a p p ro p ri a t e
s e t t i n g in t h e h i s t o ry O f m a n k i n d a s a w h o l e .

Th e r e i s n o th i ng O f t e c h n i c a l p e d a n t ry a b o u t M r .

M a c k e n z i e s w ri t i n g H e h a s ma d e h i ms e l f
’
.

t h o r o u gh l y fa mi l i a r w i t h th e cu s t o ms and b e l i e fs
Of t h e wh o le l
w o r d, as h is r e m a r k a b l e s e r i e s Of

bo o ks on m y t h o l o gy h a s r e v e a l e d , and in th e

p r o c e s s O f a c q u i ri n
g t h i s m a s s O f i n fo r m a t i o n h e

h a s n o t s a c r i fi c e d h i s c o mmo n s e n s e a n d p o w e rs
O f j u dgme n t . H e h a s be e n a bl e to s e e c l e a r l y
t h r o u gh t h i s a ma z i n g j u mb l e O f c o n fu s i n g s t a t e
me n t s t h e w ay in w h i c h e v e ry p h a s e O f c i v i l i z a t i o n
in a ll p a rt s o f t h e w o r l d i s c l o s e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h
t h e r e s t ; a n d h e h a s gi v e n l u m i n o u s e x p r e s s i o n

t o t h i s c l e a r v i s i o n o f t h e h i s t o ry O f ma n a n d

c i vi l i z a t i o n a s i t a ffe c t s B ri ta i n .

G . E LL I O T SM I TH ,
Th e U iv
n e r s it y fL
o o n do n .
 P RE FA C E

Th is vol u m e d e al s with t h e h is to ry O f ma n in B r i tai n

fro m t h e I c e A ge ti l l t h e Rom a n p e r i o d Th e e vi d e n c e
.

is gl ea n ed from t h e v a rious sci e n c e s wh ich a re usual ly

s t u d i e d a p a rt i n cl udi n g g e ology a rch mology ph i lol ogy
, , , ,

e th n ology o r a n t h ropol o gy , &c .

,a n d t h e w r i te r has s e t

h i m s e lf t o t e l l th e s to ry of A n ci e n t M a n in a m a n n e r
wh ich wi l l i n t e re st a wid e r ci rcl e Of read e rs tha n i s usu
al ly reach e d by p u r e ly t ech n ic a l books I t h as n o t b ee n
.

assu m ed t hat th e re p re s e n t at iv es Of M o d e r n M a n who

fi rst s e ttl e d in E u rop e w e re s i m pl e m i n d e d s av a g e s
-
.

Th e e vi d e n c e a ffo rd ed by t h e c ra fts ma n sh i p t h e bu rial ,

cus t om s a n d t h e a rt O f t h e C rO M ag n o n rac e s thos e

,
-
,

co n te m po ra r i es of t h e re i n d e e r a n d t h e h a i ry m a m moth in
S o uth w este rn F ra n c e sugge sts t hat th e y h ad b e e n in fl u
-
,

e n c e d by a c e n t re O f civi l izatio n in wh ich co n sid e rabl e

p rog re ss had al ready b e e n ach i e v e d Th e re i s absol ut e ly

.

n o e v i d e n c e th a t t h e p io n e e rs w e r e l a cki n g in in t e l l i

g e n c e o r fo res ight . I f w e a re to j u d ge m e re ly by
th e i r sk e l e to n s a n d t h e sh a p e s a n d siz e s Of t h e i r sku l ls ,

i t woul d a pp ea r tha t th e y w e re if a n ythi n g both p hy

, ,

s ic a l l y a n d m e n t a l ly sup e r io r t o t h e a v e ra g e p re s e n t d a y -

i n h a bita n ts of E u ro p e No r w e re th ey e n t i re ly isol at e d
.

from t h e a n ci e n t cul tu re a rea by wh ich t h ey h ad b e e n

o rigi n al ly i n flu e n c ed . As i s show n th e e vid e n c e ,

affo rd ed by a n I n d i a n Oc ea n s e a sh e l l fou n d in a C rO
-
,
x P R E FA C E
M ag n o n bu r ial cav e r n n e a r M e n t o n e i n d icate s that,

m uch h as ye t to b e di scov e red re ga rdi n g t h e activiti e s

O f t h e e a r ly p eo p l e .

I n w r i ti n g t h e h i sto r y O f A n ci e n t M an in B r i t ai n i t ,

has b e e n fou n d n e c essa ry to i n v e s t igat e t h e Co n ti n e n tal

e vid e n c e . Wh e n o u r ea r ly a n c e sto r s cam e fro m som e
wh e re th ey b rought so me th i n g wi th th e m i n cl udi n g
, ,

habits Of l i fe a n d habits Of thought Th e story u n fold ed

.

by B r iti sh fi n ds is bu t a pa rt of a la rg e r sto ry ; a n d i f
thi s la rg e r sto ry i s to b e re co n struct e d o u r i n v e stigati o n s
,

m ust e xt e n d e v e n b eyo n d th e co n t i n e n t of E u rop e Th e .

“
R e d M a n of P av il a n d
”
data affo rd e d by t h e wh o ,

was bu r i e d w i t h C rO Mag n o n r i t e s in a W e lsh cav e

-
,

n o t o n ly e m phasiz e that Co n ti n e n t a l a n d N o r th Afr i ca n

cultu ra l i n flu e n c e s reach e d B ri tai n wh e n t h e ic e cap was -

re t re a ti n g in No r th e r n E u rop e but th at from i ts v e ry

,

b egi n n i n gs t h e h isto ry Of o u r civi l iz at io n ca n n o t b e .

co n si d e re d a p a rt fro m that Of t h e e a r ly civi l i z atio n O f t h e

w o rl d as a whol e Th e w r it e r h o w e v e r h as n o t assu m ed
.
, ,

in t h is co n n ecti o n t h a t in al l pa r ts Of t h e wo r ld ma n had O f
n e c e ssi t y t o p a ss through t h e s a m e s e r i e s Of e vol utio n a ry

stag e s Of prog re ss a n d th at t h e b e l i e fs custom s craft s

, , , ,

a rts & c O f l i k e cha ract e r fou n d in d iffe r e n t parts of th e

, .
,

wo r l d w e re e v e rywh e re of s p o n ta n eous g e n e rati o n .

Th e re w e re i n v e n to rs an d discov e re rs a n d e x p lor e rs in
a n ci e n t ti m e s as th e r e a re at p re s e n t a n d m a n y n ew
,

c o n t r iv a n c e s w e r e p a ss e d o n fro m p eopl e to p eopl e .

Th e ma n who for i n sta n c e fi rst d i scov e re d how t o

, ,
”
mak e fi re by fr ictio n of fi re sticks was u n doubt e dly
-

a g rea t sci e n tist a n d a b en e facto r of h i s ki n d I t i s .

sh o w n t ha t sh i p bu i l d i n g had a d e fi n i te a re a O f o r igi n .

“
Th e Re d M a n of P a v il a n d a lso re v e a ls to us m i n d s
”

re occupi e d wi th t h e p ro bl e m s O f l i fe a n d d e a th It is
p
-
.

e vi d e n t t h a t t h e co r p s e O f t h e e a r ly e xpl o re r was sm ea re d

wi t h red e a rth a n d d e corat e d with cha r m s fo r v e ry

d e fi n it e r e aso n s . That th e p eo p l e who thus i n t e r re d
 P R E FAC E xi
t h e i r d ead wi th c e r e m o n y w e re l ess i n t e l l ig e n t tha n t h e
A n ci e n t Egy p ti a n s who a d o p t ed t h e cus to m Of mu mmi
fi c at io n o r t h e H o m e r i c h e ro e s who p ractis e d c re matio n
, ,

w e h a v e n o j us t ific a tio n fo r assu m i n g .

At t h e v e ry d a w n Of B r itish h i sto ry whi ch b e gi n s ,

wh e n th e e a r l i e st re p re s e n tat iv e s Of M o d e rn M a n r e a ch e d
o u r n a tiv e l a n d t h e i n fl u e n c e s o f cul t u re s which had
,

o ri gi n in d is ta n t a rea s Of hu m a n activi ty cam e d r ift i n g

n o rthwa r d t o l e a v e a n i m p re ss wh ich d o e s n o t ap p e a r t o

b e y e t whol ly o bl it e ra t e d W e a re t h e h e i rs Of t h e Ag e s
.

in a p rofou n d e r s e n s e t h an h a s h i t h e rt o b e e n su p p os e d .

Co n si d e re d fro m thi s poi n t O f V i e w t h e o rthod o x ,

sch e m e Of A rch ae ol o gic a l Ag e s wh ich is o f com p a ra tiv e ly

,

r e c e n t o r i gi n l e av e s m uch t o b e d e si re d I f a n th ro p o
, .

logica l d at a hav e i n sist e d u p o n o n e th i n g m o re t ha n

a n oth e r i t i s th at mod e s of t hough t wh ich gov e rn
, ,

ac t i o n w e re l e ss a ffe ct e d by a cha n g e O f mate r ial fro m

,

which a r t i facts (a rt icl e s mad e by ma n ) w e r e m a n ufa ctu r ed

th a n th e y w e re by re l igious i d eas a n d by n ew m ea n s fo r
O b t a i n i n g t h e n e c e ss a r y fo od su p ply A p rofou n d e r
.

ch a n g e was e ffe c t e d in th e habits of e a rly ma n in

B r i t a i n by t h e i n t roductio n O f t h e ag r icul t u ra l m od e of
l ife a n d t h e b e l i e fs social cust o m s & c co n n ec t e d wi th
, , ,
.
,

it th a n cou ld possi bly h a v e b e e n e ffe ct e d by t h e i n t ro

,

duc t i o n of e dg e d i m pl e m e n ts of sto n e b o n e o r m e tal

, , .

As a su bsti t u te fo r th e A rch ae ological Ag e s t h e w r it e r ,

sugg e sts in th is vol um e a n ew syst e m b as e d o n h a bits ,

O f l ife wh ich may b e fou n d us e ful fo r h isto ric a l p u r

,

p ose s I n t h is syste m t h e te r m s P a l aeo l ithi c

. Neo
“
l ithic &c a r e co n fi n e d t o
.
, i n d ust r i e s N eo l i t h ic
.

“ ” “
ma n
”
, B ro n z e A ge ma n I ro n A ge ma n a n d o t h e r
,

t e r ms Of l i k e ch a ra ct e r may b e favou re d by som e

a rch aeologis t s but t h e y m e a n l i tt l e o r n o thi n g t o m o s t
,

a n a to m i s t s who d e t e c t d i ffe re n t racial t y p e s in a s i n gl e

,
“ ”
A ge A hi sto ry O f a n ci e n t m a n c a n n ot i g n o re o n e
.

s et of sci e n t ists to pl e asu r e a n oth e r .

 P R E FA C E
S ev e ral ch a pte r s a re d e v o te d to t h e re l i gi o us b e l i e fs
a n d custom s o f o u r a n c e s t o r,s a n d i t i s sh o w n tha t th e r e

i s avai labl e fo r stu d y in t h i s co n n e c t i o n a m ass of

e vid e n c e wh ich t h e a rch aeologic a l ag n ostics a re too p ro n e

t o i g n o re . Th e p ro bl e m O f t h e m e g a l ith ic mo n u m e n ts
m us t e vi d e n tly b e re co n si d e re d in t h e l igh t of th e ful l e r
a n t h ro p ol o gical d a t a n o w a vai labl e . I n d e e d i t wou l d
,

a pp e a r that a fi r m e r basi s tha n that a fi o rd e d by c rud e “

”
e v o l u t i o n a r y i d ea s m ust b e fou n d fo r B r itish a rc h ze o l
o gy as a wh o l e . Th e e vid e n c e O f s u r viv i n g b e l i e fs an d
cus to ms O f C e l tic ph i l o l o gy a n d l i te rat u r e o f ea r ly Ch r is
, ,

t i a n w r iti n gs a n d o f r e c e n t d iscov e r i e s in S pai n M e so

, ,

p ota m ia a n d E gy p t ca n n o t to say t h e l east Of i t b e

, , , ,

whol ly i g n o re d .

I n d e al i n g wi th t h e rac e p robl e m t h e w r i t e r has sift e d

,

t h e a v a i l a b l e d a t a wh ich t h r o w l i gh t o n its co n n e cti o n

wi t h t h e h i st o ry Of B r i ti sh cul tu re a n d has w r i tt e n as h e
,

h as w r i t t e n in t h e ho p e th a t t h e g ro wth O f fu l l e r k n ow
l e dge O u t h e su bj e ct wi l l b e acc o m p a n i e d by t h e g ro w t h
O f a d ee p e r sy m p at hy a n d a d e e p e r s e n s e o f ki n sh i p tha n

has h i t h e rto p re v a i l e d in th e s e isla n ds of O u rs w hich w e re

,

c o l o n iz e d fro m t i m e to ti m e by g ro u p s O f e n t e rp r isi n g
p io n ee rs w h o h a v e l e ft a n e n du r i n g i m p re ss o n t h e
,

n a t i o n al ch a ract e r . Th e ti me is p a s t fo r b e gi n n i n g a
h isto ry O f B r i ta i n with t h e R o ma n i n v a sio n an d for t h e
,

t o o Oft r e p e a t e d
- -
ass e rt i o n t hat b e fo re t h e Ro ma n s
r e ach e d B r i t ai n O u r a n c e sto r s w e re i solat e d a n d half

civi l iz e d .

DONALD A M ACKE NZ I E
. .
B R IT N S
O O F TH E ST N O E AG E

E R LI S T
A E TR A C E S OF MO D E R N M AN

TH E AG E O F TH E
“
RE D M AN OF WLS
A E

SH LL D ITI S
E E E R L TR
E A ND A Y AD E

N W R
E S EU R
AC E IN OP E

THE F ITHFUL D
A OG

AN I NT M R IN R S R H B R IT IN
C E A E E AC A

N LITHI TR
EO C IN USTRI S
AD E A N D D E

M T L W R
E A R S N M LITHI M NU NT S
O KE A D EG A C O ME

C LT S
E I RI NS
A ND I NT R U
BE RS
A TR RS AS DE A ND AD E

RAC E S B R IT IN
OF IR L NA A ND E A D

D R UI I S
D B R IT IN
M IN G UL A AN D A

THE L R O CH R S
E OF A M

THE W RL O O AN S T R S
D OF UR CE O

W HY TR S EEW LLS W R W RS HI
A ND E E E O P PE D

AN I NT P N D ITI S
C E AG A E E
’

H I S T R I L SU
O CA R MM A Y

INDEX
 LI ST OF P L AT E S

H E AD OF A C RO- M AG N NM O AN
' '

F r o n t zsp ze ce

E LS
XA M P E OF L W R P L LITHI
I N U S T R I S F UN
O E A E O C D E O D IN

EN L N G A D

W S T R N EU R
E E U R IN THI R I NT R L I L E
OP E D H
G TH E D E - G AC A P OC

E MLS P
XA P E OF A A LZE O L I TH I C RT

F LINT L N H S FR
A CE IR L N
E AD OM E A D

C HI P LI S H A R TIF TS F R S UTH R N EN L N
P P E D A ND O ED AC OM O E G A D

T HER IN S G OFOR N TE NNI s , K EY

M —K IT S C
E G A L I TH s H U S K NT T
’

O Tv ST N O E, E ; RE TH E vv O E,

C R N W LL
O A

EN LL B R N SHI L
AM E ED O ZE E D

EU R N T S
OP EA YP E

R UIN S P I TI S H T W R C W L W I S
OF C O E AT ARL O Av , E

A S TTI S H B R H (M U S SH TL N I S L S )
CO
“
OC O A, E A D E

A S R INI N N U R H
A D A AG E

M —D L N N R B I R R I S R INI
E G AL I TH s O ME T EA O A D A; v Nv DD

D L N
, ,

O ME

O NE O F TH E G R T TR ILITH N S ST N H N
EA O , O E E GE

BR N U
O ZE C UL R N
R N AN D A D O

B R N B U L RS SHI L S
O ZE CK E OR E D
 AN C I EN T M A N IN

B RI TA I N

C H A P TE R I
Bri t o n s o f t he St o n e A ge
Ca E l y B it —E
r ic a t u res of ar o ns nte r p i i g Pi
r s n —D i o ne e rs s e a s es a n d
—A i S gi l O p i —E p A i
r

F o l k -c u re s nc en t ur ca O g e ra t o ns x ert rt s ans - r a n i edz

C o mmu n it i —Iesd i n i l
n t ro H dC
uc t o n o ki g U r cu t u re- o us e s a n oo n t e n s il s
S pin n n i g d W v i g—
an D iff t H bi f Lif Th S f
ea n e re n a ts o e- e ea a r e r s .

Th e E arly B ri to n s of Sto ne A ge hav e suffe re d

th e
m uch at th e ha n ds Of m od e r n a rtists a n d e sp e cial ly t h e ,

hu morous a rtists Th ey a re i n variably d e pict e d as r u d e

.

a n d i rre spo n si bl e savag e s wi th s e m i n e g roid fe atu re s

,
-
,

who had p e rforc e to e n du re ou r ri gorous a n d u n c e rtai n

cl i mate clad in loos e ly fitti n g ski n ga r m e n ts a n d to go ,

about e v e n in th e d e pth of wi n te r ba re fo o t e d a n d ba re
, ,

h ead e d t h e i r l o n g ta n gl e d locks floati n g in t h e wi n d

, .

A S a ru l e th e a r ti sts a re fou n d to hav e co n fus e d id e as

,

r e ga r di n g t h e g e ological p e riods Som e pl ac e t h e wh i te .

savag es in t h e a ge wh e n t h e wo n d e rfu l m e gal i th i c

mo n u m e n ts w e re e re ct e d a n d ci vi l izatio n was w e l l ad
v a n c ed W h i l e oth e rs co n sig n th e m to t h e far d ist a n t
,
-

Cre tac eous A ge in associatio n with t h e m o n st rous r e pti l e s

that brows ed o n trop i cal v e ge tatio n b e i n g u n aware , ,

appare n tly that t h e re pti l e s in qu e s t io n c e as e d to e xi s t

,

( D 217 ) 1 2
2 ANCI ENT MAN IN B R I TA I N
b e fore th e app eara n c e of t h e e arl i e st m a m mal s N ot .

u n fre qu e n tly t h e g e ological age s a n d th e e arl y s tag e s of

h u m a n cu ltu r e a re hop e l e ssly m i x e d u p a n d m o n st e rs
,

that had b ee n e xti n ct fo r s e v e ral m i l l i o n y e ars are show n

c rawl i n g ac ross ci rcl e s that w e r e e re ct e d by me n pos
s e ss e d o f c o n si d e rabl e e n gi n ee ri n g Ski l l .

I t i s e xtre m e ly dou b t fu l i f ou r r e m ot e a n c e stors Of th e

S to ne A ge w e r e as savag e o r as backward as i s ge n e r
a l ly suppos e d Th e y w e r e to b egi n with , t h e colo n ists
.
,

who m ad e B ritai n a la n d fit fo r a str e n uous p eopl e to

l iv e in W e ca n n ot d e n y th e m e i th e r cou rag e o r e n t e r
.

p ris e n o r a re w e j usti fi e d in assu m i n g that th e y w e re

,

d e voi d of t h e k n owl e dg e a n d e xp e ri e n c e re q u i r ed to
e n abl e th e m to fac e t h e p robl e m s Of e x ist e n c e in th e i r

n ew e n vi ro n m e n t Th e y cam e fro m som ewh e re and

.
,

brought so m e th i n g wi th th e m ; th e i r m od e s of l i fe d i d
n o t hav e o r i gi n in ou r n ativ e la n d .

Al though th e ea rl y p e opl e l i v e d a n op e n ai r l i fe i t i s -
,

dou btfu l i f th ey w e re m ore p hysical ly fit tha n a re t h e

B rito n s of t h e tw e n ti e th c e n tu ry Th ey w e r e c e rtai n ly
.

n o t i m m u n e fro m t h e ravag e s of d is e as e I n th e i r
.

grav e s a re fou n d sk e l e to n s Of babi e s youths an d , ,

m ai d e n s as w e l l as thos e of e ld e r ly me n a nd wom e n ;
,

so m e spi n es re v eal u n m istakabl e e vid e n c e of t h e e ffe cts

of r h e u m atism an d wor n dow n te e th a re n o t u n com m o n
,
-
.

I t i s possi bl e that t h e d is e as e s associat e d wi th m arshy

l o cal iti e s an d dam p a nd col d w eath e r w e r e fai rly p rev a
l e n t a n d that th e re w e re o c c aSI o n al p esti l e n c e s with
,

h eavy d eath rat e s -

E pi d e m ics of i n flu e n za an d m easl e s
.

may hav e cl e are d som e are as fo r p e riod s of th e i r in h ab i

t a n ts t h e su r vi vors taki n g fl i ght as d id m a n y B r ito n s
, ,

of t h e fifth c e n tu ry of o u r o w n e ra wh e n t h e cou n try

,

was sw e p t by what i s r e fe rre d to in a W e l sh b oo k as

'

“
t h e y e l low plagu e b e c a us e “
i t mad e y e l low a n d
bloodl ess al l who m it at tack ed At t h e sam e ti m e
B ook f Ll a n Daf
o .
 B R I TO N S O F TH E S TO NE AG E 3

recog n itio n m ust b e giv en to t h e fact that th e e arly

p e opl e w e r e n o t whol ly ig n ora n t of m e dical sci e n c e .

Th e re i s e vid e n c e that som e qu i t e e ffe cti v e fol k cu res

a re O f gr e a t a ti qu ity
n — “
that t h e m edici n e me n a n d ”
-

so rc e r e rs of A n ci e n t B ritai n had d iscov e r e d h OW to t re at

c e rtai n dis eas e s by prescri bi n g d e coctio n s in wh ich h e rbs
a n d b e rri e s uti l iz e d in m o d e r n m ed ical sci e n c e w e re
i mpo rta n t i n gre di e n ts .M ore d i r ect e vid e n c e i s avai l
abl e re gard i n g su rgical k n owl e dg e a n d ski l l O n th e .

Co n ti n e n t a n d in E n gla n d hav e b ee n fou n d sku l l s o n

wh ich t h e O p e ratio n k n ow n as tr e pa n n i n g—t h e r e m ov i n g
of a ci rcular pi e c e of sku l l so as to re l i e v e th e brai n fro m
pre ssu r e o r i rri tatio n —was succ e ssful ly p e rfo r m e d as ,

i s Show n by t h e fact that s e v e r e d bo n e s had h eal e d

du ri n g l ife Th e accom pl ish e d pri m iti v e su rg e o n s had
.

us e d fl i n t i n st r u m e n ts Which w e r e l e ss l iabl e tha n thos e

,

of m e tal to carry i n fectio n i n to a wou n d O n e ca n n ot .

h e l p expre ssi n g asto n ish m e n t that such a n op e ratio n

should hav e b e e n p ossi bl e —that a n a n ci e n t ma n who
had sustai n e d a sku l l i nj u ry in a battl e o r by accid e n t
, ,

Should hav e b ee n agai n r e sto r e d to sa n i ty a n d h e alth .

S prai n s a n d ord i n a ry fractu r e s w e re dou btl e ss t reate d

with l i k e ski l l a n d succ e ss I n som e of t h e i n ca n tatio n s
.

an d charm s col l e ct e d by fol k l o ris ts are l i n e s wh ich

-

sugge st that th e ea rly m e dici ne me n w e r e more tha n

-

m e re magicia n s O n e fo r i n sta n c e d e al i n g with t h e

.
, ,

treatm e n t of a fractu re states ,

He p u t marro w toma rr o w ; h e p u t p i t h t o p i t h ; h e p u t
bo ne t o b o n e ; h e p u t me mb ran e t o me mb ra n e ; h e p u t t e n d o n
t o t e n d o n ; h e p u t b l o o d t o b l o o d ; h e p u t t a ll o w t o t all o w ;
he put fl esh to fl e s h ; h e p u t fa t t o fa t ; h e p u t s ki n t o s ki n ;

h e p u t h air t o h ai r ; h e p u t w a rm t o w a r m ; h e p u t c o o l t o
”
C OO L

This com m e n ts a m e dical man

, i s qu it e a wo n d e r
,

ful stat e m e n t of t h e ai m of mod e r n su rgical c o ap tat io n -

4 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N

and we ha rd ly b e l i e v e such a n e xact form of words

can

i magi n a bl e wi thou t a v e ry cl ea r co m p re h e n sio n of t h e

” 1
n atu ral n e c e ssi ty of co rr e ct a n d pr e cis e s e tti n g

Th e d iscov e ry that S to n e Age m

.

a n was ca p abl e o f

b ecom i n g a ski l l ed su rg eo n i s su ffi ci e n t in i ts e l f to m ak e
us re vi s e o u r sup e rficial n otio n s re gardi n g h i m A n ew .

i n te re st is c e rtai n l y i mparted to o u r e xam i n atio n of h i s

fl i n t i n st r um e nt s A ppare n tly th es e s e rv ed h i m in goo d
.

st ead a n d it m ust b e ack n owl e d g ed that afte r al l a

, , ,

sto n e t o o l may fo r som e pu r pos e s b e q u it e as ad e quat e

, ,

as o n e O f m e tal I t c e rtai n ly do e s n o t fol low that t h e

.

man w h o us e s a Sha r p e r i n stru m e n t th a n di d t h e e arly

B r ito n i s n ec essari ly e n dow e d wi th a sharp e r i n t e l l ect ,

o r that hi s abi l ity as a n i n di vid ual a r ti sa n i s gr e at e r .

Th e Sto n e A ge man d i splay e d wo n d e rfu l ski l l in ch i p

pi n g fl in t—a m ost d i ffi cul t O p e ratio n—and h e shap ed
a n d pol ish e d sto n e ax e s wi th so m ark e d a d e gree of
m ath e matical p re cisi o n that wh e n laid o n o n e S id e th ey
, ,

c a n b e S p u n rou n d o n a c e n tr e of grav i ty H i s saws .

w e r e sm a l l b u t a re sti l l fou n d to b e q u it e s e rv ic e abl e fo r

,

t h e pu rpos e s t h e y w e r e co n s t ructe d fo r s uch as t h e ,

cutti n g Of a rrow Shafts a n d bows a n d t h e t ee th a re so ,

m i n ut e a n d re gular t hat i t i s n ec e ssary fo r u s to u s e a

mag n ifyi n g gl ass in o rd e r to app re ci at e t h e workm a n sh ip .

Som e fl i n t a rti facts a re com parabl e with th e p roducts of

m od e r n opticia n s Th e fli n t work e rs m ust hav e h ad
.

wo n d e rful ly k e e n a n d accu rat e e y e sight to hav e p rod uc e d ,

”
for i n sta n c e l it t l e saws w i th tw e n ty s e v e n t ee th to t h e
,
-

i n ch fo u n d e v e n in t h e n or t h o f Sc o tla n d I n A n ci e n t
, .

“
E gypt th e s e s aws w e re us e d as Sickl e s .

C o n sid e rabl e g roups Of t h e S to n e A ge me n of B ritai n

h ad ach i e v e d a r e m a rkabl e d e gr ee of prog re ss Th e y .

l iv e d in o rga n iz e d com m u n iti e s a n d had e vid e n tly cod e s

,

O f laws a n d r e gulari z e d habi ts of l i fe Th e y w e re n o t

.

1 D r Hu gh C a me ro n G ill ies in H o me L if e of th e H igh l a n de r s G l a s go w

.
, , 19 1 1 , pp . 85
 B R I TO N S O F TH E STO N E AG E 5

e nt i re ly d e p e n d e n t fo r th e i r food su pp ly o nt h e fish th e y
caugh t and t h e a n i mals t h ey sl ew a n d s n a re d Patch e s .

O f grou n d w e r e ti l l e d a n d r o ot a n d c e re al crops cul ti ,

v at ed with succ e ss C o r n w a s g r ou n d in h an d mill s ;

.
l

t h e wom e n bak e d cak e s of ba rl e y a n d wh eat a n d r ye .

A rough b ut s e rvic eabl e p ott e ry w a s m a n ufactu re d a n d

us ed for cooki n g foo d fo r s to ri n g g rai n n uts a n d , , ,

b e rr i e s a nd for ca rryi n g wa t e r
,
H o us e s w e re c o n .

s t ruc te d of wattl e s i n t e rwov e n b e tw ee n wood e n b eam s

a n d p last e r e d ov e r w i th clay a n d Of tu rf a n d sto n e s ; ,

t h e s e w e re n o doub t tha t ch e d with h ea th e r straw o r , ,

r eed s O n ly a smal l p ropo rti o n of t h e i n h a bita n ts O f

.

A n ci e n t B r itai n could h a v e d w e l t in cav e s fo r t h e Si m pl e ,

r e aso n that cav e s w e r e n o t n u m e rous U n d e rg rou n d .

”
d w e l l i n gs n o t u n l i k e t h e
,
d u g o uts m ad e d u ri n g t h e -

rec e n t w a r w e re co n s t ruct e d as sto re s fo r food a n d as

,

wi n t e r re treats .

As flax was cu l t ivate d th e re c a n b e l i tt l e dou bt t ha t ,

co mfo rtabl e u n d e r ga r m e n t s w e re wo r n i f n o t by a l l at
-
, ,

an y r at e by som e o f t h e St o n e A e p e opl e Wool was

g .

also uti l i z ed a n d fra gm e n t s o f clo t h hav e b ee n fou n d o n

,

c e rtai n pr e h isto r ic Sit e s as w e l l as spi n d l e who r l s Of ,

-

sto n e bo n e a nd cl ay woo d e n spi n d l e s sha p ed so as to

, , ,

s e rv e th e i r pu rpos e wi thout th e ai d of who rl s bo n e ,

n e e dl e s a n d c roch e t o r k n i t t i n g pi n s
, Thos e who h av e -
.

assu m ed that t h e Ea rly B r ito n s w e re at t i re d in ski n

garm e n ts alo n e o v e rlook th e p ossi bi l ity that a p e opl e
,

w h o cou ld s e w s p i n a n d w e av e m i ght also h a v e b e e n

, , ,

S ki l l e d in k n i t ti n g a n d that t h e j e rs e y a n d j u m p e r may
,

h av e a r e sp ectabl e a n ti qu ity Th e art of k n itti n g i s

. .

clos e ly r e lat e d to that of b ask e t maki n g a n d som e woul d -

,

hav e i t that ma n y Of th e e arl i est pott e rs plast e r e d th e i r

clay i n sid e bask e ts Of r e e ds a n d t h a t t h e d e coratio n s Of ,

t h e e a r ly pots w e r e sugg e st e d by t h e m a r ki n gs i m p re ss ed

I A p
es t l e or s to ne w as u se d to p o u n d gra in in h o l l o w e d b sl a s or ro c k b
s e fo re th e
mec h a nic a l mil l was inv en te d .
 A N C I E N T MAN I N B R I TA I N '

by th es e I t i s of i n t e r e st to n o t e in th i s co n n ectio n that
.

som e R om a n war e s w e r e cal l e d basca udw o r bask e ts “

,
”
,

a n d that t h e W e lsh barg d e — basg fro m wh ich o u r wo rd ,

“ “ ” “
bask e t i s d e ri v e d , sig n i fy n e twork and plait
in g Th e d e co ratio n of som e pots c e rtai n ly su gg e sts
t h e i m itatio n of wick e rwo r k a n d k n i tti n g but th e r e a re ,

sy m bols also a nd th es e had n o dou bt a r e l igious

, , ,

sig n i fica n c e .

I t do e s n o t fol low , of cou rs e that al l th e Ea rl y B r i to n s

,

of th e s o cal l e d Sto n e A ge w e re in th e sa m e stag e of

-

ci vi l i z atio n o r that th ey al l p u rsu e d t h e sam e m od e s of

,

l ife Th e r e w e r e th e n as th e re a re n o w backward as
.
, ,

w e l l as p rogr essiv e co m m u n i ti e s a n d i n di v i d ual s a nd ,

th e r e w e re l i k e wi s e r e p r es e n tativ e s of d i ffe r e n t rac es

tal l a nd S hort spar e an d stout dark a n d fai r me n an d
, ,

wom e n who had m i grat ed at d i ffe re n t p e riods fro m

,

di ffe re n t ar eas of o r igi n a n d characte ri z atio n So m e .

p e opl e s cl u n g to th e s ea shor e a n d l iv e d m ai n l y o n
-
,

d eep s ea fi sh a n d sh e l l fi s h ; oth e rs w e r e for e st a n d

- -

m oorla n d h u n t e rs wh o n ev e r v e n tu re d to s ea o r c u l ti
,

v at e d t h e so i l Th e r e i s n o e v i d e n c e to i n d icat e that
.

co n fl icts took plac e b e tw ee n d i ffe re n t com m u n iti e s It .

m ay b e that in t h e wi n t e r s e aso n t h e h u n t e rs occ as io n al ly

rai d e d t h e hous e s an d bar n s of th e agri cu l tu ri sts Th e .

fact how e v e r that w eapo n s w e r e n o t co m m o n d u r i n g

, ,

t h e Sto n e A ge ca n n ot b e ov e rlook e d in th i s co n n e ctio n .

Th e m i l itary p rofe ssi o n had n o t co m e i n to e xi st e n c e .

C e rtai n q u estio n s how e v e r , ari s e in co n n e cti o n wi th

,

e v e n t h e m ost backward Of t h e Sto n e A e p e opl e s

g .

H ow di d th ey r each B r itai n a n d w hat attract e d th e m

,

fro m th e C o n ti n e n t ? M a n d i d n o t tak e to t h e s ea e xc e pt
u n d e r di re n ec e ssi ty a n d i t i s c e rtai n that large n u m b e rs
,

coul d n o t possi bly hav e c ross e d t h e E n gl i sh C ha n n e l o n

logs of wood Th e boatbu i ld e r s craft an d t h e sci e n c e
.
’

Of n avigatio n m u st hav e adva n c e d co n si d e rably b e fore

large m i grati o n s across t h e s ea coul d hav e tak e n plac e .

 B R I TO N S O F T H E STO N E A G E 7

Wh e n t h e agricul tu ral m od e of l i fe w as i n troduc e d t h e

,

e arly p e opl e O btai n e d t h e s e e ds O f wh e at a n d ba r l e y

,

an d,
as th e s e c ul tivat e d g rass e s do n o t grow w i l d in
B ri tai n th e y m ust hav e b ee n i n troduc e d e ith e r by trad e rs
,

o r s e ttl e rs .

“
I t i s q u i t e e vid e n t that t h e t er m Sto n e A ge i s
i n ad e quat e in so fa r as i t appl i e s to t h e habits of l i fe
pu rsu e d by t h e e arly i n h a bita n ts Of o u r n ativ e l a n d .

No r i s i t e v e n s u fli c ie n t in d e al i n g with a rtifacts fo r
,

som e p e opl e mad e m ore u s e Of ho r n a n d bo n e tha n Of

s t o n e a n d th e s e w e re r e p re s e n t ed am o n g t h e e arly
,

s e ttl e rs in B r itai n
.
 C H A P TE R I I
Earl i e s t T rac e s o f M o d e rn M an
Th e C u l tu r e ge s — n c ie n t R a c e s —Th e N e a n d e rt h a l s —C r O M a gn o n
A A -

Ma n —Th e o l u t io n Th e o r — a l aeo l it h ic
Ev y P ges —Th e T r a nAs it io n e r io d P
- A —
Ne a n d e r t h a l r t ifa c ts B irt h o f C r O Magn o n Ar t —Oc c u pa t io n s o f lin t
- F
y iel d i
ng S t a t io n s —R a v g f Di
a es o s ea s e —D u r a t io n o f Gl a c ia l a n d I n te r
gl a c ial P e r io d s .

In 1865 , J oh n Lu bbock (aft e rwa rds L or d A v e

Sir
bu ry ) w r iti n g in t h e P reh is tor ic Tzmes , sugg e ste d that
'

t h e Sto n e A ge artifacts fou n d in W e st e r n E u rop e shou ld

b e classifi e d i n to two m a i n p e riods to wh ich h e appl i e d ,

t h e t e r m s Pal aeol i th i c (O l d Sto n e) a n d N e ol ith ic ( Ne w

Sto n e) Th e fo u n datio n s of t h e classi ficatio n h ad p re
.

v io u s l b e e n laid by t h e F r e n ch a n ti qua r i e s M Bouch e

y r .

d e P e rth e s an d Edoua rd La rtet I t was i n t e n d ed that .

Pal aeol ith ic shou ld r e fe r to rou gh sto n e i m pl e m e n ts a n d ,

N eol i th ic to thos e of t h e p e r iod wh e n c e rta i n a rtifacts

w e re pol ish e d .

At t h e ti m e v e ry l it t l e was k now n r ega rd i n g th e e a rly

p eopl e s who had pu rsu e d t h e fl in t ch i p p i n g a n d pol ish -

in g i n dustri e s a n d t h e sci e n c e of g e ology was in i ts

,

i n fa n cy A gr eat co n trov e rsy wh ich co n ti n u ed for ma n y

.
,

y ears was b e i n g wag e d in sci e n tific ci rcl e s re gard i n g

,

th e r e mai n s of a s a vag e p ri m i ti v e p e opl e that had b ee n

brough t to l i gh t Of t h e s e t h e m ost n otabl e w e re a
.

’
woma n s sku l l fou n d in 1848 in a qua rry at G i bral tar ,

t h e Ca n n stadt sku l l fou n d in 17 00 wh ich had lo n g

, ,

b ee n ly i n g in S t uttga r t M us e u m u n d e sc ri b e d an d u m
stud i ed an d po rti o n s Of a mal e sk e l eto n tak e n from a
,

s
 E A R L I ES T T RA C E S O F M O D E R N M A N 9

l i m e s to n e cav e in N e a n d e rt hal n ea r D uss e ld o rf in 18 5 7

, ,
.

So m e r efus ed t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h es e a n d o t h e r si m i la r
,

re mai n s su bs e qu e n tly d iscov e red w e re hu ma n a t al l ;

,

oth e rs d e cla re d that t h e sku l ls w e re thos e of id io ts o r

t hat th ey h a d b e e n d isto rt e d by d is e as e P ro fe sso r
.

H uxl ey co n t e n d ed tha t e v id e n c e h ad b e e n fo rthcom i n g

to p rov e t h e e xiste n c e in re mot e ti m e s of a p r i m itiv e
rac e from wh ich m o d e r n m a n had e volv e d .

I t is u n n ec e ssa ry h e r e to re vi e w t h e prolo n ge d c o n
t ro v e rs y
. O n e of i ts e xc e l l e n t re su l ts w a s t h e sti m ula
t io n of r e s ea rch work . A n u m b e r of i m po rta n t fi n ds
hav e b ee n mad e du r i n g th e p re s e n t c e n tu ry wh ich hav e ,

t h ro w n a flood of l ight o n t h e p robl e m I n 1908 a.

sk e l e to n was d isc o v e re d in a grot t o n e a r La Ch a p e l l e aux -

Sai n ts in F ra n c e wh ich d e fi n it e ly e s t abl ish ed t h e fact

,

that d uri n g t h e ea r l i e r o r low e r p e riod of t h e Pal ae ol i t hi c

A ge a N e a n d e r t hal rac e e xi s t e d o n t h e Co n ti n e n t a n d , ,

as oth e r re mai n s t e stify in E n gla n d as w e l l Th is rac e

,
.

b eca m e e xti n c t So m e hol d th at t h e re a re n o l ivi n g

.

d e sc e n d a n ts of N e a n d e rth a l ma n o n ou r gl ob e ; oth e r s
co n t e n d tha t som e p e opl e s o r i n d i vi d u a ls re v e al
, ,

N e a n d e rth a loid t raits Th e n at iv e s of A ust ral ia di splay

.

c e rtai n cha ract e ristics of th e e x t i n ct sp e ci e s but th ey a re ,

m ore clos e ly r e la te d to M od e rn M a n (H omo s ap ien s ) .

Th e re w e re p re N ea n d e rthal p e o pl es i n cl udi n g P i ltdow n

-
,

ma n a n d H e id e l b e rg ma n .

D u ri n g th e Pal ae ol ith ic A ge th e a n c e s tors of m od e r n

ma n app e are d in W e s te r n E u rop e Th e s e a re n o w
.

k n ow n as t h e C rO M ag n o n rac e s
-
.

I n d eal i n g wi t h t h e Pal aeol ith ic A ge th e r e fore i t has

, ,

to be bo rn e in m i n d t hat th e a rtifacts classifi e d by th e

a rch a e o logists r e p re s e n t t h e activiti e s n o t o n ly of d i ffe re n t
,

rac e s, but of re p re s e n tati v e s of d i ffe r e n t sp e ci e s of

h u ma n i ty N ea n d e rthal ma n w h o di ffe re d g rea tly from
.
,

M od e r n man i s d e scri b e d as fol lows by P ro fe ssor E l l iot

,

S m ith
 ANCI ENT M AN I N B R I TA I N
H is s ho rt ,
th ci k -s e t , a n d c o ar s e ly b uil t b o dy w a s c ar r ie d

in a h a lf- s t o o p i n g l u c h u p o n s h o rt p o we r ful a n d h al f
s o , ,

fl ex ed l egs o f p ec u li arly u n grac e ful fo rm His t h i c k n e c k .

S l o p e d fo rw a r d fro m t h e b ro ad s h o ul d e r s t o s u p p o r t t h e
mas s iv e fl att e n e d h e ad w h i c h p ro t ru d ed fo rwa r d s o a s t o
, ,

fo rm an u n b r o k e n c u rv e o f n ec k an d b ac k in p l ac e o f t h e ,

a l t e r at i o n o f c u rv e s w h i c h is o n e o f t h e grac e s o f t h e t rul y
,

e re c t H omo s ap zen s Th e h e avy o v e r h an gi n g ey eb ro w r i dge s

'

.
,

a n d r e t r e at i n g fo r e h e a d t h e gr e a t c o a r s e fac e wi t h it s l a rge
, ,

eye s o c k e t s
-
,b ro a d n o s e a n d r ec e d i n g c h i n c o mb i n e d t o
, ,

c o mp l e t e t h e p i c t u re o f u n a t t ra c t iv e n e s s w h i c h it is mo re ,

p r o b a b l e t h a n n o t w a s s t ill fu r t h e r e m p h a s iz e d b y a s h a ggy
c o v e r i n g o f h ai r o v e r m o s t o f t h e b o d y Th e a r ms w e re .

r e l a t iv e ly Sh o rt a n d t h e e x c e p t i o n a lly l a rge h a n d s l ac k e d t h e
'

d e li c ac y a n d t h e n i c e ly b a l an c e d c o o p e r at i o n o f t h u mb a n d
-

fi n ge rs w h i c h is r e ga rd e d a s o n e o f t h e mo s t d i s t i n c t iv e o f
,

h u man c h a rac t e ri s t i c s 1 ”
.

“
As P rofessor Osbo r n says : t h e stru ctu r e of t h e ha n d
i s a m att e r of t h e h igh e st i n t e r e st in co n n e cti o n with t h e
i m pl e m e n t maki n g pow e rs of t h e Ne a n d e rth a l s
-
”
He .

n ot e s that in t h e larg e a n d robu st N ea n d e r t hal ha n d ,

“
th e j oi n t of t h e m e tacarpal bo n e w h ich suppo rts t h e
thu m b i s of p ecu l ia r form co n v e x a n d p r es e n t i n g a , ,

v e r itabl e co n v e x co n dyl e W h e r eas in t h e e xi sti n g h u m a n

,

rac e s t h e articular s u r fac e of t h e u pp e r part of t h e th u m b

j oi n t i s saddl e Shap e d that i s co n cav e fro m wi th i n back

-
,

ward a n d co n v e x fro m w ithou t i n wa r d

,
”
Th e N ea n
d e rth al fi n g e r s w e r e re l ativ e ly sho rt a nd robust
Th e C rO Mag n o n s p re s e n t a sha r p co n trast to th e
-

N ea n d e rthals I n al l e ss e n tial fe atu r e s th e y w e r e of

.

m od e r n typ e Th e y wou ld d re ss e d in m od e r n atti re

.
, ,

pass th rou gh t h e str ee ts of a m od e r n c i ty wi tho u t p ar

t ic u l a r n otic e b e i n g tak e n of th e m O n e b ra n ch of t h e .

C rO M ag n o n s was pa rticu la r ly tal l a n d ha n dsom e with

-
,

an av e rag e h e i ght fo r t h e m al e s of 6 fe e t 1 i ch s with

% n e ,

1 P r im it ive Man .
2 M e n of t /w Ol d S/o n e Age pp . 2 40- 1 .
 E A R L I E ST T R AC E S OF MODE RN MAN I I

ch e sts v e ry broad in th e u p p e r pa rt a n d r e markably '

lo ng sh i n bo n e s t hat i n d icat e swi ft n e ss of foot

- Th e .

N e a n d e rthal s had Sho rt Sh i n s a n d b e n t k n e e s a n d th e i r ,

gai t m ust hav e b ee n slow a n d aw kwa rd Th e C rO .

M ag n o n ha n d was q u it e l i k e that of t h e m ost ci vi l iz e d

me n of to d a y -
.

I t is of i m po rta nc e to bri n g out th e s e facts in c o n

‘

n ec t io n w ith t h e study of t h e d e v e lopm e n t of e a r ly

civi l izatio n in o u r n ati v e la n d b e caus e of t h e p re val e n c e ,

of th e th e ory that in col l e ctio n s of sto n e i m pl e m e n ts ,

dati n g fro m r e m ot e P al mo l it h ic ti m e s ti l l t h e N eol i th ic

A ge a co m pl e t e a n d ord e rly s e ri e s of e vol utio n a ry stag e s
,

c a n b e trac e d A S l i k e n e e ds
. says o n e write r in th i s
“
co n n e ctio n p rod uc e l i k e m e a n s of satisfactio n t h e
, ,

co n t r i va n c e s w ith wh ich me n in si m i lar s tage s o f p ro

g re ss ov e rco m e n atu ral obsta cl e s are in al l ti m e s v e ry
much th e sam e ”1
H ugh M i l l e r t h e C rom arty sto n e
.
,

m aso n a n d g e ol ogi st was o n e of t h e fi rst to u rg e thi s ,

vi e w I n 18 3 5 h e wrot e in h i s Sc en es a n d L egen ds
.
, ,

( I s t e ditio n pp 3 1 , 3 )2 .
,

M a n in a s avage s t age 15 t h e s a me an i mal e ve rywh e re ,

a n d h is c o n s t ru c t iv e p o w e r s wh e t h e r e mp l oye d in t h e fo r ma ,

t i o n o f a l e ge n d a ry s t o ry o r o f a b a t t l e a x e s e e m t o e x p at i a t e ,

a l mo s t e v e ryw h e re in t h e s ame r u ge d t ra c k o f i n v e n t i o n
g .

Fo r e v e n t h e t ra d it i o n s o f t h i s fi rs t s t a ge m ay b e i d e n t i fi e d ,
”
lik e it s w e ap o n s o f w a r all t h e w o rl d o v e r 2
, .

H e had w ritt e n in th i s v e i n aft e r s ee i n g

'
col l ecti o n th e
of sto n e w e apo n s a n d i m pl e m e n ts in th e N o rth e r n I n sti
“
t u t io n at I n v e r n e ss Th e m ost p ractis e d eye . he
“
co m m e n te d c an ha rdly d isti n gu i sh b e tw ee n t h e
,

w eapo n s of th e O l d Scot an d th e Ne w Z e al a n d e r ”
.

1 B r it is h M u s e u m —A G u ide to t h e A n t iq u it ie s f the Ston e Age p 76

p d fi
o

y b
, .

2 Mill er h ad a do te th e
“
s t ra t i c a t io n t h eo r of P r o fes s o r W ill ia m Ro e rt s o n of

d b
E in u r gh Uni v y
e r s it w h o , in h is Th e H is tory f A m e r ic a w ro t e: M e n in t h eir
p
o

v dy d k d v
.

age s t a t e t h e ir lik e t h e a ni mal s t h em, w ith o u t n o wl e

p p
sa as s a s ro u n
ge or en era
t io n o f a n y s u e rior o we r
12 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
Ey e s hav e b ecom e m ore practi s e d in d eal i n g with fl in ts
si n c e M i l l e r s ti m e A nd re w La n g re m e m b e re d h i s
’
.

M i l l er wh e n h e wrote
NO W j u s t as th e fli
wh e a d s a re s c att e red e v e ryw h e re
n t a r ro ,

in a ll t h e c o n t i n e n t s an d s s —
i l e a n d e ve ryw h e re a re mu c h
a lik e a n d b e a r n o v e ry d e fi n it e ma r k s o f t h e s p e c ia l i n fl u e n c e
,

o f ra c e —s o it is w it h t h e h ab it s a n d l e ge n d s i n v e s t i ga t e d b y

t h e s t u d e n t o f fo l k l o re -

Th e r e c e n t d iscov e ry that th e arl y fl in ts fou n d in e

W e st e r n E u rop e an d in E n gla n d w e re sh ap ed by th e
N e a n d e rthal s a n d t h e p re N e a n d e rthal s com p e l s a t e-

visio n Of th i s com plac e n t vi e w of a n e xtraordi n ari ly

d i ffi cul t a n d com pl e x p ro bl e m I t i s obvi ous that t h e .

n ee ds a n d co n st ructi v e pow e r s of t h e N e a n d e rthal s ,

“
whos e bi g cl u m sy ha n ds l ack e d t h e d e l icat e play b e
tw ee n th e th u m b a n d fi n g e rs chara ct e ri stic of m od e rn
r ac e s could n o t h a v e b ee n t h e sam e as thos e o f t h e
'

C rO Mag n o n s a n d that t h e fi n e ly shap e d i m p l e m e n ts of

-
,

t h e Cr o Mag n o n s cou ld n o t hav e b e e n e vol v e d from t h e

-

rough i m pl e m e n ts of t h e N ea n d e rthal s Th e crafts m e n .

of o n e rac e m ay how e v e r hav e i m itat e d o r att e m pt e d

, , ,

t o i m itate t h e t e ch n i qu e of thos e of a n oth e r

, .

Th e r e was a d isti n ct break in t h e co n ti n u i ty of cu ltu re

d u r i n g th e Pal aeol ith ic A ge caus e d by th e arri val in ,

W e st e r n E u rop e Of th e a n c estors of Mod e r n M an Th e .

a dv e n t of t h e C rO M ag n o n s in E u rop e r e p r e s e n ts o n
- “

t h e cul tu ral sid e

”
as Profe ssor E l l iot S m i th says in
,

P r imitive M a n “
t h e most m o m e n tou s e v e n t in i ts
,
”
histo ry .

Som e u rg e that th e t e rm Pal ae ol ith ic shou ld n o w

b e d isca rd ed al tog e th e r but its u s e has b ecom e so fi rm ly
,

e stabl i sh e d t hat arch ae ol o gists a re l oth to disp e n s e w it h

i t Th e fi rst p e r iod of hu m a n cu ltu re has how e v e r

.
, ,
” “
had to b e d ivi d e d i n t o Low e r a n d Upp e r Pal aeo
1 Cu s to m a n d 1”t ( 19 10 edit io n ) , p . 13 .
’
L an g s v ie w s r e ga rd in g fl in ts a re wo r thl es s .
M o u s te r ia n t yp e A c h e u l ia n t yp e
S
(fr o m u ff o l )k (fr o m
'

Su fl o lk )

P h o t o s O xfo r d U ni ve rs I t P res s
.
y

Ch ellea n t yp e

(fr o m the Th a m e s g r a v el )

Ph oto M a n se l l

E XAM PL E S OF L O WE R ALZE O L TH I C I NDU STR I E S

P I
FO UN D I N E N G LA N D

(B i M
r it s m)
h us eu
 E A R L I EST T RAC E S O F M O D E RN M A N 13

l ithic —Low r closi n g wi th th d i sapp eara c of

”
e e n e th e
N ea n d e r t h a l s a n d U pp e r b egi n n i n g with th e arri val of
,

t h e C rO M a g n o n s
- Th e s e p e ri od s e m b rac e th e su b
.
~

d ivisio n s d e t e ct e d du r i n g th e l a tt e r hal f of last c e n tu ry

by t h e F r e n ch arch ae ologi sts an d a re n o w classi fi ed as
,

fol lows
Low e r Pal ae ol i th ic
I . P re - C h e l l ea n .

2 . Ch l l ean ( n am e d a ft e r t h e tow n of C h e l l e s east

e ,

of Pa r i s ) .

3 . Ach e u l ia n (n am e d afte r St Ach e ul in So m m e .

val l e y ) .

4 . M ouste r i a n (na med afte r t h e cav e s of Le M o usti e r

in th e val l e y of t h e R i v e r V ez ere ) .

Upp e r Pal ae ol ith ic

I . Au ri g n acia n (n a m ed afte r Au ri g n ac H aut e ,

Garo n n e) .

2. Sol utre a n (n am ed aft e r S ol utre SaOn e e t Loi r e) ,

- - .

3 . M agdal e n ia n ( n am e d afte r La M ad e l e i n e in th e
val l e y of t h e R i v e r V ez er e ) .

Th e n fol lows in F ra n c e t h e A z i l ia n stag e (n a m e d

, ,

aft e r M as d AZ il a tow n at t h e foot of t h e Py re n e e s )

’
,

which i s r e gard e d as t h e l i n k b e tw ee n U pp e r Pal ae o

l ith ic a n d N e ol ith ic B u t in W e st e rn E u rop e i n cl ud i n g
.
,

B ritai n th e r e w e r e real ly th ree d i sti n ct cultu r e s d u ri n g

,
“
t h e s o cal l e d
- Tra n si tio n P e riod Th e s e a re th e
A z i l ia n th e Tard e n oisia n a n d th e M agl e m osia n Th e s e
, , .

c ul tu re s w e r e associat e d wi th t h e m ov e m e n t s of n e w
p e opl e s in E u rop e .

Th e p re C h e l l ea n fl i n ts (also c a l l e d E ol i t hs ) w e re
-

wrought by t h e p re N e a n d e rthals Ch e l l ea n p rob a bl y

- .

re pre s e n ts t h e e arl i e st wo rk in E u rop e of a N

p re a n
e -

d e rth a l ty p e l i k e P i l t d o w n ma n Th e m ost cha ract e ri stic

.
I4 A N C I E NT MAN IN B R I TA I N
i m pl e m en t of th is phase i s th e c oup de p oing o r p e ar ,

sha p e d ha n d axe wh ich was at fi rst rough ly shape d

a n d u n sy m m e tri ca l I t was gr e a t ly i m p r ov e d d u ri n g
.

th e Ach e u l i an stag e a n d aft e r be i n g fi n e ly w r ou gh t in

,

M oust e ri a n ti m e s wh e n i t was n o t m uch u s ed was

, ,

suppla n te d by s mal l e r an d b e tte r chi p p ed i m pl e m e n ts .

Th e N e a n d e rt hal s p racti s ed t h e M ous t e ria n i n d ustry .

A p ro fou n d cha n ge o c
c u rre d w h e n t h e A u ri
g na c ian stag e of cu l tu re

was i n augu ra t ed by t h e
i n t rud i n g C rO M ag n o n s -
.

S ki l l ed wo r k e rs ch i ppe d
fl i n t in a n e w way a n d , ,

l i k e t h e co n te m pora ry in
habi ta n ts of No rth Africa ,

shap e d art i fac t s fro m

bo n e ; th e y a lso us e d re i n
d e e r ho r n a n d t h e i vo ry ,

t usks of m am m oths Th e .

bi rth of p icto ri al a rt too k

C h ll C p P i g H dA plac e in E u ro pe afte r t h e
“
'
e ea n ou ae o n or an xe

Righ t h d i w h w i
-
an v e s tti g d g
o C r O M ag n o n s a r riv ed
s s nu o u s c u n e e.
- .

I t wo ul d ap p e ar t ha t
t h e r e m n a n ts of t h e N e a n d e rthal s in t h e lat e M ouste rian

stag e of c ultu re w e re sti m ul ate d by t h e a r ri val of t h e

C rO M a g n o n s t o i m i ta t e n e w fl i n t fo rm s a n d adopt t h e
-

n e w m e t h o ds of w o r km a n sh i p Th e re i s n o o t h e r e v i
d e n c e to i n di cat e t ha t th e C rO—
.

M ag n o n s ca m e i n to c o n
tac t wi t h com m u n i ti e s of th e N e a n d e rthal s I n t h ese .

fa r O fl d ays E u r op e w as t h i n ly pe o p l e d by h u n te rs who
'

dw e l t in cav e s Th e cl i m ate was cold a n d t h e h ai ry

.
,

m a m m o th a n d t h e re i n d e e r b rows ed in th e lowla n ds of
F ra n ce a n d G e r ma n y I tal y was l i n ke d wi t h Afri ca ;
.

t h e g rass la n ds of No rt h Africa s t re t ch ed s o u t hw a rd
-

across th e a re a n o w k n ow n as t h e Saha ra d es e rt a n d ,
 E A R L I E ST TRACE S O F M O D E R N M AN 15

d e nse for ests fri n g ed t h e ba n ks of th e R iv e r N i l e a n d

e xte n d ed e as twa rd to t h e R ed Se a .

N ea n d e rt hal man had o ri gi n al ly e n t e re d E u ro p e wh e n

t h e cl i mat e w as m uch m i ld e r tha n it i s in ou r o w n t i m e .

H e c ross ed ov e r fro m Africa by t h e I tal ia n la n d bri dg e -

,

a n d h e fou n d Afr i ca n fau n a i n cl udi n g s p eci e s of t h e ,

e l e pha n t rh i n oc e ros h i p po po ta m us l io n a n d th e
, , , ,

h ymn a j ackal an d sa bre tooth ti g e r in S pa i n F ra n c e

, ,
-
, ,

G e rm a n y Thou sa n ds of y ea rs e la p sed an d th e su m m e rs
.

be cam e sho rt e r a n d th e wi n t e rs lo n ge r a n d m ore s e v e re

, ,

u n til th e n o r t h e r n fau n a be ga n to m i grate southwa rd ,

a n d t h e Africa n fau n a d e s e rt e d t h e plai n s a n d d e cay n

fo re sts of E u rope Th e n fol low e d th e Fou rt h G lacial

.

phase a n d wh e n i t w as pass i n g away th e N ea n d e rt hals

, ,

who had lo n g bee n in th e M oust e ria n phase of cu l tu re

saw ba n ds of C rO—
,

M a g n o n s p ros pe ctin g a n d h u n ti n g in
s ou t h e r n E u ro p e Th e n ew co m e rs had m i grate d fro m
.
-

so m e c e n t re of c ul tu re in No rth Afri ca a n d ap pe a r to ,

hav e c ross ed ov e r t h e I tal ia n la n d brid ge I t i s u n l i k e l y -

.

that ma n y i f any e n t e re d E u rope fro m t h e e ast A t

, , .

t h e ti m e t h e B lack Sea was m o re tha n tw ic e i ts p r e se n t

si z e an d glaci e rs stil l bl ock e d th e pass es of Asia
,

M i n or .

A g reat co n tras t was p res e n t ed by t h e tw o ty pe s of

' '

m an ki n d Th e sho rt pow e rfu l ly bu i l t but slouch i n g

.
, ,

a n d slow foot e d N ea n d e rthal s w e re

- in a co n flict n o , ,

matc h for t h e tal l activ e a nd swi ft foot ed C rO M ag n o n s

, ,
- -
,

before who m th e y re t reat ed yi e ld i n g u p t h e i r fl in t wo r k ,

-

in g statio n s a n d th e i r cav e s a n d g rott o es

, I t m ay be .
,

as som e sugge st that fi e rc e battl es w e re fou ght b u t

, ,

th e re is n o e vid e n c e of wa rfa re ; i t may be that t h e

N ea n d e rt hal s su c cu m be d to i m po rt ed dis eas e s as d id so ,

m a n y thousa n ds o f t h e i n habita n ts of th e A m az o n V al l ey ,

wh e n m easl es a n d oth e r d i s ease s w e re i n t rod uc e d by

th e Spa n ia rds Th e fact re m ai n s t hat t h e N ea n d e r
.

t h al s di ed out as com pl e t e ly as d i d th e Tas ma n ia n s

16 A N C I E NT M A N I N ~

B R I TA I N
b e fo re t h e adva n c e of B r iti sh s e ttl e rs W e do n o t k now .

wh e th e r o r n o t th e y r e s ist e d fo r a ti m e t h e i n t r usio n of
, ,

stra n g e rs o n th e i r h u n ti n g g rou n ds I t m ay b e th at th e
-
.

ravag e s of d is e as e c o m pl e t ed th e t na gic h isto ry of such

r e la t io n s as th e y m ay hav e h a d wi th t h e a n c e st o rs of

M o dern Man .

A t t h is p o i n t b e fo re w e d e al wi th t h e a rr i val in
,

B r itai n of t h e re p re s e n tati v e s of t h e e a rly rac es it ,

shou ld be n o te d th at d i ffe re n c e s of opi n io n e x ist am o n g

sci e n tists r ega rdi n g th e g e ological ho rizo n s of t h e Pal ae o
l i th ic cul tu re stag e s I n t h e Pl e is t oc e n e A ge th e re ap
.

p ea r to hav e b ee n fou r g re a t glacial e pochs a n d two

m i n or o n es G e ological O pi n i o n i s how e v e r d ivid e d
.
, ,

in th is co n n e ctio n .

D u r i n g th e Fi rst Glacial e poch t h e m usk o x n o w -

,

fo u n d in t h e A rctic r e gi o n s m i g rat e d as fa r s o u t h as
,

S uss e x . Th e P l ioc e n e m am mals w e re n o t h o w e v e r

1
, ,

co mpl e t e ly e xt e rm i n at ed ; m a n y of th e m su rv iv e d u n ti l
t h e Fi rst I n t e rglacial e poch wh ich last e d for about ,

y e ars —that i s th re e ti m e s l o n g e r tha n t h e F i rst

G laci al e p o ch Th e S e co n d Glacial e poch i s b e l i e v ed
.

to hav e e x t e n d e d ov e r y ea rs I t b rought to th e .

south e r n Shore s of t h e Baltic Sea t h e re i n d ee r a n d th e

hai ry m a m m oth Th e n cam e t h e p ro lo n g e d S e co n d
.

I n te rglacial stag e wh ich p re vai l e d fo r about

y e ars. Th e cl i m a t e of E u rop e u n d e rw e n t a cha n g e
u n ti l i t gre w wa r m e r tha n i t i s at t h e p re s e n t day ,

an d tr ee s no t n o w fou n d fa rth e r n o rth tha n t h e Ca n a

,
ry

I sl a n ds flou ri sh e d in t h e fo rests of south e r n F ra n c e

, .

Th e Th i rd Glacial s ta g e gradual ly cam e o n gr e w in ,

i n t e n sity an d th e n d e cl i n e d d u r i n g a p e riod e sti m at e d

,

at about y e a r s I t was fol low e d by th e Th i rd

.

I n t e rglacial e p o ch wh ich may hav e e xt e n d e d ov e r at

l e ast y e a rs Afr ica n a n i mal s re tu r n e d to Eu ro p e
.

a n d m i n gl e d wi th t hos e that wa n d e re d from Asia a n d

1 Th e la s t di
v is io n o f the Te rtia r yp d i
er o .
 WE STE R N E U R O P E DU R I N G TH E TH I R D
I N TE R G L A C I A L E P O C H
-

(Ac c o rd in g bb B
t o th e A é bl t h e St r a it of Gi lt a r w a s p a nd

p
re u i ra o en the
B alea ri
c )
gro u a g re a t is l a n d
 E A R L I E ST T RA C E S O F M O D E R N MAN 17

the su rv i vors in E u rop e of t h e S eco n d I n te r glacial fau na .

Th e Fou rth G lacial e poch wh ich i s b e l i e v e d to hav e ,

last e d fo r about 2 y ears was v e ry s e v e re Al l t h e

,
.

Africa n or Asiatic mam mals e ith e r m i g rate d or b ecam e

e xti n ct with t h e e xc e ptio n of l io n s a n d h ymn as a n d th e ,

r e i n d e e r fou n d th e w e st e r n p lai n s of E u rop e as c o n

ge n ial as i t do e s t h e n orth e r n plai n s at th e pres e n t
ti m e .

D uri n g th e Fou rth Post glacial e poch th e re w e re fo r -

a p e riod of about y e ars parti a l glaciatio n s a n d

1

m i ld e r i n t e rval s u n ti l d u ri n g th e N e ol i t hi c A ge of th e
,

a rch aeologists t h e cl i mate of E u rop e reach e d t h e phas e

that at p res e n t p re vai ls .

W h e n th e n d id ma n fi rst app ea r in E u ro p e ? A c
, ,

cordi n g to som e ge ologi sts a n d e sp ecial ly P e n c k an d ,

Jam es G e i ki e t h e C h e l l e a n phas e of cultu re origi n ate d

,

in t h e S e co n d I n t e rglacial e poch a n d t h e M oust e r i a n

en du re d u n ti l th e Thi rd I n t e rglacial stage wh e n t h e
N ea n d e rthal s wit n ess e d t h e arrival of th e C rO—
,

M ag n o n
p eopl e s Bou l e B r e u i l a n d oth e rs how ev e r p lac e th e
.
, , , ,

p r e-
C h e l l e a n C h e l l,e a n Ach e ul ia n ,an d e a r ly Mous t e r ia n,

stage s of Low e r (o r Early ) Pal ae ol ith ic cul tu re in t h e

Th i rd I n t e rglacial e poch an d fix t h e exte rm i n atio n of
,

N ea n d e rthal man in h i s lat e M oust e ria n cultu re stage

, ,

a t t h e clos e of t h e Fou rt h Glaci al e poch Th is vi e w i s .

n o w b e i n g g e n e ral l y acc e pt e d I t fi n ds favou r wi t h th e

.

a rch ae ologists a n d s ee m s to accord wi th t h e e vi d e n c e

,

th ey hav e accu m ula t e d Th e Upp e r P al ae o l ith ic cu ltu re

.

of Cro Mag no n man accord i n g to som e b e ga n in i ts

-
, ,

Au ri g n acia n phas e about y ea rs ago ; oth e rs c o n

sid e r how ev e r,that it b e ga n about fi v e o r six thousa n d
,

y ears ago a n d was co n t e m pora n e ous with t h e l o n g p re

,

Dy n as t ic C iv i l i z atio n of E gyp t A t th e ti m e E n gla n d .

was co n n e ct e d with th e Co n ti n e n t by a la n d b r idg e -

,

1 b
I t mus t be o r ne in mind th a t t h e l e n gth s o f t h ese e r iod s a re p bj to v is io n
p
ec t

y y
su re .

O inio n is g ro w in g t h a t t h e w ere n o t n e a rl s o l o n g a s h e r e s t a t ed .

( D 217
18 ANCI ENT MAN IN B R I TA I N
a nd as th e cl i mat e g rew m i ld e r th e a n c e stors of m od e r n
ma n coul d wal k across fro m F ra n c e to t h e wh ite cl i ffs of
Dov e r wh ich w e r e th e n part of a low ra n ge of m ou n
t ai n s
. A S wi l l b e show n th e re i s e vi d e n c e that t h e
,

last la n d m ov e m e n t in B ri tai n d id n o t b egi n u n ti l about

3 000 B C ..
 C H A P TE R I I I
The A ge O f t he Red M an
o f W al e s
An A n c ie n tma n W B —
els h —A
u r ign a c ian C ul t u re in rit a in C o l o u re d
B L k
o ne s a n d uc C h a r ms —Th e C a e o f u rign a c — is c o er at C r a
v A D v y
— A
M a gn o n V il l a ge An y n c ie n t Tr a ge d — Sign ifi c a n t B ur ia l C u s t o ms
C O M n C h a a t ys — E —G y
Ne w R a c e T p e s in C e nt ra l u r o p e al l e

Sk —A
n o r c e r
a g
— P —L P
r -

H il l Ma n Th e il td o w n ull n c ie nt R e l igio u s B el iefs ife rin c ip l e

‘

i Bl d—W h y B d y p i i g w p i d— S l p i C v “ "
n oo o - a nt n as ra c t s e ee e rs n a es

R d S y mb li m i d iff
e C o i — Th H
s n h S f L if
e re n t o u nt r e s e e a rt a s t e e at o e

Th G e S T li m
r ee n S lS b to n e a s an ou u s tan c e

Th e arl i e st discov e ry of a r e p re s e n tativ e of th e C rO

e

M ag n o n s was mad e in 18 2 3 wh e n D r B uckla n d ex , .

l d t h e a n ci e n t cav e dw e l l i n g of P a v il a n d in t h e
p o re -

vici n i ty of Rh o s s il l y Gow e r P e n i n su la South Wal e s

, , .

“ ” ’
Thi s cav e k n ow n as Goat s Hol e i s situate d b e tw ee n
, ,

3 0 a n d 4 0 fe e t abov e t h e pr e s e n t s e a l e v e l o n th e fac e -
,

of a stee p sa n dsto n e cl i ff about 100 fee t in h e i ght ; i t i s

60 fe e t in l e n gth a n d 2 00 fee t b road wh i l e t h e roof ,

atta i n s an al titud e of ov e r 2 5 fe e t W h e n th i s c o m .

mo d io u s n atu ra l sh e l t e r was occupi e d by o u r r e m ot e

a n c e sto rs t h e la n d was o n a m uch low e r l e v e l tha n i t
i s n o w a n d i t c o ul d b e e asi ly r e ach e d from th e s ea
,

shore P rofe sso r Sol las has show n that t h e P av il an d

.

cav e dw e l l e r s w e re in t h e Au ri g n acia n stag e o f cultu re

-
,

a nd that th e y had a fli n it ie s W i t h t h e tal l Cr o Mag n o n -

p eopl es o n th e C o n ti n e n t 1
.

1
j ou r n a l of the Roy a l A n th r ot ol ogic a l I n s t it u te , V o l . X LIII , 19 1
3 .

19
20 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
A h u ma n sk e l e to n of a tal l man was fou n d in th e
cav e d e posit in associatio n wi th t h e s kul l and tusks Of a
hai ry mam m oth an d with i m pl e m e n ts of Au ri g n acia n
,

typ e A ppa re n tl y th e A u ri g n acia n col o n i sts had wal ked

.

ov e r t h e la n d bridg e co n n ecti n g E n gla n d wi th Fra n c e

-

m a n y c e n tu ri e s b e fo re th e la n d sa n k an d t h e C ha n n e l
tid es b ega n to carv e out th e wh it e cl iffs of D ov e r .

I n h is d escri ptio n of t h e bo n e s of t h e a n ci e n t cav e

“
ma n who h a s b ee n w ro n gly re fe rr e d to as t h e
,
Re d
”
Lady of P av il a n d D r B uckla n d wrot e
,
.

“
Th ey w e re al l O f t h e m s t a i n ed s u p e rfi c i ally W i t h a d a rk
b r i c k r e d c o l o u r a n d e n v e l o p e d by a c o a t i ng o f a ki nd o f
-
,

ru dd l e c o mp o s e d o f r e d m i c ac e o u s o x i d e o f i ro n
, wh i c h
,

s t ai n e d t h e e art h a n d in s o m e p ar t s e x t e n d e d i t s e l f t o t h e
,

d i s t an c e o f ab o u t h a l f an i n c h a ro u n d t h e s u r fac e o f t h e
bo n e s . Th e b o dy m u s t h av e b e e n e n t i re l y s u r ro u n de d o r
c o v e r e d o v e r a t t h e t i me o f it s i n t e r me n t wi t h t h i s re d

s ub s t an c e .

N ea r t h e th ighs w e re about two h a n dful s of smal l

sh e l l s (N er ita l itor a l is ) wh i ch h ad e vi d e n tl y fo rm e d a
waist gi rdl e Ov e r fo rty l ittl e rods of i vory wh ich m ay
.
,

hav e o n c e fo r m e d a lo n g n e cklac e lay n e ar t h e ri bs , .

A few i vo ry r i n gs a n d a to n gu e shap ed i m pl e m e n t or
-

or n am e n t l ay b e si d e t h e body as w e l l as an i n stru m e n t
,

o r ch a r m mad e of t h e m e tacarpal bo n e of a wol f .

Th e n e xt g re at d iscov e ry of th i s ki n d was m ad e
tw e n ty n i n e y e a rs lat e r I n 18 5 2 a Fr ench workma n
-
.

was t ryi n g to catch a wi ld rabbi t o n a low e r slop e of t h e

Pyre n e e s n e a r t h e tow n of Au ri g n ac in Haut e Garo n n e
, ,

wh e n h e m a d e a su rp r i si n g fi n d F ro m t h e rabbit s
.
’

burrow h e d re w o ut a la rg e h u ma n bo n e A slab o f .

sto n e was subs e qu e n tly re mov ed a n d a grotto o r cav e,

sh e lt e r re v eal e d I n t h e d e b ri s w e r e fou n d po rtio n s of

.

s ev e n t ee n sk e l e to n s of h u m a n b e i n gs of d iffe re n t ag es
a n d b o th s e x e s O n ly t w o skul l s w e re i n tact
. .
 U pper
p
P al aeo l it h ic I m l emen t s
1. Au rign a c ian Ch a tel e r r
( p on
p( o in t ) . Au r i k d p
p p
2.
3 n a c ia n
(
g n a C I ah o in t
5 M a gda l e n ia n
b kd vp g ee l e
.

“ s c ra ers ) 4 Au r i
d
. "
,
a r r o t - ea
.

lea f o i nt r a in
.

g t o o l) 6 , So l u t r e a n
7 , 8, 9 So l u t re a n d ril l
,
( a wl , a n d “
s h o u l er e d
"
g .
( l a u r el
o in t) Ma g
.
. 10 , 1 1 , 1 2
, al e n ia n.
21
 A N C I ENT MAN IN B R I TA I N
Th i s d iscov e ry cre at e d a sti r in t h e tow n of A u ri g nac ,

a n d th e re was m uch sp e cu latio n r e gardi n g t h e trag e dy .

that was suppos e d t o hav e tak e n plac e at som e d ista n t

dat e A fe w fol ks w e r e p r e par e d to su pply ci rcu m sta n tial
.

d e tai l s by co n n e cti n g t h e d i scov e ry wi th vagu e local

t radi tio n s NO o n e d re am t that th e bu rial plac e dat e d
.
-

back a few thousa n d y e ars o r i n d eed that t h e g rotto

, , ,

had r e al ly b ee n a bu rial plac e an d t h e mayor of t h e

-
,

tow n gav e i n structio n s that t h e bo n e s shou l d b e i n t e r r e d

in th e pari sh c e m e t e ry .

E i ght y ears e laps e d b efore th e grotto was v isited by

M Lou is Lartet t h e g reat F re n ch arch ae olo gi st O ut
.
, .

s id e th e sto ne slab h e fou n d th e r e m ai n s of a n a n ci e n t

h earth an d a sto n e i m pl e m e n t wh ich had b ee n us ed
,

for ch i ppi n g fl in ts I n t h e out e r d e b ri s w e r e d is

.

cov e r ed , too , t h e bo n es of a n i m al s of t h e chas e a n d ,

about a h u n d r e d fl i n t a rti facts , i n cl ud i n g k n iv es p ro ,

j ec t il es ,
an d sl i n g sto n e
-
s b e si,d e s bo ne a r rows tool s ,

shap e d fro m r e i n d ee r hor n s an d a n i m pl e m e n t l i k e

,

a bodki n of ro e d ee r hor n - I t tra n sp i re d that th e

.

brok e n bo n e s of a n i m al s i n cl ud e d thos e of t h e cav e

l io n t h e cav e b ear t h e hy ae n a th e e l k th e m am m oth
,
-
, , , ,

an d t h e wool ly hai r e d - r —
h i n oc e ros al l of wh ich had
b ee n exti n ct in that part of t h e worl d fo r thousa n ds of
y ears .

As in t h e P av il an d cav e th e re w e re i n d icatio n s that

,

t h e d ead had b ee n i n t e rr e d w i th o r n am e n ts o r charm s

o n th e i r bod i e s . I n sid e th e grotto w e r e fou n d e i ght e e n
s mal l rou n d a n d flat plat e s of a wh i t e Sh e l l y su bsta n c e ,

mad e of so m e sp e ci e s o f cockl e ( Ca r d iu m) p i e rc ed
th rou gh th e m i dd l e as i f for b e i n g stru n g i n to a b rac e
,
”
l et . P e rfo rat e d t eet h o f wi ld a n i m al s had e vid e n t ly
b ee n us e d fo r a l i k e pu rpos e .

Th e d isti n ct i n dustry r e v eal e d by t h e grotto fi n ds has

b een n am e d Au rig n acia n , afte r A u r i g n ac Had t h e .

h u ma n bo ne s no t b ee n r e m ov ed , th e sci e n ti
 RE D M A N
“ ”
TH E OF WA L E S 23

hav e d e fi n it e ly asc e rtai ne d what p a rt icula r rac e o f a n c ie n t

me n t h e y re p re s e n t ed .

I t was n o t u n ti l t h e spri n g of 1868 that a flood of l igh t

was th row n o n t h e Au r ig n acia n racial probl e m A .

ga n g of wo rkm e n w e r e e n gag e d in t h e co n st ruc t io n of

a rai lway e m ba n km e n t in t h e v ici n i t y of t h e v i l lag e of
C rO Mag n o n n ear L e s Ey z i e s in t h e val l e y of th e R iv e r
-
, ,

Vez er e wh e n th ey laid bare a n oth e r grotto I n ti matio n

,
.

was at o n c e m ad e to t h e authoriti e s a n d t h e M i n ist e r of

,

P ubl ic I n st r uctio n caus e d an i n v e sti gatio n to be m ad e

u n d e r t h e d i r ectio n of M Lou i s La rtet Th e re mai n s of
. .

fi ve hu ma n sk e l e to n s w e r e fou n d At t h e back of t h e
—
.

“
g rotto was t h e sku l l of an old ma n n o w k n ow n as th e
ol d man of C rO M ag n o n —an d its a n t i qu ity was at o n c e
-

e m phasi z e d by t h e fact th a t som e pa rts of it w e r e coat e d

by stalagm it e caus ed by a calca re ous d ri p fro m t h e roof

“
of rock N e ar t h e ol d man was fou n d t h e sk e l e t o n
.

of a woma n H e r fore h ead bo re si g n s of a d ee p wou n d

.

that had b ee n mad e by a cutti n g i n s t r u m e n t As th e .

i n ne r edg e of t h e bo n e had pa rtl y h e al e d i t was ap p a ren t ,

s h e had su rv iv e d h e r i nj u ry for a fe w w e e ks B esid e .

h e r l ay t h e sk e l e to n of a baby wh ich had b ee n p re m a

t u re l y bo r n . Th e sk e l e to n s of two you n g me n w e re
fo u n d n o t far from thos e of t h e oth e rs Appa re n tly a .

tragic happ e n i n g had occu rr e d in a n ci e n t d ays in t h e

v ici n i ty of t h e C rO Ma gn o n grotto Th e v i c t i m s h ad
- .

b e e n i n te rr e d with c e re m o n y a n d in a cco rda n c e with

,

t h e r e l igious rit e s pr e vai l i n g at th e ti m e Abov e th ree .

h u n dred p i e rc e d ma r i n e sh e l ls ch i e fly of t h e p e r iwi n kl e
,

sp eci e s (L ittor in a l ittor ea) wh ich a re com m o n o n t h e

,

Atla n tic coasts a n d a few sh e l ls of P u rp u r a Zap il l u s (a

,

pu rpl e yi e ld i n g sh e l l ) Tu r itel l a c ommu n is & c w e re

-
, , .
,

di scov e re d b e sid e s th e sk e l e to n s Th e s e i t woul d a p

.
,

p ear had b ee n stru n g to fo r m n ecklac e s a n d oth e r

,

or n am e n tal charm s M Lart et fou n d too a flat ivory

. .
, ,

p e n da n t pi e rc ed wi th two hol e s , an d was giv en two

24 AN CI ENT MAN I N B R I TA I N
oth e r p e n da n ts p ick ed up by yo u n g p e opl e N e ar th e .

sk el eto n s w e re s e v e ral p e rforat e d t ee th a spl i t bl ock of ,

g n e i ss w ith a s mooth su rfac e t h e wo rk e d a n tl e rs of a ,

re i n d ee r that m ay hav e b ee n u s e d as a p ick fo r ex cav at

in g fl i n t a n d a fe w ch i pp e d fl i n ts
,
Oth e r a rti facts of .

Au r ig n acia n typ e w e re u nea rth ed in th e d e bri s associat e d

with t h e grotto wh ich app ears to hav e b een us e d as a
,

dw e l l i n g plac e b e for e th e i n t e rm e n ts had tak e n plac e

- .

S k ul l o f a Orb -M a gn o n M a n : fr o n t a nd s i e d v ie ws
Fro m t h e G ro t t e de s E n fa n t s , M e n t o n e
.
(Aft er Ve rn ea u ) .

Th e h u m a n r e mai n s of t h e C rO M ag n o n grotto w e r e -

thos e of a tal l an d ha n dsom e rac e of wh ich th e Red

M an of P av il an d was a re p r e s e n tati v e Oth e r fi n ds .

hav e show n that th i s rac e was wid e ly d istri buted in

E u rop e Th e statu re of t h e me n vari e d fro m 5 fee t
.

i n ch e s to 6 fe e t 4 Ai n ch e s o n t h e R ivi e ra that of t h e wo m e n ,

b e i n g sl i ghtly l e ss That th e C rO M ag n o n s w e re p e opl e

.
-

of hi gh i n t e l l i g e n c e i s su gg e st ed by th e fact that t h e sku l l s

of th e me n an d wom e n w e r e larg e a nd re m arkably w e l l ,

d e v e lop e d in th e fro n tal r e gio n A c c o rd in gto a p rom i n e n t

.

a n ato m i st t h e C rO M a gn o n wo m e n had bi gg e r brai n s

-

tha n has t h e av e ra ge m al e E u rop ea n of to day Al l -

.

th e s e a n ci e n t sku l l s a re of t h e dol ichoc ephal ic (l o n g -

7

h ead e d ) typ e Th e fac es , how e v e r w e re com pa rativ e ly

.
,
 TH E “ RED MAN ”
O F W A L ES 25

b road a n d short e r t ha n t hos e of t h e mod e r n fai r N o rth

E u rop ea n s wh i l e t h e ch ee k bo n e s w e re h igh —a charac
,

t e ris t ic by t h e way of so ma n y m od e r n Scottish fac e s

—
.
, ,
“
This t yp e of h e a d k n ow n as t h e di sha r mo n i c
b ecaus e a b road fac e i s usual ly a charact e r istic of a
b road skul l a n d a lo n g fac e of a l o n g skul l has b ee n
,
—
fou n d t o b e fai r ly com mo n am o n g t h e m od e rn in h ab i
ta n t s of t h e Do rd o g n e val l e y Th es e Fr e n ch d e sc e n d a n ts
.

“
o f t h e C rO M ag n o n s a re - how e v e r sho rt a n d s tocky , ,

a n d most of th e m h a v e da r k hai r a n d e y e s C rO M a g n o n .
-

t yp e s hav e l i k e wis e b e e n id e n ti fi e d am o n g t h e B e r b e rs

o f N o rth Afr ica a n d t h e e xti n ct fai r hai re d G ua n ch e s

,
-

of t h e C a n a ry I sl a n ds in B r itta n y o n th e i sl a n ds of
, ,
1
n o r th e r n H ol la n d a n d in t h e B r itish I sl e s
,
.

A compa rativ e ly sh o rt rac e som e ti m e s r efe r re d to as ,

th e C o m b e C a p e l l e afte r t h e rock sh e lt e r at C o m b e
- -

Ca p e l l e n ear M o n t fe rra n d P e r igord w as also acti v e

, , ,

du ri n g t h e stag e O f Au r i g n acia n cu ltu re A n adul t .

sk e l e t o n fo u n d in th i s sh e l te r was th a t of a ma n o n ly
5 fee t 3 i n ch e s in h e igh t Th e skul l i s lo n g a n d n a rrow
.
,

with a lofty fo re h e ad a n d t h e ch i n s mal l a n d w e l l d e

,

v e l o ed I t has som si m i la ity t m d E u op a

p . e r o o e r n r e n

sku l ls Th e sk e l e to n h ad b e e n su bj ecte d fo r t hous a n ds

.

of y e a rs t o th e d r i pp i n g o f wate r s a tu ra ted wi t h l i m e ,

a n d had co n s e qu e n tly b e e n w e l l pr e s e rv e d N ea r th e .

h ead a nd n e ck lay a la rg e n u m b e r of p e rforat e d mari n e

Sh e l ls (L itt o r in a a n d N a s s a A col l ctio of fi
) e n n el
y.

wo rk ed fl i n t s of e arly A u ri g naci a n ty p e als o l ay b e si d e

t h e bo d y .

R efe re n c e may also b e mad e h e re to t h e fi n ds in

M o rav I a Fragm e n tary skul l caps fro m B ru x a n d B rii n n
.

a re r e gard e d as e vid e n c e of a rac e wh ich d iffe r e d fro m

t h e tal l C rO— Mag n o n s an d h ad clos e r a ffi n iti e s w i th

,

1 p p
Fo r rin ci al r efe r e n c es se e The Ra ces of E u r ope W Z Ri l e , p y pp
1 7 2 e t s eq , a n d

J v d
, . . . .

The A n th r op ol ogic a l H is tory of E u r op e, o h n B e ddo e ( Rh in d l ec t u r e s fo r 189 1 ; re is e

ed itio n . p 47 . .
26 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
C o m b e C ap e l l e man So m e i n cl i n e to co n n ec t t h e B ru n n
- .

typ e wi t h E n gl a n d t h e l i n k b e i n g p rovi d e d by a s kel e

,
“
to n cal l e d t h e Gal l e y H i l l aft e r t h e plac e of its dis
c o v e ry b e low G r av e s e n d a n d n ear No rt h fl e e t in K e n t .

Sci e n tists r e gard h i m as a co n t e m po rary of t h e Auri

nac ia n fli n t work e r s of C o m b e C ap e l l e a n d B r un n
-
g
-
.

“
Both t h e B r iix a n d B ru n n s ku l ls ”
wri te s P rofessor ,
“
Osbor n ,
a re harm o n i c ; th e y do n o t p r e s e n t th e v e ry

broad hi gh ch ee k bo n e s charact e ri sti c of t h e C rO Ma

,
- -

g n o n rac e t h e fac e b e i n g of a n a r row m od e r n typ e but

1
, ,

n o t v e ry lo n g Th e re i s a p o ssi bi l i ty that t h e B r un n
'

r ac e was a n c e stral to s e v e ral lat e r dol ichoc e phal ic groups

which a re fo u n d in t h e r e gi o n Of t h e Da n u b e and of
” 2
m iddl e a n d south e r n G e rm a n y .

Th e Gal l e y H i l l ma n had b ee n bu r i e d in t h e grav e ls

“
of t h e h i gh t e rrac e 90 fe e t abov e t h e Tham e s H is .

bo n e s wh e n fou n d w e re m uch d ecay e d a nd d e n ud ed ,

a n d t h e sku l l co n tort e d Th e som e what wo r n

. wisdom
“
tooth i n d icat e s that h e was a fu l ly grow n adult -
,

though probabl y n o t a n ag e d i n d ivi dual Thos e who

th i n k h e was n o t as ol d as t h e fl in ts a n d t h e bo n es of
e xti n ct a n i mal s fou n d in t h e g rav e ls r e ga rd h i m as a ,

pio n ee r of th e B r ij u n b ra n ch of t h e A u rign ac ian s .

Th e P i ltdow n s ku l l app e a rs to dat e back to a p e riod

vastly m ore a n c i e n t tha n N e a n d e rthal ti m es .

O u r sp ecial i n t e r est in t h e sto r y of ea rl y man in

“
R ed M a n
”
B ritai n i s w i th th e of P av il a n d a nd
Gal l e y H i l l man b ecaus e th es e w e re r e p res e n tati v e s of
,

t h e sp e ci e s to wh ich we Ou rs e lv e s b e lo n g Th e N ea n .

d e r th al s a n d p re N e a n d e rthal s who hav e l e ft th e i r

-
,

E ol iths a n d Pal ae ol i ths in o u r g rav e l s va n i sh ed l i k e th e ,

glaci e rs an d t h e i c e b e rgs a n d h av e l eft , as has b ee n

,

i n d icat ed n o d esc e n da n ts in ou r m idst

, Ou r h istory .

b egi n s with th e a rr i val of t h e C r o M ag n o n rac es who -

,

1 p
Th a t is th e t a ll re rese n tat ive s o f th e C rd-Ma gn o n
pp —
, r a ce s
3 M e n o t h e Ol d Sto n e A e
f g , .
335 6 .
 TH E “
RED MA N
”
OF WA L E S 2
7

w e re fol low e d i n t i m e by oth e r p eopl e s to who m E u rop e

o ff e red attractio n s du r i n g t h e p e r iod of t h e great th aw ,

wh e n t h e ic e cap was Sh r i n ki n g towards t h e n o rth a n d

-
,

t h e flood e d riv e rs w e r e fo rm i n g t h e b e ds o n wh ich th e y

n o w flow .

W e hav e l it t l e to l e a rn from Gal l e y H i l l man H i s .

g eol ogical horizo n i s u n c e rtai n but t h e bala n c e of t h e

,

avai labl e e vid e n c e t e n ds to Show h e was a p io n e e r o f

t h e m e d i u m si z e d h u n t e rs who e n t e r e d E u rop e fro m t h e
-

e ast,
d u ri n g t h e Au ri g n acia n stag e of c ultu r e It is .

oth e rwis e wi th t h e R ed M a n of Wal e s W e k n ow

”
.

d e fi n it e ly what particular fam i l y h e b e lo n ge d to ; h e was

a re p re s e n tativ e of t h e tal l va r i et y of C rO Mag n o n s W e - .

k n ow too that thos e who l ov e d h i m a n d lai d h i s l i fe ,

l e ss bo d y in t h e P av il a n d C av e had i n t roduc e d i n to ,

E u rop e t h e g e rm s of a cul tu re that had b ee n radiate d

fro m som e c e n tr e p robably in t h e a n ci e n t for e st la n d to
,

t h e e ast of t h e N i l e alo n g t h e N o r th Africa n coast at

,

a ti m e wh e n i t j utt e d fa r out i n to t h e M e d it e r ra n ea n an d
t h e Saha ra was a g rassy plai n .

Th e C r o M ag n o n s w e re n o m e r e savag e s who l iv e d
-

t h e l ife of a n i m al s a n d co n c e r n e d th e m s e l v e s m e r e l y
with th e i r m at e r ial n ee ds Th e y app ear to hav e b ee n
.

a p eopl e of activ e i n v e n ti v e a n d i n qu i r i n g m i n ds wi th
, , ,

a social o rga n izatio n a n d a body of d e fi n i t e b e l i efs ,

wh ich fou n d e xp re ssio n in th e i r a r t a n d in th e i r bu rial

“
custom s . Th e Re d M a n ”
was so cal l e d by t h e
arch ae ologists b e caus e h i s bo n e s a n d th e e a rth b e sid e
“
th e m w e r e s tai n e d as has b ee n n ot ed by red m ica
, ,
”
c e o u s oxid e of i ro n H e re w e m e e t with an a n ci e n t
custo m of h igh s ig n ifica n c e I t w a s n o t th e cas e as
.
,

s om e hav e sugg e st ed that th e sk e l e to n was colou r e d

,

aft e r th e fl e sh had d ecay ed Th e r e was n o i n d icati o n

.

wh e n t h e h u ma n r e mai n s w e re d iscov e r e d that th e g rav e

had b ee n d istu r b ed aft e r th e corps e was laid in it Th e .

fact that th e e arth as w e l l as th e bo n es r etai n ed th e

28 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
c o loratio n affo rds cl ea r p r oof that t h e co r ps e had b ee n
s m eare d Ov e r wi th red e arth wh ic h afte r t h e fl e sh had
,

d e cay e d fe l l o n t h e sk e l e to n a n d t h e e a rth a n d g rav e l

,

b e sid e i t B ut why i t w i l l b e ask e d Was t h e corps e so

. , ,

t reat e d ? D i d t h e C rO M ag n o n s pai n t th e i r bod i e s d u r

-

in g l i fe as d o t h e Aust ral ia n s t h e R ed I n dia n s a n d

, , ,
“ ”
oth e rs to p rov id e
,
a Su bstitut e fo r cloth i n g ? Tha t
ca n n ot b e t h e reaso n Th e y cou l d n o t hav e co n c e r n e d
.

th e m s e lv e s about a su bst itut e for som e th i n g th e y d id

n o t poss e ss I n F ra n c e , t h e C rO M ag n o n s hav e l e ft
.
-

picto r ial re co rds of t h e i r activ iti e s a n d i n t e re sts in th e i r

cav e s a n d oth e r Sh e l t e rs Bas r e l i e fs o n bou ld e rs with i n
.

a sh e lt e r at Lau ss e l show that th ey d i d n o t w e a r cloth

in g d u r i n g t h e A u ri gn acia n e poch wh ich co n ti n u e d fo r
ma n y lo n g c e n tu r i e s .W e k n ow too that t h e A u s tra
l ia n s a n d I n d ia n s pai n t ed th e i r bod i es fo r rel i gious a n d
magical pu rpos e s — to p rot ect th e m s e l v es in bat tl e o r
e n abl e th e m to p e rfo rm th e i r m yst e ri e s — rai n g e tti n g -
,

food g etti n g an d oth e r c e re mo n i e s Th e a n ci e n t E gyp

-
, .

tia n s pai n t e d th e i r gods to m ak e th e m h e althy

P rolo n g ed good h ealth was i m m o rtal i ty .

Th e e vid e n c e afford e d by t h e P a v il an d a n d oth e r C rO

‘

M ag n o n bu rial s i nd icate s that t h e red c o l o u r w as fre sh ly

appl i e d b e fo re th e d ead was lai d in t h e s e pu lch r e .

N o dou bt i t was i n t e n d e d to s e rv e a d e fi n it e pu rpos e ,

that i t was a n e xpr essio n of a syst e m of b e l i efs re gard

in g l i fe a n d t h e h e r eaft e r .

Appare n tly amo n g t h e C rO Mag n o n s th e b e l i ef was

-

“
al r eady pr e val e n t that t h e blood i s t h e l i fe ”
Th e .

loss of l ife app ear e d to th e m to b e d u e to th e loss of t h e

re d V ital iz i n g fl u id which flow e d in t h e v e i n s Stro n g .

me n who re c e iv e d wou n ds in co n flict w ith th e i r fe l lows ,

o r with wi ld a n i mals w e re s ee n to fai n t a n d die in c o n

,

s e qu e n c e o f p rofus e bl eedi n g ; a n d thos e who w e r e

strick e n with sick ness grew ash e n pal e b ecaus e as i t ,

s ee m e d , t h e supply of blood was i n su ffici en t , a co nd itio n

 TH E “
RE D MAN O F WA L E S 29

th e y may hav e accou n t e d fo r as di d t h e Baby lo n ia n s O f

,

a l a te r p e ri o d by co n c e iv i n g t hat d e mo n s e n t e re d th e
,

body a n d d e vou re d t h e fl e sh a n d blood I t i s n o t too .

m uch to suppos e that th ey fea re d d eath and that l i k e ,

oth e r Paga n r e l igio n s of a n tiqu i ty th e i rs was d ee ply c o n

c e r n e d wi t h t h e probl e m of how to r e s to re a n d prolo n g
l ife Th e i r m e dici ne me n app ear to hav e arriv e d at t h e
.
-

co n cl usio n that t h e acti v e p r i n ci pl e in blood was t h e

substa n c e that colou re d i t a nd th ey id e n t i fi e d thi s su b
,

sta n c e with re d e arth I f ch ee ks g re w pal e in sick ne ss

.
,

t h e fl ush of h e al th s e e m e d to b e r e stor e d by t h e appl ica

tio n of a red fac e pai n t Th e pati e n t d i d n o t i n va riably
.

r e gai n s t re n gth but wh e n h e d id th e r ecov e ry was in

, ,

al l l i k e l i hood attri but e d to t h e i n flu e n c e of t h e blood

su bsti tute R e st a n d sl u m b e r w e re r e q ui red as ex p e r i
.
,

e n c e show e d to wo r k t h e cu r e
, W h e n d e ath took plac e
.
,

it s ee m e d to be a d ee p e r an d m o re p rolo n g e d sl u m b e r ,

a nd t h e whol e body was s m e ar e d ov e r with t h e vi tal iz i n g

blood su bstitu t e so that wh e n t h e sp e l l of w eak ne ss had

,

pass e d away t h e sl ee p e r m ight awak e n a n d co m e fo rth

, ,

agai n wi th r e n e w ed stre n gth fro m t h e cav e hou s e in -

which h e had b ee n lai d .

“
Th e ma n y p e rsi st e n t l e ge nds about fa mous sl e e p e r s
that su rv i v e ti l l ou r o w n day app ear to hav e o ri gi n al ly
b e e n co n n ecte d wi th a b e l i e f in t h e r etu r n of t h e d e ad ,

t h e a n tiqu ity of which w e a re n o t j usti fi e d in l i m iti n g ,

e sp e cial ly wh e n it i s fou n d that t h e b e l i e fs co n n e ct e d

wi t h body pai n t a n d sh e l l or n am e n ts a n d a m ul ets w e re

i n t roduc e d i n to E u rop e in e a r ly post glacial ti m e s -
.

A n ci e n t fol k h e ro e s m i ght b e fo rgo t t e n but fro m A ge ,

to A ge th e re aros e n e w h e ro e s to tak e th e i r plac e s ; t h e

habit of placi n g th e m amo n g t h e sl e e p e rs r e m ai n e d .

Charl e mag ne F re d e rick of B a r barossa W i l l iam Te l l

, , ,

K i n g Arthu r t h e P ia n s a n d th e I rish B ri a n B o ro imh e

, , ,

a re famous Sl ee p e rs .F re n ch p ea sa n ts l o n g b e l i ev ed
th at t h e Sl ee pi n g N a pol eo n w o ul d o n e day re tu r n to
 A N C I E N T MAN IN B R I TA I N
'

3 0

prot ect th e i r n ativ e la n d fro m i n vad e rs a nd du ri n g: t h e

,

R usso Japa n e s e war i t was wh i sp e re d in R ussia th a t

-

G e n e ral Sko bel eff wou ld sudd e n ly awak e a n d hast e n to

Ma n chu ri a to l ead th e i r troops to v ictory Fo r ma n y .

ge n e ratio n s th e Scots w e r e co n v i n c e d that Jam e s I V ,

“ ”
who fe l l at F l o dd e n was a sl e e p e r H i s plac e was tak en
.

in ti m e by Thomas t h e R hym e r w h o sl e pt in a cav e

,

a n d occasio n al ly awok e to v isi t m ark e ts so that h e m ight

pu rchas e h o rs e s for t h e gr eat war wh ich was to re dd e n

Tw e e d a n d Clyd e w i th blood E v e n in ou r o w n day
.

th e re w e r e thos e who re fus e d to b e l i e v e that G e n e ral

Gordo n S i r H e cto r M ac Do nal d , an d Lord K itch e n e r
, ,

w e re r e al ly d e ad .Th e hau n ti n g b e l i e f in sl e e pi n g
h e ro es dies ha rd
'
.

A m o n g t h e famous gro u p s o f sl e e pi n g h e ro es a re t h e
S e v e n S l e e p e rs of E ph esus —th e C h r istia n s who h ad
b ee n co n d e m n e d to d e ath by t h e E m p e ror D ec ius a n d
co n c eal e d th e m s e l v e s in a cav e wh e re th e y Sl e pt fo r
th re e a n d a half c e n tu r i e s . A n e i ght e e n th c e n tu ry
l e g e n d t e l l s of s e v e n me n in R oma n at t i re who lay ,

in a cav e in W e st e r n G e rma n y I n N o r s e M ythology

.
,

t h e s e v e n s o n s of M i m e r sl ee p in t h e U n d e rwo r l d awai t
in g th e blast of t h e hor n wh ich wi l l b e blow n at
,

R a g n arok wh e n t h e gods an d d e m o n s wi l l wag e th e

l a s t bat t l e Th e sl e e p e rs of A rabi a o n c e a wok e to for
.

t e l l t h e c o m i n g of M ahom e t an d th e i r sl e e p i n g dog
, ,

a ccordi n g to M osl e m b e l i e fs i s o n e of t h e t e n a n i m als

,

t hat wi l l e n t e r Paradis e .

A re p re s e n tativ e S cottish l e g e n d r e gard i n g th e

sl ee p e rs i s locat e d at t h e C av e of C raigie h o w e in t h e
B l ack I sl e R oss sh i re a few m i l e s d ista n t from t h e
,
-
,

Ros e marki e c a v e .I t i s told that a sh e ph e rd o n c e

e n t er e d t h e cav e a n d saw t h e sl e e p e rs a n d th e i r dog .

A ho rn or as som e say a whi stl e h u n g susp e n d e d fro m

, , ,

t h e roof . Th e sh eph e rd bl e w i t o n c e a n d t h e sl ee p e rs
shook th e m s e l v e s ; h e bl e w a s eco n d ti m e an d th ey ,
 THE “
RED MAN ”
O F WA L E S 31

O p ened th e i r e y e s a nd rais e d th e m s e l v e s o n th e i r el bows .

T e rri fi e d by t h e forbidd i n g a sp e ct of t h e m ighty me n ,

t h e sh e ph e rd r e fra i n e d fro m blowi n g a th i rd ti m e b ut ,

tu r n e d a n d fl ed A S h e l e ft t h e cav e h e h eard o n e of t h e
.

h e ro es cal l aft e r h i m : Alas ! you hav e l e ft u s wo rs e

”
tha n you fou n d us A S wh istl e s a re so m e ti m e s fou n d
.

in Magdal e n i a n sh e l t e rs in W e st e r n an d C e n t ral E u rop e ,

i t may b e that th e s e w e re at a n e a r ly p e r iod co n n ecte d

wi th th e b e l i e fs about t h e cal l i n g back of th e C rO é

M ag n o n d ead Th e a n ci e n t wh i stl e s w e re mad e of h a re

.

a n d r e i n d e e r foot bo n e
-
Th e clay wh istl e dat e s fro m
.

t h e i n troductio n of t h e N e ol i th ic i n dust ry in H u n gary .

Th e r e markabl e t e n d e n cy o n t h e part of m a n ki n d to
cl i n g to a n d p e rp e tuat e a n ci e n t b e l i e fs a n d custom s a n d ,

e sp e cial ly thos e co n n e ct e d wi th sick n e ss a n d d e ath is ,

fo rci bly i l l ust rat e d by t h e custo m of sm eari n g t h e bodi e s

of th e l ivi n g a n d d ead wi th red och r e I n e v e ry part .

“
of t h e worl d red i s re ga rd e d as a pa rticu larly l ucky
”
co l ou r which prot e cts hous e s a n d h u ma n b e i n gs a n d
, ,

i m pa rts vit a l i ty to t h o s e who u s e i t Th e b e l i e f in t h e .

protecti v e val u e of red b e rr i e s i s p e rp e tu at e d in ou r

o w n C h ristmas custom s wh e n hous e s a re d e corat e d wi th

hol ly a n d by thos e dw e l l e rs in r e m ote parts who sti l l

,
’
t ie rowa n b e rri e s to th e i r cows ta ils so as to p re v e n t
witch e s a n d fai ri e s from i n t e rfe ri n g wi th t h e m i l k supply .

Egyptia n wo m e n who wo re a re d j asp e r in th e i r w a ist

“
gi rdl e s cal l e d th e sto n e a d rop of th e blood of I sis (t h e
mo t h e r
Re d sy m bol is m i s ev e rywh e re co n n e cte d wi th l i fe
blo o d a n d th e “
v i tal spa rk ”
— th e h o t “
blood of
” 1
l ife . B r i n to n has show n that in t h e No rth A m e r ica n
la n gu ag e s th e word fo r bl ood i s d e r i v e d fro m t h e word
fo r re d o r t h e wo rd fo r fi re Th e a n ci e n t G r e e k custom
.

o f pai n ti n g re d t h e wood e n i m ag e s of gods was e v i

d e n t l y co n n ect e d wi th t h e b e l i e f that a su p p l y of l ife

1 My th s of th e Ne w Wo r l d , p . 163 .
32 ANC I E NT MAN IN B R I TA I N
blood was thu s assu r ed an d that t h e col ou r a n i m ated ,

t h e D e ity as H o m e r s ghosts w e re a n i mat e d by a blood

’

,
“
offe ri n g wh e n Odyss e us v is it e d H ad e s Th e a n oi n t .

in g of idol s wi th blood fo r t h e p u rpos e of a n i m ati n g

” “
th e m i s says Far n e l l
,
a part of ol d M e d i t e rra n ea n
,

m agic ” 1
. Th e a n c i e n t E gyptia n s as has b ee n i n d i ,

c a te d ,
pai n t e d th e i r gods so me of who m wo re re d ,
“
garm e n ts ; a part of th e i r u n d e rworl d D ewa t was Re d
” “ ” 2
La n d an d th e r e w e re
,
re d sou l s in it I n I n d ia .

sta n d i n g sto n e s co n n ect e d w i th d e i ti e s a re e i th e r pai n t e d

re d o r s m e ar e d with t h e blood of a sac ri fic e d a n i mal .

Th e C h i n e s e r e gard re d as t h e col ou r of fi re a n d l i ght ,

a n d in th e i r phi loso p hy th e y i d e n tify i t wi th Ya n g t h e ,

ch i e f p ri n c i pl e of l ife ; i t i s b e l i e v e d
3 “
to e xp e l p e r
n ic io u s i n fl u e n c e s a n d thu s pa rticul arly to sy mbol i z e
,

good l uck happi n e ss d e l ight a n d pl easu re

, ,
R ed ,

“ ”
co ffi n s a re favou red Th e re d gat e o n t h e south
.

S id e of a c e m e t e r y i s n e v e r O p e n e d e xc e pt fo r t h e
Th e C h i n e s e put a powd e re d
” 4
passage of an E m p e ro r .

re d s t o n e cal l e d h u n h ong i n a d r i n k o r in food to d e stroy

-

a n e vi l spi ri t wh ich m ay hav e tak e n poss e ssio n of o n e .

R e d e arth i s e at e n for a si m i l ar r e aso n by th e Pol y '

n e s ian s a n d oth e rs M a n y i n sta n c e s of th i s ki n d cou l d

.

b e giv e n to i l l ustrat e t h e wid e sp r e ad p e rsi st e n c e of t h e

b e l i e f in t h e V ital iz i n g a n d p rot e cti v e q ual i ti e s asso
c iate d with re d su bsta n c e s I n I r i sh G a e l ic P rofe sso r .
,
“
W J Watso n t e l l s me
. . ru adh
”
m e a n s both “
re d
,
”

“ ”
an d stro n g
Th e C r o M ag n o n s r egard e d t h e h e art as t h e s e at of
-

l ife havi n g appar e n tly d iscov e r e d that i t co n trol s th e

,

d istri butio n of blood I n th e cav e r n of P i n dal in south

.
,

w e st e r n F ra n c e i s t h e outl i n e o f a hai ry m a m m oth

,

pai n t e d in red och re a n d t h e s e at of l i fe i s i n d icat e d by

,

C l t f th G
1 k St t V l V p 43
p
u s o e r ee

d
a es , o . . . 2 .

2 Bu ge , Go ds of t he E gy p t ia n s V o l I .
k I pp
20 3 . . . .

3 De G roo t , Th e Re l igio u s Sy s te m of C h in a , B oo
k I pp , .

4 I bid .
, B oo , . 28 and
33 2 .
 TH E “
RE D MAN
”
OF WA L E S 33

a l arg e red h eart Th e pai n ti n g date s back to t h e e arly

.

Au r i g n aci a n p e r iod I n oth e r cas e s as in t h e d raw m g

.
,

o f a l arg e biso n in t h e cav er n of N i aux t h e s e at of l i fe ,

a n d t h e v u l n e r abl e parts a re i n d icat e d by sp e a r o r

a r row h e ads i n ci s e d o n t h e body Th e a n ci e n t E gyp
-
.

tia n s id e n tifi e d t h e h e a rt wi th t h e m i n d To th e m t h e .

h e a r t was t h e s e at of i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d wi l l pow e r as w e l l -

as t h e s e at of l i fe Th e g e r m of th i s b e l i e f c a n appar
.

e n tly b e fou n d in t h e
picto r ial a rt a n d bu ri al
custom s of t h e Au ri
n ac ia n C r O M a g n o n s
g
-

A n oth e r i n te re s t i n g
bu rial custo m has b ee n
trac e d in t h e G ri m al d i
cav e s So m e of t h e
.

sk e l e to n s w e re fou n d to
hav e s mal l g re e n sto n e s
b e tw ee n th e i r t e e th o r
1
i n sid e th e i r m ouths .

NO dou bt t h es e w e re O tl i f M m m h p i t d i d h i u ne o a a ot a n e n re oc re n

th C v f Pi d l F e a e rn p n a ra n c e
a m ul e ts Th e i r COIOU I
.
’
,

“
sugg e sts that gree n s y m n itrate
b o l is m has n o t n e c e s
s a ril y a co n n e ctio n with agri cu ltu ral r e l igio n as som e ,

hav e su ppos ed Th e C r o M ag n o n s do n o t app e a r to

i
.
-

hav e pai d mu c h att e n tio n to v e g e t a tio n I n a n ci e n t .

E gypt t h e gree n sto ne ( Kh e p e ra) a m u l e t typi fi e d t h e

“
” “
ge r m of l i fe A t ex t says . A scarab of g ree n sto n e
,

shal l b e p lac e d in t h e h e art of a ma n a n d i t shal l ,

‘
p e rfo r m fo r h i m t h e op e n i n g of t h e m outh ”
— tha t i s i t ’
,

wi l l e nabl e h i m to sp e ak a n d e at agai n Th e sc a rab i s .

add re ss e d in a fu n e ra ry t ext M y h e art m y m oth e r, , .

M y h e art wh e re by I c a m e i n to b e i n g I t i s b e l i e v e d by .

1 I a m in db d
e te t o th e Abbe B re u il fo r th is in fo rma tio n w h ic h h e ga v
e me d u rin g th e
co u r se o f a co n ve rs a t io n .

( D 217 )
34 A N C I E N T MAN IN B R I TA I N
B ud ge that th e E gy ptia n custo m of bu ryi n g gr ee n “
”
b a s a l t sca ra bs i n sid e or o n th e b rea sts of t h e d e a d i s a s
ol d as t h e fi rst Dy n asty (0 3400 H ow m uch old e r .

“
i t i s o n e c an o n ly sp eculat e Th e M e xica n s acco rd .

in g t o B ri n to n “
w e re accustom ed to s ay t hat a t o n e
,

t i m e al l me n hav e b ee n sto n e s a n d that at l ast th e y ,

wou l d al l r e tu r n to sto n e s a n d a cti n g l i t e ral ly o n th i s ,

co n victi o n th e y m t e rre d wi th t h e bo n e s of t h e d ead a

‘
s mal l gr e e n sto n e wh ich was cal l ed th e pri n ci pl e of
,

l ife I n Ch i n a t h e custom of placi n g j ad e to n gu e

am ul e ts for th e pu rpos e of p r e s e rvi n g t h e d ead fro m
d e cay a n d sti m u lati n g t h e sou l to tak e fli ght to Pa rad is e
i s of co n sid e rabl e a n ti qu i ty 3
C rys tal s a n d p e b bl e s hav e .

b e e n fou n d in a n ci e n t B ri tish grav e s I t m ay w e l l b e .

t hat th e s e p e bbl e s w e r e r e ga rd e d as hav i n g had a n

i n ti mat e co n n e c t i o n with d e i ti es a n d p e r haps to hav e ,
“
b ee n coagul at e d form s of wh a t has b ee n cal l e d l i fe
”
substa n c e Of u n dou bt e d i m porta n c e a n d s ign ifi
.

ca n c e was t h e a n ci e n t custo m of ado r n i n g t h e d ead with

sh e l ls As w e hav e s ee n th i s was a n otabl e featu re of
.
,

t h e P a v il a n d cav e bu r ial Th e “
Re d M a n was n o t.

“
o n ly sm ea re d wi th re d e a rth but cha r m e d o r p ro ,

t e c t e d by sh e l l a m u l e ts I n t h e n e xt ch a pt e r i t w i l l b e
.

sh o w n t h at th i s cu sto m n o t o n ly affords u s a gl i m ps e
o f Au rig n aci a n r e l i gious b e l i e fs bu t i n d icat e s th e ar e a ,

from wh ich t h e C r o M ag n o n s cam e -

.

P rofe sso r G E l l iot S m i th was t h e fi rst to e m phasi z e

.

t h e i m porta n c e att a ch e d in a n ci e n t ti m e s to t h e b e l i e fs

associa t e d wi th t h e d iv i n e giv e r of l i fe
1
B u dge Gods qf the E gy p tia n s , V o l I , 35 8 p
Th es e s c a ra s h a e n o t e e n fo u n in b v b d
y y v v d v
, . . .

t h e e a rl D n a s t ic g r a e s G r ee n mal a ch it e c h a rms . h o w e e r, w e re u s e in e e n t h e p r e
y p d
.

D n as t ic e rio
p d
.

2 The M th s o
f the New Wo r l d , Ac c o r in g t o B a n c ro ft th e g ree n s t o n es w ere
p y
d
2 94 . .

o ft e n l a c ed in t h e m o u t h s o f t h e d e a
L pp
.

3 au fe r , j a de , . 2 94 e t s e .
q (Ch ic a go ,
 C H A P TE R I V
Sh ell De i t i e s an d E arl y T rad e
E ly C lt ar d E ly R
u —D id C ivil iz i
u re a n ar igi t i E p ?
a c es at on o r na e n u ro e

—A I mp n C l —T d i S h l l b w
o r ta n t ue R d S
ra d I ly
e n e s et e en e ea an ta
T f E ly T d i C
ra c e s o ar l E p —R l ig i V l
ra e n f P
e n tra l u ro e e o us a ue o e rs o na

O m
rn a —I mp e n ts f Sh ll L —L i k b w
o r ta n c e o F E d e o re n s et e en ar ast an

E p —S h l l D i i —A H b id S h l l G dd
uro e e e t es M il k f Wi d m
e r ea n e o es s o s o

A i G dd
-
nc en t P vid f F d—G l i S p i i S h l l d
o es s es as ro ers o oo ae c
“
r t e an

Jp a G d B dy
a ne s e
“ — I fl o f D i i
o
"
i J w l & n —
A Sh k
ue n c e o e t es n e e s, c. a e

sp R f
ea re a n
— S h l l i G
e erenc e é M g G v e— E lsy S i
nfi r - a no n ra es ar ac r c es

H dC l an i P l li hi C v
o o u rs n Fi g L
a aeo td H d Sp ll
c a es -
n er o re a n
“
an e s

“
Wh e n t h e qu e s t i o n i s ask ed W h e n c e cam e t h e C ro ,
”
M ag n o n p e opl e of th e Au ri g n aci a n phas e of cultu re ?
“
t h e a n sw e r usu a l ly gi v e n i s S om e wh e r e in t h e E ast ,

Th e d ist r i butio n of t h e Au ri g n acia n si t e s i n dicat e s th a t

t h e n ew com e r s e n t e re d s o uth w e st e rn F ra n c e by way
- -

of I taly—that i s across t h e I tal ia n la n d b r idg e fro m

,
-

No rth Afr ica Of s p e cial s i g n i fica n c e in th is co n n e c

.

ti o n i s t h e fact that Au r i g n acia n cul tu re p e rsiste d fo r

t h e lo n g e st p e ri o d of ti m e in I tal y Th e t a l l e st C ro .

M ag n o n s app e a r to hav e i n habi t e d south east e r n -

“
F ra n c e a n d t h e w e s t e rn sho re s of I t a ly I t i s p rob .

”
abl e s ays Osb o r n re fe rri n g to t h e me n s i x fe e t fo u r
, ,
“
and a hal f i n ch e s in h e i ght that in t h e g e n ial ,

cl i m at e of t h e R i vi e ra th e s e me n obt a i n e d th e i r fi n e st
d e v e l o pm e n t ; t h e cou n try was ad m i rably p rot e ct e d
fro m t h e col d wi n ds of t h e n o r th re fug e s w e re abu n ,

da n t an d gam e by n o m e a n s sca rc e to j udg e fro m t h e

, ,

qua n tity of a n i mal bo n e s fou n d in t h e cav e s U n d e r .

35
36 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
s uch co n ditio n s of l ife t h e rac e e nj oy e d a fi n e physical
d e v e lop m e n t a n d di s p e rs e d wid e l y
” 1
.

I t do e s n o t fo l low how e v e r that th e tal l p eopl e

, ,

ori gi n a t e d Au ri g n aci a n cu l tu re A s has b e e n i n d icate d .

,

t h e stu m py p e opl e re p r e s e n te d by C o m b e C ap e l l e s k e l e
-

“
to n s w e re l i k e wi s e e xpo n e n ts o f i t I t m ust n o t b e .

”
assu m e d as E l l iot S m i th re m i n ds us
,
that t h e Au r i ,

n ac ia n cu ltur e was n e c e ssa r i ly i n v e n t e d by t h e sam e

g
p e opl e who i n t ro duc e d i t i n to E u rop e a n d whos e re ,

m ai n s w e re associat e d w ith i t fo r a n y cu l tu r e c a n
be t ra n s m i tt e d to a n al i e n p e op l e e v e n wh e n i t has n o t ,

b ee n adopt e d by m a n y bra n ch e s of t h e rac e wh ich was

r e spo n si bl e fo r i ts i n v e n t i o n j ust as gas i l l u m i n atio n , ,

o il lam ps a n d e v e n ca n d l e s a re sti l l in c u rr e n t u s e by
,

t h e p e opl e who i n v e n t e d t h e e l ectri c l i ght wh ich has b ee n ,

wid e ly ad o pt e d by m a n y for e i g n p e opl e s Th i s e l e m e n .

ta ry co n si d e ratio n i s so oft e n i g n o r e d that i t i s n ec e ssary

thus to e m phasiz e i t b e caus e i t i s e ss e n tial fo r a n y prop e r
,

u n d ersta n d i n g of t h e h i sto ry of early ci vi l i z atio n ” .

N o t rac e of Au r i g n acia n c ul tu re has so fa r b ee n , ,

“ ”
fou n d outsi d e E u rop e M ay i t n o t th e re fo re i t m ay
.
, ,
“
b e ask e d hav e o r i gi n at e d in I taly o r F ra n c e ?
,
In
abs e n c e of di re ct e v id e n c e thi s p ossi bi l ity m i gh t b e ,

adm itt e d B u t a n i m po r ta n t d i scov e r y has b ee n m ad e

.

“
at G r i m al di in La G rott e d es E n fa n ts (th e g rotto of
i n fa n ts s o cal l e d b e caus e of t h e d iscov e r y th e r e of t h e
-

sk e l e to n s of you n g Cr o M ag n o n ch i l d re n ) A m o n g t h e
-
.

sh e l ls u s e d as am u l e ts by t hos e who u s e d t h e grotto as

C s r ufa
a s e pulch re was o n e
( ) that h d b ca ri d
'

a s s z a ee n r e

e ith e r by a m i g rati n g fol k o r by t rad e rs alo n g t h e

, ,

N o rth Afr ica n coast a n d th rough I taly fro m som e south

w e st e r n Asia n b each Th e fi n d h as b e e n r eco rd e d by
.

3
P rofe sso r Ma rc e l l i n B o ul e .

1 M en o
f the Ol d Ston e Age pp 2 97 8 -

v V II
.
, .

2 P r imiti e M a n P r oc e e d in s o the B r it is h A c a de m
( g f y Vo l )
— I
.
, .

3 L e s G rotte s de G r im a l di B a o u s s e R us s
( ) T m f I I G éologze
'

P a l éon to l og ze
'

p
et
- ‘
o e o e a sc , , .

( M o na co
. 13 3 . .
 SHE LL DE ITIES AN D E A R LY T RAD E 37

In a foot n ot e G Dol l fus wri t e s,

.

C ass zs
'

ru a , f L , an I n d i an o c e an s he ll , is re p re s e n t e d in
the c o ll e c t i o n a t M o n ac o b y t w o fr agme n t s ; o n e w as fo u n d
in t h e l o w e r h ab i t a t i o n l ev e l D t h e o t h e r is p r o b ab ly o f t h e
,

s ame o r i i n Th e e c o f t h i h e ll is e x t a o rd i a ry a
g .
p r s e n e s s r n s ,

it h as n o a n al o gu e in t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n n e i t h e r r ec e n t n o r ,

fo s s il ; t h e re e x i s t s n o s p e c i e s in t h e No rt h At l a n t i c o r o ff
Sen ega l wi t h w h i c h it c o u l d b e c o n fo u n d e d Th e fragme n t s .

h av e t rac e s o f t h e re dd i s h c o l o u r p re s e rv e d a n d a re n o t ,

fo s s il ; o n e o f t h e m p r e s e n t s a n o t c h w h i c h h a s d e t e rmi n ed a
h o l e t h at s e e ms t o h av e b e e n ma d e i n t e n t i o n ally Th e s p e c i e s .

h as n o t ye t b e e n fo u n d in t h e G u l f o f Su e z n o r in t h e r a i s e d
b e a c h e s o f t h e I s t h mu s M j o u s s e a u me h as fo u n d it in t h e
. .

G ul f o f Tadj o u ra at Ade n b u t it h as n o t ye t b e e n e n c o u n t e re d
,

in t h e Re d Se a n o r in t h e ra i s e d b e ac h es o f t h at r e gi o n .

Th e c o mmo n h a b i t a t o f Cass zs r uf a is So c o t ra b e s i d e s t h e
'

Seyc h e ll e s , M ad agas c a r M au r i t iu s Ne w C a l e d o n i a a n d
, , ,

p e r h a p s T a h i t i T h.e fr a g m e n t s d i s c o v e r e d a t M e n t o n e h av e

t h e re fo re b e e n b ro u gh t fro m a gre at d i s t an c e a t a v e ry
an c i e n t e p o c h b y p re h i s t o r i c m an
”
.

Aft e r th e C rG M ag n o n p eopl e s had spre ad i n to W est e r n

-

and C e n tral E u rop e th ey i m porte d sh e l l s fro m t h e

M e di t e r ra n e a n A t Lau ge rie B ass e in t h e D ordog n e
.
,

for i n sta n c e a n ecklac e of p i e rc e d sh e l l s from th e M e di

,

t e r ra n e a n was fou n d in assoc iatio n wi th a sk e l e to n .

Atla n tic sh e l ls cou l d hav e b ee n o btai n e d from a n ea re r

s e ashor e I t m ay b e that t h e R ho n e val l ey wh ich l at e r
‘

.
,

b ecam e a w e l l k n ow n t rad e rout e was uti l iz e d at a n

-
,

e xc e e di n gly r e mot e p e r iod , a n d that cu l tu ral i n flu e n c e s

“ ” “
occasio n al ly flow e d alo n g i t P r e h i stori c man ”
.

had acqu i r e d som e e xp er i e n c e as a t rad e r e v e n du ri n g

“ ”
th e h u n ti n g p e ri od a n d h e h ad form u lat e d d e fi n i t e
,

re l igiou s b e l i efs .

I t has b ee n th e hab i t of so m e a rch ae ologists to r e fe r to

sh e l l an d oth e r n e cklac e s &c as p e rso n al or n am e n ts , .
,

Th e lat e D r R ob e r t M u n ro wrot e in th i s co n n ec t io n
.
3 8 A N C I E N T MA N IN B R I TA I N

W e ha e v n o k n o wl e d g e o f a n y p h a s e o f h u m a n ity i n

w h i c h t h e l o v e o f p e rs o n a l o r na me n t d o e s n o t p l ay a n im
o rt an t p a r t in t h e li f e o f t h e i n d ivi d u a l T h e s a v a g e o f t h e
p
.

t d a w h o p a i n t s o r t a t t o o s h i s b o d y a n d a d o r n s it
p re s e n y , ,

wi t h s h e ll s fe at h e rs t ee t h a n d t r i n k e t s m ad e o f t h e mo re
, , ,

g a u d y m at e r i al s a t h is d i s p o s al m ay b e a c c e p t e d a s o n a
,

a r a ll e l wi t h t h e Ne o l it h i c p e o p l e o f E u ro p e T e eth
p
.

a re o ft e n p e r fo r a t e d a n d u s e d a s p e n d a n t s e s p e c i ally t h e ,

c an i n e s o f c a rn iv o r o u s a n i mal s b u t s u c h o r n a me n t s a r e n o t
,

e c uli a r t o N e o li t h i c t i me s a s t h e y w e r e e qu ally p r ev al e n t
p ,
”
a mo n g t h e l a t e r P a l ae o li t h i c r a c e s o f E u ro p e
1
.

M od e r n savag e s hav e v e ry d e fi n i t e r e aso n s fo r w e ari n g

“ ”
t h e s o cal l e d
- o r n am e n ts a n d fo r pai n ti n g a n d tattoo
,

in g th e i r bodi e s Th ey b e l i e v e th a t t h e sh e l l s t eeth
.
, ,

&c a fford th e m p rot ectio n a n d b r i n g th e m l uck

.
, ,
Ear .

pi e rci n g d ist e n d i n g t h e l ob e of th e ear d isfigu r i n g t h e

, ,

body t h e poi n ti n g , black e n i n g or k n ocki n g out of t ee th

, , ,

a re al l p ractic e s th at hav e a r e l i gious si g n i fica n c e .

E v e n such a h i ghly civi l i z e d p eopl e as t h e C h i n e s e p e r

p e t u a t e in th e i r fu n e ra r y c e re m o n i e s
,
custom s that c an ,

b e trac e d back to a n exc ee d i n gly re m ot e p e riod in t h e

“
h istory of m an ki n d I t i s n o t d u e to lov e of p e rso n al
.

o r n am e n t that th ey p lac e cowri e s j ad e gol d &c in

”
, , , .
,

t h e m outh of t h e d e ad bu t b e caus e th e y b e l i e v e that by

,

so doi n g t h e body i s p rot ect e d a n d giv e n a n ew l eas e ,

of l i fe Th e Far East e r n b e l i e f that a n e l ixi r of g rou n d

.

oyst e r sh e l l s W i l l p rolo n g l ife in t h e n e xt worl d i s

e v id e n tly a r e l ic of e a r ly sh e l l lor e C e rtai n d e i ti es are .

ass o ciat e d with c e rtai n sh e l ls So m e d e iti e s hav e, l i k e .

“ ”
s n ai ls sh e l l s fo r hous e s ; o th e rs issu e at bi rth fro m
,

sh e l ls Th e godd ess V e n u s (Aph rodit e) sp r i n gs from

.

t h e froth of t h e s e a a n d i s l i ft e d u p by T r i to n s o n a
,

sh e l l ; s h e w ears a l ov e gi rdl e Hatho r, th e E gyptia n

-
.

V e n us had o rigi n al ly a l ov e gi rdl e of sh e l ls Sh e

,
-
.

app ears to hav e o ri gi n at e d as t h e p e rso n i ficatio n of a

1 P r e h is tor ic B r ita in , pp . 14 2 - 3 .
 S H E L L D E I T I E S A ND E A R LY T R A D E 39

sh e l l a nd aft e rwa rds to h av e p e rso n ifi e d t h e p e a r l wi t hi n

,

t h e sh e l l I n early E gyptia n grav e s t h e sh e l l am u l e ts

.
-

hav e b ee n fou n d in thousa n ds Th e i m porta n c e of sh e l l .

lor e in a n ci e n t r e l i giou s syste m s has b ee n e m phasiz e d

b y M r J W i l fr id Jackso n in h i s Sh el l s a s E viden c e of
. .

th e M igr a t ion s of E a r ly C u l t u r a l
H e shows why th e

k
Nec l a c e o f Se a Sh el l s , fr o m t h e ca v
e of Or a-M a gn o n .
(Aft e r E L a rt e t
. .
)

c o w ry a nd s n ai l sh e l l s w e re wor n as am u l e ts a n d
cha r ms a n d why me n w e re i mp e l l e d
,
“
t o s e a rch fo r
t h e m fa r a n d wi d e a n d oft e n a t g re at p e ri l “
”
Th e .

m u r m u r of th e sh e l l was t h e voic e of t h e go d a n d t h e ,

t ru m p e t mad e of a sh e l l b ecam e a n i m po r ta n t i n st ru m e n t
”
in i n i t iatio n c e r e mo n i e s a n d in t e m pl e w o rsh i p S hel l s .

p rot ecte d w eare rs agai n st evi l i n cl ud i n g th e e vi l eye , .

I n l ik e ma n n e r p rot ectio n was afford e d by t h e t e e th and

claws of car n i v o rous a n i mals I n Asia a n d Afr ica t h e .

1 L d
on o n , 19 1 7 .
m e n ts that t h e C r o M ag n o n s of south e r n F ran c e im
-

po rt e d I n d ia n Oc ea n sh e l l s a n d thos e of C e n t ral and

,

W e st e r n E u rop e c reat e d a t rad e in M ed i t e rra n e a n sh e l ls .

Li k e t h e a n ci e n t i n habi t a n ts of t h e N i l e V al l e y who in
r e mot e p re
-
dy n asti c ti m es i m po rte d sh e l ls,
n o t o n ly

fro m t h e M e d it e rra n e a n but fro m t h e Red Sea alon g ,

a lo n g a n d da n g e rou s d e s e r t t rad e rout e th e y e vi d e n tly

-
,

had i m pa rt e d to sh e l l s a d e fi n it e re l i gi ou s si g n i fica n c e .

“ “
R ed
Th e luck gi rdl e of s n ai l sh e l l s wor n by t h e
- -

M a n of P av il a n d has , th e re fo r e a n i n t e r e sti n g h isto ry

,
.

Wh e n t h e C ro M ag n o n s re ach e d B r i tai n t h e y brought

-

with th e m n o t o n l y i m pl e m e n ts i n v e n t e d a n d d ev e lop ed
e ls ewh e re ,
bu t a h e ri tag e o f r e l i gi ous b e l i e fs co n n e ct e d
with sh e l l or n am e n ts a n d wi th t h e red earth with wh ich
t h e co rps e was s m e ar e d wh e n l ai d in it s l ast re sti n g
plac e .

Th e a n ci e n t r e l i giou s b e l i efs co n n e ct e d wi th sh e l l s
ap p ea r to hav e sp re ad fa r a n d wi d e Trac e s of th e m
.

sti l l s u rv iv e in d ist r ic ts fa r s e parat ed fro m o n e a n oth e r

a n d fro m t h e a r e a of ori gi n —t h e bo rd e rla n ds of Asi a

a n d Afr ica . I n Japa ne s e m ythology a you n g god

—
,

O h o n a mo c h ie a so r t of m al e Ci n d e re l l a —i s slai n by
h i s j ealous b roth e rs H i s m oth e r mak e s app ea l to a sky
.

d e i ty who s e n ds to h e r aid t h e two godd e ss e s P r i n c e ss

C ockl esh e l l a n d P r i n c e ss C lam P ri n c e ss Cockl esh e l l
.

bu r n s an d gri n ds h e r sh e l l a n d w ith wat e r p rovi d e d by

,

P r i n c e ss Clam p re p ar es an e l i xi r cal l e d n u rs e s m i l k ’

“ ’ ” “ ”
o r moth e r s m i l k As soo n as th i s m i l k i s s m ear e d
ov e r th e you n g god , h e i s re store d to l i fe I n t h e .

H e b ri d es i t i s sti l l t h e custom of m oth e rs to bu r n an d

gri n d t h e cockl e sh e l l to p re pare a l i m e wat e r fo r ch i ld ren
- -

“ ”
who su ffe r fro m what in Ga e l ic i s cal l e d wasti n g In.

N orth A m e rica sh e l l s of U nio w e r e plac ed in t h e grav e s

 S H E L L D E I T I E S A N D E A R LY T R A D E 4 1

“
of R e d I n di a n s as food fo r t h e d ead d u r i n g t h e j ou r n e y
to t h e l a n d of s p i r i t s ”
Th e p e arl s w e re us e d in I n d ia
.

“
as m ed ici n e s Th e bu r n t powd e r of t h e g e m s if tak e n
.
,

with wat e r cu r e s h ae morrhag e s p re v e n ts e vi l sp i r i ts

, ,

worki n g m isch i e f in m e n s m i n ds cu re s l u n acy an d al l ’

m e n t a l d is eas e s j au n di c e &c ,
R u bb e d o v e r t h e , .

body wi t h oth e r m e d ici n e s i t cu r e s l e p ro sy a n d al l ski n

Th e a n ci e n t C re ta n s whos e cu l t u re was
”
d is eas es 1
.
,

ca rr i e d i n t o Asia a n d th rough E u rop e by th e i r e n te rp ris

in g s e a a n d la n d t ra d e rs a n d p ro sp e c to rs attach e d g reat
- -
,

i m po rta n c e to t h e cockl e sh e l l wh ich th e y co n n e ct ed -

w ith th e i r m oth e r godd e ss t h e sou rc e of al l l i fe a n d t h e ,

giv e r of m e d ici n e s a n d foo d Sir A r th u r E va n s fou n d .

a la r ge n u m b e r of c o ckl e sh e l l s som e in Fae in c e in t h e -

, ,

sh r i n e of t h e s e rp e n t godd e ss in t h e ru i n s of th e P a l ac e
o f K n ossos Th e fact that t h e C re ta n s m a d e a r t i fici a l
.

cockl e sh e l l s i s o f sp e cial i n te r e st e sp e ci al ly wh e n w e
-
,

fi n d that in E gypt t h e e a r l i e st u s e to wh ich gol d was

put was i n t h e m a n u factu re of m o d e ls of s n ai l sh e l ls in -

2
a n e cklac e I n d i ffe re n t cou n t r i e s cow r i e sh e l ls w e re
.

3
si m i larly i m i tat e d in s to n e i vory a n d m e t a l , , .

S h el l s w e re t hought to i m pa rt v i ta l i ty a n d gi v e
p rot e ctio n n o t o n ly to h u m a n b e i n gs bu t e v e n to
, ,

the p lots of t h e e arl i e st flori sts and agricu ltu ri sts .

“
M ary M a ry q u i t e c o n t ra irie
,
”
, wh o in t h e n u rs e ry ,
“ ”
r hym e has in h e r ga rd e n cockl e sh e l ls al l in ro w -
,

was p e rp e tuati n g a n a n ci e n t cust o m Th e cockl e sh e l l .

-

i s sti l l favou re d by co n s e rvati v e v il lag e rs a n d may b e ,

s ee n in th e i r gard e n plots a n d in g rav eya rds S h e l l s .

pl ac e d at cottag e doo rs o n wi n dow si l l s a n d rou n d ,

-
,

fi re plac e s a re su ppos e d to bri n g l uck a n d gi v e s e cu ri ty

-
,

l i k e t h e hors e sho e o n t h e do o r -
.

Th e moth e r godd e ss r e m e m b e re d as t h e fai ry qu e e n , ,

1 She ll s as E v ide n c e f oM i
t he
g r a t io n s f
o E a r ly C u l t u r e 8 -
4 9 1 , pp . .

2 G A Reis n e r , E a r ly Dy n a s t ic Ce me t e r ie s of N aga e d -D e r V o l I 8 P l a t es 6 a nd 7
J k pp
. .
, . , 190 , .

3
'

ac so n s She l l s , . 1 28 . 1 7 4 . 1 7 6, 1 7 8 .
4 2 A NC I E N T M A N IN B R I TA I N
i s sti l l co n n ect ed wi th sh e l ls H e b i d a fol k l o re in r e n -
.

A Ga e l i c p o e t re fe r s to th e g o dd e ss as “
t h e m ai d e n

q u e e n of w i sdo m w ho dw e l t in t h e b e aut e ous bow e r

of t h e s i n gl e t re e wh e re s h e cou l d s ee t h e whol e wo rl d
a n d wh e re n o fool coul d s ee h e r b e auty Sh e l am e n t e d
t h e lack of wi sd o m a m o n g wo m e n a n d i n v it e d th e m t o ,

h e r k n ol l W h e n th e y w e r e ass embl e d th e re th e god

.

d e ss app e a re d hol d i n g in h e r ha n d t h e c op a n M o ir e
,

(
“
C u p of as t h e bl u e e y e d l i m p e t sh e l l i s cal l e d - .

“ ”
Th e sh e l l co n t a i n e d t h e ai s ( m i l k) of wi sdo m wh ich ,
”
s h e gav e to al l who sought i t M a n y w e a re t old .
, ,

“
cam e t o th e k n ol l too lat e a n d th e r e was n o wis d o m ,
” 1 “
l e ft for th e m A Ga e l ic po e t says t h e
. maid e n
”
q u ee n was atti re d in e m e ral d gr e e n s i l v e r a n d m oth e r , ,

o f p ea r l
-
.

H e re a particu lar sh e l l i s u s e d by a n ol d godd e ss fo r

a sp eci fic p u rpos e Sh e i m pa rts k n owl e dg e by p ro v id
.

“
in g a m a gic d r i n k re fe rre d to as milk Th e qu e stio n
a r is e s how e v e r if a d e i ty of th is k i n d was k n ow n in
, ,

e a r ly ti m e s D i d t h e C r6 M ag n o n s of th e Au ri g n acia n
.
-

stag e of cu l tu r e co n c e i v e of a god o r godd e ss in h u ma n

fo r m who n o u r i sh e d h e r h u m a n ch i l d r e n a n d i n struct e d
th e m as do h u m a n m oth e r s ? Th e fi gu re of a wo ma n ,

h o ld i n g in h e r ha n d a hor n wh i ch app ears to hav e b e e n

us e d fo r d ri n ki n g from i s of sp e cial i n t e re st in t h i s c o n
,
“ ”
n ec t io n As wi l l b e show n t h e H e b rid e a n m aid e n
.
,

l i n ks with oth e r m i l k prov i di n g d e i ti e s -

.

Th e earl i e st re l igious writi n gs in t h e wo rl d a re t h e

1 x d
D r Al e m an C a r ic h a el Ca r m in a G a d e l ic a , V o l I I
er 3 47 e t s e q pp M r W il fr i d
J k
.
. .
. . . .

a c s o n a u t h o r o f Sh e l l s a s E v ide n c e of t h e M i r a t io ns of E a r ly Cu l tu r e , t e ll s m e t h a t

b y mp g
p — Lp
,

is o u r c o mmo n l im e t—P a t e l l a v u lg a ta t h e
“
th e
"
l u e -e ed l i et e as P a t el l e
J mb b
, .

“
a e, (E il d e o u e, B er n ic l e , o r Fl ie o f t h e Fr e n c h I n Co rn w a ll it is t h e
. C r o ga n
“ “ “ “ ”
the B o r n iga n a nd t h e B r en n ic k I t is fl it h er o f t h e E n gl is h , fl ia o f t h e
p
Fa ro es e , a n d “
la a o f th e P o r t u gu e s e A C o r n is h gia n t w a s o n c e a cc o r in g t o a d
k p m k py p p
.
,

fo l -t al e , s e t t o e r fo r th e h o p e l e s s t a s o f e m t in g a o o l w it h a s in gl e l im e t wh ic h
L mp
h a d a h o l e in it i e t s a r e fo u n d y
in e a rl B r it is h g r a e s a n d in t h ev kit c h e n mi e n s dd "

T y b d I y
. .

m
h e a re e t w it h in a u n a n c e in c r o ml e c h s , o n t h e C h a n n e l s l e s a n d in B rit t a n ,

v b
c o e rin g t h e o n es a n d t h e s k u ll s o f t h e d e a d J k
M r ac s o n t hin s t h e w ere u s ed l i e k y k
p d
. .

z
c o w r ie s fo r V it al i in g a n d r o t e c tin
g th e e ad .
 S H E LL D E ITI ES AN D E A R LY T RA D E 43

Py ram id T e xts of a n ci e n t E gypt wh ich as P rofe ssor ,

“
B re aste d so fi n e ly says v a gu e ly d isclos e to us a
,

v a n ish e d wo rld o f t h o u ght a n d sp e e ch Th e y abou n d

“
in al l usio n s to lost myths to c usto m s a n d us a g e s lo n g ,
”
si n c e e n d e d W i t hal th e y re fl e ct t h e physical c o n
—
,

d it io sn of a p a rticul a r a r e a t h e N i l e V al l e y in wh ich ,

t h e s u n a n d t h e r i v e r a re two o utsta n di n g n atu ral

featu re s Th e re was how e v e r a sp e cial re l i giou s re aso n
.
, ,

fo r c o n n e cti n g t h e s u n a n d t h e riv e r .

I n th e s e old Py ram i d T e xts a re s u r vi val s fro m a p e r io d

appa re n tly as a n ci e n t as that of early A u ri g n acia n civi l
iz at io n in E u rop e a n d p e r haps as t h e cl u e a fford e d by
, ,

t h e I n d ia n sh e l l fou n d in t h e G ri mal d i cav e no t u m ,

c o n n ec te d wi th i t Th e m oth e r godd e ss for i n sta n c e

.
, ,

i s p ray e d to so that s h e m ay suckl e th e sou l of t h e d e a d

P ha ra o h as a moth e r suckl e s h e r chi ld a n d n ev e r w ea n
him .
1
M i l k w as thus t h e e l ix i r of l i fe a n d as t h e m oth e r ,

g o dd e ss o f E gypt i s fou n d to hav e b ee n i d e n tifi ed wi t h t h e

—
cow i e i n d e ed to hav e b ee n t h e spi r i t o r p e rso n ificatio n
r

of t h e sh e l l —t h e co n n e ctio n b etw ee n sh e l l s a n d m i l k
m ay hav e obtai n ed e v e n in Au ri g n acia n t i m e s in south
w e st e r n E u rop e Tha t t h e mfit h e r godd e ss of C r6
.

Mag n o n s had a h u m a n form i s sugg e st e d by t h e

re pr e s e n tatio n s of m oth e rs wh ich hav e b ee n b rought
to l i ght A n Au r ig n aci a n s tatu e tt e of l i m esto n e fo u n d
.

in t h e cav e of Wi l l e n do rf Low e r Au st r ia h as b ee n , ,

cal l e d t h e “
V e n us of W i l l e n d orf ”
Sh e i s v e ry c o r
—
.

p u l e n t appar e n tly b e caus e s h e was r e ga rd e d as a gi v e r

of l i fe Oth e r statu e s of l i k e characte r hav e b ee n u n

.

e a rt h e d n e a r M e n to n e a n d th e y hav e a st r i ki n g t e
,

s e m bla n c e to t h e figu ri n e s of fat wom e n fou n d in t h e

re dy n asti c g rav e s of E gyp t a n d in C re t e a n d M al t a
p
-
.

Th e bas r e l i e f of t h e fat wo ma n scu l ptu re d o n a boul d e r

-

i n sid e t h e Au r ig n acia n sh e lt e r o f L a u s s e l may si m i la rl y

hav e b ee n a godd e ss I n h e r r i ght ha n d s h e h o lds a
.

1 d
B r ea s t e , Re l igio n and Th ough t in A n c ien t E gyp t , p . 1 30 .
A n o tabl e fact abo ut th e s e mys te r i ou s fe mal e form s i s
that th e h eads a re formal t h e fe atu r e s b e i n g sca rc e ly
, ,

i f at a l l i n dicat e d
,
.

“
E v e n i f no such i dol s had b ee n fou n d i t do e s no t “
,

fol low that t h e e a r ly p e opl e had n o i d eas about sup e r

n atu ral b e i n gs Th e re a re re fe re n c e s in Ga e l ic to th e
.

“ ” “
c o ic h a n a ma (t h e spi ri t cas e or sou l sh e l l or
,

“ sou l
I n J apa n wh ich has a particul a r l y r ich
,

a n d vol u m i n ous mythology th e r e a re n o idol s in S h i n to

,

t e m pl es A d e i ty i s sy m bol i z e d by t h e s h in ta i (God
.

body ) wh ich may b e a m i r ro r a w e apo n or a rou n d

, , ,

s to n e a j e w e l o r a p e arl
,
A p ea r l i s a ta ma ; so i s a
.

p re cious sto n e a c rystal a bi t of work e d j ad e o r a n e ck

, , ,

lac e o f j e w e ls i vo ry arti ficial b e ads &c Th e sou l of

a sup e r n atu ral b e i n g i s cal l e d mi ta ma —mi b e i n g n o w
.
, , ,

a h o n o rifi c p r e fix but o ri gi n al ly si g n i fyi n g a wat e r

,

s e rp e n t (d rago n god ) Th e sh e l ls of wh ich a n ci e n t

.
,

d e i ti e s w e re p e rs o n ifi c at io n s m ay w e l l hav e b e en to
,

t h e C ré M ag n o n s p re tty m uch what a ta ma i s to t h e

-

J apa n es e a n d what m agic c rystals w e re to m e di ae val

,

E u rop ea n s who us e d th e m fo r m agical p urpos es It .

may hav e b e e n b e l i e v e d that in t h e sh e l ls gr ee n sto n e s , ,

a n d c rystal s r e mai n e d t h e i n fl u e n c e of d e iti e s as t h e

p ow e r of b easts of prey re m ai n ed in t h e i r t e eth a n d

claws . Th e e a r r i n gs a n d oth e r Paga n or n am e n ts
-

’
wh ich Jaco b bu ri ed w ith Laba n s i dol s u n d e r t h e oak
at S h ech e m w e r e s i m i la rl y su ppos e d to b e god bod i e s
“
o r coagul at e d form s of l i fe su bsta n c e A l l i dol s w e re
t e m po ra ry o r p e rm a n e n t bod i e s of d e iti es a n d idol s ,

w e re n o t n e c essari ly larg e I t wou ld s ee m to b e a .

r e aso n abl e co n cl us io n that al l t h e s o cal l e d o r nam en ts -

fou n d in a n ci e nt grav e s w e re su ppos e d to h a v e had a n

i n ti mate co n n e ctio n wi th t h e sup e r natu ra l b e i n gs w h o
gav e o ri gi n to an d sustai ne d l i fe Th es e or n am en ts or .
,
 SHE LL DE ITI ES A ND E A R LY T RAD E 45

charm s o r a m u l e ts , i m part e d vi tal i ty to h u m a n b e i n gs

, ,

b ecaus e th ey w e r e re ga rd e d as t h e su bsta n c e of l ife

its e l f Th e re d j asp e r wo rn in t h e wai st gi rd l e s of th e
.

a n ci e n t E gyptia n s was re p ut ed as has b ee n state d to , ,

b e a coagu lat ed d rop of t h e blood of t h e m oth e r godd e ss

I sis B lood was t h e e ss e n c e of l i fe
. .

Th e red woma n o r god d e ss o f t h e La u s s e l sh e l t e r

was p robabl y colou r ed so as to e m phasiz e h e r V i tal i z i n g
att ri but es ; t h e red colou r a n i mat e d t h e i m ag e .

A n i n t e re sti n g re fe ren c e in S h a k esp eare s H a ml e t to

’

a nci e n t bu r i al cus to m s m ay h e re b e q uot ed b ecaus e i t ,

th rows l i ght o n t h e p robl e m u n d e r d iscussio n W h e n .

‘
Oph e l i a s body i s ca rri e d i n to t h e g rav e yard o n e o f
’

”
t h e p ri e sts says that as h e r d e ath was dou btful she
”
shoul d hav e b ee n bu ri e d in g rou n d u n s a n c t ifi ed
that i s a mo n g t h e su icid e s a n d m u rd e re r s
,
H avi n g .

tak en h e r o w n l i fe s h e wa s u n worthy of C h ri stia n

,

bu r ial a n d should b e bu ri e d in acco rda n c e with Paga n

,

custom s I n al l ou r ol d ch u rchya rds t h e tak e rs of l i fe

.

w e re i n t e r re d o n t h e n orth sid e a n d appare n tly in ,

S h a ke s p eare s day t rad itio nal Paga n ri t e s w e re obs e r v e d

’

in t h e bu r ial s of thos e r e ga rd e d as Pa ga n s Th e p r i e st .

in H a ml et th e r e for e says of Oph e l ia :

, ,

Sh e ul d in gro u n d u n s an c t ifi ed h av e l o dge d
s ho

Till t h e l as t t ru mp e t ; j b r c h a rita ble p r ay e r s ,

Sh a r ds , f l in ts , and p e bbl es s h ou l d be t h r ow n on h er .

Th e re a re n o Sha rds (fragm e n ts of potte ry ) in th e

C rcSM ag n o n grav e s b u t Hi n ts a n d p e bbl e s m i n gl e wi th
'
-
,

sh e l ls t e e th a n d oth e r charm s a n d a m u l e ts V ast

, , .

n u m b e rs of p e r forat e d sh e l l s hav e b ee n fo u n d in t h e

bu ri al cav e s n ea r M e n toh e I n o n e cas e t h e sh e l ls a re

.

so n u m e rous that th e y s ee m to hav e fo r m ed a sort o f

“ ”
bu rial m a n tl e S i m i larly
. says P rofe sso r Osb o rn
, ,
“
d e scri bi n g a n oth e r of th e s e fi n ds th e fe mal e sk e l e to n ,

H ml t V i 1 a e , , .
46 A N C I E N T M AN IN B R I TA I N
was e n v e lop e d in a b ed of s h e l l s n o t p e rfo rat e d ; t h e
l e gs w e re e xt e n d e d wh i l e t h e a rm s w e re str e tch ed
,

b e s id e t h e body ; th e re w e re a few p i e rc e d sh e l l s a n d
a few b its of si l e x O n e of t h e l a rg e m al e sk e l e to n s
.

o f t h e sam e grotto had t h e low e r l i m bs e xt e n d e d th e ,

up p e r l i m bs fold e d a n d was d e co rat e d wi t h a g o r g e t

,
‘

a n d c ro w n of p e r fo rat e d S h e l l s ; t h e h e ad r e st e d o n a
” “
b lock of re d sto n e I n a n oth e r cas e
. h e avy sto n e s
p rot e ct e d t h e body fro m d istu r ba n c e ; t h e h e ad was
d e co rat e d with a ci rcl e of p e rfo rat e d Sh e l ls c ol ou r ed in
r ed ,
a nd i m pl e m e n ts of vari ous typ e s w e re care ful ly
p l ac e d o n t h e fo re h ead a n d ch e st Th e body of t h e
C o m b e C ap e l l e man was d e corate d wi th a n eckl ac e
-
“

o f p e rfo r at e d Sh e l l s a n d su rrou n d e d wi th a g re at n u m b e r
”
of fi n e Au ri g n acia n fl i n ts I t app e a rs adds Osb o r n
.
, ,
“
that in al l t h e n u m e ro us b u rial s of th ese g rottos of
Au r i g n acia n a ge a n d i n dustry of t h e C ré M a g n o n ra c e -

w e hav e t h e bu rial s t a n dards wh ich p r e vai l e d in w e st e r n

'

”1
E u rop e at th i s ti m e .

I t has b e e n sugg e st e d by o n e of t h e B r i ti sh a rc h aeo l o

gists that t h e n e cklac e s o f p e rfo rat ed cow r i e sh e l l s a n d
t h e r e d pi gm e n t fou n d a mo n g t h e r e mai n s of e a r ly m a n
in B ritai n w e re u s e d by ch i l d re n Th i s th e ory do e s n o t
.

a ccord wi th t h e e vi d e n c e affo rd e d by t h e G ri mald i cav e s ,

in wh ich t h e i n fa n t sk e l e to n s a re n e i t h e r colou r e d n o r
d e corat e d Occasio n al ly how e v e r t h e ch i ld re n w e r e
.
, ,

i n t e rre d in bu r ial m a n tl e s of s m al l p e r fo rat e d sh e l ls ,

wh i l e fe m al e ad u lts w e r e s o m e ti m e s p l ac e d in b eds of
u n p e rfo rat e d Sh e l ls S h e l l s hav e b e e n fou n d in e arly
.

B r iti sh g rav e s Th es e i n cl ud e N er ita l itor a l is a nd e v e n

.
,

P a tel l a v u lga ta t h e co m mo n l i m p e t
, H ol e s w e re r u bb e d
.

in th e m so that th ey m ight b e st r u n g tog e th e r In a .

m e gal ith i c cist u n e a rth e d in P hoen i x Park D u bl i n in , ,

18 3 8 , t w o mal e s k e l e to n s had e ach b e sid e th e m p e rfo r

at e d sh e l ls (N er ita l itor a l is ) D u ri n g t h e co n st r uctio n of

.

1 M e n of th e Ol d Ston e Age . pp .
3 4
0 -
5 .
 S H E L L D E I T I E S A N D E A R LY T R A D E 47

the Edi
bu rgh a n d G r a n to n rai lw ay th e r e was fo u n d
n

b e sid e a sk e l e to n in a sto n e ci st a qua n ti ty o f cockl e

Sh e l l ri n gs Two d o z e n p e rfo rat e d o yst e r sh e l l s w e re -
.

fou n d in a s i n gl e O rk n e y C i st M a n y oth e r e xam p l e s .

1 “

o f th is ki n d c o uld b e r e fe r r e d to .

I n t h e Cr o M ag n o n cav e r n s a re i m pri n ts of hu m a n
-

ha n ds which had b ee n laid o n rock a n d th e n d ust ed

r o u n d w i th colou re d e a rth I n a n u m b e r of cas e s i t i s .

S how n that o n e o r m o r e fi n g e r joi n ts of t h e l e ft ha n d had

b ee n cu t o ff .

Th e p ra ctic e of fi n g e r m uti latio n am o n g B ush ma n ,

Austral ia n a n d R ed I n d i a n t r i b e s i s a ssoci a te d wi th
, ,

bu rial custo m s a n d t h e ravag e s of d is eas e A B ush m a n .

woma n may cut off a j o i n t o f o n e of h e r fi n g e rs wh e n

a n e a r re lati v e i s abou t to d ie R e d I n d i a n s c ut off .

fi n ge r j oi n ts wh e n bu ry i n g th e i r d e ad d u r i n g a p es
-

“ ”
t il e n c e so as to cut off d e ath s ; th e y sac ri fic e d a part
,

o f t h e body t o s a v e th e whol e I n Aust ral i a fi n g e r .

m uti latio n i s occasio n a l ly p ractis ed H igh l a n d Ga e l i c .

sto ri e s t e l l of h e ro e s who l ie a sl e e p to gath e r pow e r

wh ich wi l l e n abl e th e m to co m bat wi th m o n s t e rs or
fi e rc e e n e m i e s H e ro i n e s awak e th e m by cu t t i n g off
.

a fi n e r j oi n t a pa r t of t h e e a r o r a po r tio n of ski n fro m

g , ,
2
t h e scal p .

Th e colou rs u s e d in d rawi n gs o f ha n ds in Pal ae ol i th ic

cav e s a re black wh it e re d a n d y e l l ow as th e A bb é , , , ,

B re u i l has n ot e d I n S p a i n a n d I n dia t h e ha n d p ri n ts
.
,

a re suppos e d to p rot e ct dw e l l i n gs from e vi l i n fl u e n c e s .

Ho rs e sho e s hol ly wi th b e rri e s various pla n ts Sh e l ls

-
, , , ,

&c . a re u s e d fo r a l i k e p u r pos e am o n g th o s e who in

,

o u r n a tiv e la n d p e r p e tua t e a n ci e n t custo m s .

Th e A ra bs hav e a custo m o f susp e n d i n g figu r e s of a n

1A Red Se a c o w r y h ( p el l d b
Cy r re a m in o r ) fo u n o n t h e s it e o f H u rs t o u r n e s ta t io n
p
s

(L S W Ra il wa ym a in
) l in e in H a m s h ire , w a s a s s o c ia t ed w it h E a rl yI
r o n A ge

p d by J R yJ
. . .
,

a r t ifa c t s . (P a er rea . . l e B To ml in a t me e t in g o f L m n aea n Soc ie t . u n e 14 .

.

2 Fo r r efere n c es s ee my My th s of Cr e te and P r e -H e l l e n ic E u rop e , pp —.

30 3 1.
4 8 A N C I E N T MAN IN B R I TA I N
op e n ha n d fro m t h e n e cks of th e i r ch i ld re n a n d t h e ,

Tu rks a n d M oo rs p a i n t ha n ds u po n th e i r Sh i ps an d
“
hous e s ,
as a n a n tid o t e a n d c o u n t e r cha rm to an e vi l eye ;
‘
for fi v e i s with th e m a n u n l ucky n u m b e r ; an d fi v e
’
fi g e rs p r h a ps ) in you r ey es i s th ei r p rov e rb of
( n e
,

cu rsi n g an d d e fia n c e I n P o r tugal t h e ha n d sp e l l i s
cal l e d t h e j iga S o u t h ey s u gg e sts that o u r com m o n
.

ph ras e a fi g fo r h i m was d e ri v ed fro m th e n am e of

1
t h e Po rtugu e s e ha n d a m u l e t .

“
Th e fi go for thy fr i e n dsh i p i s a n i n t e re sti n g re fe r
2
e n c e by S hak e sp e a re Fi g o r fi go i s p robably fro m
.

a s n ap of t h e fi n g e rs wh ich in F re n ch i s fa ir e l a
fi c o , ,

a n d in I t a l ia n f a r l e fi c h e
fig u e ,
F i n g e r s n appi n g. had
n o dou bt o ri gi n al ly a m agical si g n i fica n c e .

1 No te s to Th a l a ba B oo k
, V . C a n t o 36 .
“

1 H e n ry V, V , iii, 6 .
 C H A P TE R V
N ew Rac e s in E u ro p e
Th e S o l u t re a n I n dus tr y —A R a c ia l a n d C ul t ura l I n t r us io n —D e c l in e

o f A ig ur n a c ia n L if
Ar t —A G o d -c u l t —Th e S o l utre a n Th o r —O p e n - a ir e

M gd l ia C l
a en an—D l i f Fl i W k i g —H
u t u re d B ec ne o nt or n o rn an o ne

\V p ea d I mp l m
ons —R v iv l f C é M g A —Th L mp
an e e n ts e a o r - a no n rt e a s

and P l f C v A i
a e tt e s —Th D m i d H
o a —E k im i
e rt s ts e o est cate o rs e s os n

E p —M gd l i C l i E gl d—Th V i h i g I —R i
ur o e a a en an u tu re n n an e an s n ce e n

d mig
ee r N h w d —N w I d i —T d i i
ra t e o rt d A z il i
ar e n us t r e s ar eno s a n an an

I d n i Pi
us tr e s d S y mb l
w
f A il i — L gh d
c t u re s an d o s o z ans
“
on - ea s
"
an
“
B dh d ro a M gl m i
-
ea C l s f F i N
“
h a —P e os an u t ure o a r o rt e r n e rs re

N l i h i P pl i B i i
eo t c eo es n r ta n.

In l ate Au ri g n acia n ti m e s t h e i n fl u e n c e o f a n e w
i n d us t ry w a s fe l t in W e s te r n E u ro p e I t fi rst cam e fro m .

t h e south a n d r each e d as far n o rth as E n gla n d wh e re

,

i t c a n b e t rac e d in t h e cav e rn s Th e n in ti m e i t sp r ead .

, ,

w e s tw a rd a n d w e dg e l i k e th rough C e n t ral E u rop e in fu l l

-

st re n g t h wi th t h e fo rc e a n d t h o rough n e ss of a n i n v a sio n
, ,

re ach i n g t h e n orth e r n fri n g e of t h e S p a n i sh co a st Thi s .

was t h e Sol utr e a n i n d ust ry wh ich h ad d i sti n c t i v e a n d

i n d e p e n d e n t fe atu re s of its o w n I t was n o t d e riv e d fro m .

Au ri g n acia n but had d e v e l o p e d s o m e wh e re in Afric a

p e rh aps in Som al i la n d wh e n c e i t rad ia te d alo n g t h e ,

Li by a n coast towa rds t h e w e st a n d e astwa rd i n to Asi a .

“
Th e m ai n o r t ru e Sol ut re a n i n flu e n c e e n t e re d E u rop e
fro m t h e south east I t d id n o t pass i n to I taly wh ich
'

-
,
.

re mai n e d in t h e Au ri g n acia n stag e u n ti l A zi l ia n t i m e s ,

n o r d id it c ross t h e Py r e n e e s o r i n vad e S p ai n s o u th of
“
t h e C a n tabri a n M ou n t a i n s Th e e arl i e r i n fl u e n c e is .

r e fe r r e d t o as p roto S o l utre a n -

( 19 217 ) 49
50 ANCI ENT M AN I N B R I TA I N
Sol ut re a n i s w e l l re p res e n t e d in H u n gary wh e re n o
t rac e of Au r i g n acia n cu l tu re has yet b ee n fou n d .

Appa re n tly th a t pa rt of E u rop e h ad offe red n o at trac

ti o n s for t h e C ré Mag n o n s
-
.

W h o t h e c a rr i e rs of th i s n ew c ultu re w e re i t i s as ye t
i m possi bl e to s ay wi th co n fid e n c e Th e y may h av e
.

“ ”
b e e n a l a t e wav e of t h e sam e p e opl e who had fi rst
i n t roduc e d A u r i g n aci a n cul tu re I n to E u rop e a n d th e y ,

may hav e b ee n re pr e s e n ta ti v e of a d i ffe re n t ra c e So m e .

e t h n ologis t s i n cl i n e to co n n ect t h e Sol utr ea n cu ltu re

wi th a n e w p e o p l e whos e p re s e n c e i s i n d ic a t e d by t h e
S ku l l s fo u n d at B r u n n an d B r iix in B oh e m ia Th e s e
.

i n trud e rs had l ow e r for e h e ads tha n t h e C ré M a g n o n s -

,

n a r ro w e r a n d l o n g e r fac e s a n d low ch e e k bo n e s
,
-
It .

may b e that th e y re p r e s e n t e d a va r i e ty of t h e M e d ite r

ra n e a n r ac e . Who e v e r th e y w e re th e y d id n o t m ak e
,

m uch u s e of i vo ry a n d bo n e but th e y wo rk ed fl i n t wi t h
,

su rp assi n g Ski l l a n d o ri gi n al i ty Th e i r t e ch n i qu e was

.

q u i t e di s t i n ct from t h e Au r i g n a cia n W i th t h e ai d o f
.

w o o d e n o r bo n e tool s th ey fi n i sh e d th e i r fl i n t a r tifacts
,

by p re ssu re g av e th e m e xc e l l e n t e dg e s a n d poi n ts a n d
, ,

S ha p e d th e m w ith a rti stic S ki l l Th e i r m ost cha ract e r

.

is t ic fl in ts a re t h e s o cal l e d lau r e l l eaf ( bro a d ) a n d wi l low

- -

l ea f (n ar row ) la n c e s Th e s e w e re e vi d e n tly us e d in t h e
.

C has e . Th e re i s n o e vi d e n c e that th e y w e r e us e d in
b attl e W i t h a l th e i r w ea p o n s had a r e l i gious s ign ifi
.
,

c a n c e F o u rte e n l au re l l e af sp ea r h eads of Sol u t re a n

.
- -

t y p e wh ich w e re fou n d tog e th e r at V o l gu S ao n e e t

,
-

L o i re a re b e l i e v e d t o h av e b ee n a v o ti v e offe ri ng to a
,

d e ity. A t a n y ra te th e s e w e re too fi n e ly wo rk ed a n d
,

t o o fragi l e , l i k e so m e of t h e p e cu l ia r S h e tla n d a n d
S w e d ish k n iv e s of lat e r ti m e s to hav e b e e n us e d as
,

i m p l e m e n ts O n e has r e tai n e d t rac e s of re d colou r i n g

. .

I t may b e that th e b e l i e f e n sh r i n e d in t h e Ga e l i c s a yi n g ,

Ev e ry w ea p o n has its d e m o n had al re ady com e i n to

e xi st e n c e. I n C r e t e t h e doubl e ax e w a s in M i n o an ti m e s
-
 NE W RA C E S IN E U ROPE 51

a sy m bol of a d e i ty ; a n d in n o r th e r n E gypt a n d o n t h e 1

Li bya n coast t h e cross ed a r r o ws sym bol i z e d t h e go d

d e ss N e i th ; wh i l e in va r ious cou n t r i e s a n d e sp e ci a l ly in ,

I n dia th e re a re a n ci e n t sto r i e s about t h e Sp i r its of

,

w e apo n s ap p ea r i n g in v i sio n s a n d p ro m i si n g to ai d
g re at hu n te rs a n d wa r ri o rs Th e custom o f gi vi n g .

w e ap o n s p e rso n al n am es wh ich su rviv e d fo r lo n g in ,

E u rop e may hav e h ad o r i gi n in Sol utr ean ti m es

, .

A rt l a n guish e d in Solu t re a n ti m e s G e om e t ric a l .

figu re s w e re i n ci s e d o n i vo ry a n d bo n e ; s o m e e n gra v
in g of m am moths re i n d ee r a n d l io n s hav e b e e n fou n d
, ,

in M o ravia a n d F ra n c e W h e n t h e hu ma n figu re w as .

d e p ict ed t h e fe mal e w as n egl e ct e d a n d stu d i e s m ad e o f

,

m a l es I t m ay b e that th e So l u t rea n s h ad a go d cu l t a s
.
-

d isti n gui sh ed fro m t h e godd e ss cu l t of t h e A u rign ac ia n s -

,

a n d that th e i r fl in t god was a n e a rly fo rm of Z e us

-
,

o r of Tho r whos e e a r l i est h a m m e r w as of fl i n t Th e

,
.

“ ”
Roma n s re v e re d J u p it e r L a pi s (si l e x ) W h e n th e .

sol e m n oath was tak e n at t h e c e re m o n y of t re aty m aki n g -

,

t h e r e p re s e n t at iv e of t h e R o m a n p e o p l e st r uck a s a c r i
fi c ia l pi g w ith t h e s il ex a n d sai d D o t h o u D ie s p ite r , , ,

stri k e t h e Ro ma n p eo pl e as I st ri k e th i s p ig h e re t o d ay -
,

a nd st r i k e th e m t h e m o re as th o u a rt g re at e r a n d ,

St ro n g e r M r Cy r i l B a i l e y ( Th e R el igion of A n c ien t
.

“
R o me p 7 ) e xp re ss e s t h e vi e w th a t
, . in o r i gi n t h e s t o n e
”
i s its e l f t h e go d .

D u r i n g S o l utr ea n ti m e s t h e cl i m a t e o f E u ro p e ,

a l th o ugh sti l l c o ld was d r i e r th a t in Au r i g n a cia n ti m e s

, .

I t may b e that t h e i n t rud e rs s e i z e d t h e fl i n t qua r r i e s of

t h e C ro M a g n o n s-
and a lso d is p ut e d w i t h
,
th e m t h e
p osse ssio n of hu n ti n g g rou n ds Th e cav e a rt d e cl i n e d -
.

o r was susp e n d e d du r i n g wh a t ma y hav e b ee n a m i l i ta ry

re gi m e an d p e r h a ps t o o u n d e r t h e i n fl u e n c e of a n e w
, ,

re l igio n and n ew social custom s Op e n a ir c a m p s .

-

1 Fo r o the r e x mp l es Mr L ’
a r t ic l e in P d in gs f t h e Soc ie ty f B i bl ic a l
p
a s ee . e gge s r oc e e o o

A r c h a o l ogy
e
, 1 899 , .
3 10 .
5 2 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
b e sid e ock sh e lt e rs w e re g re atly favou re d
r - I t m ay .

b e a s h as b ee n su gg e st e d th a t t h e So l u t re a n s w e re a s
, ,

e xp e rt a s t h e m o d e r n E ski m o s in p r ov i d i n g cloth i n g a n d

ski n t e n t s
- B o n e n e e d l e s w e re n u m e ro us
. Th e y fe d .

w e l l a n d ho rs e fl es h w a s a sp e cial ly fa vou re d food

,
-
.

I n th e i r m ou n tai n re tr e a t s t h e A u r ign ac ia n s may

,

hav e co n c e n t ra t ed m o re att e n tio n th a n t h e y h ad p re

v io u s l do n e o n t h e wo r k i n g o f bo n e a n d ho r n ; i t m ay
y
b e t h a t th e y w e r e re i n fo r c e d by n ew rac e s from n o r t h
e a s t e r n E u r op e who h ad b ee n d ev e l opi n g a d i sti n ctiv e
,

i n d us t ry o n t h e bo rd e rs of Asia At a n y rat e t h e in .
,

d u s t ry k n o w n a s M ag d al e n ia n b e cam e w i d e sp re a d wh e n
t h e ic e fi e l d s c re p t s o u t hw a rd a gai n a n d s o uth e r n a n d
-
,

c e n t ra l E u ro p e b e c a m e a s w e t a n d col d a s in e a rl y
A u r i g na ci a n ti m e s Sol utr ea n cu l tu re g ra d ual ly d e cl i n ed
.

a n d va n ish e d a n d M a g d al e n ia n b e c a m e su p re m e .

Th e M ag d al e n i a n St a g e o f cu l tu re shows afli n it ie s
w ith Au r i g n aci a n a n d b e t rays n o i n fl u e n c e of Sol utrea n
t e ch n i qu e Th e m e t h o d o f w o rki n g fl i n t w a s q u i t e d i f
.

fe re n t .Th e M a gd a l e n ia n s i n d e e d app e a r to hav e

, ,

at tach e d l i tt l e imp é rt a n c e t o fl i n t fo r i m pl e m e n ts o f t h e
ch a s e Th ey ofte n ch i p p e d it b ad l y in t h e i r o w n w a y a n d
.

so m e ti m e s s e l e ct e d fl i n t of po o r q ual i ty b ut t h e y h ad ,

b eau t i ful “
sc ra p e rs a n d “ ”
g rav e rs of fl i n t I t do e s .

n o t fol low h o w e v e r t ha t th e y w e re a p e opl e o n a l ow e r

, ,

stag e of cul t u re th a n t h e So l u t re an s Ne w i n v e n tio n s .

h ad re n d e re d i t u n n e c e ssa ry fo r th e m to adopt Sol utre a n

t e ch n i qu e M ost e ffe cti v e i m pl e m e n ts o f h o r n a n d bo n e
.

had com e i n to u s e a n d if w a rs w e re w a g e d — t h e re i s n o
,

e vi d e n c e of wa r fa re —t h e M a gd a l e n ia n s w e re abl e t o

gi v e a good acc o u n t o f th e m s e l v e s wi th j av e l i n s a n d
e xc e e d i n gl y st ro n g sp e a rs wh ich w e r e gi v e n a g r e at e r

ra n g e by t h e i n trod ucti o n of sp e a r t h row e rs —

“ ”
C as e s
-

from wh ich sp ea rs w e r e th ro w n Th e food su pply w a s .

i n c re a s e d by a n ew m e thod o f catch i n g fish Ba r b e d .

ha rpoo n s of re i n d e e r h o r n had b ee n i n v e n te d a n d n o
-
,
 NE W RACES IN E U RO PE 53

d o u bt ma n y sal mo n &c w e re caugh t at riv e r si d e

,
.
,
-

s tat i o n s .

Th e C rO M ag n o n s as has b e e n fou n d w e r e agai n in

-
, ,

t h e asc e n d a n t a n d t h e i r a rti s t i c g e n i us w as giv e n fu l l

,

play as in Au rig n aci a n ti m e s a n d n o d o u bt as a re sul t , , ,

O f t h e re vival O f r e l igious b e l i e fs t h a t fo s t e re d art as a

cul t p roduct O n c e agai n t h e p a i n te rs e n g ra v e rs a n d

.
, ,

scu l ptors ad o r n e d t h e cav e s wi th re p re s e n ta t i o n s o f wi l d

a n i mals C olou rs w e re u s e d w i th i n c re asi n g ski l l an d
.

tast e Th e a rt ists h ad p a l e tt e s o n wh ic h t o m i x th e i r
.

colou rs a n d us e d sto n e la m ps sp ec i m e n s O f wh ich h av e

, ,

b e e n fou n d to l i gh t u p th e i r stud ios in d ee p cav e

,
“ ”

re c e ss e s .D u ri n g th is M agdal e n ia n stag e of cu l tu re th e
art of t h e C rO M ag n o n s r e ach e d i ts h i gh e s t s ta n da rd of
-

e xc e l l e n c e a n d g re w SO e xt rao rdi n ari ly r ich a n d va r i e d

,

t hat i t co m par e s w e l l wi th t h e l ate r re l igious a rts of

a n ci e n t E gypt a n d B a bylo n ia .

Th e hors e app e ars to hav e b ee n d o m e sticat e d Th e re .

i s at Sai n t M i ch e l d A r u d y a C e l ti c ho rs e d e p ict e d
’ “ ”

w i t h a brid l e wh i l e at La M ad e l e i n e was fou n d a b ato n

,
”
d e co m ma n d e m e n t o n wh i ch a h u m a n figu re wi t h a ,

stav e in h i s r ight ha n d wal ks p ast two h o rs e s wh ich

,

be t ray n o si g n s Of ala r m .

O u r k n owl e dg e i s sc a n ty r e ga rd i n g t h e rac e s t h a t
occupi e d E u ro p e d u ri n g M agdal e n i a n ti m e s I n add i .

tio n to t h e C rO M ag n o n s th e re w e re o t h e r d isti n cti v e

-

t yp e s . O n e O f th e s e i s r e p re s e n t e d by t h e Cha n c e lad e
sk e l e to n fou n d at R ay mo n d e n sh e lt e r So m e t h i n k it .

b etrays E ski mo afli n it ies a nd r e p re s e n ts a ra c ial d r ift“ ”

fro m t h e R ussia n st e pp e s I n h i s A n c ien t H u n ter s

.

P rofesso r S ol las Shows th at th e re a re re s e m bla n c e s b e

tw ee n E ski m o a n d M agdal e n ia n a rtifacts .

Th e M agdal e n ia n cul t u re re ach e d E n gla n d although ,

i t n e v e r p e n e t rat e d i n to I ta ly a n d was sh u t out fro m t h e

,

great e r pa r t of S pai n I t has b ee n trac e d as far n o rth

.

as D e r bysh i re o n th e n o rth east e r n bo rd e r of wh ich t h e

,
-
54 A N C I E N T M AN IN B R I TA I N
C re ssw e l l cav e s hav e y i e ld e d M a gdal e n i a n re l ics l n ,

cl udi n g fl in t bo re rs e n g rav e rs & c a n d bo n e imp l e

-
, ,
.
,

m e n t s i n cl udi n g a n ee d l e a n awl C h is e l s an e n g rav i n g

, , , ,

O f a h o rs e o n b o n e & c K e n t s C av e r n n ea r To rqu ay
,
.
’
,

in D evo n sh i re h a s also yi e l d e d M agdal e n ia n fl in ts an d

,

i m pl e m e n ts of bo ne i n cl u d i n g p i n s awl s ba r b e d har
, , ,

p o o n s &c
,
.

D u r i n g e a r ly M a gdal e n ia n ti m e s how e v e r ou r n ativ e

, ,

la n d d i d n o t O ffe r g re at attractio n s to C o n ti n e n tal p e opl e .

Th e fi n al glaci a l e poch m ay hav e b ee n pa r tial b u t it ,

w a s s e v e r e a n d th e re was a d e ci d e d l ow e r i n g O f t h e
,

t e m p e ratu re Th e n cam e a warm e r an d d r i e r sp e l l

.
,

wh ich was fol low e d by th e si xth partial glaci atio n .

“ ”
Th e re aft e r t h e g re at thaw op e n e d u p E u rop e to t h e
i n vasio n of n e w rac e s fro m Asia a n d Afr ica .

'

Th re e d isti n ct m ov e m e n ts of p e opl e s in E u rop e c a n

b e t ra c e d in p ost M a gdal e n ia n ti m e s a n d d u r i n g wha t
-
,
“
has b ee n c a l l e d t h e T ra n sitio n P e r i od b e tw e e n t h e
U pp e r P a l ae ol i th ic a n d Low e r N e ol ith ic A g e s o r s t ag e s .

Th e ic e cap re tr e at e d fi n al ly fro m t h e m ou n t a i n s of Scot

-

la n d a n d Sw e d e n a n d t h e re i n d e e r m i grat e d n o rthwa rd
,
.

M agdal e n ia n ci vi l izatio n was grad ual ly b rok e n u p a n d ‘

,

t h e c a v e a rt suffe r e d sharp d e cl i n e u n t il a t l e n gth it

p e ri sh e d utt e rly T ree s fl ou ri sh e d in ar eas wh e re
.

fo r m e r ly t h e re i n d e e r sc rap e d t h e s n ow to c rop m oss

a n d l ich e n a n d rich pastu r e s attract e d t h e n o r thw ard

m i g rati n g red d e e r t h e ro e—
,

d ee r t h e i b e x , t h e w i l d boa r
, , ,

w i l d cattl e & c
, .

Th e n e w i n d ust ri e s a re k n ow n as t h e Ta rd e n oi sia n ,

t h e Az i l ia n a n d t h e M agl e m osia n
, .

Ta rd e n oi sia n fl in ts are e xc ee di n gly s m al l a n d b eauti

ful ly wo rk e d a n d hav e g eom e t r i c fo r m s ; th ey a re k n ow n
,
“
as m icrol i ths an d pygmy fl i n ts Th e y w e re
e vid e n tly us e d in catch i n g fish so m e b e i n g ho o ks a n d
,

O th e r s Sp ea r h e ads ; a n d th e y r e p re s e n t a cu l tu re that
-

Spr e ad r ou n d t h e M e d it e r ra n ea n basi n : th es e fl i n ts a re
 N E W R ACE S I N E U RO P E 55

fou n d in n o rth e r n E gypt Tu n is Al g e r i a a n d I taly ; fro m

, , ,

I taly t h e y pass e d th rough E u ro p e i n to E n gla n d a n d

Sc o tla n d A p e opl e who d eco ra t e d with sc e n e s of dai ly
.

l ife rock Sh e l t e rs a n d cav e s in Spai n a n d h u n te d r ed ,

d ee r a n d oth e r a n i m a l s wi t h bows a n d a rrows w e re ,

p re ssi n g n or t hwa rd ac ross t h e n ew g rass la n d s towa rds -

t h e O l d M agd a l e n ia n sta t io n s M e n w o re pa n ts a n d .

G e o m e t r ic or Py myg Fl in t s .
( Af te r B re u i l ) .

Fro m Tu n is a nd So u th er n S p a in . F ro m P o rt u gal 3 , 4 , Az il ia n t yp
yp
1, 2, es .

T d
.

5 , 6, 7 , ar e n o is ia n t es .

feath e r h ead d r ess e s ; wom e n had Short gow n s blous e s

-
, ,

an d caps as had t h e lat e M agd al e n ian s a n d both s e x e s

, ,

w o re a r m l e ts a n kl e ts a n d oth e r o r n am e n ts o f m agic a l
, ,

p o te n cy F e m al e s w e re n ud e wh e n e n gag e d in t h e
.

chas e Th e godd ess D ia n a had e vid e n tly h e r hu ma n

.

p ro totyp es Th e re w e re c e re m o n ial da n c e s as t h e ro ck
.
,

pictu re s Show ; wo m e n lam e n t e d ov e r grav e s a n d a ffe c ,

t io nat e cou p l e s —at l e ast th e y s ee m to hav e b ee n a ff e c

t io nate —w a l k e d ha n d in ha n d as t h e y g radual ly m i g rat e d
towards n o rth e r n S pai n an d n o rth e r n F ra n c e an d B ri
,

tai n Th e hors e was do m e sticat ed a n d i s s ee n b e in g

'

.
,
5 6 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
“
l ed by halt e r W i l d a n i m al d r i v e s w e re o rga n
th e .

iz e d a n d ma n y victi m s fe l l to arch e r a n d sp e a r m a n
,
.

A rro ws w e re fe ath e re d ; bows w e r e la rg e a n d stro n g .

Sym b o l ic s ig n s i n d ic at e that a sc r i pt si m i la r to thos e o f

t h e n e a n a r e a t h e n o rth e r n Afr ica n coast a n d p re
, ,

dy n astic E gy p t was fre e ly us e d D rawi n gs b ec a m e

.

co n v e n tio n al a n d u lti mat e ly a n i m a ls a n d hu m a n b e i n gs

,

w e r e re p re s e n te d by sig n s Th is cu l tu re l a st e d aft e r t h e
.

i n troductio n of t h e N e ol i th ic i n d ust ry in so m e a reas a n d ,

in oth e rs aft e r t h e b ro n z e i n d ustry had b e e n adopt e d by

s ectio n s of t h e p eopl e .

Wh e n th e M agdal e n ia n ha r poo n Of r e i n d e e r hor n was

'

i m i tat e d by t h e flat ha rpoo n of re d d e e r ho rn th i s n ew -

,

c ul tu re b eca m e what i s k n ow n a s Az i l ia n I t me t a n d .

m i n gl e d wi th Tard e n oisia n wh ich app ea rs to hav e ,

arriv ed lat e r a n d t h e co m bi n e d i n dust r i e s a re re fe rr ed

,

to as A z i l ia n Tard e n oisia n
- .

W h i l e th e rac e d rifts re p r e s e n t e d by t h e carri e rs of

-
,

t h e Az i l ia n a n d Ta rd e n oi sia n i n d ustri e s w e r e m ovi n g ,

i n to F ra n c e a n d B ri tai n a n oth e r i n vasio n fro m th e E ast

,

wa s in p rogr e ss I t i s r e p r es e n t e d in t h e famo us O fn e t
.

cav e wh e re lo n g h eads a n d b road h eads w e re i n t e r r e d

- -
.

Th e Asi a tic A rm e n oids (Al pi n e typ e ) had b e gu n to

ar riv e in E u rop e t h e glaci e rs havi n g va n ish ed in Asia
,

M i n or S ku l l s of b road h eads fou n d in t h e B e lgia n cav e

.
-

of F u rfo o z in which sixt ee n h u m a n Sk e l e to n s w e re u n

,

ea r th e d in 18 67 b e lo n g to th i s p e riod
, Th e e a rly .

A rm e n oids met a n d m i n gl e d wi th r e pre s e n ta tiv e s Of t h e

blo n d n o rth e rn rac e a n d w e re t h e basi s of t h e b road
,

h ead e d blo n ds of Hol la n d D e n mark a n d B e lgi u m , , .

M agl e mosi a n cultu re i s b e l i e v e d to hav e b ee n i n tro

d u c ed by t h e a n c e sto rs of t h e fai r p eopl e s of N o rt h e r n
E u rop e I t has b e e n SO n am e d aft e r t h e fi n ds at M agl e
.

mos e in th e “
G re a t M oo r ”
n ea r M u l l e ru p o n th e
, ,

w e st e r n coast O f Z e e l a n d A lak e e xist e d a t th i s p lac e

.

at a ti m e wh en t h e B altic was a n i n la n d wat e r com pl et e ly

 E XAM PL E S O F P A L ZE O L I TH I C ART

Th e bj e c ts in c l u d e h a n dl e s fk v n i es a nd d a g g e rs car v
ed v y
in i an d b l in e
d y kd
o : o or o ne,

d r a w in g s m a l s fa c e s O f
f w il d a ni m
a s k e d m e n o f a n im a l -h e a e d d e it o r mas e ma n
p p yp d
o , .

w it h a r m s u lift e d (c o m a r e E g t ia n Ka a t t it u d e o f a d o r a t io n ) o f w il h o rs e s o n
p k b d
,
‘
e r fo r a t e d bato n d e c o m m a n d e m e n t o f m a n s t a l in g a is o n o f s ea l , c o w , r e in ee r,
b p
, ,

ca ve ea r & c a nd e r fo r a t e d a m u l e t s
, . , .
 NEW RACES I N EU ROPE 57

sh ut o fffro m t h e N o rt h Sea I n a p eat b o g form e rl y .

,

t h e be d of t h e l ak e w e re fou n d a l a r g e n u m b e r of fl i n t
,

a n d bo n e a rti facts Th e s e i n cl ud e d T a rd e n oisia n m ic r o

.

l i t hs ba r b e d ha r poo n s O f bo n e n e edl e s o f bo n e sp ea rs
, , ,

O f b o n e &c ,
Bo n e was m or e fr e e ly us e d tha n h o r n fo r
.

i m pl e m e n ts an d w e apo n s Th e a n i mals hu n t e d i n cl ud e d
.

t h e stag ro e d e e r
, moos e wi l d ox a n d wi l d boar
-
, , ,
.

Dogs w e re dom e sticat e d I t app ea rs t ha t t h e M agl e

.

mo s ian s w e re lak e dw e l l e rs - Th e i r hous e s how e v e r

.
, ,

had n o t b ee n e rect e d o n sti lts but a ppa re n tly o n a ,

fl o ati n g pla t fo r m O f logs wh ich was n o dou bt a n cho re d

,

o r moo re d to t h e sho re Th e r e a re trac e s of M agdal e n ia n

.

i n fl u e n c e in M agl e mosia n c ultu re Al though ma n y .

d e co rativ e form s o n bo n e i m pl e m e n ts a n d e n gravi n gs

o n rocks a re formal a n d sy m bol ic t h e re a re so m e fi n e ,

a nd re al isti c r e p re s e n tatio n s of a n i mals worthy of t h e

M agdal e n ia n cav e a rtists T rac e s O f t h e M a gl e mosia n

.

racial d r i ft hav e b e e n O b t a i n e d o n both s id e s Of t h e

Bal tic an d in t h e D a n ish kitch e n m i dd e n s E n g rav i n gs .

o n r ocks at Lak e O n e ga in North e r n R ussia clos e l y

re s e m bl e typical M agl e mosia n w o r k A ppar e n tly t h e .

n or t h e rn fai r p e opl e s e n t e r e d E u rop e fro m W e st e r n

S i b er ia a n d in ti m e w e r e i n fl u e n c ed by N e ol ithi c cul tu r e
,
.

B ut b e fo re th e E u rop e a n s b e ga n to p o l ish th e i r sto n e

i m pl e m e n ts a n d w eapo n s t h e blo n d h u n t e rs a n d fi s h e r
,

me n s e ttl e d n o t o n l y in D e n m ark a n d S o uth e r n Sw ed e n

a n d No rway but also in B r i tai n .

At t h e ti m e wh e n t h e Bal ti c was a n i n l a n d fre sh wat e r -

lak e th e sou t h e r n p a rt o f t h e No rth Se a was d ry la n d

, ,

a n d t re e s g re w o n Dogg e r Ba n k fro m which fish e r m e n ,

s t il l occasio n al l y l ift in th e i r t rawls l u m p s of m o o r log -

( p e at ) a n d t h e bo n e s O f a n i m a l s i n cl udi n g thos e of t h,e

r e i n d ee r t h e red d ee r t h e hors e t h e wi ld ox
, ,
t h e bi so n , , ,

t h e I ri sh e l k t h e b e a r t h e wolf t h e b e av e r t h e wool ly
, , , ,

r h i n oc e ros t h e m am m o th
, a n d t h e w a l r us,
NO dou bt .

“
t h e M a gl e mo s ia n s fou n d th e i r way o v e r th i s l a nd
5 8 ANCI ENT M AN ”
I N B R I TA I N

b r idg e c rossi n g t h e r iv e rs in r ud e boats a n d o n fo ot ,

wh e n t h e r i v e r s w e r e fro z e n E v i d e n c e h as b ee n fo rth
.

c o m i n g that th e y also fol low e d th e p r e s e n t coast l i n e

t o wa rds B oulog n e n ear wh ich a typical M agl e mosia n
,

har p oo n h as b e e n d iscov e red .

T ra c e s O f M agl e mosia n i n fl u e n c e hav e b ee n fou n d

a s fa r n o r th as Scotla n d o n t h e H e b r id ea n i sla n ds of

b x mp
A No t a l e E a le of d v b
l a t e M a g al e n ia n C u l t u r e : e n gr a in g o n o n e o f b ro w s in g

re in d ee r . d
F r o m K es s e rl o c h , Sw it z e r l a n .
(Aft er H eim )
.

O r o n s ay an d R is ga . Th e M ac A rt h u r cav e at O ba n
re v e a l s Az i l i a n a rtifacts I n t h e V icto r ia cav e n ea r
.

S ettl e in Yo rksh i re a lat e M a gdal e n ia n o r p roto Az i l ia n -

ha rp o o n mad e of re i n d ee r ho r n i s of s p ecial i n t e re s t
-
,

d i s p lay i n g as i t do es a cl o s e co n n e ctio n b e tw ee n lat e

, ,

Magd a l e n ia n a n d ea rly Az i l i a n Ba r b e d harpoo n s.

,

fou n d at t h e Sh e lt e r o f D r u imv a rgie n ea r O ba n a re , ,

A z i l ia n som e displayi n g M agl e m osia n featu re s Ba rb e d

, .

h a rp o o n s of bo n e a n d e sp e cial l y tho s e with barbs o n

,

o n e sid e o n l y a re g e n e ral ly M agl e mos ia n

,
wh i l e thos e ,

of hor n a n d dou bl e barb ed a re typ ical ly A z i l ia n

-
.
 Ho rn and B I mp l m o ne e ent s

Ha r p oo n s ; 1 an d 2, v
H b
b
fr o m M a c Art h u r C a e O a n ; 3 fro
p m .

b v B , L a u e r ie k
a s s e ro c -s h el t e r
k .

F r a n c e : 4 fr o m s h ell h e a O ro n s a y
I y — p
e r id e s ; 5
y fr o m e d o Ri e r De e n e a r Kir
pk
-
. . . ,

c u db righ t ; 6 , f ro m P a l u d e B r a b b ie , z
o f l a t e M a gd a l e n ia n

M m
,

z
or p z p m Vm
tal
r o t o -A il ia n

M m
.
a ll o f A il i a n t
v
t y e f ro
. e , 8 R ein d ee r -h o r n h a r o o n
ic t o r ia C a e n e a r Se t t l e Y o r s
, ,

s h e l t e r D r u im v a r gie O a nb .

mp m
l i A il i l i h f k
b d v b
- -
a g e o s a n o r a n a g e o s a n a r o o n r o ro c
9. .
p . , , .

7 , 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 3 , 13 , a n d 1 4 . o n e a n d eer - mM
h o rn i l e e nt s fro a c Ar th u r C a e O a n
, .

69
Th e re w e re also i t wou l d app ear co m m u n iti e s in B r i tai n
, ,

of C rO M ag n o n s a n d p e rhaps Of oth e r racial ty p e s that

-
,

e xi st e d o n t h e C o n ti n e n t a n d in lat e M agdal e n i a n t im e s .

Th e fai r p eopl e s of E n gl a n d a n d Wal e s Sco t la n d a n d ,

I re la n d a re n o t th e re fo re al l n ec e ssari l y d e sc e n da n ts of
C e l ts A n gl es , S axo n s a n d V i ki n gs Th e p io nee r
, , .

s ettl e rs in t h e B ri ti sh I sl e s in al l p ro babi l i ty i n cl ud e d
, ,

bl u e a n d gre y e y e d a n d fai r o r r eddi sh hai re d p e opl e s

- -

who in Scotla n d m ay hav e fo rm e d t h e basi s of t h e l at e r

C al e do n ia n ty p e co m pared by Taci tu s to t h e G e rm a n s
, ,

but b ea r i n g a n u n dou bte d C e l ti c racial n am e t h e m i l i ,

ta ry a r istoc rats b e i n g C e l ts 1
.

1 Th e A bb v x d
é B re u il , h a in g e a min e t h e a rt ifa c t s a s so c ia te d i t h t h e W e s t e r n Sco tt is h

h ar p “
d
in c l in e s t o r efe r t o t h e c u l t u r e a s Az ilia n-Ta r en o is ia n At t h e sa m e t ime h e
p
o o ns ,

c o n s id e r s th e vie w t h a t M a gl e mo s ia n in fl u en c e w a s o e r a t in g is w o rt h y d
o f c o n s i e ra t io n .

He no te s v b
t h a t t r a c es o f M a gl e mo s ia n c u l t u r e h a e p dfro m E n gl a n
o rt e Th e d
pb
ee n re

bb d d d y
.

A é h a s et ec t e M a g al e n ia n in fl u e n c e in a r t ifa c t s fr o m C a m e l t o w n A r g l l s h ire
,

( P r oc e e d in gs of the Soc ie ty of A n t iq u a r ie s in Scotl a n d 192 1 ,

 C H A P TE R V I
The Fai t hfu l Do g
P i d b w P l l i h i d N l i h i Ag —Th y
Tra n s it io n et t t
f h N l i h i E dg —
er o ee n a ae o c an eo c es eo r

o t e eo C OM g
t c C iv il iz i w b k
e r b
p y U- a no n at on as ro en u s e rs

o f B y d A
o v an w —D m i d D g f F i N
rr o h o —D g
e s t c a te o o a r ort e r n e rs o s as

G id d P f M —Th D g i E l y R l ig i —D g G id
r o t e c t o rs o

h—
u es a n an e o n ar e on o u es

o fS l —Th D g f H d —D g
ou s e od Do Th S p d g i S
a es o s an eat e ca e- o n co t

l
an d —S l i D g F m —
ou s T n f E ly D m
o or i d D g —R m ra c e s o ar o e s t c a te o s o ans

imp d B ii h D g
o r te r t s o s.

Th e p e r iod hav e n o w r e ach e d i s r ega rd e d by som e

we
as that of t ra n sitio n b e tw e e n t h e Pal ae ol ith ic a nd Ne o
l i th ic Ag e s a n d by oth e rs as th e E arly N e ol i th i c p e riod
, .

I t i s n e c e ssary th e r e fo r e that w e shou l d k ee p in m i n d

, ,

t h a t th e s e t e rm s hav e b e e n to a gre at e xt e n t d iv e st e d of

t h e sig n ifica n c e o ri gi n a l ly attach e d to th e m Th e tra n .

s it io n p e r i od was a l e n gthy o n e e xt e n d i n g ov e r m a n y ,

c e n tu ri e s d u ri n g wh ich gr eat cha n g e s occu rre d I t was .

m uch l o n ge r tha n t h e s o cal l ed N e ol i th ic A ge - Ne w

rac e s app e ar e d in E u rop e a n d i n troduc e d n ew habits of

l ife a n d t hou ght n ew a n i m al s app ea re d a n d a n i m al s

,

fo r m e rly h u n t e d by ma n re tr eat e d n o rthward o r b e cam e

e x t i n ct ; t h e la n d sa n k a n d ros e ; a great pa rt of t h e
No rth Sea a n d t h e E n gl ish Cha n n e l was for a ti m e d ry
l a n d a n d t ree s g re w o n t h e plat ea u n o w m a r k e d by t h e
,

“
D ogg e r Ba nk d u r i n g th is Tra n si t io n P e riod and

b efore it had e n d e d t h e Strai t of D ov e r had wid e n ed

a n d E n la n d was com pl e t e ly cut off fr om t h e C o n ti n e n t
g .

Com pa re d with th e s e g reat cha n g e s th e i n v e n tio n of

t h e pol ish e d ax e e dg e s e e m s al m os t t rivial Y et som e .

61
62 ANCI ENT MAN IN B R I TA I N
w ri t e r s hav e r ega rd ed th is cha n g e as b e i n g al l i m p o rta n t -
.

“ ”
O n t h e e dg e e v e r si n c e i ts d iscov e r y w r i t e s o n e of ,
“
t h e m wi th e n th usias m has d e p e n d e d a n d p ro bably
,

wi l l d e p e n d to t h e e n d Of ti m e t h e whol e a rti stic a n d

a rtificial e n vi ro n m e n t of h u m a n e xi st e n c e in al l i ts ,

i n fi n it e va ri e d com pl ex ity B y th is discov e ry was

.

b rok en dow n a wal l that fo r u n tol d ag e s h ad dam m e d

u p a stag n a n t u n p rog ressiv e pas t a n d t h rough th e
, ,

b reach w e r e l et loos e al l t h e pot e n tial i t i e s Of t h e futu r e

ci vi l i z atio n O f ma n ki n d I t w as e n ti re ly d u e to t h e d is
.

c o ver of t h e e dg e that ma n was e n a bl e d in t h e cou rs e

y ,
'
”1
Of t i m e to i n v e n t th e art of sh i p bui ldi n g
, .

Th i s i s a v e ry sw e e pi n g cl a i m a n d ha rdly j u stifi e d by
th e e vi d e n c e th a t of lat e y e a r s has co m e to l i ght M uch .

p rog re ss had b ee n ach i e v e d b e fo r e t h e e asy m e thod of

pol i shi n g suppla n t e d th a t Of s e co n da ry wo rki n g Th e .

s o cal l e d
-
Pal ae ol i th ic i m pl e m e n ts w e r e n o t d e voi d of
e dg e s . What real ly happ e n e d was that fl i n t wo r ki n g -

was g r e atly si m pl i fi e d Th e d iscov e ry was a n i m po r

.

ta n t o n e but i t was n o t d u e to i t a lo n e that g r eat cha n g e s

,

in habi ts of l i fe w e re i n t roduc e d Lo n g b e for e t h e in .

t ro d u c t io n of t h e N e ol i th ic i n dust ry t h e e a r l i e st t rac e s ,

O f wh ich in W e st e r n E u r o p e hav e b ee n O btai n e d at

C a m pi g n y n ea r t h e v i l lag e O f B l a n gy o n t h e R i v e r
B re sl e t h e M a gdal e n ia n civi l izati o n of t h e C rO M a g n o n s
,
-

h a d b ee n b ro k e n u p by t h e Az i l i a n Ta rd e n o isia n in -

t ru d e r s in C e n t ral a n d W e st e r n E u rop e a n d by th e
M a gl e mo s ia n s in t h e Bal tic ar ea .

Th e i n vad i n g hord e s in S p a i n so fa r as c a n b e ,

g a th e re d fro m r ock pictu re s m ad e m o re u s e Of bows ,

a n d ar rows tha n of sp e a rs a n d i t ma b e that th e i r social

y ,

o r ga n i z atio n was su p e ri o r to that of t h e M agdal e n ia n s .

“ ”
Th e i r a n i m a l d r iv e s sugg est as m uch I t m ay b e .

that th e y w e re b ett e r e qu i pp e d for o rga n iz e d warfa re

—
i f th e r e was wa rfare an d fo r h u n ti n g by o rga n i zi n g
1 E ir ik r M a gn u s s o n in N ote s on Sh ip bu il d in g an d Na u tic a l Te r m s , L d on o n , 1906 .
 TH E FA I TH F U L D O G 63

d ri v e s tha n t h e t a l l e r an d stro n g e r C rO Mag n o n s -

.

Wh e n th e y re ach ed t h e Magdal e n ia n statio n s th e y

a d o pte d t h e ba rb e d ha rpoo n i m itati n g r e i n d e er ho r n
,
-

fo rm s in re d d ee r hor n -
.

Th e blo n d M a gl e mo s ia n s in t h e B a l t ic ar e a i n troduc e d
fro m Asi a th e d o m e sticat e d dog Th e y w e re thus abl e .

t o O bt a i n th e i r food su p ply wi t h gr e at e r e as e tha n d id

t h e So l u t rea n s wi th th e i r l a u re l l e a f la n c e s o r t h e M ag
-
,

d a l e n ia n s wi th th e i r sp e a rs ti pp e d with bo n e o r h o rn .

W h e n ma n w a s j oi n e d by h is fa ithful a l ly h e me t with
m o re succ e ss t h a n wh e n h e pu rsu ed t h e chas e u n aid e d .

With a l h e coul d t a k e g reate r risks wh e n th r eat e n e d by

,

t h e a n g ry bul ls O f a h e rd a n d op e rat e ov e r mo re e xt e n d e d
,

t racks O f cou n t ry wi t h l e ss fea r of a t tack by b e asts of

p re y H is d o gs wa rn e d h i m of approach i n g p e r i l a n d
.

gua rd ed h is c a m p by n ight .

H u n t e rs w h o d w e lt in c a v e s m ay hav e d On e SO pa rtly
fo r p ro t e c t i o n ag a i n st l io n s a n d b ea rs a n d w o lv e s t hat
w e re a tt ra cte d t o h u n t e rs cam p s by t h e sc e n t o f fl e sh
’

a n d blo o d .NO d ou bt ba rri e rs had to b e e re ct e d to

sh i e l d me n wom e n a n d ch i ld re n in th e da rk n ess ; an d
, ,

it may b e t hat th e re w e re fi re s a n d s e n ti n e l s a t cav e

e n t ra n c e s .

Th e i n t roduc t io n o f t h e d o m e stic a t e d dog may h av e

i n flu e n c e d t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f re l i gious b e l i e fs C rO .

M a gn o n h u n t e rs a p p ea r to h av e p e rfo r m e d c e re m o n i e s
in t h e d e p ths of c a v e r n s wh e re t h e y p ai n t e d a n d c a r v e d
wi l d a n i m als with pu rp o s e t o O b t a i n pow e r ov e r th e m
, .

Th e i r m a sk e d da n c e s in wh ich m e n a n d wo m e n re p t e
,

s e n t ed wi l d a n i mal s ch i e fly b easts Of p rey may hav e

, ,

h ad a si m i l a r s ig n i fica n c e Th e fac t t h a t du r i n g t h e
.
,

T ra n si t io n P e rio d a cu l t a rt pass e d out of e xi s te n c e a n d

, ,

t h e cav e s w e r e n o lo n g e r c e n t re s Of cu ltu re a n d pol itical

p o w e r may hav e b ee n d i re c t ly o r i n d i rec tly d u e to th e

.

dom e stic ati o n O f t h e d o g a n d t h e su p re m acy ach i e v e d by

t h e i n t r u d e rs w h o p o ss e ss e d i t .
64 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
Th e r e c a n b e n o dou bt that th e dog pl ay e d its pa rt in
th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f c i vi l iz a ti o n As m uch i s sugg e st e d .

by t h e lo re at t ach i n g to th i s a n i m a l I t o ccu p i e s a .

p rom i n e n t plac e in m ythology Th e d o g wh ich gu id e d .

a n d p ro t e ct e d t h e hu n t e r in h i s wa n d e ri n gs was suppos e d

to gu id e h i s s o ul to t h e oth e r wo rl d .

H e t h o u gh t a d mi tt e d t o t h a t e q u a l s k y ,
H is fa it h ful d o g w o u l d b e a r h im c o m p a n y .

In A n ci e n t E gyp t t h e dog h e ad ed go d A n ubis was t h e

-

guid e a n d p ro te cto r o f s o u l s A p u at u a a n e a rly form .

,

O f Os i ri s w as a dog go d
,
Yama t h e H i n d u god O f
.
,

d ea th as D h a r ma go d of j ustic e assu m e d h is dog fo r m

, , ,

to guid e t h e P a n ad av a b roth e rs to P a rad is e as i s re lat e d ,

in t h e S a n sk r i t e pic t h e M a h d bh a r a ta Th e god I n d ra
'
l -
.
,

t h e H i n du J u p i t e r was t h e
“
, bi g dog a n d t h e cu stom
sti l l p r e vai l s amo n g p r i m i tiv e I n d ia n p e opl e s o f to rtu ri n g '

a dog by pou r i n g h o t O il i n t o i ts e a r s SO t ha t t h e b ig
I n t h e M ah d bh a r a ta
” ’

dog m ay h e a r a n d s e n d rai n .
-

th e re i s a st o ry ab o u t I n d ra a p p ea ri n g as a h u n te r fol
l o w e d b y a p ack O f dogs As t h e W i ld H u n t sm a n
.

t h e Sca n di n a via n god Od i n r id e s th rough t h e a ir fo l

low e d by d ogs Th e d o g i s in G r e e k my t hology t h e
.

s e n ti n e l of H ad e s ; i t figu re s in a l ik e c a p aci ty in th e
Had e s of N o rt h e r n M yth o logy C u c h u l l in t h e Ga e l i c .
,

h e ro ki l ls t h e d o g Of Had e s a n d tak e s its plac e u n ti l

,

a n oth e r d o g i s fo u n d an d t rai n e d a n d that i s why h e i s ,

“ ”
cal l e d Cu (t h e dog) of C u l a n n A pool in K i ldo n a n .
,

S uth e r la n d wh ich was re put e d to co n tai n a pot O f gold

, ,

was supp o s e d to b e guard e d by a bi g black dog with

two h e ads A si m i la r l e g e n d attach e s to Hou n d s Pool
.
’

in t h e pa r ish O f D e a n C om b e D e vo n sh i r e I n d i ffe r e n t
, .

p arts of t h e wo rld t h e dog i s t h e c reator a n d a n c e sto r of

t h e hu m a n ra c e t h e sy m bol of ki n sh ip & c
, Th e sta r ,
.

S i ri us was a ssociat e d wi th t h e dog I n Scotla n d a n d .

1 P ro n o u n c e dm a h a w ba w
-
'
-
'
-
ra t a (t h e t wo fi n a l a s a re s h o r t
'

)
.
 TH E FA I TH F U L D O G 65

“
I rel a n d dog s to n e s w e r e v e ne rat e d A co m m o n s u r .

v iv in b l i f i s that dogs h o wl by n i gh t wh e n a sud d e n

g e e

d e a t h i s a bout t o occu r Thi s associatio n of t h e d o g

.

“
wi t h d e ath i s e ch o ed by Th eoc r itus Ha rk ! c r i e s .

“
S imae th a t h e d o gs a re ba rki n g th rough t h e tow n
,
.

H e cat e is at t h e c rossways Has t e cl ash th e b raz e n

.
,

cym bals Th e dog god of Scotl a n d i s r e m e m b e re d as

-

’
“
a n c it s i th ( t h e sup e r n atu ral it i s as bi g as
a cal f a n d by n ight pass e s ra p idly o v e r la n d a n d s ea
, .

A bl ack d e m o n dog —t h e M o d d ey D h OO —
-
re fe r re d t o

by Sc o tt in P ever il of th e P eak was suppos e d t o h au n t P e e l

Castl e in t h e I sl e o f M a n A fo r m e r Ne w Y e a r s d ay
.
’

cus to m in P e rthshi r e was t o s e n d aw ay fro m a hous e

“
d o o r a scap e do g wi t h t h e wo rds
-
G e t away you dog !
,

Wh ate v e r d e ath of me n o r l o ss of cattl e wou ld ha pp e n

in t h is hous e ti l l t h e e n d of t h e p re s e n t y e a r may i t al l ,

l ight o n you r h e ad A si m i la r custom O bta i n e d a m o n g

.

W e s t e r n H i malaya n p e opl e s Ea rl y man a p p ea rs t o

.

h av e re ga rd ed h i s faithfu l com pa n io n as a sup e rn atu ral

b e i n g Th e re a re Ga e l ic r e fe re n c e s to sou l s a p p ea ri n g
.

in d o g fo r m to a ssist fam i l i e s in ti m e Of n ee d No t o n ly .

d id t h e dog attack b easts O f p re y ; in Ga e l i c fol k tal e s i t -

is t h e e n e my of fa i r i e s a n d d e mo n s an d e s p e ci a l ly c a v e
,

h au n ti n g d e mo n s Early ma n s g ratitud e to a n d d e p e n
.
’

d e n c e o n t h e dog s ee m s to b e re fl e ct e d in sto r i e s of th i s
ki n d .

Wh e n t h e Bal tic p e opl e s who a re b e l i e v e d to b e t h e

,
“ ”
fi rs t wav e of blo n d No rth e rn e rs m o v e d w es t wa rd t o ,
“ ”
w a rds D e n m a r k du r i n g t h e p e r io d of t h e g re at th a w ,

t h e y m ust h a v e b e e n g re atly a ssist e d by t h e d om e stic a t e d

d o g t rac e s of wh ich a re fou n d in M a gl e m o sia n s t a ti o n s
, .

B o n e s Of d o gs h av e b ee n fou n d in t h e D a n ish kitch e n

m idd e n s a n d in t h e M ac A rth u r cav e a t O b a n I t may .

b e tha t t h e famou s b re e d of B r i ti sh h u n ti n g d o gs wh ich

w e re in Roma n t i m e s e x p o rt e d to I taly w e re d e sc e n d e d
fro m t h o s e i n t roduc e d by t h e Magl e m o sia n h u n te rs .

(9 217 ) 6
66 ANCI ENT MAN IN B R I TA I N
S e v e n I ri sh dogs w e re in t h e fo u r th c e n tu ry p re s e n te d
t o Sy m m a ch us a R o m a n co n sul by h i s b ro t h e r
, , . All
” “
Ro m e t h e g ra t e fu l r e ci pi e n t w r o t e
, , Vi e w th e m wi t h
w o n d e r a n d th o ugh t th e y m ust h a v e b e e n b rought h i th e r
”
in i ro n c a g e s .

G re a t d o gs w e re k e pt in A n ci e n t B r itai n a n d I re la n d
fo r p ro t e ctio n ag ai n st wol v e s as w e l l as for hu n ti n g wi ld
a n i m als Th e a n ci e n t I ri sh mad e fr ee u s e in b att l e of
.

l a rg e fi e rc e hou n d s I n t h e fol k s to r i e s of Scotla n d dogs

.
-

h e l p h u ma n b e i n gs to attack a n d ov e rcom e su p e r n atu ral

b e i n gs . Dogs w e re t h e e n e m i e s O f t h e fa i r i e s me r
,

m a ids & c
,
.

Dog g o ds figu re o n th e a n ci e n t sculptu re d sto n e s of

Scotl a n d Th e n am e s o f t h e I r ish h e ro e s C u c h u l l in
.

a n d C o n chob a r w e re d e r i v e d fro m thos e of dog d e iti e s

-
.

“ ”
C o n i s t h e g e n i ti v e of “
C u (dog) .
 C H A P TE R V I I
A n ci e n t M ari n e rs Reac h Bri t ai n
N E L
R e in d e e r in Sc o t l a n d — o r t h Se a a n d n gl is h C h a n n e l a n d b r id g es -

E v v B B k L
a r l y R i e r R a ft s a n d R i e r o a t s — r e a in g o f a n d b r id ge s —C o a s t -

E y W
r o s io n — Til b u r B
Ma n— h e re w e r e fi rs t
v A o a t s I n e n t e d ? — n c ie n t

B oats B in r it a in — “
E
D ug o u t P
C a n o e s —I mit a t io n s O f a r lie r a py r i
-
”

and Sk i B —C k P l g i A i
n C l y d B —E l y S d i h
o a ts or u n nc en t e o at ar we s

B — A Af i Li k —V i Typ f B i i h B —D i g
oats n r can n a r o us es O r t s oats ar n

A i M i —Th V i S f —A
nc en t a r n e rs i f E ly B i i
e enet ea a rer s tt r a c t o ns o ar r ta n

fo r C o l o n is t s .

Th e M a gl e mosia n ( B a l t ic ) a n d Az i l i a n ( I b e r ia n ) p eopl e s ,
who re a ch e d
s e ttl e d in B ritai n l o n g b e fo re t h e in
and

t ro d u c t io n o f t h e N e ol i t h ic i n dust ry a pp ea r a s has b e e n , ,

show n t o hav e c ro ss e d t h e g rea t la n d b ridg e which i s

,
-
,

n o w m a r k e d by t h e D ogg e r B a n k a n d t h e n a rrow e d ,

l a nd b ri d g e th at co n n ec te d E n gl a n d a n d F ra n c e NO
-
.

d o u b t th e y c a m e at fi rst in sm a l l b a n ds w a n d e r i n g alo n g ,

t h e r i v e r b an ks a n d fou n di n g fish i n g com m u n i t i e s fo l ,

l o wi n g th e h e rd s o f red d ee r a n d wi l d c o ws t h at h ad
m o v ed n o rthw a rd a n d s e e ki n g fl in ts & c Th e C rO
, , .

M ag n o n s whos e civ i l iz atio n t h e n ew i n t rud e rs h ad

,

b ro k e n u p o n t h e C o n ti n e n t w e re a l re ady in B r it a i n , ,

wh e re t h e re i n d ee r l i n g e re d fo r m a n y c e n tu r i e s afte r
t h e y h ad va n i sh e d fro m Fra n c e Th e r e i n d ee r m o ss .

s t il l g ro ws in t h e n o rth o f Sc o t la n d B o n e s a n d ho rn s .

o f t h e re i n d ee r hav e b ee n fou n d in thi s a re a in associ a

t io n w it h h u m a n re m ai n s a s lat e a s of t h e R o m a n p e r i o d
'

I n t h e tw e l fth c e n tu ry th e No rs e m e n hu n t e d re i n d e e r in
67
 68 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
Cai th n e ss C a sa r re fe rs t o t h e r e i nd e e r in t h e H e r
.
1

c y n ia n fo re st of G e rm a n y ( Gal l ic Wa r VI , ,

1“
Th e ea r l y colo n ists of fa i r No rt h e r n e rs fw h o i n t ro duc e d t

‘
t h e Magl e mosia n c u l t u re d n t o B r i ta i n fro m t h e Bal t ic
a r e a cou ld n o t hav e cross e d t h e N orth Sea la n d b r i d g e -

wi thout t h e ai d Of rafts o r boats G r eat broad ri v e rs .

w e re flowi n g t o wards t h e n orth Th e E l b e a n d t h e .

W e s e r j oi ne d o n e a n o t h e r n ear t h e i sla n d Of H e l i gola n d ,

a n d r e c e iv e d tri butari e s fro m marshy val l e ys u n ti l a lo n g

e s t uary wid e r tha n i s t h e Wash at p r e s e n t was form e d .

A n oth e r lo n g riv e r flow e d n orthward fro m t h e val l ey o f

t h e Z u y d e r Z e e t h e mouth O f wh ich has b e e n t rac e d o n
,

t h e n o r th e ast of t h e Dogg e r Ba n k
-
Th e R h i n e re ach e d .

t h e No rt h Sea o n t h e south w e st O f t h e D o gg e r B a n k -
,

O ff Flam bo rough H ea d ; its t r i buta ri e s i n clud e d t h e

M e us e a n d t h e Tham es Th e H u m b e r a nd t h e r iv e rs .

flowi n g at p re s e n t i n to t h e Wash w e r e u ni te d b e fo re
e n t e r i n g t h e N o rth Se a b e tw e e n t h e m outh Of t h e R h i n e

a n d t h e coast of East R id i n g .

Th e D o gg e r Ba n k was th e n a pla t e au Trawl e rs as .

,

has b ee n stat e d som e ti m e s l i ft fro m its su rfac e in t h e i r

,
”
t rawl n e ts l u m ps O f p e at wh ich t h ey cal l moo r log ,
-
,

a n d also t h e bo n e s of wi ld a n i mals i n cl ud i n g t h e wi l d ,

ox th e wi ld hors e red d ee r re i n d ee r t h e e l k t h e b ea r
, , , , , ,

t h e wol f t h e h ymn a t h e b e av e r t h e wal r us t h e wo o l ly

, , ,

r h i n oc e ros a n d t h e hai ry m a m m oth

, I n t h e p e at hav e .

b e e n fou n d t h e re m ai n s O f t h e whi t e bi rch th e haz e l , ,

sal low a n d wi l low s ee ds of bog b ea n fragm e n ts of fe rn

, ,
-
, ,

&c . Al l t h e pla n ts hav e a n o rt h e r n ra n g e I n som e .

p i e c e s of p eat hav e b ee n fou n d pla n ts a n d i n s ects that

sti l l flou rish in B r itai n 2
.

Th e e asi e st crossi n g to B ritai n w a s ov e r t h e E n gl ish

Cha n n e l la n d b ridge I t was u lti m at e ly cut th rough by
-
.

1 Th e Or k n ey i nga Saga 18 2 p
E in d b u rg h 187 3 . a n d P r o c e e d ings f
o th e Soc ie ty f
o

V III
, . , ,

A n t iq ua r ie s of Sc o tl a n d V o l
d pp L d
, . .

2 C l eme n t Rei
, Su bm e rge d F o r es ts , 45 7 , o n , 19 1 3.
-
. on
 ANCI ENT M A R I N E R S R EAC H B R I TA I N 69

th e E n gl ish Cha n n e l ri v e r so t hat t h e da r k Az i l ia n

,
.

Ta rd e n oisia n p eopl es fro m C e n t ra l an d W e s te r n E u rop e

a n d t h e fa i r M a gl e mo s ia n s m ust hav e re qui re d a n d us e d

rafts o r boats b e for e pol i sh e d i m pl e m e n ts of N eo l ith ic

t y p e cam e i n to u s e I n ti m e t h e N o rt h Sea b r ok e
.

thro ugh t h e ma rsh e s Of th e r i v e r la n d t o t h e e ast Of t h e

Tham e s E stu a ry a n d j oi n e d t h e wat e rs of t h e E n gl ish
Ch a n n e l Th e S t rai t of Dov e r w as th e n fo r m ed
. At .

fi rst i t may hav e b ee n n a rrow e n ough fo r a n i mals t o

swi m across o r at a ny rat e fo r t h e r ud e r i v e r boats o r
, ,

rafts of t h e e a r ly col o n ists to b e padd l e d ov e r I n safe ty

b e twee n tid e s . G radual ly how e v e r t h e strai t g re w

, ,

wi d e r a n d wid e r ; th e chal k cl i ffs lo n g u n d e r m i ne d by

,

bo ri n g m ol l uscs a n d scou ri n g Sh i n gl e w e r e tor n dow n ,

b y g re at bi l lows du r i n g wi n t e r storm s g .

I t may b e t hat fo r a lo n g p e riod aft e r t h e No rth Sea

a n d E n gl ish Cha n n e l w e re u n it e d t h e Dogg e r B a n k
,

r e mai n e d a n isla n d a n d t hat t h e r e w e re oth e r i sla n d s

,

b e twee n H e l i gola n d a n d t h e E n gl i sh coast P l i n y w h o .

,

had s e rv ed wi t h t h e Rom a n a rm y in G e rma n y w r iti n g ,

in t h e fi rst c e n tu ry of o u r e ra r e fe rs t o tw e n ty th re e
,
-

i sla n ds betw ee n t h e T e x e l a n d th e E id e r in Sch l eswi g

.

Holst e i n S e v e n O f th e s e hav e s i n c e va n ish ed Th e

. .

w est coast of S ch l eswig has du ri n g t h e pas t e ight ee n

,

h u n d red y ea rs su ffe red g reatly from e rosi o n a n d al l uvial

, ,

p lai n s that form e rly yi e ld ed rich ha rve s t s a re n o w re p t e

s e n t e d by s a n dba n ks Th e Goodwi n Sa n ds wh ich
.
,

st retch fo r about t e n m i l e s O ff t h e K e n ti sh coas t, w e re

o n c e pa rt of t h e fe rti l e e st at e of Earl Godwi n wh ich was
d est roy e d a nd e n gul fe d by a g reat storm towa rds t h e
e n d of t h e e l e v e n th c e n tu ry Th e G ul f o f Z u yd e r Z e e
.

was fo rm e rly a g ree n plai n with ma n y tow n s a n d v i l lag e s .

P e riodic i n u n da t io n s si n c e t h e Roma n p e r iod hav e d e

s t roy e d flou r ish i n g D utch fa r m s a n d v i l l a g e s a n d eat e n
fa r i n t o t h e la n d Th e re a re re cords of sto r m fl o o ds that
.
-

d ro w n ed o n o n e occasio n a n d o n a n oth e r n o
7 0 A N C I E NT M A N I N B R I TA I N
fe w e r th a n i n habi ta n ts I t i s b e l i e v e d that l a rg e .
‘

t racts o f l a n d t h e re m n a n ts O f t h e a n ci e n t N o r th Se a
,

l a n d b ridg e hav e b e e n e n gulfe d si n c e ab o u t gooo B C

-
,
. .
,

a s a r e su l t n o t m e re ly of e rosio n but t h e g ra d u a l su b

m e rg e n c e of t h e la n d Thi s da te i s su gg e st e d by M r
. .

Cl e m e n t R e id .

“
Th e e sti mat e h e says may hav e to b e mod i fi e d ,

as w e O btai n b ett e r e vid e n c e ; but i t i s as w e l l to real iz e

cl ea rly that we a re n o t d eal i n g with a l o n g p e riod of
g re at g e ol o gical a n tiqu ity ; w e a re d eal i n g wi th ti m e s
wh e n t h e E gyptia n Babylo n ia n a n d M i n oa n (C re ta n )
, ,

civi l i zatio n s flou rish ed No rth e r n E u rop e w a s th e n

.

2
p robably ba rba rous a n d m etal s had n o t co m e i n to u s e ;
,

but t h e a m b e r t rad e Of th e B a l tic was p rob a bly in ful l

swi n g Ru mou rs of a n y g reat d isast e r such as t h e
.
,

subm e rg e n c e Of thousa n ds Of squar e m i l e s a n d t h e d is

plac e m e n t o f large populatio n s m i ght spr e ad far a n d ,
”
w i d e alo n g th e t rad e ro ut e s I t m ay b e that t h e l e g e n d
.

O f t h e Los t Atla n ti s was fou n d e d o n r e po r ts of such a

d isaste r, t hat m ust hav e occurr e d wh e n a reas l i k e t h e

Dogg e r Ba n k w e re e n gu lfe d I t m ay b e t o o that t h e .

g rad ual wasti n g away O f la n ds that hav e lo n g Si n c e

"

va n ish ed p rop e l l e d m ig ratio n s of p eopl e s t o w a rds t h e

s m il i n g coasts of E n gla n d Accordi n g to A m m i a n us .

t h e D r ui ds st a t e d that som e of t h e i n habita n ts of Gau l

w e re d esc e n da n ts of re fug ee s fro m s ea i n vad ed a reas -

.

Th e g rad ual si n ki n g of t h e la n d a n d t h e p roc e ss of

coast e rosio n has gre atly alt e r e d t h e g eog ra phy of E n g
l a n d Th e b e ach o n wh ich J ul i us C ae sa r l a n d e d has
.

lo n g si n c e va n ish e d t h e dw e l l i n gs of th e a n ci e n t A z i l ia n
,

a n d M agl e m o sia n col o n i sts who r each e d E n gla n d in ,

p o st Glacial ti m es hav e b ee n su n k b e low th e E n gl ish

-
,

Cha n n e l Wh e n Ti l bu ry Docks w e r e b e i n g e xcavat ed

.

1 Th e d a t es of t h e g r ea t e s t d is a s t e r s on r e c o r d a re 1 5 32 , a n d 1 57 0 Th e r e w er e
b d v
1 42 1 , .

a lso t e r r i l e in u n a t io n s in t h e e n t ee n th a n d e igh t ee n t h c e n t u r ies , a n d in 825 a n d 1 85 5

p
se

yb b b b
1 .

2 I t was n o t n ec e s s a r il ar a ro u s ec ause m e t a l we a ons h ad not ee n in v e n t e d .

 AN C I E N T M A R I N E RS R E A C H B R I TA I N 7 1

Roma n re mai n s w e re fo u n d e m b edd e d in cl ay s e v e ra l

fe e t b e l o w h i gh wat e r ma r k
- B e l o w s e v e ra l lay e rs o f
.

p eat a n d m ud a n d i m m ed i ate ly u n d e r a b a n k o f s a n d
,

in wh ich w e re frag m e n ts o f d e com p o s e d w o o d w as ,

fo u n d t h e hu ma n Sk e l e to n k n ow n as Ti l bu ry ma n ”
.

Th e la n d in th i s a re a was o rigi n a l ly 80 fee t a b o v e its

p re s e n t l e v e l B ut wh i l e E n gla n d was s i n ki n g Sco t
1
.

la n d w a s ri s i n g Th e M ac A rt h u r c av e at O ba n in
.
,

wh ich Az i l i a n h u n te r s a n d fish e r m e n m ad e th e i r hom e

o n t h e s e a b e ach
-
i s n o w about 30 fe e t a bov e t h e O l d
,

s ea l e v e l
-
.

B e fo re Dov e r S t rai t had b e e n wid e n e d by t h e g radu a l

S i n ki n g Of t h e l a n d a n d t h e p ro c e ss O f c o ast e rosio n a n d ,

b e fo re t h e g re a t i sl a n ds had va n i sh e d fro m t h e sou t h e r n

p a r t o f th e No rth Sea t h e ea rly h u n t e rs a n d fish e rm e n
,

could h a v e e xp e ri e n c e d n o g reat d i fficul ty in reach i n g

E n gl a n d I t is p o ssi bl e that th e Az i l ia n Ta rd e n oi sia n
.
, ,

a n d Magl e m osi an p eo p l e s had m a d e co n sid e rabl e p ro

g ress in th e ar t of n avi gati o n T rac e s of t h e Ta rd e .

n o is ia n i n dust ry hav e b e e n O bt a i n e d in No r t h e r n E gypt ,

al o n g t h e a n ci e n t Li bya n c o ast Of No rth Afr ica wh e re a

g re at d ea l of la n d has b e e n su bm e rg e d a n d e s p e ci a l ly ,

a t Tu n is a n d in Algi e rs
,
in I t aly a n d in E n gl a n d a n d
, ,

Scotla n d as has b ee n n ot e d Th e re w e re b o at s o n t h e
, .

M e d ite rra n e a n a t a v e ry e a rly pe r iod Th e isl an d of .

C re t e was re ach e d lo n g b efo re t h e i n t roductio n Of c o p p e r

w o r ki n g by s eafa re rs who v isit e d t h e isla n d o f M e l o s ,

a n d t h e re O btai n ed obsidi a n atu ral glass ) fro m wh ich

( n

sharp i m pl e m e n t s w e re fash io n e d Egypti a n m a r i n e rs .

,

who dw e lt o n t h e D e lta co a st i m p o rt e d c e d a r n o t o n ly
’

, ,

from L e ba n o n but from M o ro cc o as h as b ee n fo u n d ,

from t h e e vid e n c e affo rd e d by m u m m i e s p ack e d with t h e

s awdust of c eda r fro m t h e Atlas M o u n ta i n s 2
Wh e n .

thi s t rad e with Morocco b e g a n it I s I m possi bl e to say

1 Su bme r ge d F o r e s ts p
III p
. . 1 20 .

2 Th e Ca i ro Sc ie n tifi c j ou r n a l , Vol . . NO .
32 (M a y , . 10 5 .
7 2 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
wi t h c e r tai n ty L o n g b e fo re 3 000 B C howe v e r t h e
. . .
, ,

E g yp t i an s w e re b u i ld i n g b o a t s t ha t w e re fi tt e d w ith
m as t s a n d sai ls Th e a n ci e n t m a r i n e rs w e re acti ve a s
.

e x p lo re rs a n d t rad e rs b e fo re im p l e me n t s O f copp e r c a m e
'

i n to u s e .

H e re w e touch o n a v e ry i n t e re sti n g p ro bl e m Wh e re .

w e re bo ats fi rst i n v e n t e d an d t h e a rt O f n av i gati o n d e

v e l o e d?
p R a ft s a n d flo a ts fo r m e d by tyi n g t o g e t h e r t w o

t re e s o r as in E gypt t w o bu n dl e s O f re e ds w e re in u s e
, , ,

a t a v e ry e a r ly p e r iod in va r ious cou n t r i e s I n B a by .

“ ”
l o n i a t h e kufa a g re at floati n g bask e t ma d e w a t e r
,

t ight with p itch o r cov e re d w i t h ski n s was a n e a rl y ,

i n v e n t i o n I t w a s us e d as i t sti l l is fo r r iv e r fe rry bo ats

. .

“
B u t sh ips w e r e n o t d e v e lop e d fro m kufas Th e d u g
o u t c a n o e i s o n e O f t h e e arly p rototyp e s O f t h e m od e r n

oc ea n g o i n g v ess e l
-
I t r e ach e d th i s cou n t ry b e fo re t h e
.

N eol ith ic i n dust ry was i n t roduc e d a n d d uri n g that ,

p e ri od wh e n E n gl a n d was Slowly s i n ki n g an d S co t l a n d
was g ra d u a l ly r i si n g D ug o u t ca n o e s co n ti n u e d to
.
-

“ ”
com e d u r i n g t h e s o cal l e d N e ol ith ic stag e of cultu re
-

e re y e t t h e si n ki n g a n d r isi n g of la n d had c eas e d .

“
That N e ol i th ic ma n l i v e d in Scotla n d du ri n g t h e
fo r m atio n of th i s b each (th e 4 5 to so foot b each ) i s -

p rov e d wrote th e l ate P rofe sso r J am es G ei ki e by

”
,
“
,

t h e fre qu e n t occu r r e n c e in i t of h is r e l ics At P e rth fo r .

,

e xa m pl e a dug ou t ca n o e of p i n e was me t wi t h t o w a rd s
,
-

t h e bot t o m of t h e ca rs e clays ; a n d si m i l a r fi n ds h a v e
fre qu e n t ly b e e n re c o rd e d fro m th e co n t e m po ra n e ous
d e p osi t s in t h e val l e ys of t h e Fo r t h a n d th e C lyd e ”1
.

How d id ea rly ma n co m e to i n v e n t t h e d u g out ? No t -

‘

o n ly d id h e hol low ou t a tr e e t r u n k by t h e l a bo ri o us p ro
c e ss o f bu rn i n g a n d by ch i p p i n g with a fl i n t adz e h e ,

d re ss e d t h e t r u n k so that h i s boat coul d b e bala n c e d o n

t h e wate r Th e e a r ly sh i pbu i ld e rs had to l e ar n a n d
.
,

1 A n tiq u ity of M a n in E u r op e p b
2 74 E d in u r gh , 19 1 4 Th e t e r m Ne o l ith ic is h e r e
pp p p
. . . .

r a t h er va
gu e
. It a l ie s t o t h e A z il ia n s a n d M a gl e mo s ia n s a s w el l a s t o l a t e r eo l es .
 A N C I E N T M A R I N E R S R E A C H B R I TA I N 7 3
“
d id l e a rn fo r t h e m s e lv e s
,
th e v al u es o f l e n g th a n d
,

b e am of d ra ugh t a n d sw e e t l i n e s o f s t raigh t k e e l ; with

, ,

high st e m t o b reas t a wav e a n d high st e r n to re p e l

a fo l lowi n g s e a
”
Th e fa sh io n i n g O f a s ea wo rthy o r
.
-
,

e v e n a r iv e r wo r thy boat
- m us t hav e b e e n in a n ci e n t
,

ti m e s as d i fficul t a task a s was t h e fash io n i n g of t h e fi rs t

a e ro p la n e in o u r o w n d ay M a n y p ro bl e m s h ad to b e
.

sol v e d m a n y e x p e ri m e n ts h ad to b e m a d e a n d n o
, , ,

d oub t m a n y t rag edi e s took pl ac e b e fo re t h e fi rst safe

,

m o d e l boa t was paddl e d ac ross a r iv e r

-
Th e e a rly .

e x p e r i m e n t e rs may hav e had shap e s O f v e ss e ls sugg e st e d

t o th e m by fish a n d bi rds a n d e s p e ci a l ly by t h e aquatic

,

bi rds that paddl e d p ast t h e m o n t h e r iv e r b re ast wi t h

d i g n i ty a n d c as e B u t i s i t p ro babl e t hat t h e fi rst
.

e xp e r i m e n t s w e re m ad e wi t h t ree s ? D id e a rly ma n
u n d e rtak e t h e l a bo r i o us t ask O f h ewi n g d ow n t ree aft e r
t re e t o shap e n e w mod e ls u n ti l in t h e e n d h e fou n d o n
,

lau n ch i n g th e co r re c t l y shap e d v e ss e l th at i ts b ala n c e

was p erfe ct ? O r was t h e d u g O u t ca n o e a n i m i ta t io n Of -

a boat al rea dy in e xi st e n c e j ust as a m od e r n sh i p bu i lt ,

O f s t e e l o r co n c re t e i s a n i m i t a tio n of t h e e a rl i e r wood e n

Shi ps ? Th e a v a i l a bl e e vi d e n c e r e ga rdi n g th is i m po rt a n t
p h a se of th e Shi pp i n g p robl e m te n ds to Show that b efo re ,

t h e d u g out was i n v e n t e d
-
boats w e re co n st r ucte d of
,

l igh t m at e r ial A n ci e n t E gypt was t h e e a rl i e st sh i p

.

bu i ldi n g cou n t ry in t h e wo rld a n d al l a n ci e n t sh i p s w e re ,

mod e l l e d o n thos e that t rad e d o n t h e cal m wat e rs of th e

N i l e Y e t Egypt i s a n al most t ree l e ss la n d Th e re t h e
. .

e a r l i e s t b o ats —b ro a d l ight Skiffs —w e r e mad e by bi n d

,

in g t o g e t h e r lo n g bu n d l e s O f t h e re e ds of papy r us .

Rop e s w e re t wist e d fro m p a py rus as w e l l a s from p al m

fi b re .
1
I t woul d app ear t h at b e fo re dug ou t s w e re m ad e ,
-
,

t h e p ro bl e m s o f boat co n st r uctio n we re sol v e d by t hos e

who h ad i n v e n t e d papy r i Ski ffs a n d ski n b o ats I n t h e .

c as e Of t h e latt e r t h e ski n s w e re st re tch e d rou n d a fram e

1 B re a s t ed , A H is tor y n
o y p t, pp . 6
9 7
-
.
74 A N C I E NT M A N IN B R I TA I N
w o rk s e w e d t o g e t h e r a n d mad e wat e rtight wi t h p itch
,
’

W e sti l l re fe r to t h e s e a m s a n d th e ski n o f a bo at
” “ ”
.

Th e a r t of boa t bu i ldi n g sp r e ad fa r a n d wid e from t h e

-

a rea of o r igi n U n ti l re c e n tly th e C hi n e s e w e r e bu i l d i n g

.

j u n ks of th e sam e ty p e a s th e y d i d fou r or fi v e h u n d r ed
y e ars ea rl i e r Th e s e j u n ks h a v e b ee n co m pa re d by
.

m or e th a n o n e w ri te r to t h e d e e p s ea bo ats O f t h e -

“
Egyptia n E m pi re p e rio d Th e P a p ua n s m ak e du g .

o u ts a n d ca r v e e y e s o n t h e p rows a s d i d t h e a n ci e n t

E gy p tia n s a n d as do th e M al t e s e Ch i n e s e &c I n ou r , , .
,

ow n day E v e n wh e n o n ly pa r tly hol low e d t h e

.
,

P a p ua n boats hav e p e rfe ct bala n c e in t h e wat e r as so o n

as t h ey a re lau n ch e d 1
Th e Poly n e sia n s p e rform e d.

re l igious c e r e mo n i e s wh e n cut t i n g dow n t re e s a n d c o n

t h e lor e o f
2
s t ru c t in g boats I n th e i r i n ca n tati o n s & c
.
, .
,

boat bu i ldi n g was e n sh ri n e d a n d ha n d e d d ow n Th e

-
.

P o ly n e sia n boat was d e d icat e d to th e 7720 0 (d ra go n go d ) - -

.

W e sti l l retai n a r e l ic of a n a n ci e n t re l igiou s c e re m o n y

wh e n a bottl e O f w i n e i s b r ok e n o n th e bows O f a v e ss e l
j ust as i t i s b e i n g lau n ch e d .

Aft e r t h e E gyptia n s w e re a bl e to s ecu re su ppl i e s O f

c e da r wood fro m t h e Atlas M ou n ta i n s o r L e ba n o n by ,

d r ift i n g rafts Of lash ed tre e s alo n g th e coast l i n e th e y ,

m a d e d u g o u t v e ss e l s O f va rious S h ap e s as c a n b e s ee n
-
,

in t h e t o m b p ictu re s O f t h e O ld Ki n gd o m p e r i o d Th e s e .

d u g o u t s w e r e appa r e n t ly m od e l l e d o n t h e e arl i e r p a py r i
-

a n d Ski n bo a ts A sh i p wi th a squ a re sai l sp rea d to t h e

.

wi n d i s d e p icte d o n a n A n ci e n t E gyptia n t w o ha n d e d -

j a r in t h e B r i ti sh M us e u m wh ich i s O f p re dy n asti c age ,

-

a n d ma d a t e t o a n yth i n g l i k e 4000 o r 5 000 B C A t

y . .

t hat r e m ot e p e r i o d t h e a rt O f n avi g a ti o n w a s al re a d y w e l l

a d va n c e d n o d o u bt o n a cc o u n t of t h e e xp e r i e n c e gai n e d
,

o n t h e cal m w a t e rs O f t h e N i l e .

1 VVo l l a s t o n , Py g m ie s a n d P ap u a n s ( The Sto Age To-day in D u tc h Ne w G u in e a )

L pp
ne .

o n do n 5 3 et s e q
9
pp
1 12
, . . .

9 W e s t e r v el t , L ege n d s o f Ol d H o n ol u l u . .
97 e t s eq .
 A N C I E N T M A R I N E R S R E AC H B R I TA I N 75

Th e xi s t e n c e Of t h e s e b o a t s o n t h e N i l e at a ti me
e

wh e n g re at rac e m ig rat io n s w e re in p ro g re ss may w e l l

a cco un t fo r t h e ea r ly a pp ea r a n c e o f d u uts i n N o rt h e r n
g o -

E u ro p e O n e o f t h e Cly d e c a n o e s fo u n d e m b e dd ed in
.
,

Cly d e Si lt t w e n ty fi v e fee t ab o v e t h e p re s e n t s e a l e v e l
- -
,

w a s fo u n d t o h av e a p l ug o f c o r k wh ich coul d o n ly h a v e
c o m e fro m t h e a rea in wh ich c o r k t re e s g row—S p ai n ,

(b)
(a ) Sk etc h o f b oat fr o m Vi t c o ria N y za a ft e r t h e d r a w in g in S ir He n ry St a n l e y '

p
an s

y
a ,

D a r kes t Af r ic a O n l t h e h a n dl e s o f t h e o a r s a r e s h o w n I n o u t l in e t h e o s it io n s o f
y p
. .

s o m e o f t h e o a r s m e n a r e r o u gh l re r es e n t e d

d b vd p k y
.

( b) C r u d e r a w in g o f a s im il a r o a t c a r e u o n t h e ro c s in Sw e de n d u r in g t h e E a rl
y p
B ro n z e A ge a ft e r M o n t el iu s B c o m a riso n w it h (a ) it w il l b e s e e n t h a t t h e e r t ic a l v
p p b by p
, .

r oj ec t io n s w er e ro a l in t e n d ed t o r e re s e n t t h e o a r s m e n
p d k k pp d yp
.

Th e u t u r n e h oo -li e a e n a ge a t t h e s t e m is fo u n d in a n c ie n t E g t ia n a n d
p b
M e d i t e r ra n e a n s h i s b u t is a s e n t in t h e m o d er n Afr ic a n es s el s h o w n in (a )
, v .

T fi
h es e m m
gu r es a re t ak e n fro E l lio t S it h
'

s A n c ie n t M a r in e r s

S o uth e r n F ra n c e o r I ta l y I t m ay hav e b e e n m a n n e d
, .
1

by th e Az il ia n s of Sp a i n whos e rock p a i n ti n gs dat e from

t h e Tra n si ti o n p e r i o d S i m i l a r st r i ki n g e vid e n c e o f t h e
.

d r ift of cu l t u re fro m t h e M e d it e rra n ea n a r e a towa rds

No rt h e r n Eu rop e i s O btai n e d fro m s o m e of th e r o ck
p ai n ti n gs a n d ca rvi n gs O f Sw e d e n A m o n g th e c an o e s .

d e pict ed a re s o m e wi th di s t i n ct M e d i t e rra n e a n cha ract e r

is t ic s O n e at T e g n e by in B o h u s l an b e a rs a st r i ki n g
.

re s e m bla n c e to a boat s e e n by S i r H e n ry Sta n l e y o n

1 Ly el l , A n t iqu ity of M a n , p .
48 .
7 6 A N C I E N T MA N IN B R I TA I N
L a k e V ict o r ia Nya n z a I t s e e m s u n d o u bt e d th a t t h e
.

d e sig n s a re of com m o n o r igi n a lthough s e p a rat e d n o t

,

o n ly b y c e n tu r i e s b u t by ba r r i e r s of m o u n tai n d e s e rt a n d , ,

s e a e xt e n d i n g m a n y h u n d reds o f m i l e s F rom th e .

M a gl e m osia n b o at t h e V i ki n g sh i p w as u l ti mat e ly
d e v e l o p e d ; t h e u n p rog re ssiv e V ic t o r ia Ny a n za b o at
bu i ld e rs co n t i n u ed th ro ugh t h e Ag e s re p e ati n g t h e
d e si g n a d o p t e d by th e i r r e m o t e a n c e sto rs I n bo t h .

v e ss e l s t h e ke e l p roj e c ts fo rw a rd a n d t h e fi gu re h ead i s
,
-

t ha t O f a goat o r ra m Th e n o rt h e r n v e ss e l h a s t h e
.

cha ract e r is t ic i n wa rd cu rvi n g s t e r n O f a n ci e n t E gyptia n

shi p s As t h e ro ck o n wh ich i t was c a rv e d is S ituat e d
.

in a m e t a l yi e ld i n g a re a t h e p robabi l i ty i s t ha t t h i s ty p e
-
,

O f v e ss e l i s a re l i c o f t h e vi si t s pai d b y s e a rch e rs fo r

m e tals in a n c i e n t t i m e s w h o e stabl ish e d colo n i e s O f

,

d a r k m i n e r s a mo n g t h e fa i r No rt h e r n e rs a n d i n t roduc e d
t h e e l e m e n ts o f s o uth e r n cu l t u re .

Th e a n ci e n t bo a ts fou n d in Scotla n d a re O f a va r i e ty
o f typ e s . O n e of th o s e at G l asgow l ay wh e n d isc o v e re d
, ,

n e a r ly v e r tic a l wi th p row u p p e r most as if i t had fo u n d e re d ;

,

i t had b ee n bu i l t O f s e v e ra l pi ec e s o f oak thou gh with ,

”
out r i bs A n oth e r had t h e re mai n s O f a n o ut rigg e r
a ttach e d to i t : b e sid e a n oth e r wh ich had b e e n pa rt l y
,

h o l low e d by fi re l ay t w o pl a n ks that a pp ea r t o hav e

,

b e e n wash boa rds l i k e thos e o n a S uss e x du g o u t A

- -
.

Clyd e cl i n k e r bu i l t boat e i ght ee n fee t lo n g h ad a k e e l

-
, ,

a n d a bas e O f oak to wh ich r i bs h a d b e e n a t ta ch e d An .

i n te re sti n g fi n d a t K in av e n in Ab e rd ee n sh i re s e v e ral ,

m i l e s d ist a n t from t h e Y t h a n a famous p e a rl i n g r iv e r

, ,

was a du g out e l e v e n fee t lo n g an d about fou r fe et

-
,

b ro ad I t lay e m b edd e d at t h e h e ad o f a sm al l ravi n e

.

in fi v e fe e t o f p ea t wh ich { a pp ea rs to h a v e b e e n t h e b e d

of a n a n ci e n t l ak e N ea r i t w e re th e stu m p s of big o aks

.
,

a p p a re n tly of t h e Upp e r F o r e s t ia n p e r i o d .

A m o n g t h e lo n g e s t o f t h e a n ci e n t b o ats th a t hav e b e e n
di scov e re d are o n e fo rty two fe e t l o n g with a n a n i m al
-
,
 A N C I E N T M A R I N E RS R E AC H B R I TA I N 77

h e ad o n t h e p ro w fro m Loch A rt hu r n ea r D u m fr i e s
, , ,

o ne thi r ty fi v e lo n g fro m n e a r t h e R iv e r A r u n in S uss e x

-
,

o n e Sixty th re e fe e t l o n g e xcav a t e d n e a r t h e Ro t h e r in
-

K e n t o n e fo rty e ight fee t si x i n ch e s lo n g fou n d at

,
-
,

B r igg Li n col n shi re wi t h woo d e n patch e s wh e re s h e h ad

, ,

sp ru n g a l ea k a n d sig n s o f t h e c a ul ki n g of crac ks a n d
,

smal l hol e s with m o ss .

Th es e v e ss e l s d o n o t a l l b e l o n g to t h e sam e p e riod .

Th e d at e o f t h e B ri gg boat is j udgi n g fro m t h e ge o ,

l o gical s t rata b etw ee n 1 100 a n d 7 00 B C I t wo uld

, . .

a pp ea r t h a t so m e O f t h e Clyd e v e ss e ls fo u n d at tw e n ty

fi v e fe e t abov e th e pr e s e n t s e a l e v e l a re e v e n O l d e r -
.

B e sid e o n e Cly d e boat was fou n d a n ax e of pol ish e d

g re e n sto n e si m i la r t o t h e ax e s us e d by Poly n e sia n s a n d
o t h e rs in shapi n g d ug O uts Th is a xe m ay how e v e r
-
.
, ,

hav e b ee n a re l igiou s o bj e c t To t h e low bas e s of som e .

v e ss e ls w e re fix e d r i bs o n wh ich ski n s w e re st re tch e d .

Th e s e b o a t s w e re e m i n e n t ly su i tabl e fo r rough s eas ,

b e i n g m o re bu o ya n t tha n d u g ou t s Accord i n g to -
.

H imil c o t h e i n h abi ta n ts o f t h e ( E s t ry m n id e s t h e isla n ds ,

“ ”
ri ch in t in a n d l ea d h ad m ost s ea wo rthy Ski ffs ,
-
.

”
Th es e peopl e do n o t mak e pi n e k ee l s n o r h e says , , ,

d o t h ey k n ow how to fa sh i o n th e m ; n o r do th e y m a k e
fi r ba rks b u t Wi t h wo n d e rfu l ski l l fash io n Ski ffs wi t h
, , ,

s ew n ski n s I n t h e s e h id e b o u n d v e ss e l s th e y ski m
.
-
,

ac ro ss t h e oc ea n App a re n t ly t h ey w e re a s d a r i n g
.

m a r i n e rs as t h e O re go n I sla n d e rs Of who m Wash i n gto n

I rvi n g has w r i t t e n :
/

I t is i
s u r p r s in g to s ee w it h w h at fe a r l e s s u n c o n c e rn t h es e
sa vage s v e n t u re in t h e i r li gh t b a r k s u p o n t h e ro u gh e s t a n d
mo s t t e mp e s t u o u s s e a s Th ey s ee m t o r i d e u p o n t h e w av e
.

li k e s e a fo w l Sh o u l d a s u rge t h ro w t h e c an o e u p o n it s s i d e
- .
,

a n d e n d a n ge r it s o v e r t u r n t h o s e t o t h e w i n d w a rd l e a n o v e r
,

t h e u p p e r gu n w al e t h ru s t t h e ir p a dd l e s d e e p i n t o t h e w av e
, ,

a n d by t h i s a c t io n n o t me re ly r e ga in a n e qu ili b r iu m b u t giv e ,

t h e i r b a r k a v igo ro u s i mp u l s e fo r w a rd
”
.
7 8 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
Th e a n ci e n t mari n e rs whos e ud e v e ss e l s hav e b ee n
r

e xcavat e d arou n d o u r co a sts w e re t h e fo r e r u n n e r s o f t h e

C e l t i c s ea t rad e rs who as t h e Ga e l ic e vi d e n c e sh o ws
-
, , ,

h ad n am e s n o t o n ly for t h e N o rth Se a a n d t h e E n gl ish

Cha n n e l but al s o fo r t h e M e dit e rra n e a n Sea Th e y .

“ ”
cul tivat ed what i s k n ow n as t h e s e a s e n s e and de ,

v e l o p e d sh i p bu i ld i n g a n d t h e a r t O f n a v iga t io n in acco rd
'

a n c e w ith loc a l n e e d s W h e n J u l i us C ae s a r cam e i n t o

.

c o n fl ict wi t h t h e V e n e ti of B r i t t a n y h e t e l l s that th e i r
v e ss e l s w e re g re atly su p e r i or t o thos e o f t h e Roma n s .

“ ” “
Th e bodi e s O f t h e shi ps h e s a ys w e re bu i l t e n
, ,

t ire l y O f oak , stou t e n ou gh t o wi thsta n d a n y shock o r

vi ol e n c e
. I n s te ad of cabl e s fo r th e i r a n chors th e y
us e d i ro n chai n s . Th e e n cou n t e r of o u r fl e e t with
th es e s h i ps was of such a n atu re that ou r fl e e t e xc e l l e d
in sp e e d a l o n e a n d t h e plyi n g O f o a rs ; fo r n e i th e r coul d
,

o u r ships i nj u r e th e i r s wi th th e i r ram s so gre at was ,

th e i r s t re n gth n o r w as a w e ap o n e asi ly cas t u p to th e m

,

owi n g to t h e i r h e ight A b o ut 2 2 0 o f t h e i r sh i ps
.

sai l e d fo rth fro m t h e ha r bou r I n th i s g reat a l l i e d fl e e t

.

w e re v e ss e ls fro m O u r o w n cou n t ry 1
.

“
I t m ust n o t b e i m agi n e d th a t t h e s ea s e n s e was
C ulti vat e d b e caus e man took pl e asu r e in r i ski n g t h e

p e r i ls of t h e d ee p I t was st e r n n e c e ssi ty that a t t h e

.

b e gi n n i n g com p e l l e d h i m to v e n tu re o n l o n g v o y a g e s .

Aft e r E n gla n d was cut Off fro m F ra n c e t h e p e opl e s who

h a d ad o p t e d t h e N e ol ith i c i n d ust ry m ust hav e e i t h e r
fo u n d i t absol ut e ly n e c e ss a ry t o s e e k r e fu g e in B r i ta i n ,

o r w e re a tt rac t e d to w ards i t by r e p o rts of prosp e ctors

w h o fou n d i t to b e su i tabl e for r e si d e n c e a n d t rad e .

1 C ae s a r
'

s Ga l l ic Wa r B o o
, k III , c . 13 —5
1 .
 C H A P TE R V I I I
Ne o l i t h ic T rad e an d I n d u s t ri e s
At t r a c t io n s B i i —R m
of A
h f G ld S il v
n c ie n t r ta n o ans s e a rc or o e r,

Ll —D i
,

l
s, & —Th c. f P i S
e d M u re o ib i f rec o us to n es an e ta s s tr ut on o

an t B i i h P p l i —N l i h i S l m i Fl i y i l di g A
r t s o u at o n eo t c e tt e e nt s n nt- e n rea s

a d ie Fl i —S l m
n L i F m i —I mpl m f m
nt ett e e n ts on as or at o n e ents ro

R k —T d i B d y p i i g M
oc s ra i —S e h fn P l o -
a nt n a te r al s ea rc or ear s

i B i i
n r d I l
ta d —Ag i l
n an —Th S y f B l y—N l i h i
re an r cu t u re e to r o ar e eo t c

er s i I ln d— S i h N l i h i T d —N l i h i P pl
re a n cot t s eo t c ra ers eo t c eo es not

d —T i d N l i h i C f m
e re rs ra ne eo t c ra ts en .

he “
d r i ft of p opl
s i n t o B ritai n wh ich b e ga n in
e e

i gn ac ia n ti m e s c o n t i n u e d u n ti l t h e Roma n p e r iod .

re w e re d e fi n i t e r e a so n s for e a rly i n t r usio n s as t h e re

“
e fo r t h e R o m a n i n v a sio n B r i tai n co n t ai n s to .

” 1 “
co n qu e ro r T a ci t us w ro t e m i n e s O f gol d
, ,

e r a n d o t h e r m e ta ls Th e s ea pro d uc e s p ea rl s . .

to S u e t o n i us who at t h e n d O f t h e fi rst
n
g e ,

r
y O f o u r e ra w rot e t h e L ives of th e Cazs a r s J ul i u s ,

r i n v a d e d B r i tai n with t h e d e si re to e n r ich h i m s e lf

t h e p e a rl s fo u n d o n d iffe re n t pa rt s O f t h e coast .

S re tu r n t o R o m e h e pr e s e n t e d a co rs e l e t O f B r i tish

3 to t h e godd e ss V e n us H e was in n e e d of m o n e y .

rt h e r h i s p ol i t ical am bi tio n s H e fo u n d wh a t h e .

i re d e l s e wh e re h o w e v e r Afte r t h e d eath Of Q u e e n
, .

p at ra su ffici e n t gol d a n d si l v e r flow e d to Rom e

E gypt to re duc e t h e lo a n ra t e of i n t e r e st fro m 1 2
p e r c e n t S pai n .l i k e wis e c o n t r i bu t e d i ts Sh a re to
h t h e g re a t p re da t o ry s ta te o f R o me 2
.

n g a g e s b e fo re t h e R o ma n p e r i o d t h e e a r ly p eo pl e s

1 Ag r ic ol a C h a ,
p . XI I .
7 S mit h Ro m a n E mp i r e
, .
 N E O L I TH I C T R A D E A N D I N D US T R I E S 81

k n o w n to t h e a n ci e n t m a ri n e rs who re ach e d ou r Sh o r e s
in v e ss e ls of M ed it e r ra n e a n typ e .

Th e colo n ists who w e re a t t ract e d to B ri t a i n at va ri ous

p e r iods s e ttl e d in t hos e d ist ricts m ost su itabl e fo r th e i r
mod e s of l ife I t was n e c e ssa ry that th ey Shou l d O btai n
.

a n ad e quat e supply of t h e m at e r ials fro m wh ich th e i r

i m pl e m en ts a n d w ea p o n s w e re ma n u factu r e d Th e d is .

t rib u t io n o f t h e popu latio n m ust hav e b e e n d e t e rm i n e d

by t h e r e sou rc e s of t h e various d istricts .

At t h e pres e n t day t h e p opulatio n of B ri ta i n i s m o st

d e n s e in thos e a reas in wh ich coal a n d i ro n a re fou n d
a n d wh e r e com m e rc e i s co n c e n t r at e d I n a n ci e n t ti m es
.
,

b efo re m e tals w e re us e d i t m ust hav e b e e n d e n s est in

thos e areas wh e re fl i n t was fou n d —that i s o n th e u pp e r
,

ch al k forma t i o n s . I f work e d fl i n ts a re d i scov e r e d in

a reas whi ch do n o t hav e d e posits of fl i n t t h e o n ly c o n ,

c l u s io n th a t c an b e d raw n i s that t h e fl i n t was O btai n e d

by m e a n s of t rad e just a s M ed it e rra n ea n sh e l l s w e r e in

,

Au rig n acia n a n d M agd a l e n ia n ti m es O btai ned by h u n t e rs

who s e ttl e d in C e n tral E u rop e I n D e vo n an d Cor n wal l
.
,

fo r i n sta n c e la rg e n u m b e rs of fl i n t i m pl e m e n ts hav e
,

be e n fou n d ye t in th e s e cou n ti e s s ui tabl e fl i n t was

,

e xc ee d i n gly scarc e in a n ci e n t ti m e s e xc e pt in East ,

D e vo n wh e re , how e v e r t h e su rfac e fli n t i s of i n fe rio r

, ,

Ch a racte r I n Wi l ts a n d Dors e t how ev e r , t h e fi n e st

.
,

qual ity of fl i n t was fou n d a n d i t was n o dou bt fro m

,

th es e ar eas that t h e ea rly s e ttl e rs in C or n wal l a n d D ev o n

r e c e iv e d th e i r chi e f suppl i e s of t h e raw mat e r ial i f no t of ,

t h e m a n ufactu re d a rticl e s .

I n E n gla n d as o n t h e C o n ti n e n t t h e m ost abu n da n t

, ,

fi n ds of t h e e a r l i e st fl i n t i m p l e m e n ts h a v e b ee n mad e in
thos e ar ea s wh e r e t h e e arly h u n t e rs a n d fish e r m e n cou ld
O btai n th e i r ra w ma t e r ial s R iv e r d ri ft i m pl e m e n ts a re
.

d iscov e re d in l a rg e st n u m b e rs o n t h e ch a l k fo rm ati o n s
of south e as t e r n E n gla n d b et w e e n t h e Wash a n d t h e
-

e s t uary O f t h e Tham e s .

( D 217 )
82 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
Th e N e ol i th ic p e opl e s , who m ad e l e ss u se of hor n a nd

bo n e t ha n d id t h e A z il ia n s a n d M agl e mo s ian s had ,

m a n y vi l lage s ettl e m e n ts o n t h e upp e r chal k in D ors e t

a n d Wi l tsh i r e a n d e sp e cial ly at Av e bu ry wh e re th e re
,

w e re v e r itabl e fl i n t factori e s a n d n ear t h e fam ous fl i n t ,

m i n e s at G r i m e s G rav e s in t h e v ici n ity of W ee ti n g in

Norfol k a n d a t C is s b u ry Cam p n ot fa r from Worth i n g
in S uss e x I m pl e m e n ts w e re l i k e wi s e m ad e of basic
.

r ocks i n cl ud i n g quartz it e i ro n sto n e gree n sto n e h o r n

, , , ,

bl e n d e sch ist gra n it e m ica sch is t &c ; wh i l e or n a m e n ts

, ,
-
, .

w e r e mad e of j e t a hyd roca r bo n co m pou n d al l i e d to

,

ca n n e l c o al wh ich ta k e s o n a fi n e pol ish K i m e r i dg e

, ,

shal e a n d i vo ry W i th a l l i k e t h e A u rign ac ia n s a n d
.
,

M a gd a l e n ia n s t h e N e ol ithic i n d ustry p e op l e us e d body

,
-

p a i n t wh ich was m ad e wi th pi gm e n ts of och re h ae m a

, ,

tit e a n o re of i ro n a n d r uddl e a n e a rthy vari e ty of

, , ,
:

i ro n o re .

I n thos e d ist r i cts wh e re t h e raw m a t e r ial s fo r sto n e

,

i mpl e m e n ts o r n am e n ts a n d body pai n t w e re fou n d

, , ,

t rac e s su rviv e of t h e activiti e s of t h e N e ol i th ic p e o p l e s .

Th e i r g ra v e s Of l o n g ba r row typ e a re fou n d n o t o n ly in

-

t h e chal k ar e as but o n t h e m a rgi n s of t h e l ias fo r m atio n s .

H mm at ite i s fo u n d in la rg e q u a n titi e s in W e st Cu m b e r
l a n d a n d n o rt h La n c a sh i re a n d in south w e st e r n E n g -

la n d wh i l e t h e ch i e f sou rc e i e t i s W h itby in Y o rksh i re

, ,

wh e re i t o ccu rs in l a rg e qua n ti ti e s in b e d s o f t h e U pp e r
Li as shal e .

M r W J P e r ry of M a n ch e st e r U n i v e rsi t y w h o h as
. . .
, ,

d e vo te d sp e cial att e n tio n to t h e study of t h e d i st r i butio n

o f m e g a l i th ic m o n u m e n ts has b ee n d rawi n g at te n tio n ,

t o t h e i n t e r e sti n g associatio n Of th e s e m o n u m e n t s with

g eol o gic a l fo r m ati o n s 1

I n t h e Av e bu ry d istric t sto n e
.

ci rcl e s dol m e n s cham b e r ed b a r ro ws l o n g barrows an d

, , , ,

N e o l ith ic s e ttl e m e n ts a re n u m e ro us ; a n oth e r g ro u p of

m e gal i th ic mo n u m e n ts occu rs in Oxfo rd o n th e m a rgi n
1 P rocee dings f th e M a n c he s te r
o L ite r a ry and P h ilo s op h ic a l Soc ie ty , 19 2 1 .
 E NG L A ND
s h ow in g dis t r i b u t io n o f

M egal ith ic M o numents

an d de p o s it s o f me t al s an d min eral s

E n gl is h M il e s
0 10 2 0 30 40 5 0 1 00
M
Ar eas in wh ic h Megal it h ic Monument s
are “ I “ ;
84 A N C I E N T M AN IN B R I TA I N
of th e l ias formatio n , a n d at t h e sou th e n d of t h e grea t -

i ro n fie ld e xte n d i n g as fa r as th e Cl e v e la n d s Acco rd .

in g to t h e m e m oi r o f th e g e ological Su rv ey th e r e a re ,

t rac e s of a n ci e n t su rfac e i ro n wo rki n gs in t h e M i dd l e

-

L ias formatio n o f Oxfo rdsh i re wh e r e re d a n d b row n ,

h ae m ati t e w e r e fou n d M r P e rry n ot es that th e r e a re

. .

m egal ith i c m o n u m e n ts in t h e v ici ni ty of al l th e s e su r

fac e wo rki n gs as at Fawl e r Add e rbu ry H ook N o rto n
, , , ,

Woodstock St ee pl e Asto n a n d Ha n bu ry Appa re n tly

, , .

t h e N e o l i th i c p e opl e s w e r e attract e d to t h e l ias f ormatio n

b e caus e i t co n tai n s h ae m ati t e och re shal e & c Th e re, , , .

a re S ig n ifica n t m e gal ith s in t h e W h itby r e gio n wh e re

t h e j e t i s so p l e n tifu l A m b e r was O btai n e d fro m t h e

.

e ast coast O f E n gl a n d a n d fro m t h e B al tic .

Th e N e ol ith i c p e opl e s app ea r to hav e s e arch e d fo r

p earl s wh ich a re fou n d in a n u m b e r Of E n gl ish W e l sh
, , ,

Scottish a n d I ri sh ri v e rs a n d in t h e vici n i ty of m ost i f

, , ,

n o t al l , O f th e s e m e gal iths occu r Gold was t h e fi rs t .

m e tal work ed by man an d i t app ears to hav e att ract e d

,

so m e of th e e arly p e opl e s who s e ttl e d in B rita i n Th e .

a n ci e n t s eafar e rs who fou n d th e i r way n o r thward m ay

hav e i n clud e d s e arch e rs fo r go l d a n d S i l v e r Th e latte r .

m etal was at o n e ti m e fou n d in gr eat a bun da n c e in

S pai n wh i l e gold was at o n e ti m e fa i r ly p le n ti fu l in
,

south w e ste r n E n gla n d in N o rth Wal e s in va r ious

-
, ,

parts of Scotla n d a n d e sp ecial l y in La n arksh i r e a n d in ,

n orth east e r n e ast e r n an d w e st e r n I re la n d

-
, , That th e re .

was a “
d r i ft of civ i l i z e d p e opl e s i n to B r it a i n a n d
”

I re la n d d u r i n g t h e p e r iod Of t h e N eol ith i c i n dust ry i s

m ad e e vid e n t by t h e fact that th e agri cu ltu ral m od e of l ife
was i n troduc e d B arl e y do e s n o t grow wi ld in E u rop e
. .

Th e n e are st a re a in wh ich it g re w w i l d a n d was e arl i e s t

‘

cu l ti vat e d was th e d e lta ar e a of E gypt t h e re gio n from ,

wh ich t h e e arl i e st v e ss e l s s e t ou t to e xp l o re t h e shor e s of

t h e M e d i t e r ra n e a n I t m ay b e that t h e barl ey s eeds
.

w e re car r i e d to B ritai n n o t by t h e ov e rl a n d route s alo ne

 N E O L I TH I C T R A D E A N D I N D U ST R I E S 85

to C ha n n e l po rts but al so by th e s eafar e r s whos e boats

, ,

l i k e t h e G lasgow o n e with t h e co r k pl ug coast ed rou n d ,

by Spai n a n d B r i tta n y a n d c ross e d t h e C ha n n e l to sou t h

,

w e ste r n E n gla n d a n d th e n c e w e n t n or t hwa rd to Scot

la n d As I r ish fl in t s an d g rou n d ax e h e ads occu r ch i e fly
.
-

in U lst e r i t may b e that t h e d rift Of e arly N eol ith ic

,

s et tl e rs i n to C ou n ty A n tri m in wh ich gold was al so

,

fou n d was fro m south w e st e rn Sco t la n d Th e N e ol ith i c

,
- .

s e ttl e m e n t at W h ite p a rk Bay fi v e m i l es fro m t h e Gia n t s

,
’

Caus e way was e m b edd e d at a co n si d e rabl e d e pth show

, ,

in g that th e r e has b e e n a si n ki n g of t h e la n d in th i s are a

si n c e th e N eol ith ic i n d ustry was i n t roduc ed ;
N eol ith ic r e mai n s a re wid e ly d i st r i but e d ov e r Scot
la n d but th es e hav e n o t r ec e iv e d t h e i n te n s iv e study
,

d e vot e d to si m i lar re l ics in E n gla n d M r Ludovi c

. .

M a n n t h e G lasgow arch aeologist has h o w ev e r com

, , , ,

pi l e d i n t e re sti n g data r e gardi n g o ne o f t h e local i n dus

tri e s that b r i n g ou t t h e re sou rc e a nd activi ti e s Of early
ma n . O n t h e i sla n d of A r ra n i s a wo rkabl e va r i e ty of
t h e n atural volca n ic glass cal l e d p itch sto n e that of
,
-
,
“
oth e r parts of Scotla n d a n d of I re la n d b e i n g too m uch
crack e d i n to smal l pi ec e s to be of u s e I t was u s ed by
t h e N e ol i th ic s e ttl e rs in A r ra n for ma n ufactu ri n g a r row
h eads an d as it was i m porte d i n to B ut e Ay rsh i re a n d
, , ,

W ig tow n sh i re a t ra d e in th is mat e r ial m ust hav e e xi ste d

, .

“
“
If ”
, wri t es M r Ma n n . t h e sto n e was n o t local ly
,

wo rk e d u p i n to i m p l e m e n ts in B ut e i t w a s so man ip u
,

late d o n t h e mai n la n d wh e r e workshops of th e N e ol ith ic

,

p e r iod an d t h e i m m e diat e ly succ e e di n g ov e rlap p e r iod

y i e ld e d lo n g fi n e flak e s t e sti fyi n g to g re at e r e xp e rt n ess
,

in ma n ufactu ri n g th e re tha n i s show n by t h e r e mai n s in

t h e dom e stic s it e s ye t awaiti n g ad e q uat e e xplorati o n in

A rra n Th e expla n atio n may b e tha t t h e Wi gtow n sh i re

.

fl i n t k n app e r s accust o m e d to ha n dl e a n abu n da n c e of

,

fl i n t w e re m o re p ro fici e n t tha n in m ost o t h e r plac es a nd

, ,

that t h e pi tch sto n e was brought to th e m as exp e r ts

-
,
86 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
b e caus e t h e m at e r i a l re q ui re d e v e n m o re ski l fu l ha n d
l i n g tha n fl i n t I n l i k e ma n n e r obs id ia n as has b ee n ,

n ot e d was i m po rt e d i n
,
to C re t e fro m t h e i sla n d O f M e los
by s eafar e rs lo n g b e for e t h e i n trod uctio n of m e tal
,
2
worki n g .

I t wi l l b e s ee n that th e N e o l ith i c p eopl e s w e re n o

m e re wa n d e ri n g h u n t e rs as so m e hav e r e p re s e n t e d
,

th e m to hav e b e e n bu t th e y had th e i r social orga n i z a

,

tio n th ei r i n dustri e s a n d th e i r syst e m of t rad i n g by

, ,

l a n d a n d s ea Th ey s e ttl e d n o t o n ly in thos e are as

.

wh e re th ey coul d p rocu re a r e gular food supply but ,

thos e also in wh ich th e y obtai n e d t h e raw m at e r ial s fo r

i m pl e m e n ts w eapo n s a n d t h e colou r i n g mat e rial wh ich
, ,

th e y u s e d for r e l i gious pu rpos es Th e y m ad e pott e ry .

fo r grav e Offe ri n gs a n d do m estic u s e a n d wood e n imp l e ,

m e n ts r e gard i n g w hi ch how e v e r l ittl e i s k n ow n , , .

W i thal th ey had th e i r spi n n e rs a n d w eav e rs

,
Th e .

co n di tio n s p r e vai l i n g in N e ol i th i c s ettl e m e n ts m ust hav e

b een s i m i la r to thos e of lat e r ti m es Th e re m u st hav e .

b ee n syst e m s of laws to m ak e trad e an d p eac e fu l social

i n te rcou rs e possi bl e an d n o dou bt th es e had as e l s e
, ,

wh e re, a r e l i giou s basi s B u rial custom s i n d icat e a

.

u n i fo rm i ty of b e l i efs ov e r wid e areas Th e s k il l d is . r

play e d in wo rki n g sto ne was So g re at that i t ca n n ot n o w

b e e m u lat ed R i ppl e fl ak in g has lo n g b ee n a lost art
.
- .

C raftsm e n m ust hav e u n d e rgo n e a p rolo n g e d p e riod of

,

trai n i n g wh ich was i n te l l i g e n tly co n trol l e d u n d e r s e ttl e d

co n d i tio n s O f l i fe I t is possi bl e that th e SO cal l e d Ne o
.
-

l ith ic fol k w e re ch i e fly for e ig n e rs who e x p loit e d t h e

rich e s of th e cou n try Th e e vi d e n c e in thi s co n n e ctio n
.

wi l l b e fou n d in t h e n e xt chapt e r .

1 P roc ee d in g s
f o f A n tiq u a r ie s of Sc o tl a n d 19 17 18,
th e So cie ty o — pp 1 49 e t s e q.

d bd Idx
, .

See my My th s of Cr ete a n d fir e -H e l l en ic E u r op e u n er O s i ia n
"
2 in n e .
 C H A P TE R IX

M etal W o rker s an d M egal i t h ic

M o n u me n t s
B ro a d -h e a d s of B
z I ro n z e Age —Th e I r is h Evid enc e —B ro n e n tr o

d d by T d
uce —H w M l w T d —A M l W k i g T ib
ra er s o eta s e re ra c e eta or n r e

D m ii i E g l d S l d d I l d—M i
a no n n n an S l v —Th L
c o t an an re an n e rs a s a es e ot

W k —M g l i h i M m i E gl i h M l y i l d i g
, ,

o f W m o en or ers e a t c onu e nt s n n s e ta -
e n

A —S C i l i B
reas L l i i —E y C l i f E
to n e rc e s n a rre n oca t es a rl o o n es o a s t e rn e r s

i S p i —E gy p i
n a n d B by l i R li t i d wi h B i i h J
an an a d on a n e c s a s s o c a te t r t s et an

B l i Amb A N w Fl i I d y f E
a t c er -
O igi —B i i h B
e ntz n us tr o a s te r n r n r t s ro n e

id i l wi h C
e nt c a i l —A ti F f C mm
o n t n e nta O ig i nc ent u rn a c es o o on r n

S fW h ip d wi h M l —Th M gg G d fS
"
t o n es d o rs a o rne t e ta s e a ot o o to n e

C i l —A i E gy p i B d
o

r c es S h g —E l i A h i D
n c e nt t an ea s at to n e en e ar es t ut en t c ate

i B i i h Hi
n r y—Th Aim f C q
t s s to r e o on u es t s .

I t us e d to b e thought that t h e i n t rod uctio n of m e t a l

worki n g i n to B r i tai n was th e re su l t o f a n i n vasio n of
a l i e n p eopl e s who p a rtl y e xt e r m i n at e d a n d pa rtly e n
,

slav ed t h e lo n g h ead ed N e ol i thi c i n h a bi ta n ts Th i s vi e w

-
.

was bas ed o n t h e e vid e n c e affo rd ed by a n e w t yp e of

“ ”
g rav e k n ow n as t h e R o u n d Ba r row I n g rav e s o f .

thi s class hav e b ee n fou n d B ro n z e A ge re l ics a d is t in c ,

tiv e ki n d of pott e ry a n d sku l ls Of bro a d h eads Th e ,

-
.

i n vasio n of b road h eads u n dou bt edly took pl ac e a n d -

,

th e i r bu ri al custom s sugg e st that th e i r re l i gious b e l i e fs

w e re n o t i d e n tical w ith thos e of t h e lo n g h ea ds -
.

B ut i t re m ai n s to b e p fo v ed t hat th e y w e re t h e actu a l
i n t roduc e rs o f t h e b ro n z e i n dustry Th ey do n o t a pp ea r .

t o hav e r e ach e d I r e la n d wh e r e b ro n z e re l ics a re as ,

s o c iat e d with a lo n g h e a d e d p eopl e of com parati v e ly low

-

statu r e .
88 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
Th e e arly I r ish b ro n z e fo r m s w e re O bvi ously bt a i n e d o

fro m S p a i n , wh i l e e a r ly E n gl ish b ro n z e fo rm s
re s e m bl e

t hos e o f F ra n c e a n d I t aly C utti n g i m pl e m e n ts w e re

.

t h e fi rs t to b e i n t roduc e d Th i s d o e s n o t sugg e st
.

L o n g-h e a d (D o lic h o c e p h alic ) S k u ll

B ro a d h ea
-
d( B rach y p
ce h a l ic ) S k u ll

B o th t h e s e s p men s w ere fo u n
ec i d in Ro u n d B a r ro w s in t h e E a s t Ridin g
of Yo r k s h ir e

that a co n qu e st took plac e Th e i m pl e m e n ts may hav e .

b ee n obtai n e d by t rad e rs B ri t a i n appar e n tly h ad in

.

thos e a n ci e n t ti m e s its tradi n g colo n i e s a n d was visit ed ,

by activ e a n d e n te r p r i si n g s e afare rs .

Th e d iscov e ry of m e tal s in B ri tai n an d I r e la n d was ,

 M ETA L WO R K E R S 39

no dou bt fi rst m ad e by p ros p e ct o rs w h o had o bt a i n e d

,

e x p e ri e n c e in w o r ki n g th e m e ls e wh e re Th ey m ay .

hav e si m ply com e to e xplo it t h e cou n t ry H o w th e s e .

me n co n d ucte d t h e i r i n v e sti ga ti o n s i s i n d ica t e d by t h e

re po r t fou n d in a B r i t ish M us e u m ma n uscript d ati n g ,

fro m about 1603 in wh ich t h e p rosp ector giv e s h is

,

re aso n fo r b e l i e vi n g that g o l d was to b e fou n d o n

C rawfo rd M oo r in La n a rksh i re H e t e l l s tha t h e saw .

“ ”
am o n g t h e rocks what Scottish m i n e rs cal l moth e rs
“ “ ”
a n d E n gl ish m i n e rs l ead e rs o r m e tal l i n e fu m e s .

“ ”
I t was b e l i e v ed t h a t t h e fu m e s a r os e fro m v e i n s of
m eta l an d colou r e d t h e ro cks a s s mok e p assi n g u pwa rd
th rough a tu n n e l bl a ck e n s it a n d l ea v e s t rac e s o n t h e ,

o utsi d e H e p rofess e d to b e abl e to d isti n gu ish b e tw e e n

.

t h e colou rs l e ft by
“
fu m e s of i ro n l e ad , t in co pp e r o r , , ,
“
si l v e r O n C rawford M oo r h e fou n d sparr k e e l a n d
.
, ,
”
b r i m sto n e b e tw e e n rocks a n d re gard e d thi s d iscov e ry as,

a su re i n d ic at i o n tha t gold was in s itu Th e moth e rs .

“ ”
or l e ad e rs w e re mor e p ro n ou n c e d tha n a n y h e had
e v e r s e e n in C o r n wal l Som e rs e tsh i re a b out K e swick o r
, , ,
“ 1
an y oth e r m i n e ral parts wh e re so e v e r I h av e t ra v e l l e d

Gold was fo u n d in th is a re a o f La n a rksh i re in c o n si d e r

a bl e qua n ti t i e s an d was n o dou bt wo r k e d in a n ci e n t
,

t i m es Of s p eci a l i n te re s t in th i s c o n n e c t io n i s t h e fac t
.

t h at i t was p a r t of t h e t e rr it o ry occup i e d by Dam n o n ia n s 2

,

who a p p ea r t o hav e b e e n a m e tal wo r ki n g p e opl e - .

B e si d e s occupyi n g t h e rich es t m e ta l y i e ld i n g a re a in -

Sc o tla n d t h e Dam n o n ia n s w e re loca te d in D e v o n a n d

,

Co r n w a l l a n d in t h e e ast m i dl a n d a n d w e s te r n pa rts o f
,
-

I re l a n d in wh ich gold copp e r a n d t in s to n e w e re fou n d

, , ,
-

a s in south w e st e r n E n gl an d Th e W e l sh Dyf n ein t

-
.

( D e vo n ) is suppos e d by som e to b e co n n e c t e d wi t h a fo r m
o f this t r i bal n am e A n o t h e r fo r m in a Ya r row in s c rip
.

tio n i s D u mn o ge n i I n I r e la n d I n h e t Do mn a n n is th e
.

1 R W C oc h r an e P a t r ic k E a r ly Re cor ds r e l a t in g to M in in g in Sc otl a n d , E in d b u r gh ,

p xxv
. .
,

187 8, . iii .
2 Th e D a m n on ii o r D u m n om i .
go
.
A N C I E N T MAN IN B R I TA I N
Old am e of M alah id e B ay n o rth of D ubl i n D o m n u
n .
,

t h e g e n iti v e of wh i ch i s D o m n a n n was t h e n am e of a n ,

a n ci e n t godd e ss I n t h e I r ish m a n usc r i pts th e s e p eo p l e

.

a re re fe rre d to as F ir d o m n an n
l
a n d ass o ciat e d with t h e
-
,

F ir bol g (t h e me n wi th sacks ) A sack ca r ryi n g p eo p l e

-
.
-

a re r e p r e s e n t e d in S pa n ish rock pai n ti n gs that dat e from

“ ”
t h e Az i l ia n ti l l e arly B ro n z e A ge ti m e s I n a n I rish . .

ma n uscri pt wh ich p rais e s t h e fai r a n d tal l p eopl e t h e ,

Fir bol g a n d F i r d o m n a n n a re i n clud e d a m o n g t h e

- -

black ey e d a n d black hai re d p e opl e th e d e sc e n d a n ts o f

- -
,

“
slav e s a n d ch u rls a n d t h e p rom ot e rs of d isco rd am on g
,
”
t h e p e opl e .

Th e re fe re n c e to slav e s is of Sp ecial i n t e re st b e c a us e
t h e lot of t h e wo r ki n g m i n e rs was in a n ci e n t days a n
e x t re m e ly a r duous o n e ( I n o n e O f hi s col
. l e ct e d r e co rd s
wh ich d escri b e s t h e m e thod of t h e great e st a n tiqu i ty
D io d o ru s Sic u l u s (A D fi rst c e n tu ry ) t e l l s h o w) g o l d
. .

m i n e rs with l ights bou n d o n th e i r fo re h eads d ro v e

, ,

gal l e ri es i n to t h e rocks t h e fragm e n ts of wh ich w e re ,

c a rr i e d o u t by frai l ol d me n a n d b o ys Th e s e w e re .

b rok e n smal l by me n in t h e p ri m e of l ife Th e pou n d e d .

sto n e was th e n g rou n d in h a n d mil l s by wom e n : th re e

“
wo m e n t o a m i l l a n d to e ach of thos e w ho b e ar th i s
”
lot d eath i s b e tt e r tha n l i fe
,
Aft e rwa rds t h e m i l l ed .

q ua rtz was Sp re ad out o n a n i n cl i n e d tabl e M e n th re w .

wate r o n i t wo r k i t th rough th e i r fi n g e rs a n d dabb ed

, ,

i t with spo n g e s u n ti l t h e l i ght e r mat te r was re m o v e d a n d

t h e gold was l e ft b e h i n d Th e p re ci o us m e tal was plac e d
.

in a clay c r uci bl e which was k e p t h e at e d for fi v e days

,

a nd fi v e n ights I t m ay b e tha t t h e Sca n di n av ia n

.

r e fe re n c e s to t h e n i n e m ai d e n s who tu r n t h e ha n d l e O f
“
th e wo r l d m i l l wh ich gri n ds out m e ta l a n d soi l a n d ,

t h e C e ltic r e fe r e n c e s to t h e n i n e m a i d e n s who a re associ

1 Th e Fi d m n a n n w e re k n o w n a s t h e me n wh o u s e t o d ee e n t h e e a r th
“
d p
p
r- o

p
or

it s
"
P ro fe s s o r J
M a c Neil in L a bo r Ga bu l a y
Th e we r e t h u s c a l l ed Diggers
k d dp
. 1 19 , . .

l i e t h e mo d e r n Au s t r al ia n s Th e n a me o f t h e go ddes s r efe r re t o t h e e t h s (t h e U n de r
p bb p fi y d
.
'

w o rl d ) I t is ro a l e s h e w a s t h e e r s o n i c a t io n o f t h e met al - iel in g e a r th
. .
 M ETA L W O R K E R S 9 1

a te d w i t h t h e C e l t ic c a ul d ro n su rviv e fro m b e l i e fs th at ,

r e fl e c t e d t h e habi t s a n d m e thods of t h e a n ci e n t m e t a l

wo r k e rs .

I t i s d i fficu l t n o w t o t rac e t h e va r ious a re as in wh ich

gol d was a n ci e n t ly fou n d in o u r i sla n ds B u t t h i s i s .

n o t to b e wo n d e re d at I n Egy p t th e re w e r e o n c e rich
.

o ld fi e l d s e s p e ci a l ly in t h e E ast e r n D e s e r t wh e re abou t
g , ,

100 squa re m i l e s w e re so tho roughly wo r k e d in a n ci e n t

t i m es t h at
“
o n ly th e m e re st t rac e s of go l d re ai n ” l
m .

Gol d as has b ee n s ta t e d was fo r m e r ly fou n d in south

, ,

w e st e r n E n gla n d No rth Wal e s a n d as h i sto r ical re co rds

, , , ,

a rch ae o logic a l d ata a n d p l ac e n am e s i n d icat e in va r i o u s

, ,

pa rts of Sc o tla n d a n d I re l an d D u r i n g t h e p er io d o f t h e .

“ ”
G reat Thaw a gre at d e al of al l uvial gol d m ust hav e
d ist r i but e d t h roughout t h e cou n t ry S i l v e r was fou n d .

in va r ious p a rts I n S uth e r l a n d i t i s m ix e d wi th gol d

.

as it i s e ls ewh e re wi th l ead C o pp e r was wo rk e d in a .

n u m b e r of districts wh e re t h e v e i n s ca n n ot in m od e r n

t i m e s b e e c o n om ic a l ly wo r k e d a n d t in was fou n d in ,

I re l a n d a n d Scotl a n d as w e l l as in sou th w e ste r n E n gl a n d -

,

wh e re m i n i n g o p e ratio n s d o n o t s ee m to hav e b ee n
b egu n a s P r i n cipal S i r J oh n R hys h as show n u n ti l
,
2
,

a ft e r t h e su p pl i e s of su r fac e t in w e re e xhaust e d Of .

s p e ci a l i n t e re st in c o n n ectio n w ith t h i s p robl e m is t h e

a ssociatio n of m e gal ith ic m o n u m e n ts with a n ci e n t m i n e

wo r ki n gs A n i n t e r e sti n g fact t o b e b o r n e in m i n d in
.

c o n n e cti o n wi th th e s e re l ics of th e acti vi ti e s a n d b e l i e fs

o f t h e e a r ly p e opl e s i s t hat th e y r e p re s e n t a d isti n ct

cul t u re of c o m p l e x cha ract e r M r T E r i c P e e t shows 3

. . .

“
th at t h e m e gal i th ic bu i ldi n gs occu py a v e ry re ma r k
abl e p osi t io n alo n g a v a st s eaboard wh ich i n cl ud e s t h e
M e d ite rra n ea n coast of Afr ica a n d th e Atla n ti c coast of
E u ro p e I n oth e r wo rds th e y l ie e n ti re ly alo n g a
.
,

1 Al fo r dA Repor t on A n c ien t a n d P r osp e c tiv e Gol d M zn in g in E gyp t , and

by
, 1900 ,

M in ing in E gyp t ( E gyp t o l o gis t )

pp
.

2 Ce l t ic B r it a in
44 e t s e q ( 4 t h e d it io n )
L d pp
, . . .

3 Rough Stone M on u men ts , on o n , 19 1 2 , . 4 47 8

-
.
9 2 A N C I E N T MA N IN B R I TA I N
n atu ral s ea rou te H e gi v e s forci bl e rea s o n s fo r a rri v
.

in g at t h e co n cl usio n t ha t “
i t i s i m p ossi bl e to c o n sid e r
m e gal ith ic bu i ldi n g as a m e re p h a s e th ro ugh wh ich
m a n y n a t io n s pass ed a n d i t m ust th e re fo re h a v e b ee n a
,

syste m o r i gi n ati n g wi th o n e rac e a n d sp re a d i n g fa r a n d

,
”
wid e owi n g e i t h e r to trad e i n flu e n c e o r m i g ratio n
, .

H e a dds :
G re a t m o ve m e n t s o f rac e s by s ea w e re n o t by a n y me a n s
u nu s ual in p r i m i t iv e d ay s I n fa c t , t h e s e a h a s a l w ay s b e e n
.

l e s s o f a n o b s t ac l e t o e a r ly man t h a n t h e l a n d wi th it s d e s e rt s ,

mo u n t ai n s a n d u n fo rd a b l e r iv e r s
, . Th e r e is n o t h i n g in
h e re n t l y i mp o s s i b l e o r e v e n i m p ro b ab l e in t h e s u gge s t i o n t h a t
a
g r e a t i m m i gr a t i o n b ro u h t t h e m e a li t h i c m o n u me n t s fro m
g g
Sw e d e n t o I n d i a o r vi c e v e r s a H i s t o ry is fu ll o f i n s t a n c e s
.

o f s u c h m i ra t i o n s
g .

But th e r e m ust hav e b ee n a d e fi n it e re aso n fo r th e s e

rac e m ov e m e n ts I t ca n n ot b e t hat in al l c as e s th ey
.

w e re fo rc e d m e re ly by n atu ral caus e s such as cha n g e s ,

o f cl i mat e i n vasio n s of t h e s ea a n d t h e d ryi n g u p of

, ,

o n c e fe r ti l e d istri cts o r by th e p rop e l l i n g i n fl u e n c e s of

,

st ro n g e r ra c e s in e v e ry cou n try from t h e B r itish I sl e s to

—
Japa n that is in al l cou n t r i e s in which m e g a l ith ic
,

m o n u m e n ts of Si m i la r typ e a re fou n d Th e fact th a t

.

“
t h e m e gal i th i c mo n u m e n ts a re d ist r i but e d alo n g a vast
”
s eaboa rd sugg e sts that th e y w e r e t h e wo r k of p e opl e
who had acqu i re d a cultu r e of com m o n origi n a n d ,

w e re att ract e d to d i ffe re n t cou n tri es fo r t h e sam e r e aso n .

What th a t attractio n was i s i n d icat e d by studyi n g t h e

e l e m e n ts of th e m e g a l ith ic cul tu re I n a l ectu r e d e l iv e re d
.

b e for e th e B r i tish Associati o n in M a n ch e st e r in 19 15 ,

M r W J P e r ry th re w m uch l ight o n t h e probl e m by

. . .

showi n g that t h e c a rri e rs o f t h e cu l tu re p ractis ed w eav i n g

l i n e n a n d in som e cas e s th e u s e of Ty r ia n pu r pl e p ea rls
, , ,

p re cious sto n e s m e tal s a n d co n ch sh e l l t ru m p e ts a s

, ,
-
,

w e l l as cu ri o us b e l i e fs a n d su p e rsti tio n s attach e d to th e

 M E TA L WO R K E RS 93

h i l e th e y adop te d c e rtai n d efi n ite m e tal l u rgic a l

” ’
a s w e l l as m i n i n g M r P e rry s p ap e r was . .

e n tly p u b lish e d by t h e M a n ch e s t e r Li t e rary a n d

3 h ic a l S oci et y I t shows t ha t in W e st e r n E u ro p e
.

al it h ic m o n u m e n t s a re dis t r i but e d in thos e ar e a s

1 a n ci e n t p re Rom a n a n d p re G r e e k m i n e wo rk
- -

1 m e ta l wash i n gs hav e b e e n t rac e d Th e sam e .

” “
indence h e w r i te s
,
s e e m s to hol d in t h e c a s e
,

la n d a n d Wal e s I n t h e l atte r co un try t h e

.

wh e re m e gal i t h i c s t r uc t u re s abou n d a re p re
I os e wh e r e m i n e ra l d e posits a n d a n ci e n t m i n e

S occu r I n E n gla n d t h e g rou pi n g in Cu m b e r

‘

Ve s t mo r l an d N o rth u m b e rla n d D u rham a n d

, , ,

I ir e i s p re ci s e ly t hat of o l d m i n e s ; in Cor n w a l l

[ a l it h ic st r uctu r e s a r e m a i n ly g roup e d w e st of
:h p recis e ly in that di st rict wh e re m i n i n g has
,
”
be e n m ost acti v e .

am b e r co ral j e t & c w e r e s ea rch e d fo r as w e l l

, , , .
,

Is Th e m e gal ith ic mo n u m e n ts n e ar p ea r l i n g
Ln t h e vici n ity of W hitby t h e m ai n sou rc e o f ,

in D e n m a r k a n d t h e B a l t i c a re a wh e r e am b e r
d w e re in al l l i k e l i hood e re ct e d by p eopl e w h o
, ,

e u n d e r t h e sp e l l of t h e sam e a n ci e n t cu ltu r e .

th e re fore w e com e to d eal wi t h g ro ups of

,

n ts in ar ea s wh ich w e re u n su it a bl e fo r a r ic u l
g
u n a bl e to sustai n larg e popula t io n s a rea s o n a b l e ,

n to d raw i s th a t p re cious m e t als p re cious ,

r p e a r l s w e r e o n c e fou n d n ea r t h e m Th e .
-

b ed s m ay hav e b e e n d e stroy ed o r g reatly r e

v a l u e o r t h e m e ta l s may hav e b ee n wo rk e d
1
,

in g but Sl igh t if a n y i n d icati o n that th e y w e re

s itu R e fe re n c e has b e e n m a d e to t h e t rac e s
.

nc ie n t m i n e rs I n E gypt wh e r e n o g o ld i s n o w

h p e a rl in g bd ha e v s u ffe r ed y
g r ea t inj u r in h is t o r ic t imes Th ey th e
x p p
s e s

k
. a re
“
e s a n y in t e re s t in t h e m e c e t t h e
“
e C ro w n a nd n o o ne ta ear l
fo u n d I n ou r o w n da y rich go l d fi el d s in Au stral ia a n d
.

N o rth A m e r ic a h a v e b e e n e xhau st e d I t wou ld b e

.

u n r ea so n abl e fo r u s to suppos e that t h e sam e th i n g d id

n o t hap p e n in o u r cou n try , e v e n al though but sl i gh t

t rac es of t h e p re cious m e tal c a n n o w b e obtai n e d in ar e as

wh ich w e re thoroughl y e xp lo re d by a n ci e n t m i n e rs .

Wh e n e a r ly ma n reach e d Scotla n d in s ea rch o f s u i t

abl e d istri cts in wh ich to s e ttl e h e was n o t l i k e ly to b e
,

att racte d by t h e barr e n or s e m i bar re n ar eas in wh ich

-

n a tu r e grudg e d soi l fo r cu lti v a tio n wh e r e pastu r e la n ds

,

w e re poor a n d t h e coasts w e re lash e d by g re a t bi l lows

fo r t h e g reat e r pa r t of t h e y e a r a n d t h e t e m p e s t s of wi n t e r
,

a n d sp r i n g w e re p a r ticul a r ly s e v e r e Y e t in such plac e s

.

a s Carlow a y fro n ti n g t h e Atl a n tic o n th e w e st coast o f

,

L ewi s a n d at St e n n is in O rk n e y across t h e da n g e ro us
, ,

P e n tla n d F i rth a re fou n d t h e m ost i m posi n g st o n e

,

ci rcl e s n o rth of S to n e h e n g e a n d Av e bu ry Trac e s of .

t in hav e b e e n fou n d in L e wis a n d O r k n ey has yi e ld e d

,

t rac e s of l ead i n cl ud i n g si l v e r l e ad c o p p e r a n d z i n c a n d
,
-
, ,

h a s fl i n t in glacial d r i ft . T ra c e s o f t in hav e l i k e wi s e
b e e n fou n d o n t h e m a i n l a n ds o f R oss sh i re a n d A rgy l l
-

shi re in v a r ious isl a n ds of t h e H e b r id e s a n d in S ti rl i n g

,

sh i re Th e g rea t Sto n e h e n g e ci rcl e is l i k e th e Cal l e r n ish

.

a n d St e n n is ci rcl e s si t uat e d in a s e m i ba rre n a re a

-
but it ,

i s a n a re a wh e re su rfac e t in a n d g o l d w e r e a n c ie n t l v
obta i n e d O n e ca n n ot h e l p co n cl ud i n g tha t t h e e a rly
.

p e opl e who p o p ulate d t h e waste s of a n ci e n t B ri ta i n a n d

,

e re ct e d m e g a l i t h ic mo n u m e n ts w e re att ract e d by som e

,

thi n g m o re ta n gi bl e th a n t h e cha r m s o f sol i tud e a n d

wi l d sc e n e ry Th e y s ea rch e d fo r a n d fou n d t h e th i n gs
.

th ey re qu i red I f th ey fo u n d gol d it m ust b e recog n iz ed

.
,

t h a t th e r e was a psychological m o t iv e fo r t h e s e a rch for

thi s pr e cious m e tal . Th e y val u e d gol d o r wh a t e v e r ,

oth e r m e tal th e y wo r k e d in bl e ak a n d isol a t e d p lac e s ,

b e caus e th ey had l ea r n e d to v a l u e i t e ls e wh e re .

Who w e re t h e p eopl e that fi rst s e a rch e d fo r fou n d , ,

 M E TA L WO R K E RS 95

us ed m e ta l s in W e st e r n E u ro p e ? S o m e hav e
1me d that t h e n a ti v e s th e m s e lv e s d id so a s a matt e r

o u rs e S uch a th eo ry i s how e v e r d i ffi cu l t t o
, ,

n t a in .Gold i s a us e l ess m e t a l fo r al l p rac t ica l p u r

as . I t i s t o o s o ft fo r i m p l e m e n ts B e si d e s it ca n n ot
.
,

ou n d o r wo r k e d e xc e p t by thos e who hav e acqu i re d

'

e at d e al of k n owl e dg e a n d ski l l Th e m e n who fi rst

.

ash e d i t fro m t h e s o i l in B r ita i n m ust h av e obtai n ed

n e c e ssa ry k n o wl e d g e a n d ski l l in a c o u n t ry wh e r e

ra s m o re pl e n tifu l a n d m uch ea si e r to wo r k a nd ,

re — a n d thi s p oi n t is a m o s t i m port a n t o n e — th e
ic a l a n d r e l igi o us b e l i e fs c o n n e ct e d with gold hav e
g
ery d e fi n it e h is t o ry . C o pp e r t in a n d si lv e r w e re
, ,

1 m o re d i fficult t o fi n d a n d w o r k in B r itai n Th e .

e n t p eo pl e who re a ch e d B r i ta i n a n d fi rst work e d

al s o r col l e ct e d or e s w e re n o t t h e p e opl e who w e re

i s to m e d t o u s e i m p l e m e n ts of bo n e ho r n a n d fl i n t , , ,

h ad b ee n att ract e d to its sho re s m e re ly b e caus e fish ,

I d e e r a n d cows w e re n u m e rous
, , , Th e s e a rch e rs fo r
.

al s m ust hav e com e fro m c e n t re s of East e r n c ivi l iza

o r fro m col o n i e s of hi ghly ski l l ed p e o p l e s that

b ee n e st a bl ish e d in W e s te r n E u ro p e Th e y d id .

n e c e ssa r i ly com e to s e t t l e p e r ma n e n tly in B r itai n ,

rath e r to e x p loit its n a tu ra l r ich e s .

h i s c o n cl usio n i s n o m e re hy p o th e sis S i re t t h e
1
.
,

ia n a rch ae o l o gist has d iscov e re d in s o uth e r n Spai n

,

P o rt ug a l t rac e s o f n u m e ro us s e ttl e m e n ts o f E a s t e rn e rs
s ea rch e d fo r m i n e ral s &c lo n g b e fo re t h e in t ro d u c
,
.
,

of b ro n z e w o r ki n g in W e s te rn E u ro p e Th ey cam e .

“ ”
n
g t h e a rch a e o logical Sto n e A g e ; th e y e v e n

d u c e d s o m e o f t h e fl i n t i m p l e m e n ts class e d as
it h ic by th e a rch ae ologi s t s o f a p a st g e n e ra tio n
ZD
.

e s e E a st e r n colo n ists d o n o t a p p ea r t o hav e b e e n a n

n iz e d p e o p l e . S i re t c o n si d e rs t hat th e y w e re m e re ly
p s o f p eo p l e fr om Asia — p rob a bly th e Sy r ia n coast
1 i
1 9 2 1 , c o n ta n s a lo n g ac c o u n t o f h is d is co v
e r ie s .
 96 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
who w e re in co n tact with E gypt D u ri n g t h e E m p i re .

p e r iod of E gyp t th e E gyptia n sph e re of i n flu e n c e

,

e x t e n d e d to t h e bo rd e rs of Asia M i n o r At a n e arl i e r .

p e r iod Babyl o n ia n i n fl u e n c e p e rm e at e d t h e Sy r ia n coast

a n d pa r t of As ia M i n o r Th e r e l igi ou s b e l i efs of s e afa re rs
.

fro m S yri a w e re l i k e ly th e re fore to b ear t rac e s of th e

E g yptia n a n d B abyl o n ia n r e l i gi o us syst e m s E vi d e nc e .

that th i s was th e cas e has b ee n forthco m i n g in S pai n .

at Th e s e E ast e r n colo n i sts n o t o n ly O p e rat e d in Sp a i n

a nd Po rtugal but e stabl ish e d co n tact with No rth e r n
,

E u rop e Th e y e xpo rt e d what th e y had s earch e d fo r

.

a n d fou n d to t h e i r E a st e r n mark e ts N o dou b t th e y .

,

e m ploy e d n ativ e labou r ,bu t th e y do n o t app ear to hav e

i n struct e d t h e n ativ e s how to m ak e u s e of t h e ore s th e y

'

th e ms e l v e s val u e d so h igh l y J I n ti m e th ey w e re
'

e xp e l l e d fro m S pai n a n d Po rtugal by th e p eopl e o r

m ix e d p eopl e s who i n troduc e d t h e worki n g of b ro n z e
a n d m ad e u s e of bro n z e w e apo n s Th es e bro n z e ca r r i e rs .

a n d work e rs cam e from C e n tral E u rop e wh e r e colo n i e s ,

of p eopl e s ski l l e d in t h e arts of m i n i n g a n d m etal wo rk

in g had b e e n e stabl ish e d I n t h e C e n tral E u rop ea n
.

c olo n i e s n e a n a n d Da n u bia n i n fl u e n c e s hav e b e e n

d et e cte d .

Am o n g t h e arch ae ological fi n ds wh ich p rov e that th e ,

E ast e r n e rs s e ttl e d in I b e r i a b efor e bro n z e worki n g was

i n t roduc e d am o n g t h e n ati v e s a re idol l i k e obj ects mad e
,
-

of hi ppopotam us i vory fro m E gypt a sh e l l (D en tal zu m

'

el ep /za n tu m) fro m t h e R e d Se a obj e cts mad e fro m ,

ost r ich e ggs wh ich m ust hav e b ee n carri e d to S p a in

fro m Afr ica a labast e r p e rfu m e flasks cups of m arbl e
, ,

a n d alabast e r of E gyptia n charact e r wh ich had b e e n

sh ap e d w ith copp e r i m pl e m e n ts O ri e n tal pai n t e d vas es ,

1
wi th d e co ratio n s in re d black bl u e a n d gree n m u ra l
, , , ,

p ai n ti n gs o n l ay e rs of pl aste r fe m i n i n e statu e tte s in ,

alabast e r wh ich S i r e t co n sid e rs to be of B abylo n ia n ty p e ,

1 Th e c o l o u rs b lue and gre e n w e re o b t ai n e d fr o m co pp e r.

 M E TA L WO RK E RS 97

r d i ffe r from ZE gea n a n d E gy p tia n statu e tt e s a ,

i c o t ( fou n d in gr a v e s ) r e s e m bl i ng t h e E gyptia n

ru l et ,&c . Th e I b e r ia n bu rial plac e s of th e s e

1 c o lo n i sts hav e arch e d cupol as a n d e n tra n c e
rs of E gyptia n Myc e n a- e a n cha ract e r .

p e c ia l i n t e re st a re t h e b e autifu l ly work e d fl i n ts

te d with th e s e East e r n r e m ai n s in S pai n an d

a! . S i r e t d raws att e n t io n t o t h e fac t that n o t rac e
“ ”
en fou n d of fl i n t factori e s Th i s particular
.

d u s t ry was a n e n ti re ly n e w o n e I t was n o t a
.

m e n t of e a rl i e r fl in t wo r ki n g in I b e ri a
-
Appa r .

1e n ew i n dust ry , wh ich sudd e n ly app ea rs in ful l

on ,was i n t roduc ed by t h e Eas te rn col o n ists I t .

rd s spr e ad ov e r t h e whol e ma r i ti m e w e st i n cl u d ,

an d inav ia wh e re t h e m e tal i m pl e m e n ts of m or e

ed cou n t r i e s w e re i m i tat e d in fl i n t Th i s i m po r
.

: t e m ph a si z e s t h e n e e d fo r cautio n in m aki n g u s e

a t e r m as N e ol i t h ic A ge S i re t s v i e w in thi s
’

: io n i s tha t t h e East e r n e rs who e st a bl ish e d tr a di n g

,

5 in S pai n a n d e ls e wh e r e p r e v e n t e d t h e l ocal u s e
,

wh ich th e y had com e to s e arch fo r a n d e x p o rt .

of th e i r pol i cy to k ee p t h e n ativ e s in ign o r

u s e s to wh ich m etals cou ld be pu t .

has b ee n forthcom i n g tha t t h e op e ratio n s of “

o n ies in S pai n a n d Po rtugal w e re e x

t h e mariti m e n o rth . Ass o ciat e d wi th

al r eady r e fe r r ed to S i re t has di s
,

t h e Bal tic j e t fro m B r itai n (appar

,

b y in Yo r ksh i r e ) a n d t h e g re e n sto n e -

usual ly fou n d in b e ds of t in Th e .

m ust hav e vi si t e d N o rth e r n E u rop e to

rich e s A g ree n sto n e ax e was fou n d
.
-
,

n e a r th e boa t wi th t h e co r k pl ug which ,

Clyd e si l t at Glasgow A rti facts of .

is c o v e re d in B r i tta n y in t h e south of
,

, l a n d in south e ast e r n S pai n I n t h e

-
.

3
9 8 ANCI E NT M AN I N B R I TA I N
l atte r ar e a as S i re t has p rov e d t h e E ast e r n e rs work ed
, ,

s i lv e r b ea ri n g l ead a n d copp e r
-
.

Th e col o n ists app ea r to hav e l i k e wi s e s ea rch e d fo r a n d

fou n d gold A d ia d e m of gold w a s disc o v e red in a
.

n e c ro pol i s in t h e south of S p ai n wh e re so m e e m i n e n t ,

a n ci e n t had b ee n i n t e r re d Th i s fi n d i s how e v e r a n.
, ,

e xc e ptio n . P recious m e tal s do n o t as a ru l e app ear in

t h e g ra v e s of t h e pe r io d u n d e r co n sid e ratio n .

As has b e e n s ugg e st ed t h e East e rn e rs who e xploit e d

,

t h e w e al th o f a n ci e n t I b e r ia k e pt t h e n ativ e s in ign o r
“
a nce . Th i s i g n o ra n c e S i r e t says was t h e guara n t ee ,

o f t h e p rosp e r i ty o f t h e com m e rc e ca r r i e d o n by t h e

st ra n g e rs . Th e fi rst act i o n of t h e E ast o n t h e

W e st was t h e e xp loitati o n fo r i ts e xcl usiv e a n d p e rso n a l
”
p rofit o f t h e v i rgi n r i ch e s of t h e latt e r Th e s e ea rly .

W e st e r n e rs had n o i d e a o f t h e u s e a n d val u e of t h e
m e t a l s lyi n g o n t h e su r fac e of th e i r n ati v e la n d wh i l e ,

t h e O r i e n tal s val u e d t h e m w e r e in n ee d of th e m an d
,

w e re a n xi o us to obt a i n th e m As S i re t pu t s i t .

Th e W es t w as a cow to be milk e d , a s heep t o b e fl e e c ed ,

a fi el d t o b e cu l t iva t e d , a mi n e to be e xp o l i ted .

I n the t ra di t io n s p re s e r v e d by classical writ e rs th e re ,

a re re fe re n c e s t o t h e ski l l a n d cu n n i n g of t h e P h oe n ici an s

in com m e rc e a n d in t h e e xploi tati o n of colo n i e s fou n d e d

,

a mo n g t h e i g n o ra n t I b e r ia n s Th e y d i d n o t i n fo rm .

r ival trad e r s wh e r e th e y fo u n d m e ta ls Fo r m e r ly
“
as St rab o s ays t h e P hoe n icia n s m o n opol iz e d t h e t ra d e
,

fro m Gad e s (C a d iz ) wi th t h e isla n d e rs (of t h e C as s ite r

id e s ) ; a n d th e y k e pt t h e rout e a clos e s e c re t A vagu e ,
.

a n ci e n t t ra di ti o n i s p re s e r v e d by P l i n y who t e l ls th at ,
“
t in w a s fi rs t fe tch e d fro m C as s it e ris (t h e t in isla n d ) by

M id ac r it u s
” 1
W e o w e i t t o th e s e c re ti v e P h oe n ici a n s
.

t ha t t h e p robl e m of t h e C as s ite r id es s t i l l r e mai n s a

d i fficul t o n e to sol v e .

N t H i t V II 56
1 a97 . s , . 1 .
 M E TA L W O R K E RS 99

ae p th e n ativ e p e opl e i g n ora n t t h e East e r ne rs ,

l ie v e s fo rbad e t h e u s e of m e tal s in th e i r o w n
,

A d i re ct re su l t of thi s p ol icy was t h e g reat

me n t wh ich took p lac e in t h e m a n ufactu re of t h e
l fl i n t i m p l e m e n t s al ready re fe r re d to Th e s e .

ve s i m i tat e d , n e v e r d re am i n g that th e y w e r e i m i

o me fo r m s that had b een d e v e lop e d by a p eopl e

d c o p p e r in th e i r o w n cou n t ry Wh e n th e re fo re
.
, ,

u p b ea utiful N e ol ith i c fl in ts w e ca n n ot b e too

,

at t h e sk i l l d is p l a y e d b e lo n gs e n ti re l y to t h e
” ”
A ge , o r that t h e fl in t s e vol v e d fro m e a rl i e r
) r ms in thos e a reas in wh ich th e y a re fou n d .

Eas t e r n e rs d o n o t a pp e a r to hav e e xt ract e d t h e

fro m th e i r o r e s e ith e r in I b e r ia o r in North e rn
Tin sto n e a n d si lv e r b eari n g l e ad w e r e us e d
- -

as t fo r th e i r sh i ps ,
a n d th e y mad e a n cho r s of

! ol d wash e d fro m ri v e r b e ds coul d b e e asi ly

in smal l bul k . A p e opl e who l i v e d by h u n t i n g
l i n g w e r e n o t l i k e ly to b e g re atly i n t e r e st e d in

ro c e s s of gold wash i n g
-
N o r w ere th ey
.

a ttach t o g o ld a m agical a n d r e l igious val u e as

n c ie n t E gy p tia n s a n d S u m e r ia n s .

as c an b e g a th e re d fro m t h e I b e ria n e vi d e n c e ,

( I of e xploi ta t io n by t h e col o n i sts from t h e East

e w h at p rol o n g e d o n e H ow m a n y c e n tu ri e s
.

w e c a n o n ly gu ess .I t i s o f i n t e re st to fi n d ,

n ec t io n, how e v e r that som e th i n g was k n ow n

,

b efo re 2 000 B C r e ga rd i n g t h e n atu ral

. .

11 E u r op e. Tabl e ts hav e re c e n tl y b ee n
h e si te of Asshu r t h e a n ci e n t cap i tal of Assyria
, ,

s o r i gi n al ly a S u m e ri a n s e ttl e m e n t Th es e .

re n c e to t h e E m pi re of S a rgo n of Akkad
( 0 .

a cco r di n g to t ra d i tio n e xt e n d e d fro m

,

t o t h e Sy r ia n coast S a r go n was a
.

“
H e p ou re d out h i s gl o ry ov e r t h e
fou n d a good ma n y y ea rs ago .
 M E TA L WO R K E R S 10 1

:e me n t that pa
t of t h e i n habita n ts of G a u l
r

us b u t tha t som e h ad com e fro m t h e

,
“
a n d d i s t r icts ac ross t h e R h i n e hav i n g ,

fro m th e 1r o w n l a n ds by fre qu e n t wa r s
c h me n ts of t h e oc ea n

u s in g p e o p l e s w h o e st a bl i sh e d ov e r la n d

E u rop e d isplaci n g in som e l ocal i t i e s t h e

,

ste r n e rs an d isolati n g oth e rs m ust h a v e ,

n ati v e s of W e st e r n E u rop e how to m i ne

B ro n z e ap p e ars to hav e b e e n i n t roduc e d

”

y trad e r s . That t h e a n ci e n t B r it o n s d id
.e spo n ta n e ousl y to work co p p e r a n d t in

ire br o n z e i s qu i t e e vid e n t b ecaus e t h e

,

e n s of B r i t ish b ro n z e wh ich h a v e b ee n

e of n i n e ty p e r c e n t of copp e r a n d t e n p e r

) n th e C o n ti n e n t N ow si n c e a k n ow
.
,
”
co m pou n d wrot e D r Ro b e r t M u n ro
,
.
,

e v io u s acqu a i n ta n c e with its co m po n e n t

) l l o w s that p rogr e ss in m e tal l urgy had

i t h e stag e of k n owi n g th e b e st com bi n a

tal s fo r t h e m a n ufactu r e of cutti n g tools
”1
B r ita i n .

in B r i tai n {P ro .

h a s Show n that in E u rop e an d Asia t h e

n g m i n e s an d m e l ti n g m e tal s was i d e n

ti m es
. S u m m a ri zi n g P ro fe sso r Gow
n A r c /zw ol o za a n d t h e
'

g j o u r n a l of th e

1 I n s t it u te M r W J P e r ry w r it e s
, . . .

on
2 “
Th e fu r n a c e s e m p loy e d w e re
ci bl e s w e re of th e sam e m at e r ial a n d ,

sam e fo r m ; t h e p ro c e ss of sm e l ti n g ,

e a n d th e n in t h e c r uci bl e s was fo u n d

p e rsis t i n g dow n to p re s e n t ti m e s in

G e ogv a f h /c a l D is t r i bu t io n f Al ega l ztk fc M on u m e n t s

'
'
o
10 2 ANCI ENT MAN I N B R I TA I N
th e a bs e n c e of a n y fr e sh cu ltu ral i n fl u e n c e Th e study
.

of t h e t e ch n i qu e of m 1n 1n g a n d s m e l ti n g has s e r v e d to
co n sol i d at e t h e floati n g m ass of facts wh ich w e hav e
accu m ulat e d a n d to ad d s u pport fo r t h e c o n t e n t io n th a t
,

o n e cultu ra l i n fl u e n c e i s re spo n si bl e fo r t h e e a r l i e st
m i n i n g a n d s m e l ti n g a n d wash i n g of m e tal s a n d t h e
g e tti n g of p re cious sto n e s a n d m e ta l s ) Th e caus e o f
.

t h e d istri bu t io n of t h e m e gal i th ic cu l ture was t h e s ea rch

”
fo r c e rtai n fo r m s of m at e ri al w eal th .

Th a t c e rt a i n of t h e m egal ith ic m o n u m e n ts w e r e in
t imat e l y co n n e ct e d wi th t h e p e opl e who attach e d a
r e l igious val u e to m e tal s i s b rought ou t v e ry fo rci bly in
"
t h e r efe re n c es to pag an custo m s a n d b e l i e fs in e a r ly

Ch ri stia n Ga e l ic l it e ratu re Th e re are stat e m e n ts in t h e

.
—

Liv e s of St Pa t r i ck r e gard i n g a paga n god cal l e d C e n n

.

C r uach a n d C ro m C ruach whos e sto n e statu e was

” ”

ador n e d with gol d a n d si l v e r a n d su rrou n d e d by

,

tw e l v e oth e r statu e s with b ro n z e o r n am e n ts ”

. Th e
“ ” “ ”
statu e i s cal l e d t h e ki n g idol of E ri n and i t i s
,

stat e d t hat t h e tw e l v e idol s w e re m ad e of sto n e bu t h e ,

Cro m C ruach was of gold ”

. To th is god of a sto n e
“
ci rcl e w e re offe r ed u p t h e fi rs tl in gs of e v e ry issu e an d
t h e ch i e f sci o n s of e v e ry cla n A n oth e r idol Was cal l e d
C ro m D u bh ( B lack C rom
“
an d h i s n a m e
“
i s sti l l
co n n e ct e d O C u rry has w r i tt e n
’
,
wi th th e fi rst S u n day
o f August in M u n st e r a n d C o n nau ght A n U lst e r
i d ol was c a l l ed C ro m C h o n nail l wh ich was e ith e r a
,
“
l ivi n g a n i m al o r a t ree o r w as b e l i e v e d to hav e b e e n
,

O C u rry says D e J u bai n v il l e tra n sl a t e s Can n

’
such .

“
Cr am Cr u ac h as
”
Cr u ac h as B lo o dy H ead and

B loody C u rb o r B loody C resc e n t

” “ ”
O C u rry o n
’
,

t h e oth e r ha n d , t ra n slat e s Cr am Cr u ac h as
“
B loo dy
“
M a ggot a n d Cr am D u b/z as
”
B l a ck Maggo t In
“ “
Ga e l i c l eg e n ds m aggots o r wo r m s a re re fe r red to
as form s of sup e r n a t u ral b e i n gs Th e maggot wh ich
.

ap p ear ed o n t h e fl e sh of a sl ai n a n i m al w as ap p a re n tly
 M E TA L WO R K E R S 10 3

as a fo r m a ssu m e d by t h e i n d e s t ruc t i bl e
n ew

t a s in t h e E gy p t ia n s t o ry o f B a ta t h e g e r m o f
S from h is bu l l fo r m in a d ro p o f bl o o d fro m

70 t re e s sp r i n g u p a n d t h e n in a ch i p fr o m o n e
,

re e s fro m which t h e ma n i s r e s t o re d in hi s
fo r m 1
. A si m i la r b e l i e f wh ich i s wi d e sp rea d , ,

ae s h a v e th e i r o ri gi n a s m aggo t s p l ac e d in t re e s .

m of t h e s to ry w a s t a k e n ov e r by t h e e a rly
IS,
which t e l ls t h a t J e sus w as t rav e l l i n g wi t h
1d Pau l a n d a sk ed hospital i ty fro m a n o l d
Th e woma n re fus e d it a n d st ruck P a u l o n t h e
V h e n t h e wou n d p u t r ifi e d maggots w e re p ro
J e sus t o o k t h e m a ggo t s fro m t h e wou n d a n d
l e m in t h e h o l low of a t re e W h e n n e xt t h e y .

“
hat w a y J e sus d i re c te d Pau l to l o o k in t h e
,

ow wh e re t o hi s su r p r is e h e fo u n d b e e s a n d
, ,
” 2
Dr u n g fro m h i s o w n h e ad Th e custo m of .

“ ”
c ra p e o n h iv e s a n d t e l l i n g t h e b ee s wh e n a
{e s p lac e wh ich sti l l su rv iv e s in t h e sou t h o f
,

a n d in t h e n o rt h of Scotla n d a pp ea rs to b e ,

h e a n ci e n t b e l i e f th a t t h e m aggo t b ee , ,

n n ec t e d with t h e sac re d a n i mal a n d t h e

e in wh ich w a s t h e s p i r it o f a d e i ty S a c re d .

sacr e d sto n e s w e re i n t i mat e ly co n n e c te d .

ls us t h at t h e Roma n s i n va d e d M o n a (A n gl e
d e st ro y e d t h e sac re d g ro v e s in wh ich t h e
n d bl a ck rob e d p r i e st e ss e s cov e r e d t h e a lt a r s
-

blo o d of ca p tiv e s 3
Th e re are a n u m b e r o f
.

o n th is isl an d a n d t rac e s o f a n ci e n t m i n e
d ic a t in g t h at it had b ee n o ccu p i e d by t h e
re rs w h o c o l o n i z e d B rit a i n a n d I r e l a n d a n d

tal s ; L A c o n n e ctio n b e tw ee n t h e t re e cul t o f

.

a n d t h e cu l t o f t h e bu i l d e r s of m e gal i t hs i s

f r o m t h e h ea r t of a d ea d P h ce n ix , a nd ga v e o r igin to a n ew x
P h oen i .

Th e A s c e n t of Oly mp u s , p . 2.
 10 4 A N CI E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
thu s sugg e st e d by Tacitus as w e l l as by t h e I r i sh
,

ev i de nce re g a rd i n g t h e U l ste r idol C ro m C h o n n ail l ,

r e fe r re d t o abov e s e e al so Chapt e r X I I )
( .

f W h o w e re t h e p e opl e that fol l o w ed th e e a rl i e s t

East e r n e rs a n d v i si t e d ou r Sho re s to s ea rch l ik e th e m
fo r m e tal s a n d e re ct m e g a l i th ic mo n u m e n ts ?
s i bl e to a n sw e r th at q u e s t io n wi th c e rtai nt y Th e re
(
f t I S imp o s
.

w e re aft e r t h e i n trod uctio n of b ro n z e wo rki n g as has b e e n ,

i n d icat e d i n t r usio n s o f al i e n s Th e s e i n cl ud e d th e i n t ro
, .

d u c e rs of t h e sho rt b a rrow m e thod of bu r ial a n d t h e l a t e r

-

i n t roduc e rs of bu r i a l by c re m atio n I t d o e s n o t fol l o w

.

t h a t al l i n t rusio n s w e re th o s e of co n qu e ro r ! T ra d e r s
s
a n d a r tisa n s ma hav e com with th e i r fam i l i e s in la rg e
y e

n u m b e rs an d m i n gl e d w i th t h e e a r l i e r p eo pl e s Som e .

i n t r ud e rs app ea r to h a v e com e by ov e rla n d rout e s from

s o uth e r n an d c e n t ral F ra n c e a n d fro m C e n t ral E u ro p e
a n d t h e Da n u b e val l e y wh i l e oth e r s cam e ac ross t h e s ea
,

fro m S p a i n That a re gular ov e r s eas t rad e rout e was

.
- -

in e xis t e n ce i s i n d icat e d by t h e re fe re n c e s mad e by

classic a l wri t e rs to t h e C as s ite r id e s (Tin I sla n ds ) .

“
S t rab o t e l l s th at t h e n ati v e s barte re d t in an d h id e s
”
with m e rcha n ts for pott e ry s a l t a n d a r t icl e s o f b ro n z e
, , .

Th e P h oe n ici a n s a s has b e e n n o t e d
, m o n o p o l iz e d t h e
,

t rad e fro m Gad e s (C ad iz ) w ith th e i sl a n d e rs a n d k e pt t h e

rout e a clos e s e c r e t
”
I t was p ro bably alo n g th i s s ea
.

rout e t hat E gyptia n bl u e b e ads r e a ch e d B r i t a i n P ro .

fes s o r Sayc e has id e n ti fi e d a n u m b e r of th e s e in D e vi z e s

M us e u m a n d w r i t e s
,

Th ey a re me t wi t h
p l e n t i fu lly in t h e E a r ly B r o n z e Ag e

t u mu li o f W il t s h i re in a s s o c iat i o n wi t h a mb e r b e ad s a n d
b a r re l s h a p e d b e ad s o f j e t o r li gn i t e
-
Th re e o f t h e m c o me
.

fr o m St o n e h e n ge i t s e l f Si mil a r b e a d s o f iv o ry h av e b e e n
.

fo u n d in a B r o n z e Age c i s t n e a r W a r m i n s t e r : if t h e m at e r i al
is r e a lly iv o ry it m u s t h av e b e e n d e r iv e d fro m t h e E as t Th e .

c yl in d r i c a l fa i e n c e b e a d s it may b e a d d e d h av e b e e n d is
, ,

c o v e r e d in D o r s e t s h i r e a s w e ll a s in W il t s h i r e
”
.
 M ETA L WORKE RS 19 5

P ro fe sso r S ayc e e m p h a siz e s t h at t h e s e bl u e b ead s

“
b e lo n g t o o n e p a rti cu la r p e r io d in E gy p ti an h is to ry ,

t h e l a tt e r p a r t o f t h e E ight e e n th Dy n a sty a n d t h e ea r l i e r
p a rt o f th e N i n etee n th Dy n asty Th e p e r i o d to .

wh ich th e y b e lo n g m y b e d at e
a d 1
4 5 0 —1 2 50 B C . .
,

B ea d s fro m B ro n z e A ge B a rr o w s on Sal is b y
ur P l a in

Th e l a r ge c e n t r al b ea d a n d the ma ll r o u n d o n es a re o f m b th e lo ng pl a in
p
a er;

db d b
s

o n e s a re o f j et ; and the l o ng m e n t ed
s eg o r n o tc h e ea s a re o f a n o a qu e l ue
su b s ta nc e ( faien c e) .

we m ust al low s o m e ti m e tOr t h e i r passag e ac ro ss t h e

t ra d e rout e s to W i ltshi re a n app roxi m at e d a t e fo r t h e i r
p res e n c e in t h e B ritish barrows wi l l be 1300 B C ”
. .

D r H R Hal l of t h e B r itish M us e u m who di s

.

‘
. .
, ,
“
cov e re d at D e i r e l Bahari in Egypt thous a n ds of bl u e
,
-
,

glaz e b e ads o f t h e e xact particu l a r ty p e o f thos e fou n d

” “
in B r i tai n says that th e y dat e back ti l l ab o u t 1500
,

B C
. . H e n ote d t h e re s e m b l a n c e b e fo re P rofe sso r
10 6 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
“
S ayc e h ad w r i t t e n I t i s g rati fyi n g
. h e co m m e n t s ,

th a t t h e P rofe ss o r ag re e s th at t h e D e v iz e s b e a d s a re
u n doub te d ly E gyptia n a s a n i m po rta n t voic e i s th e re by
,

add e d to t h e co n s e n sus of opi n io n o n t h e subj ec t .

“
S i m i la r b e ads hav e b ee n fou n d in t h e M iddl e B ro n z e
A ge in Cr e t e a n d in W e st e r n E u rop e D r Hal l .

th i n ks t h e E gy p tia n b ea d s may hav e r e ach e d B r itai n

as ea r ly as a bout 1400 B C W e hav e thus p rov i d ed
. .

'

fo r u s a n e a r ly d a t e in B r i t ish h is to ry bas e d o n t h e ,

w e l l a uth e n tic a t e d ch ro n ol o gy of t h e E m pi re p e r iod o f

A n ci e n t E gypt East e r n e rs o r t rad e rs in touch wi t h
.
,

East e r n e rs r e ach e d o u r sho re s ca r ryi n g E gy p t ia n b eads

,

shortl y b e fo re o r e a rly in t h e fo u rt ee n th c e n t u ry B C . .

At th i s ti m e a m b e r was b e i n g i m po rt e d i n to th e sou t h
of E n gl a n d fro m t h e Baltic wh i l e j e t was b e i n g ca rr i e d
°

,
-

fro m W h itby in Yo rksh i re .

Afte r th e i n t roductio n of b ro n z e worki n g in W e st e r n

E u ro p e t h e n a t iv e s b e ga n to wo r k a n d u s e
Th e s e could n o t hav e b e e n C e l ts fo r in t h e fou rt e e n th ,
_

c e n tu ry B C t h e C e lts h ad n o t y e t reach e d W e s te rn
. .

E u rop e 2
Th e e a rl i e st s ea rch e rs fo r m e tal s who vi si t e d
.

B r i ta i n m ust th e re fo re hav e b ee n t h e co n g e n e rs of thos e

who e r e cte d th e m ega l i th i c m o n u m e n ts in t h e m etal
y i e ld i n g a re as of S pai n a n d Portugal a n d n o rt h w e st e r n -

F ra n c e .

I t wou ld a p p ea r that t h e e a r ly E a s te rn e rs e x p l o i t e d
t h e vi rgi n r ich e s of W e st e r n E u ro p e fo r a lo n g p e r io d
p e rhaps fo r ov e r a thousa n d y ea rs an d th a t a ft e r th e i r -
,

S p a n ish colo n i e s w e re b rok e n up by a b ro n z e usi n g -

p e o p l e fro m C e n t ral E u rop e t h e k n owl edg e of how t o ,

wo r k m e tal s spr ea d a mo n g t h e n ativ e s Ov e r la n d t rad e .

r out e s w e r e th e n O p e n e d u p At fi rst th e s e w e re co n t rol l e d

.

in W e st e r n E u rop e by th e I b e r ia n s I n ti m e t h e C e lts .

1 The j au r na l of Egy p t ia n A r c h e ol ogy V o l I p I pp a rt 8 -

19 .

y v
. .
, , . 1

2 I t m a y b e t h a t C el t ic c h ro n o l o g w ill h a e t o be j
r e a d u s t ed in t h e l igh t o f r ec e n t

d is co v e n e s .
 M ETA L WO R K E RS 19 7

: wa rd a n d fo r me d wi t h th e n a t iv e s m ix e d
as o f C e l t i b e r i a n s . Th e E aste rn e rs a pp ea r t o
u ra t e d a n e w e ra in W e st e r n E u ro p e a n com

t h e i n t roductio n of i ro n w o r ki n g Th ey h ad
.

t h e sou t h a n d w e st of E u ro p e a n d o n t h e
c a n c o as t , a n d obta i n e d su p pl i e s o f m e t als ,

1 . Th e y k e p t th e s ea rout e s s e c ret B r i t ish

-
.

w e r e c a rr i e d to Spai n a n d Ca rt h ag e Aft e r .

sit e d B r i t a i n (s e e n e xt ch a p t e r) t h e o v e r l a n d

t o Ma rs e i l l e s w as op e n e d u p S uppl i es of
.

h avi n g b e c o m e e xh a us te d t in m i n e s w e re
,
-

C o rn wal l Th e t rad e o f B r i ta i n t h e n ca me
.

o n t ro l o f C e l t i b e r i a n an d C e l t i c p e o p l e s w h o ,

ed t h e i r k n o wl e d g e of sh i pbu i l d i n g a n d
‘

from t h e E a st e rn e rs a n d t h e m ix ed d esc e n
ast e r n a n d I b e r i a n p e opl e s .

l O l fo l l o w t h a t t h e e a r ly a n d la t e r East e r n e r s
‘
.

o n e physic a l ty p e Th e y n o doubt b r o ught

.
, ,

th e i r slav e s i n cl udi n g m i n e rs a n d s e a m e n
, ,

1 v a r ious cou n t r i e s wh e re th e y had b e e n u

p r

d uct e d .

w h o co n trol l e d t h e a n ci e n t t rad e w e re n o t
p e rma n e n t s e ttl e rs in W este rn E u rop e .

c a rr i e rs of b ro n z e fro m C e n t ra l E u rop e
n t ro l of t h e I b e r i a n c o lo n i e s ma n y t rad e r s
,

t o o t h e r cou n t r i e s but m a n y colo n i sts a n d

, ,

wo rk e rs may h av e b ecom e t h e slav e s of

,

a s d id t h e Fi r bol gs o f I re l a n d who w e re

e C e l ts . Th e Dam n o n i a n s o f B ri ta i n a n d
m i n e ral a reas may h av e b ee n a
ic o r C e l t i b e r i a n p eo pl e U l ti .

c a m e as d id t h e l at e r N o r ma n s a n d
, ,

a r is toc ra ci e s o ver p e o p l e s o f m ix e d
d e a t h at e a ch i n t r usi o n i n v o l v e d t h e
e a r l i e r p eo pl e s is a t h eo ry wh ich d o e s

m an u
sc r i pts of classical w r it e rs of fol k t rad itio n a n d 0
, , ,

in g rac e typ es in d i ffe r e n t a re as in B r itai n a n d I

A p eo p l e who e xt e rm i n at e d thos e th ey c o n
woul d hav e robb e d th e m s e l v e s of t h e ch i e f fr
co n qu est . I n a n ci e n t as in lat e r ti m e s t h e
c o n q u e st w as t o obtai n t h e s e rvi c e s of a su bj e ct
an d t h e co n trol of trad e .
 C H A P TE R X

C elts an d I be ri an s as I n t ru d e r s an d
T rad e r s
F w I v i e i Y n — B d h d —Th C m i g
as o n s n 1000 ea r s roa - ea s e re at n

P pl —A N w R l igi —C l i P pl i B i i —Th C i l
eo e e e on e t c eo e n r ta n e o nt n e nta

C l —W C l D k
e ts F i ? —F i Ty p i B i i d I l d
e re e ts ar or a r a r es n r ta n an re a n

C l
e ts P k T d —Th A i Ti T d —E ly E pl
as or ra e rs e n c ent n ra e ar x o re r s

Py h t d H imil —Th C
eas an i id —Ti M i d S f
co Ti e as s te r es n n es an ur ac e n

C i h Ti —M l i H b id
o rn s n d I l d —L d i O k
eta s y D k n e r es an re an ea n r ne -
ar

P pl i H b id
eo e d O k y —C l i A —H m i C iv il iz i
n e r es ani r ne e t c rt o er c at o n n

B i i d I l d —W h y R m w C q
r ta n an re a n o a ns e re on uero rs .

Th e b e gi n n i n gs of t h e B ro n z e I ro n Ag e s in B r itai n and

a re acco rd i n g to t h e ch ro n ol o gy favou re d by a rch ae

,

ologists s e pa rat e d by about a thousa n d y e ars D u r i n g

, .

thi s l o n g p e riod o n ly two o r th ree i n vasio n s app e a r to

hav e tak e n plac e b u t i t i s u n c e rtai n as h as b e e n i n d icat e d
, , ,

wh eth e r t h e s e c a m e as sud d e n outbu rs t s fro m t h e C o n

t in e n t o r w e re si m ply g ra d ual a n d p eac e ful in fi l t rat io n s
of trad e rs an d s e ttl e rs W e rea l ly k n o w n oth i n g about .

t h e b road h ead e d p e opl e who i n troduc e d t h e rou n d

-

ba rrow syst e m o f bu rial o r o f t h e p e opl e who c re ,

m at ed th e i r d ead Th e latt e r b e c a m e pre dom i n a n t in

.

sou t h w este r n E n gla n d a n d p a rt of Wal e s I n t h e n o rth

-
.

of E n gla n d t h e c re mati n g p eo p l e w e re l e ss n u m e rous .

I f th e y w e r e co n qu e rors th e y m ay hav e as has b ee n sug ,

ge s t e d re pr e s e n t e d m i l i ta ry a r is tocraci e s I t may be
, .
,

how e v e r o n th e oth e r ha n d th a t th e c re m atio n custo m

, ,

had in som e are as mo re a r e l igious t ha n a racial s ign ifi

109
1 10 ANCI ENT MAN I N B R I TA I N
ca n c e Th e b e l i e fs associat e d with c re matio n of t h e
.

d e a d may h a v e spr e a d fa rth e r th an t h e p e opl e who in

t ro d u c e d t h e n e w re l i gio n I t woul d ap p ea r t hat t h e habi t .

of bu r n i n g t h e d ead was a n e xp res s s io n of t h e b e l i e fs

that soul s w e re t ra n s p o rt e d by m ea n s of fi re to t h e Oth e r
w o rl d p arad is e As m uch i s i n d icat e d by G re e k e v id e n c e
. .

’
Ho m e r s h e ro e s bu r n e d th e i r d e ad a n d wh e n t h e ghost ,

of P at ro k l o s a pp ea re d to h i s fr i e n d Ach il l e s in a d re am ,
“
h e s a id : Tho u sl e e p est a n d hast fo rgott e n me O , ,

Ach i l l e s N ot in m y l ife wast thou u n m i n dful of me

.
,

b ut in m y d eath B u ry me with al l sp ee d that I m ay

.
,

p ass t h e gate s of H ad es Far off t h e spi r i ts b a n ish me .

,

t h e p ha n tom s of me n o u t wo r n n o r suffe r me to m i n gl e ,

wi t h th e m b eyo n d t h e R i v e r bu t vai n ly I wa n d e r alo n g ,

t h e wid e g a t e d dw e l l i n g of H a d e s
-
Now gi v e me I p ray .
-

p itifu l ly of th ee thy h a n d for n e v e r m ore aga i n shal l

, ,

I com e b ack fro m H ad e s wh e n y e hav e gi v e n me my ,

d u e of fi re
” 1
Th e A rab trav e l l e r I b n H a u ka l who
.
,

d e sc r i b e s a t e n th c e n tu ry c re m atio n c e re mo n y at K i e ff
-
,

was add re ss e d by a R uss who said : As fo r you A rabs ,

you a re m ad fo r thos e w h o a re th e m ost d e a r to you

, ,

a n d who m you ho n ou r m ost you p lac e in t h e g rou n d , ,

wh e re th ey wi l l b ecom e a p rey to wo r m s W h e re as with ,

u s th e y a re bu rn e d in a n i n sta n t a n d go st rai ght to

” 2
P a radi s e .

Th e c re mati n g p e opl e who sw e pt i n to G ree c e a n d ,

b e c a m e th e ov e r lo rd s of t h e e a rl i e r s e ttl e rs w e re re p re
-
,

s e n te d in t h e w e st e rn m o v e m e n t of t ri b e s towa rds Gau l

a nd B r i tai n I t i s u n c e rtai n wh e re t h e c re m ati o n
.

cus t om h ad o r igi n App a re n tly i t e n t e re d E u rop e fro m .

Asi a Th e V e d ic A rya n s who i n vad e d N o rth e rn I n di a

.

wo rsh i p p e d th e fi re go d Ag n i who was b e l i e v e d to c a rry -

,

s o u l s to P a rad i s e ; t h e y c re mat e d th e i r d ead a n d com

1 I l ia d XX III ( ang L eaf L a nd M y— '

t r a n s l a t io n , p
75
pp
, . , , e rs .

2 The My th o l ogy of t h e E dd a s 538 9 ( Tr a nm ot io f th e R oy a l Soc ie ty of L ite r a

X II
, . ns o

tu re , s ec o n d s e r ie s , Vol ). .
 CE LTS A N D I B E R I A N S 111

b in e d wi t h i t t h e p ra c t ic e of s u ttee that i s o f bu r n i n g , ,

t h e wid o ws o f t h e d e a d I n G au l h o w e v e r as w e
.
, ,

ga t h e r fro m J ul i us C a sa r o n ly t h o s e wi d o ws sus p e c t e d o f
,

b e i n g co n c e r n e d in t h e d eath o f t h e i r husba n ds w e re
bu rn e d . Th e No rs e m e n how e v e r w e re a cqu a i n t e d
, ,

wi t h s u ttee I n o n e of t h e V olsu n g l ays B ry n h i l d r i d e s

.

t o wards t h e p y r e o n wh ich S i gu rd is b e i n g bu r n e d a n d ,

c a sts h e rs e lf i n t o t h e fla m e s Th e R ussia n s s t ra n gl e d
.

a n d bu r n e d wi d ows wh e n g re a t me n w e re c re m a t e d .

Th e c re ma t i n g p eo p l e e rec t e d m e ga l i t hi c mo n u m e n ts ,

som e of wh ich c o v e r t h e i r g rav e s in B r i tai n a n d e l s e

wh e re .

I n so me d ist r i cts t h e i n trud e rs o f t h e B ro n z e A ge

w e re t h e ea rl i e st s e ttl e rs Th e e vid e n c e of t h e g rav es in
.

B uch a n Ab e rd e e n sh i re fo r i n s t a n c e shows that t h e

, , ,

b roa d h eads colo n iz ed th at a rea I t m ay b e that l i k e

-
.
,

t h e lat e r N o rs e m e n b a n d s o f p eo p l e sought fo r n e w
,

hom es in cou n t r i e s wh e re t h e st r uggl e fo r e xist e n c e

would b e l ess a rd uous th a n in th e i r o w n wh ich suffe re d ,

fro m o v e r p o p ul at io n a n d di d n o t l a n d a t p o i n t s wh e re
,

re sist an c e w a s O ffe re d t o th e m Ag r icul tu r ists w o uld n o

.
,

d oubt s e l e ct a re as su i ta bl e for t h e i r m o d e of l i fe a n d
,

fav o u r r iv e r v a l l eys whi l e s eafa re rs a n d fish e r m e n

,

w o uld cl i n g to t h e c o asts Th e t e n d e n cy o f fish e r m e n

.

a n d a g ri cultu r i sts to l iv e a pa r t in s e pa rat e c o m m u n iti e s

h as p e rsist e d ti l l o u r o w n ti m e Th e re a re fish i n g .

v i l l age s a l o n g t h e ea st c o ast of S c o tla n d t h e i n habi ta n ts

of which ra re ly i n t e r ma rry with t hos e who d raw th e i r
m ea n s of sust e n a n c e from t h e la n d .

D uri n g t h e B ro n z e A ge C e ltic p e o p l e s w e re fi l te r
in g i n t o B r it a i n fro m G a ul Th e y a p p ea r to h a v e com e
.

o r igi n al ly from t h e D a n ub e a re a a s c o n qu e rors who

i m p o s e d th e i r r ul e o n t h e p eo p l e th e y subj e ct e d Li k e .

t h e A c h ma n s w h o ov e r ra n G r e e c e t h e y s e e m to hav e
o rigi n al ly b ee n a vi go ro us pasto ra l p e opl e w h o had
h e rds of p igs w e re ho r s e tam e rs us ed cha riots a n d
,
“ ”
-
, ,
 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
w e re fi e rc e a n d i m p e tuou s in battl e I n ti m e th e y
.

c ross e d t h e R h i n e a n d occup i e d Gau l Th e y ov e rcam e .

t h e Et r usc a n s .I n 390 B C th e y sack e d Rom e

. . Th e i r .

i n vasio n of G re ec e occu r re d in t h e th i rd c e n tu ry but ,

th e i r att e m pt to r e ach D e l ph i was fr ust rat e d C ro s s m g .

i n to Asia M i n or th e y s e cu re d a fo o ti n g in t h e a rea
subs e qu e n tly k n ow n as th e i r d esc e n da n ts
th e re w e re add r ess ed in a n e pi s t l e by St Paul . .

L i k e th e Ach aea n s t h e C e lts app ea r t o hav e abso r b e d

,

t h e cultu re of t h e {E ge an ar e a a n d that of t h e AEgea n

colo n y at Hal l stat t in Aus tr ia Th e y w e re wi t hal t h e
.

“ ”
ca r ri e r s of t h e La T en e I ro n A ge cu l tu re to B r i tai n
a n d I re la n d Th e pott e r s wh e e l was i n t roduc e d by
’
.

th e m i n to B ritai n d u r i n g t h e a rch ae ologic a l ea rly I ro n

A ge . I t i s possi bl e that t h e cr e ma t i n g p eop l e of t h e
“
B ro n z e A ge w e re a C e ltic p eopl e B u t la t e r wav e s .
”

of th e fighti n g chari ot ee rs d id n o t c re m at e th e i r d e ad .

S ha rp d iffe re n c e of Opi n io n ex i sts b e tw e e n schola rs

r e ga rdi n g t h e C e lts So m e i d e n ti fy th e m wi th t h e da rk
.

hai re d b road h ead e d A r m e n oids a n d oth e rs wi t h t h e

,
-
,

tal l a n d fai r lo n g h ead e d p eopl e of N o rt he r n E u ro p e

-
.

I t i s possi bl e that t h e C e l ts w e re n o t a pu re rac e but ,

rath e r a co n fe d e racy of p e opl e s who w e r e i n fl u e n c e d at

d iffe r e n t p e ri o ds by d i ffe re n t cu ltu re s That som e s e c

.

tio n s w e re co n fe d e ra ci e s or sm al l n atio n s of bl e n d ed
p e o p l e i s m ad e e vid e n t by classic re fe re n c e s to t h e
C e l t i b e ri a n s th e C e l to Scyth ia n s th e C e l to —
,
-
, L igye s t h e ,

C e l t o Th r a cia n s a n d t h e C e lti l ly r ia n s
-
, O n re ach i ng
.

B rit a i n th e y m i n gl e d with t h e ea r l i e r s e ttl e rs form i n g ,

m i l ita ry a ri stoc raci e s an d do m i n ati n g la rg e a reas Th e

, .

fai r C a l e do n ia n s of S cotla n d had a C e l ti c t ri b a l n am e ,

a n d us e d chariots in bat t l e l i k e t h e C o n ti n e n t a l C e l ts
—
.

Two C l e do ia n a n p e rso l am e s
n a n a re k n o w n C al gac u s
sw o rdsma n a n d A rge n to c o x u s wh i t e In
I r e la n d th e p re dom i n a n t tri b es b e fo re a n d d u r i n g t h e
e arly Ro ma n p e r iod w e r e of s i m i lar typ e Q u e e n M e av e
.
We a p o n s and j
R e l ig io u s O b e c ts ( B r it is h
'

M u s e u m)
at e
d c el t s ,
s u n d is c
-
b ro n ze
e a r s , w h ic h w e r e w o r n
p
d a g ge r , s w o rd a n d s ea r-h e a d s fr o m Th a m es t w o r o n z
o n a r mo u r ; zb ; b e

v b k
“
ro n e s u n -d rs c f ro m
1a l k d r u m fr o m g r a e (Yo r k shire ), w it h o r n a me n t a t io n s h o w in
1d r e w s C ro s s s m o l s

7)
'

y b vg u t ter fl
; w a r r io r w it h s h ie l d , fr o m ro c k c a r in g ( De n m a r ) .
y

113 9
 11
4 A NC I E NT MAN IN B R I TA I N
of C o n n aught was l i k e Q u een B oadic ea of th e I c e n i , a 1

fai r hai r e d wom a n who rod e to battl e in a cha r iot

-
.

Th e Co n ti n e n tal t rad e rout e s u p t h e Da n u b e a n d

Rho n e val l e ys l e adi n g towa rd s B r itai n w e re fo r som e
c e n tu ri e s u n d e r t h e co n t rol of t h e C e lts I t was n o .

dou bt to o bta i n a co n t rol ov e r t rad e th a t th ey e n t e re d

B ri tai n a n d I r e la n d O n t h e Co n ti n e n t th e y e n gag e d
.

in p o r k cu r i n g a n d suppl i e d R o m e a n d i n d e e d t h e
,

wh o l e of I tal y with s m o k e d a n d sal t e d baco n D r . .

S u l l i va n t e l l s that am o n g t h e a n ci e n t I ri sh t h e g e n e ral
fo r baco n was tzm
' '

n am e S mok e cu re d h a m s a n d .
-

“
' '

fl itch e s w e re c a l l e d tzn ezccas wh ich i s al m ost id e n tical ,

in fo r m wi t h th e Gal l o Ro ma n wo r d ta ma c ca e o r ta n a c a e
'

us e d by V a rro fo r ham s i m port e d fro m Tra n s a l pi n e

”
Gau l i n to Ro m e a n d oth e r pa rts of I taly P udd i n gs .

—
p re pa red fro m t h e blood of p i gs n o w k n ow n as black “

pudd i n gs —w e re w e l e ar n fro m V ar r o l i k e wi s e e x
, ,

po rt e d fro m Gau l to I taly Th e a n ci e n t I r i sh w e re .

“ ” 2
pa rtial to black pudd i n gs I t wou l d app ea r th e re fore .
, ,

that t h e s o cal l e d d reamy C e l t was a gre asy po r k

-

m e rcha n t .

Acco rd i n g to S t rabo t h e e xpo rts fro m B ri tai n in t h e

e a r ly pa r t of t h e fi rst c e n tu ry c o n si st e d o f gold si lv e r '

, ,

a n d i ro n wh e at cattl e , ski n s slav e s a n d dogs ; wh i l e

, , , ,

t h e i m po rts i n cl ud e d i vo ry o rn am e n ts such a s b rac e l e ts , ,

a m b e r b e ads a n d gl a ss Tin w a s e xpo rt e d fro m Cor n

,
.

wal l to Gaul a n d car r i e d ov e rl a n d to M a rs e i l l e s but

, ,

th i s do e s n o t a p p ear to hav e b ee n t h e e a rl i e st rout e .

As has b ee n i n d icat e d t in app e ars to hav e b ee n car r i e d , ,

b e fo re t h e C e lts obtai n e d co n t rol of B ri t ish t ra d e by th e ,

s e a r out e to t h e Carthagi n ia n colo n i e s in S p ai n .

Th e C arth a gi n ia n s had lo n g k e pt s e c re t t h e sou rc es

of th e i r su p p l i e s of t in fro m t h e g rou p o f i sla n ds k n o w n

B ou d rc c a w a s h e r rea l n a me
'

pp
1

I d
.

2 n t ro i
uct o n to O C u rr y
' '

s m
’
e rs and C us to m s of t h e A u me n t I r is /1 V o l
'

I
xx
I , .
, .

c c cl i e t se q .
ZE LTS AND I BE RIANS 1 15

e r id es .About 3 2 2 B C how e v e r th e . .
, ,

nt s at M a rs e i l l e s fitt e d out an e xp e ditio n

ze d in charg e o f Pyth e a s a m ath e m aticia n , ,

e of e xplo r i n g t h e n o r th e rn ar e a Th i s
'
.

an accou n t of h i s voyag e but o n l y frag ,

I o t e d by d i ffe re n t a n ci e n t autho rs hav e

us H e app ea rs to hav e coast e d rou n d
.

t ta n y a n d to hav e s a
,
i l e d u p t h e E n gl ish
n t to hav e r each e d as far n o rth a s O r k n e y
,

a n d p e r ha p s as som e th i n k I c e la n d to
, , ,

h e N o rt h Sea towa rds t h e m outh of t h e

1lo re d a p art of t h e coast of No rway He .

rita in ,wh ich h e app e ars to hav e partly

e c r o ssi n g o v e r to Gau l I n a n e xtract .

quot e d by St rabo , h e t e l l s that t h e B rito n s

ri o ts n o t d e tai l e d g r e w co r n m i l l et , an d ,

uch of th e m as had co r n a n d ho n ey m ad e
1m th e s e mat e r ials Th e y b rought t h e
.

gr eat hous e s (bar n s ) a n d th re sh e d th e m

re cou n t of t h e rai n a n d l ack of su n sh i n e

flo o rs w e re of l ittl e u s e to th e m .

in B r i tai n t h e d a ys w e r e lo n g e r a n d
h t e r th a n in t h e M e d i t e rra n ea n a r e a In .

r ts h e visit e d t h e n i ghts w e re so sho r t that

tw ee n su n s e t a n d su n ris e was scarc e l y

h e fa rth e st n o rt h h ea dl a n d o f B r i tai n was
S i x days s a i l n o rth of B ritai n l ay Thu l e ,

at e d n e a r t h e froz e n s ea Th e re a day .

ths a n d a n igh t for t h e sam e spac e of

e fe rs to hot sp r i n gs in B ritai n , an d a
fi e d wi t h M i n e r va in whos e t e m pl e
,

o ut, y e t n e v e r wh it e n i n to ash e s ;

d u l l i t tu r n s i n to rou n d l u m ps l i k e
was in u s e at a t e m pl e si tuat e d
s ign y
if in g y o u ng b o ar
 1 16 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
at Bath Ti m ae us a co n t e m po ra ry of Pyth eas q uoti n g
.
, ,

from t h e l o s t d i a ry of t h e e xplor e r stat e s t ha t t in w as

,

fo u n d o n an i sla n d cal l e d M ic t is lyi n g i n wards (n o rt h

,

Th e
’
wa rd ) at a di sta n c e of six days sai l fro m B r itai n .

n ativ e s mad e voyag e s t o a n d from t h e i sla n d in t h e i r

ca n o e s of wick e rwo r k cov e r e d wi th h id e s M ic t is cou l d .

n o t hav e b ee n C or n wal l o r a n i sl a n d in t h e E n gl ish

Cha n ne l Strabo stat e s that C rassus who succ ee d e d in

.
,

re ach i n g t h e C a ss it e r id e s, a n n ou n c e d that t h e d ista n c e

to th e m was g reat e r tha n that fro m t h e C o n ti n e n t to
B r i t a i n a n d h e fou n d that t h e t in o re l ay o n t h e su rfac e
, .

E vi d e n tly t in was n o t m i n ed o n t h e i sl a n d o f M ic t is as
i t was in Co rn wal l in late r t i m e s .

A n e arl i e r e xplor e r t ha n Pyth eas was H imil c o t h e ,

C a rthagi n i a n H e reach ed B ri tai n about 500 B C A

. . .

L ati n m et rical re n d e r i n g of h i s lost wo rk was m ad e by

R ufus F e stus A v ie n u s in t h e fou rth c e n tu ry of o u r e ra .

R e fe re n c e i s m ad e t o th e i sla n ds cal l ed th e ( E s try m n id e s

“
that rai s e th e i r h e ads l ie scatte r ed a n d a re r ich in t in
, ,

a n d l e ad
”
. Th e s e i sla n ds w e r e v isi t ed by H imil c o a n d ,

“
w e re d ista n t two days voyag e from t h e Sac re d I sla n d
( I r e la n d ) a n d n e a r t h e b road I sl e of t h e A l b io n e s As
“
Rufus F e s t us A v ie n u s r e fe rs to t h e ha rdy fol k of
B r ita i n h i s A l b io n es m ay hav e b ee n th e p eopl e of
Scotl a n d Th e n am e Al bio n was o r i gi n al ly a p pl i ed to
.

E n gla n d a n d Scotla n d I n t h e fi rst c e n tu ry h o w e v e r

.
, ,

Lati n writ e rs n e v e r us ed A lbio n e xc e p t as a cu riosi ty ,

a n d k n e w E n gla n d as B r i tai n . Accordi n g to H imil c o ,

t h e Ta rt e s s i of S pai n w e r e wo n t to t rad e with t h e n ativ e s

of t h e n o rt h e r n t in i sla n ds E v e n t h e C a rthagi n ia n s
.

“ ”
w e re accustom e d to v isi t th e s e s eas F ro m oth e r
.

sou rc e s w e l e ar n that t h e P hoen i cia n s car r i ed t in fro m t h e

C as s ite rid es d i re ct to t h e Spa n ish p o rt of C o rb il o t h e ,

e xact l o catio n of wh ich i s u n c e rtai n .

I t i s of sp e cial i m p o rta n c e t o n ot e that t h e t in st o n e -

w as col l e ct e d o n t h e su rfac e of t h e i sl a n ds b e for e m i n i n g

E N A M E LL E D B R O N Z E SH I E LD ( fr o m t he Th a m e s n ear B a t t e rs e a )
( B r it is h M use um)
 C E LTS AN D I B E RIANS 1 17

op e ra tio n s w e re co n d uct ed e ls ewh e re I n al l p ro babi l i ty .

t h e labo r ious wo r k of di ggi n g m i n e s w as n o t com m e n c ed

b e fo re t h e av a i labl e su rfac e suppl i e s b e cam e sca n t y .

Acco rd i n g t o Sir Joh n Rhys t h e dis t r icts in south e r n

l

E n gla n d wh e re su rfac e t in was fi rst o btai n ed w e re

, ,
“
ch i e fly Da rt m o o r wi t h t h e cou n t ry rou n d Tavistock
,

a n d that arou n d S t Aust e l l i n cl ud i n g s ev e ra l val l eys

.
,

lo o ki n g towa rd s t h e south e rn co a st of Co r n wal l I n .

m o s t o f t h e o ld d is t r icts wh e re t in e xist ed i t i s suppos e d ,

t o hav e lai n to o d ee p t o h a v e b e e n w o r k e d in e a r ly
t i m es
”
. W h e n how e v e r P o s e id o n iu s vi si te d Co r n wal l
, ,

in t h e fi rst c e n t u ry of o u r e ra h e fou n d that a be gi n n i n g

,

h a d b e e n m a d e in ski lful m i n i n g op e ratio n s I t may b e .

t h a t t h e t rad e wi th t h e C as s it e r id es was al re a dy la n guish

in g o n a cc o u n t of cha n g e d p ol itical co n di t io n s a n d t h e
s ho rt ag e o f su pp l i e s .

Wh e re th e n w e re t h e C as s ite rid e s ? M R e i n ach .

st ruck at t h e h eart of t h e p robl e m wh e n h e ask e d “

In ,

what w e st e r n E u ro p e a n i sl a n d is t in fou n d ? ”
Thos e
w r i t e rs who hav e favou re d t h e g roup of i sl a n ds off th e
n o rth w e st e r n co a st o f S p a i n a re c o n fro n t e d by t h e ditfi
-

culty that th es e hav e fai l e d to yi e ld t rac es o f t in wh i l e ,

t hos e w r i t e rs w h o favou r Cor n wal l a n d t h e Sci lly I sla n ds

“
c a n n o t i g n o re t h e p re cis e stat e m e n ts t h at t h e t in
i sla n d s w e re fa rth e r d i s ta n t fro m th e C o n t i n e n t tha n
B r i tai n a n d th at in t h e ti m e o f Py t h eas t in was c a rr i e d
,

fro m M ic tis wh ich was six days sai l fro m B ri tai n Th e

,
’
.

fac t t hat t rac e s of t in C o p p e r an d l ead hav e b ee n fo u n d

, ,

in t h e H e b r id e s i s th e r e fo re o f sp e cial i n t e re s t Cop p e r .
,

to o , h as b e e n fou n d in S h e tla nd a n d l e ad a n d z i n c in ,

O rk n ey .W ithal t h e re a re Ga e l i c pl ac e n am e s in wh ich -

i
'

s ta ozn
( )
t n i s r e fe r r e d t o in I sl ay J u,
ra (wh e r e th e r e a ,
r e

t rac e s of old m i n e wo r ki n gs-

) in I o n a a n d o n t h e mai n
, ,

la n d o f Ross sh i re T rac e s of t in a re said t o h a v e b e e n

-
.

fou n d in L e wis wh e re t h e gr e a t s to n e ci rcl e o f Cal l e r n i sh

1 Ce l tic B r it a in , p .
44 .
 1 18 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
in a s e m i barr e n a rea i n d ic at e s t h e p re s e n c e at o n e ti m e
-

in its ar ea of a co n si d e rabl e p op u latio n Th e H e b ri d e s .

may w el l hav e b ee n t h e ( E s t ry m n ides of H im il c o a n d

t h e C as s ite rid es of class ical w r it e rs J u ra o r I o n a m ay
.

hav e b ee n th e M ic tis of Pyth e as Tin sto n e has b e e n .

-

fou n d in I r e la n d too , n ea r D ubl i n in W icklow a n d in , ,

K i l lar n ey .

4
Th e short dark p e opl e in t h e H e b ri de s a n d O rk n e y
'

m ay w e l l b e l i k e t h e S i l uria n s of Wal e s t h e d e sc e n da n ts
, ,

of t h e a n ci e n t m i n e wo rk e rs Th e y hav e b ee n r e fe rre d
.

to by so m e as d e sc e n da n ts of t h e c re ws of wreck e d sh ips
of th e S pa n i sh A r mada a n d by oth e r s as re m n a n ts of
,

t h e Lost Te n T r i b e s .

I n I ri sh Ga e l ic l it e ratu re how e v e r t h e re i s e v id e n c e
, ,

that th e dark p eo pl e w e re in a n ci e n t ti m e s b e l i e v e d to be
t h e d esc e n da n ts of t h e Fir b o l gs ( me n w ith sacks ) t h e
-
,

F i r d o m n an n (t h e me n who d ug t h e grou n d ) a n d t h e
-
,

G al io in (Gau l s ) C am pb e l l in h is Wes t H igh l a n d Ta l es

.

“
has in a n ote re fe rre d to t h e da r k H e b r id e a n s B eh i nd .

” “
t h e fi re ,
h e w rot e sat a gi r l w ith o n e of thos e
,

stra n g e fac e s wh ich a re occasio n al ly to b e s ee n in t h e

W e st e r n I sl e s a fac e wh ich re m i n d e d me of t h e N i n e v e h
,

scul ptu r es a n d o f fac e s s ee n in San S e b astia n H e r h ai r

,
.

was black as n ight a n d h e r cl ea r da r k e y e s gl itte red

,
‘

through t h e p eat s mok e H e r com pl e x io n w as da rk

.
,

a n d h e r fe atu r e s so u n l ik e thos e who sat about h e r th at

I ask e d i f s h e w e re a n ativ e of t h e i sla n d (o f Ba r ra ) a nd ,

l ear n e d that s h e was a H ighla n d gi rl ”

I t may b e th at .

t h e dark E ast e r n p e op l e w e r e thos e who i n t roduc e d t h e

East e r n a n d n o n C e ltic n o n T e uto n ic p rej udic e agai n st
-
,
-

pork as food i n to Scotl a n d I n I r e la n d t h e C e l ti c p eopl e

.

“ ”
a ppar e n tly o bl it e rat e d th e t a boo at a n e a r ly p e ri o d .

I t was d u r i n g t h e A rc h mo l o gica l Lat e B ro n z e a n d

Ea r ly I ro n Ag e s that t h e C e l t ic a rtistic patt e r n s reach ed
E n gla n d Th es e b e t ray affi n i ti e s with PE gean mo t ifs
.
,

a n d th e y w e r e aft e rwards d e v e lop e d in I re la n d and

 C E LTS A ND I BE RIANS 1 19

bo th c o u n t ri e s t h e y w e re fus e d wi th sy m bol s
'

1 a n d A n atol ia n o r igi n .

C e l ts a n d t h e p re H e l l e n ic p eo pl e of G reec e-

t h e B r i t o n s a n d t h e I r i sh wo re b re e ch e s .

n p o et
“
M a rti al sati r iz e s a l if e as lo o s e as
,
1
,
”
e ch e s of a B r i t ish paup e r Claud ia n t h e .
,

res B r ita n n ia wi th h e r ch ee ks t atto ed a n d

s ea colou re d cloak a n d a c a p of b e ar ski n
- -
.

at t h e Cal e do n ia n s fought wi t h sc a n ty cloth

t h e G re e ks a n d as d i d t h e H igh la n d e rs in
,

lCS ,m us t n o t b e tak e n as p roof that th e y

ma n ufactu re clo t h Acco rd i n g to R hys .
,
“ ” 2
Lfl S a cloth cla d p e rs o n Th e b ro n z e .

d at B ro n z e A ge sit e s coul d n o t hav e b e e n

te n h e avy ski n s .

e Rom a n s re ach e d B r itai n t h e n ativ e s l i k e , ,

of Hom e r us e d cha ri o ts a n d h ad w eapo n s

, ,

an d i ro n Th e a rch ae ology of t h e a n ci e n t
.

s i s o f si m i lar cha ract e r .

Bro n z e A ge t h e swo rds w e re poi n t e d a n d

ch i e fly fo r th r usti n g Th e co n qu e ro rs .

t h e u n poi n t e d i ro n swo rds w e r e abl e

b rittl e b ro n z e w eapo n s Th e s e i ro n .

tu r n sup e rs ed e d by t h e p oi n t e d a n d
wo rds of t h e Roma n s B ut i t was n o t .

w eapo n s th e i r disci pl i n e a n d th e i r
, ,

r
y strat e gy that b rough t t h e Roma n s
was b ro k e n u p i n to a n u m b e r of
‘ ”
O u r g re at est adva n tag e Taci tu s ,

in g wi th such pow e rful p e opl e i s

n o t act in co n c e rt ; i t i s s e ldom that e v e n

t r i b e s wi l l j oi n in m eeti n g a com mo n
so wh i l e e ach fights for h i ms e l f th ey a re
”3
tog e th e r .

x 2 Ce l t ic B r ita in d
( 4t h it io n ) p
p X II
, 22. e , . 2 12 .
3 Ta c it u s A g r ic ol a C ha
. , . .
 Wh e n t h e B r ito n s u n d e r Ag r icola b e ga n t o a d o p t
, ,
“
Roma n c ivi l izatio n t h ey ro s e sup e r io r Ta citu s says ,

by t h e fo rc e s of th e i r n atu ral g e n i us to t h e attai n,

m e n ts o f t h e Gau ls I n ti m e th ey adop te d t h e R om a n
d re ss whi ch may hav e b ee n t h e p ro toty p e of t h e ki l t
,
1
.

Th e Roma n l a n guag e suppla n t e d t h e C e l tic d ial e c t s

in c e rtai n pa rts of E n gla n d J r
.

1A
gr ic ol a , C h a p . xx r
.
 C H A P TE R XI

Rac e s o f Br i t ai n an d I re l an d
C o l o u rs A
of n c ie n t R a c es and M y t h ic a l Ag es —C a u c a s ia n R ac e
Th e o r y —Th e Ay r an o r I n do -
E u ro p ean Th e o r y—R a c es a nd L gan u a ge s

—C el t s a n d Te u t o n s —Fa ir a n d D a r k P a l aeo l it h ic P e o p l e s in M o d e n r

B r ita in —M e dite r ra n e a n M a n—Th e Ar me no id o r Al p in e B ro a d h ead s -

An c ien t B rit is h Tr ibes —C r u it h n e a n d Pic ts — Th e P ic ts o f t h e

B ro c h s a s Pira t es a n d Tra d er s —P ic t s a nd Fa ir ies —S c o t t is h Ty p es
R a c ia l “
P k
oc et s

Th e ac e p ro bl e m has e v e r b ee n o n e of e n g ro ssi n g
r

i n te re st to civi l iz e d p e o p l e s I n al m o st e v e ry ol d .

mythology w e m ee t with th eori es that w e re fo r m ulat e d

to accou n t for t h e e x ist e n c e of t h e d i ffe re n t rac e s l ivi n g
in t h e wo r ld an d fo r t h e rac e s that w e re suppos e d t o
,

hav e e x ist e d fo r a ti m e a n d b e cam e e xti n ct A n o u t .

st a n di n g fea t u re o f e ach racial myth i s that t h e p eo pl e

a mo n g whom i t gr e w u p a re i n variably re p re s e n t e d to

b e t h e fi n e st typ e of hu ma n ity .

A w id e sp read habit an d o n e of g re at a n ti qu i ty was , ,

t o d i vid e t h e r ac e s as th e wo rl d was divi d ed i n to

, ,

fo ur s ectio n s a nd to d isti n gui sh th e m by th e i r colou rs

, .

Th e c o lou rs w e r e thos e of t h e ca rdi n al poi n ts a n d ch i e fly

B lack Whi te R ed a n d Y e l low Th e sam e syste m was
, , , .

a d o p t e d in d ea l i n g with e xti n c t r ac e s Each of th e s e w e re .

colou r ed acco rd i n g to t h e A ge in wh ich th ey had ex is

t e nc e a nd
, t h e colou rs w e re co n n ect e d with m e tal s .

“ ”
I n G r ee c e a n d I n d i a fo r i n sta n c e t h e Y e l low A ge
, ,
“ “ ” “
was a G o ld e n A ge th e Wh it e A ge a Si lv e r
121
12 2 ANCI ENT MAN IN B R I TA I N
“ “
A ge th e R e d A ge a B ro n z e A ge and th e
“
B l ack A ge a n I ro n A ge
A lthough th e o l d th eo r i e s r e ga rd i n g t h e mythical
ages a n d m yth ic a l ra c e s h a v e lo n g b ee n d isca rd e d
‘

t h e habi t o f d i vi d i n g ma n ki n d a n d th e i r h isto ry i n to
fou r s ectio n s acco r di n g to colou rs a n d t h e m et a l s chi e fly
,

us ed by th e m , i s n o t y e t e xti n ct W e sti l l sp eak of .

,

“ “ ” “
th e B lack ma n ”
th e ,Y e l low man the R ed ,
“
ma n a n d th e W h i t e ma n A rch ae ologists hav e
“ ”
d ivid e d what th ey cal l t h e p re h isto ry o f m a n ki n d -

“ ” “ ”
i n to t h e two S to n e Ag e s th e B ro n z e A ge a n d th e
,
“
I ro n A ge Th e b e l i e f that c e rtai n rac e s hav e b e
c o m e e xti n ct as th e re su l t o f co n qu e st by i nva d e rs i s
sti l l t rac eabl e in t hos e h i sto r i e s th at re fe r fo r i n sta n c e , ,
“ “
t o t h e d isapp ea ra n c e of S to n e A ge ma n o r B ro n z e
A ge ma n
”
o r of t h e B r i t i sh C e l t s
, o r of t h e P icts of ,

Sc o tla n d .

Tha t som e rac e s hav e co m p l et e ly disa p p ea re d th e re ‘

c an b e n o Shadow of a dou bt A S w e hav e s e e n.

,

N e a n d e rthal man e n ti re ly va n i sh e d fro m t h e fac e of t h e

‘

glob e a n d has n o t l eft a si n gl e d e sc e n da n t a mo n g th e

,

ra c e s of m a n ki n d I n o u r o w n d ay t h e T a sm an ia n s
.

hav e b e co m e e xti n ct Th e s e cas e s how e v e r a re ex

.
, ,

c e p t io n a l Th e com pl e t e e xti n ctio n of a rac e is a n

.

u n usual th i n g in t h e h is to ry of m a n ki n d A s e cti o n .

m ay v a n ish in o n e pa r ticul a r a re a a n d y e t p e rsist in

a n oth e r As a r u l e in thos e d i st r icts wh e re ra c e s a re
.
,

su p pos e d to h a v e p e r ish e d it is fou n d th a t t h e y hav e

,

b ee n absorb ed by i n t r ud e rs I n som e cas e s t h e ch i e f

.

cha n g e has b ee n o n e of raci a l d e si g n atio n an d n a t i o n

al i ty.

C ro M a g n o n man who e n t e r e d E u rop e wh e n t h e

-
,

N ea n d e rt hals w e re h u n ti n g t h e re i n d ee r a n d oth e r
a n i m a ls i s sti l l re p re s e n t e d in o u r m i d st D r Col
,
. .

l i g n o n t h e F re n ch e th n ologist who h as fou n d m a n y

, ,

r e p re s e n tati v e s of th i s typ e in t h e Do rdog n e val l ey

 R A CE S OF B R I TA I N A ND I R E LA N D 12 3

wh e re t h e i r a n c esto rs l iv e d in t h e d e co rat e d cav e dw e l l -

i n gs b e fo re th e i r o rga n iz atio n w as b rok e n u p by t h e

Azi l i a n a n d oth e r i n t rud e rs shows th at t h e i n t r usio n
,

o f m i n o r i ti e s o f mal e s ra re ly l e a v e s a p e r m a n e n t ch a n g e

in a ra ci a l ty p e . Th e a l i e n e l e m e n t t e n ds to d is
a p p ear .
“
Wh e n h e w r i tes “
a rac e i s w e l l s e at e d
,

in a r e gio n fix e d to t h e soi l by a g r icu l tu re a c c l i

, ,

m at iz ed by n atu ral s e l e cti o n a n d suffici e n tly d e n s e it ,

O pp o s e s fo r t h e most p re cis e obs e rvatio n s co n fi r m it

, ,

a n e n o r m o us re sis ta n c e to n e wcom e rs who e v e r th e y ,

”
m ay b e . I n t rud e rs of t h e m al e s e x o n ly m ay b e b re d
o u t in ti m e .

O u r i n t e re st h e re i s wi t h t h e rac e s of B r i t ai n an d
I re la n d but as o u r n a t iv e isla n ds w e re p e opl e d fro m
, ,

t h e Co n t i n e n t w e c a n n ot ig n o re t h e e vi d e n c e a ffo rd e d
,

by W e ste r n a n d N o r t h e r n E u rop e wh e n d e al i n g with

o u r o w n pa rticu la r phas e of t h e raci a l p robl e m .

I t i s n ec e ss a ry in t h e fi rst plac e t o ge t r id of c e rta i n

ol d th eo ri e s tha t w e re bas ed o n i m p e rfe ct k n owl e d g e
o r w ro n g fo u n da t io n s .O ne th e o ry ap p l i e s t h e t e r m
“
Ca ucas i a n M a n to e ith e r a c o n sid e ra bl e s ectio n o r
t h e m ajo ri ty o f E u ro p ea n p e opl e s
“
Th e u t te r a b s u r
.

d ity of th e m is n om e r Caucasia n a s appl i e d to t h e ,

bl u e ey e d a n d fai r h a i r e d A ry a n
- -
rac e of W e st e r n
E u ro p e i s rev e al ed
,
”
s ays R i pl ey
,
1 “
by two i n dis ,

p u t a b l e f a cts . I n t h e fi r st plac e thi s id e al blo

, n d ty p e

d o e s n o t occu r wi th i n ma n y hu n d re d m i l e s of C a uc a si a ;
a n d , s e co n dly n owh e re alo n g t h e g reat Caucasia n chai n
,
/

i s th e re a s in gl e n at iv e t r i b e m aki n g u s e of a pu re ly
”
in fl ec t io n al o r A rya n la n guag e .

“
Th e t e rm A rya n i s s i m i l ar ly a m i sl eadi n g o n e .

I t was i n v e n t e d by P rofe sso r M ax M u l l e r a n d appl i e d

by h i m ch i e fly to a g rou p of l a n guag e s at a ti m e
wh e n r ac e s w e re b e i n g i d e n tifi e d by t h e la n gu a g e s
th e y spok e Th es e p eo p l es —with as d i ffe re n t physical
1 Ra c e s o
f E u r op e , p .
436 .
12
4 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
cha ract e ri s t ics as hav e I n d ia n s a n d No rs e ma n o r ,

R ussia n s a n d S p a n ia rds w h o s p o k e I n do E u rop ea n o r

,
-
, ,

a s G e r m a n schol a rs hav e p at r iotic a l ly a dapt e d t h e t e r m ,

n -
r n n a —
I do G e ma ic la gu g e s w e r e re ga rd e d by eth n o l o
“ ”
gists of t h e ph i lological school a s m e m b e rs of t h e
o ne I n do E u rop ea n o r A rya n rac e o r
-
“
fam i ly ”

L a n guage how e v e r i s n o su re i n d icatio n of rac e Th e

, , .

sp read of a la n guag e ov e r wid e a rea s may be acco u n t e d

fo r by trad e o r pol itical i n fl u e n c e o r Cu ltu ra l co n tact .

I n o u r o w n day t h e E n gl ish la n guag e i s spok e n by

“ ” “ ” “ ”
B lack Y e l low an d R ed as w e l l as by
, ,

Wh it e p e o p l e s .

A safe r syste m i s to d isti n gu ish raci a l typ es by th e i r

physical p ecu l iari ti e s W h e n how e v e r th is syst e m i s
.
, ,

a ppl i e d in E u rop e as e ls e wh e re w e shal l sti l l fi n d

, ,

d i ffe r e n c e s b etw ee n p eopl e s H abits of t hought a n d .

habi ts of l ife e x e rcis e a stro n g e r i n fl u e n c e ov e r i n d i

v id u a l s a n d g roups of i n d ivi dual s
, tha n do fo r ih , ,

sta n c e t h e shap e o f th e i r h eads t h e colou rs o f th e i r

, ,

hai r e y e s a n d ski n o r t h e l e n gth a n d str e n g t h of

, , ,

th e i r l i m bs Two pa rti cula r i n d ividual s may b e

.

typical r e p re s e n tativ e s of a disti n ct rac e a n d y e t n o t

o n ly sp eak d iffe r e n t la n guag es but hav e a d iffe re n t ,

outlook o n l ife a n d d i ffe re n t id eas as to what i s r i ght

,

a n d what i s w ro n g D i ffe re n t t yp e s of p eopl e a re in

.

d i ffe r e n t parts of t h e wo r l d u n i t e d by th e i r s e n s e of
n a t io n al ity Th e y a re u n it e d by la n guag e t raditio n s
.
, ,

a n d b e l i e fs a n d by th e i r lov e of a particu la r local ity

,

in wh ich th e y r e sid e o r in wh ich th e i r a n c e stors w e r e

wo n t to re sid e A s e n s e of n a ti o n al i ty s uch as u n it e s
.
,

t h e B r itish E m pi r e m ay e xt e n d to far di sta n t pa rts of

,
-

t h e world .

B ut wh i l e co n scious of t h e u n i ti n g s en s e of n ati o n
,

al ity o u r p e o p l e a re at th e sam e ti m e co n scious of an d

,

i n t e re st ed in th e i r physical d i ffe r e n c e s a n d t h e h isto ri e s

of d iffe re n t s ectio n s of o u r cou n try m e n Th e p robl e m as .
 E U R O P EA N TY PES
I , M e d it e r r a n e a n I I , C r O M a gn o n
-
I I I, Am
r e n o id (A l p i
ne
)
N
. .
.

IV, o r th e r n .
R ACE S O F B R I TA I N A N D I R E LAN D 12 5

h e th e r w e m a i n ly C e lti c o r m a i n ly T e uto n i c i s
a re

of p e re n n i a l i n t e re s t .

e re ag a i n wh e n d e a l i n g wi t h t h e past w e m e e t with
, ,

sa m e co n di tio n of th i n gs t hat p r e vai l at t h e p re s e n t

Bo t h t h e a n ci e n t C e l ts a n d t h e p eopl e t h e y c al l ed
to n s w e re m ix e d p e opl e s with d iffe re n t
sic a l p ecul ia r i ti e s Th e C e l t s k n ow n to t h e G ree ks
.

a t a l l fa i r h a i re d p eo pl e I n W e s te rn E u ro p e a s
,
-
.
,

b ee n i n dicat ed t h ey m i n gl e d with t h e d a rk I b e r ia n s
, ,

a s e ctio n of t h e m i n gl e d rac e s w a s k n ow n t o t h e

na n s a s C e l ti b e r ia n s Th e T e uto n s i n cl ud e d t h e
.

fai r lo n g h ea d e d No rth e r n e rs an d t h e da rk m e di u m
,
-
, ,

1 b ro a d h e ad e d C e n t ral E u ro p e a n s
,
- Both th e fa i r .

5 a n d t h e fa i r T e uto n s ap p ea r t o hav e b e e n s ecti o n s

“
I e n o rt h e r n rac e k n ow n t o a n t iqua r i e s as t h e Bal t ic
Me ”
, or M agl e mo s ian s ”
who e n t e re d E u rop e
,
“ ”
1 S i b e ri a a n d d r i fted a lo n g th e n o rth e r n a n d
“
h e m sho re s of t h e Bal t ic Se a t h e a n ci e n t Wh i te
-

“ “ ”
of t h e Wh it e p e opl e o f th e Wh it e N o rt h .

ave hav e s ee n o t h e r typ e s of hu m a n i t y w e re d rift

,

wa rds B r i ta i n a t t h e sam e ti m e—th at is b e fo re ,

e m o f pol i sh i n g sto n e i m pl e m e n ts a n d w e a po n s
“
ate d what has b e e n c a ll e d th e N eol i th ic

mo d e rn day e t h n o l o gists hav e fou n d th a t t h e

-

s of t h e populatio n in G r eat B r i tai n a n d I re l a n d

t h e ea r ly typ e s k n ow n t o a rc h a o l o gis t s as P a l mo
N e o l i t h ic a n d B ro n z e A ge me n t h e rac e h isto ry
, ,

p e o p l e m ay b e fo r m u l ate d a s fol lows :

e a r l i e s t i n habita n t s of o u r i sla n ds whos e physical

te r is t ic s c a n b e t rac e d amo n g t h e l ivi n g p o p u l a

t h e C ro Mag n o n p eop l e s
-
Th es e w e re fol low e d
.

“
r No rth e r n e rs , t h e c a rr i e rs of Magl e m o sia n
n d t h e da r k m e d i um siz e d I b e ria n s w h o w e re
,
-
,

ie rs of Az i l i a n Ta rd e n o isia n cu l t u re Th e re
”
-
.

fai r p e o p l e in E n gla n d Sc o tl a n d a n d I re l a n d
, ,
126 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
thousa n ds of y ea rs b e for e t h e i n v a sio n s of C e lts A n gl e s , ,

S axo n s J ut e s N o rs e m e n o r D a n es
, , , .

F o r a lo n g p e ri od e xt e n d i n g ov e r ma n y c e n turi e s
, ,

t h e m i g ratio n
“
st rea m fro m t h e C o n ti n e n t app ea rs t o
”

hav e b e e n co n ti n uousl y flowi n g Th e ca rr i e rs of.

N eol ith ic cu ltu re w e re in th e m a i n I b e r ia n s of M e di

t e r ra n e a n racial typ e —th e d e sc e nda n ts of t h e Az i l i a n
Ta rd e n oi si a n p eopl e s who us e d bows a n d a rrows ,

and brok e u p t h e M agd a l e n ia n c ivi l izatio n of C ro

Mag n o n m a n in w est e rn a n d c e n tra l E u rop e Th i s .

rac e app ea rs to h av e b e e n cha ract e r iz e d in n o rth a n d

“ ”
n o r th e ast Afr ica
-
S o st r i ki ng
. w r it e s P rofe sso r ,
“
E l l i o t S m i th i s t h e fam i ly l i k e n ess b e tw e e n t h e ea rly
,

N e ol i th i c p eo p l e s of th e B r iti sh I sl e s a n d th e M e di
t e r ra n ea n a n d t h e bu l k of t h e p opu latio n both a n ci e n t ,

a n d m od e r n of E gypt a n d E ast Africa that a d es c rip

, ,

tio n of t h e bo n e s of a n E a r ly B r i to n of that re mo t e
e p och m i ght a p ply in al l e ss e n tial d e t a i ls to a n in h a b i
”1
t a n t of Som a l i la n d .

Th l S p ro t o Egyptia n ( I b e r ia n ) p e opl e w e re of m e di u m
-

statu re h ad lo n g sku l ls a n d shor t n a r row fac e s a n d

, ,

sk e l e t o n s of sl i gh t a n d m i ld bu i ld ; th e i r com pl e xio n s
w e r e a s da r k as th o s e of t h e sou th e r n I ta l i a n s in o u r
o w n day a n d th e y had da r k b row n o r bl a ck hai r with a
,
-

t e n d e n cy to c u r l ; t h e me n had sca n ty facial h a i r e xc e pt ,

fo r a ch i n tuft b e a rd
-
.

Th e s e b r u n e ts i n t rod uc e d t h e a g r icu l tu ra l m o d e of l ife ,

and ,
as th e y s e ttl e d o n t h e g ra n it e in sou t h w e st e r n -

E n gla n d a pp ea r to h a v e s ea rch e d fo r gold th e re a n d

, ,

i m po rt e d fl i n t fro m t h e s ettl e rs o n t h e upp e r chal k

fo r m a t io n .

I n ti m e E u rop e was i n vad e d fro m Asi a M i n or by

i n cr easi n g n u m b e r s of a n Asi ati c b road h ead ed ,
-
,

l o n g b e a rd ed p e opl e of si m i l a r typ e to thos e who had

-

fi l t e re d i n to C e n t ral E u rop e a n d re ach e d B e lgi u m a n d

1 Th e A n c ie n t E gy p tia n s , p .
58 .
OF B R I TA I N A N D I R E LA N D 12 7

'

e N e ol ith ic ti m e s Th is typ e is k n ow n
.

n o id rac e
”
(t h e
“
Al p i n e r ac e
”
o f som e

1 a s qu i t e d iffe re n t fr om t h e l o n g h ea d e d -

e r n ty p e a n d t h e sho r t b r u n e t M e d it e r ,

E gy p tia n a n d I b e ria n ) typ e Th e A r .

n s fou n d in t h e ea r ly g r av e s i n di c a t e that

ar e a m ed i u m siz e d h ea vi ly bui l t p e o p l e
-
,
-
,

l a rg e boss e s o n th e i r bo n e s i n d ic at e o f ,

l u s c u l a r d e v e lopm e n t .

a rch ae o logic a l B ro n z e A ge th es e A r
ed B r i t a i n in co n si d e rabl e n u m b e rs a n d ,

r ou n d ba r row m e t h o d of bu r ial
-
Th e y .

h o w ev e r as has b e e n i n d icat e d to hav e

, ,

1n d .

1e r io d B r i tai n was i n va d e d by a p eo pl e
th e i r d ead As th e y thus d e st roy ed t h e
.

w oul d h a Ve a ffo rd e d us a n i n dica t io n o f

in iti e s t h e i r o ri gi n i s obscu re
,
.

ov e r la n d m i g ra ti o n s w e re in p rog ress ,

I mb e r s of p e o p l e s a p p e ar to h a v e r each e d

e la n d by s e a fro m n orth e r n a n d n o r th

o r tu ga l a n d S pai n , Th e y s e ttl e d .

wh e re m e t al s a n d p ea r l s w e re o n c e
“ ”
K i tch e n m idd e ns
'

fou n d . an d

a re 1n I r e la n d m ai n ly associat e d with

v e rs .

a n d t h e da r k e r C e l t i b e r ia n s w e r e in v a d

in B r itai n b e fo re a n d aft e r t h e Roma n s

south e r n sho res D u r i n g t h e R oma n.

g c a s te w as m ai n ly o f south E u rop e a n -

s w e re com pos ed of Gaul s ,

we l l as I tal i a n s N o p er .

t ook pl ac e in t h e e th n ics of B rit a i n

c e n tu r i e s of Rom a n occupatio n Th e .

“
h eads how e v e r b e cam e fe w e r :
-
, , th e
as R i p l e y puts i t “
of t h e rou n d ,
12 8 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
bar row me n i s t h e last e v e n t of t h e p re histo r ic p e ri od
”
wh ich w e a re a bl e to d isti n gui sh Th e i n habita n ts .

of t h e B r i tish I sl e s a re o n t h e whol e l o n g h e ad e d , ,
-
.

“
H i ghla n d a n d l o wla n d city o r c o u n t ry p e asa n t o r , ,
” “
ph i losoph e r al l a re says R i pl e y
, p ra ctical ly al i k e
, ,
”
in r e sp e ct t o t h i s fu n dam e n tal racial cha ract e r i stic .

B road h ead e d ty p e s a re of cou rs e to b e fou n d b u t

-
, , ,

th e y a re in t h e m i n o r i ty .

Th e ch i e f sou rc e of o u r k n owl e dg e re g a r di n g t h e e a r ly
t ri b e s o r l ittl e n ati o n s of B r itai n an d I re la n d i s t h e wo rk
of Ptol e my t h e g e ograph e r who l iv e d b e tw ee n A D 50
, , . .

a n d 1 5 0 fro m wh ich t h e e a r l i e st m aps w e re com pi l e d in

,

t h e fou rth c e n t u r y H e shows that E n gl a n d W a l e s

.
, ,

S co t l a n d a n d I re la n d w e r e d ivi d e d am o n g a n u m b e r of
,

p eopl es Th e D u m n o n ii a s has b ee n stat ed w e r e in

.
1
, ,

p oss e ssio n of D e vo n a n d C o rn wal l as w e l l as of a la rg e ,

a re a in t h e south w e st e r n a n d c e n tral l owla n ds of Sco t

-

l a n d N ear t h e m w e re th e D u ro t rige s who w e re al so in

.
,

I re la n d S uss e x was occ up i e d by t h e R e g n i a n d K e n t

.

by t h e Ca n tio n Th e Atr e bat e s t h e B e l gm a n d t h e

.
, ,

Pa ri si i w e re i n v ad e rs fro m Gau l du r i n g t h e c e n tu ry tha t

fol low e d C ae sa r s i n vasi o n Th e B e l gae lay ac ross th e
’
.

n e ck of t h e l a n d b e tw ee n t h e B r istol Ch a n n e l a n d t h e

I sl e of Wi ght ; t h e At re bat e s cl u n g to th e R iv e r Th a m e s ,

wh i l e t h e Pari s i i wh o gav e th e i r n a m e to Pa ri s occu pi e d

, ,

t h e e ast co a st b e tw ee n t h e W a sh a n d t h e H u m b e r .

E ss e x was t h e l a n d of th e I c e n i o r E c e n i t h e t r i b e of ,

Boad ic ea ( B oud icca) N ear th e m w e re th e C atu v é l l au n i.

( m e n who r ej oic e d in battl e ) who w e r e p r obably r ul e rs

o f a l e a gu e a n d t h e T r i n ov a n t e s whos e n am e i s said t o
, ,

si g n i fy “
v e ry v i go rous ”
Th e m ost i m po rta n t t r i b e
o f t h e n o r th a n d m i dl a n ds of E n gla n d was t h e B r i ga n t e s
2
,

whos e sph e re of i n flu e n c e e xt e n d e d to t h e F i rth o f Fo rth ,

1 E n gl is h e d “
D a mn o n ia n s (C h a p te r 1X)
y p b b
.

2 Ta c it u s th a t t h e B rig a n t e s w e r e in o in t o f m th e mo s t c o n s id e r a l e fo l k
p
sa s nu e rs

in B r it a in (Ag r ir ol a . C h a t er XV II ) .
 R A C E S O F B R I TA I N A N D I R E LA N D 12 9

wh e re th e y met th e V o tad in i who w e re p robably ki n s ,

me n or a l l i es O n t h e n orth w e st w e re t h e Se tan t ii
.
-
,

w h o a pp ea r t o hav e b e e n co n n e ct e d wi th t h e B r i ga n t e s
in E n gla n d a n d I re l a n d C u c h u l l in t h e h e ro of t h e R e d
.
,

B ra n ch of Ulste r was o r igi n al ly n am e d Se ta n ta

,
1
In .

south Wal e s t h e ch i e f t r i b e was th e S i l u re s wh o s e ,

racial n am e i s b e l i e v e d to cl i n g to t h e Sci l ly (S i l u ra )

I sla n ds Th ey w e re e vi d e n tl y l i k e t h e D u m n o n ii a
.

m etal wo rki n g p e opl e

- S outh w e st e r n W a l e s was
.
-

occupi e d by t h e D e me tm (t h e fi r m fol k I n south

“
w e st e r n Sc o t la n d t h e Se l go v a ( h u n t e rs
, occupi e d
G a l loway t h e i r n e are st n e igh bou rs b e i n g th e N ova n ta
,

of Wigtow n sh i re Th e Se l go v m may hav e b ee n thos e

.

p eopl e s k n ow n late r as t h e A t ec o tti F ro m F i fe to .

south e r n Ab e rd e e n sh i r e t h e p re dom i n a n t p e opl e o n t h e

e as t w e re t h e V e rn ic o n e s I n n orth e ast Ab e rd e e n sh i re
.
-

w e re t h e Taexal i To t h e w e st of th e s e w e re t h e V a co
.

magi Th e C a l e do n ia n s occu pi e d t h e C e n t ral H igh

.

l a n ds from I n v e r n e ss southward to Loch Lom o n d .

I n Ross sh i re w e re t h e Dec a n tae a n a m e r e s e m bl i n g

-
,

Nova n ta a n d Se ta n t ii Th e Lugi a n d Sme rtae (sm ea re d

.

p eo pl e) w e re fa rt h e r n o rth Th e C o r n av ii of Caith n e ss
.

”
a n d No rth Wal e s w e r e th o s e who occup i e d t h e ho rn s
or cap e s A lo n g t h e w e s t of Sco t la n d w e re p e o p l e s
cal l e d th e C e ro n e s C re o n es a n d C a r n o n ac ee or C ari n i
, , , ,

p e rha p s a sh e e p rea r i n g p eopl e -

Th e E p id ii w e re an .

A r gyl l tri b e whos e n am e i s co n nect e d wi t h th at of t h e

—
,

h o rs e p er h a ps a ho rs e god 2
O rk n e y e n sh ri n e s th e
-
.

t r ib al n am e of t h e boa r— p e rhaps that of t h e a n ci e n t

bo a r god re p re s e n t e d o n a sta n d i n g sto n e n ear I n v e rn e ss
-

with t h e s u n sym bol abov e i ts h ea d Th e Ga e l i c n am e .

1
vd y
E i en t l I
C u ch u l l in a n d o th er h e r o e s o f th e Red B ra n c h in r el a n w e r e e s c e n d ed d d
m p p
fr o eo l e s w h o h a d m ig r a t e d in t o I
r el a n d fr o m B r ita in Th eir w a r rio r s in t h e o l d
v y b ky y d
.

m a n u s c n p t t al es r ec e i e t h e ir h i h e r m ilit a r t r a in in g in Al a I t is u n l i e l t h e w o u l
vb y g .

h a e e e n t r a in e d in a c o l o n
p vv d
.

2 A n c ie n t s a c r e d
s t o n e s w it h h o rs es d e ic t e d o n t h e m s u r i e in Sc o t l a n I n Ha r r is .

o n e h o r s e-s t o n e r e ma in s in a n o l d c h u rc h t o w e r .

( D 217 )
 139 A N C I E N T MAN IN B R I TA I N
of th e S h e tla n d e rs i s C at C ai th n ess i s th e cou n ty
“

“ ”
of t h e Cat p e o pl e too P rofesso r Watso n re m i n ds ,
.

u s that t h e p eop l e of S uth e rla n d a re sti l l “

C ats in
”

Ga e l ic a n d that t h e D uk e of S uth e rla n d i s r efe r re d to as

,
”
D uk e of t h e Cats
Th e P icts a re n o t m e n tio n e d by P tol e my Th ey .

ap p ea r to hav e b ee n a n ag ric ul tu ral a n d s ea fari n g -

p eopl e who (a A D 300) e n gag e d in t rad e an d p i ra cy

. . . .

A flood of l igh t has b ee n th row n o n t h e P ictish p robl e m

by P rofe sso r W J Watso n E d i n bu rgh . .
1
H e shows , .

t hat wh e n A gricol a i n vad e d Scotla n d (A D 8 5 ) t h e p re . .

d o m i n a n t p eopl e w e re t h e Cal edo n i a n s Ea rly in t h e

th i rd c e n tu ry t h e C al e do n ia n s a n d M aeatae —n am e s
.

wh ich i n cl ud e d a l l t h e t r i b e s n orth of H ad r ia n s ,
’

Wal l — w e re so aggr essiv e that E m p e ro r S e p ti m us

S e v e r us o r ga n i z e d a g reat e xp edi tio n agai n st th e m .

H e pr e ss e d n orthward as far as th e south ern shore of

t h e M o ray Fi rth a n d alth o ugh h e fough t n o battl e lost
, , ,

me n in ski r m ish e s & c Th e C al e do n ia n s a n d ,

.

M ae atm ros e agai n a n d S e v e rus was pr e pari n g a s eco n d

,

e xp e ditio n wh e n h e d i e d a t Yo r k in A D 2 11 H is s o n
“

.
,
. .

Caracal la wi thd r e w fro m Scotla n d al tog e th e r

,
Th e .

E m p e ro r Co n st a n ti us who d i e d at York in A D , . .

h ad r e tu rn ed fro m a n e xp e d i ti o n n o t agai n st t h e C al e ,

d o n ia n s but agai n s t t h e P i cts

,
Th e P icts w e re b e gi n .

n i n g to b e com e p ro mi n e n t I n 3 60 th ey had agai n to .

b e d ri v e n back Th e y had th e n b eco m e al l i e s of th e

.

Scots fro m U l st e r who w e r e m e n ti o n e d in A D 2 97

,
. .

by t h e o rato r E u me n iu s as e n e m i e s of t h e B rito n s ,

in associatio n wi th t he P ic t i P ro fe s s o rj V at s o n d raw .
/
,

in g o n Ga e l ic e vid e n c e d a te s t h e fi rst s e ttl e m e n t of th e

,
“
Sco ts in Argyl l abou t A D . .

I n 3 68 t h e C a l edo n ia n s w e r e l i k e t h e V e r tu rio n e s a , ,

d ivi sio n of t h e P ic t s Aft e rwa rds th e i r tri bal n am e dis

"

1 Th e P ic ts Iv 19 2 1 (l ec t u r e d v d
e l i e re t o t h e G a e lic So c ie t y Ivof e r n es s a nd

p
,n e rn e s s , n

re rin t e d fr o m Th e I n v e r n e s s Cou r ie r ) .
5 O F B R I TA I N AN D I R E LAN D 13 1

[ hat th e P icts a n d Cal e do n ia n s w e re o r igi n

p e opl e s is m ad e cl e a r by t h e state m e n t o f
“
tt O l who sai d :
‘
I d o n o t m e n ti o n th e wo o ds
”
o f t h e C a l e do n ia n s t h e P icts a n d o th e rs , , .

’
ec t i ,
Saxo n s Scots an d A t ec o tt i h a rass e d
, ,

Thus by t h e fou rt h c en tu ry t h e P icts h ad

LC C of t h e Cal e do n ia n s as t h e l e a d i n g t r i b e ,

ita ry a ri stoc rats of a g re at p a r t of Scotla n d ,

wh ich fo r m e rly C a l e do n ia ca m e to b e
, ,

tavi a .

w e r e t h e P icts ? P rofe ss o r Watso n shows

“ ”
ial n am e i s in old N o rs e P e tt r in O ld ,
”
ao h ta a n d in o l d Sc o ts
,
P e cht Th e s e
“ ”
st that t h e o rigi n al n am e was P ee t .

“ ” “
efe rs to th e P e c ti I n old W e l sh P e it h
.

“
“
Pi ct me n a n d
- P e ith c o m e s fro m
“ ”
h e d e r ivatio n fro m t h e L a ti n pictus
st th e r e fo re b e rej e ct e d I t shoul d b e bor n e .

thi s co n n e ctio n that t h e A n ci e n t B ri to n s

b odi e s with woad Th e ap p l icatio n of .

”
ain t e d t o o n ly o n e s e ctio n of th e m s e e m s
“ ” “
P ec t i s ays P rofe sso r Watso n
, c an ,

at e d e tymological ly from P icto ne s th e ,

u l is h t r i b e o n t h e B ay of B i sc a y south of

n e i ghbou r s of t h e V e n e ti Th e i r n am e .

h L o wla n d s th e fa ir ies w e re so m e t im es c a l l e d P e ch ts has

d b
(a s in Ar th u r s Se a t E in u r gh ) P a tr ic ( n er n e s s ) W a ll a c e
'

k Iv
Ld k d
, , ,

( B e n e i) & c I n l i e m a n n e r fa irie s w e re r eferr e t o a s P e c h t s

d d y
, . .

s im il a r c h a r a c t er Th e D a na n n eit ie s w e r e c o n s ig n e t o fa ir
d v I y y
.

W e s t High l a n c h ief ga e h is n a me t o a n ris h fa ir Fa ir l a n d

y b y
, .

A rth u r Th o ma s t h e Rh me r Fin n ma c C o u l & c

-
ec a m e
- “
fa ir
b d by
, , , .
,

go o d d e a l o f c o n fu s io n h a s mis t r a n s l a t in g th e
p —d
ee n c a u s e

Th e w o rd s ith ( ro n o u n ce s h ee )
p [

of sup d
e rn at u ra l lif e of e a th

p
eace

o f su er n a t u r al b T k
ein gs. he c uc

d d
oo

u n der w o rl , and was c all e e u n s i th

13 2 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N

S hows t h e sa m e va r iatio n b e tw ee n P icto n e s an d P eo to n es .

W e may th e re fore clai m P ec t i a s a g e n u i n e C e l tic word .

I t i s of t h e C y m r ic o r O l d B ritish a n d Gaul ish ty p e n o t ,

of t h e Ga e l ic typ e fo r G ae l ic has n o i n itial P wh i l e thos e

, ,
”
oth e rs hav e G i ldas (c A D
. B ed e (c A D
. . . an d . . .

Ne n n iu s (c A D 8 00 ) re fe r t o t h e P icts as a p eopl e from

. . .

t h e n orth of Scotla n d Ne n n iu s says th e y o ccu pi e d

.

O rk n e y fi rst Th e l e g e n ds wh ich co n n ec t t h e P icts

.

with S cyth i a a nd H e rcu l e s w e r e bas e d o n V i rgi l s me n ’

” “
tio n of p ic ti Agathy rs i a n d p i oti G e lo n i (E n eid
I V 146 Geargic s I I 1 15 ) com bi n e d wi th t h e accou n t by
, , , ,

H e rodotus ( I V 10) of th e d e sc e n t of G e lo n us a n d Aga

,

thyrs us fro m H e rcu l e s O f lat e o ri gi n th e r e fo re was

.

t h e I r ish m yth that t h e P icts fro m Scyth ia w e re cal l e d

A gath y rs i a n d w e r e d e sc e n d e d fr o m G e l o n s o n of ,

H e rcu l es .

Th e r e n ev e r w e re P i cts in I re la n d e xc ept as v isi tors , .

Th e th e ory about t h e I rish Picts a ro s e by m ist ra n sl ati n g

t h e racial n am e C r u ith n e as P icts C om m u n iti e s
of C r u ith n e w e r e a n c i e n tl y s e ttl e d in t h e fou r p rovi n c e s
of I re la n d bu t C r u it h n e m e a n s B ri to n s n o t P ic ts
, .

Th e a n ci e n t n am e of G r eat B ri tai n was Al bio n whi l e ,

I r e la n d was in G re e k I e rn e a n d in Lat in I u b e r n ia
( lat e r T h e racial n am e was a ppl i e d by
P l i n y to Al bio n a n d H i b e r n ia wh e n h e re fe rre d to th e
“ ”
i sla n d group as B rita n n iae Ptol e m y says that A l bio n
.

“ ”
i s a B ri ta n n i c i sl e an d fu rth e r that Al bio n (E n gla n d
“
a n d S cotla n d ) was a n i sla n d b e lo n g i n g to t h e B r i ta n
”
n ic I sl e s I r e la n d was al so a B ri ta n n i c i sl e
. It is .

th e re for e qu it e cl ear that t h e B rito n s w e re r e ga rd e d as th e

p re do m i n a n t p eopl e in E n gla n d Wal es Scotla n d a nd , , ,

I re la n d an d that t h e v e rdict of h isto ry i n cl ud e s I r ela n d

,

in t h e B ritish I sl e s Th e B rito n s w e r e P C e l ts a n d
.
-
,

th e i r racial n am e P reta n P rita n b ecam e in t h e Ga e l ic

-

l a n guag e of th e Q C e lts C ru ith e n pl u ral C ru ith n e

“ -
“ ”
.

I n Lati n t h e B ritish I sl e s a re cal l e d afte r th e i r in h ab i

 R A C E S O F B R I TA I N A ND I R E LA N D 133

ts , th e re n d e ri n g b e i n gB r ita n n i wh i l e in G r ee k i t
“ ” “ ”
P re tan n o i or P r e ta n o i As P rofe ssor W J . . .

ats o n an d P r o fe ssor Sir J M o r ri s Jo n e s two abl e a n d .

,

iab l e ph i lologi s t s hav e i n si st ed t h e G r e e k form i s t h e

, ,

e r a n d m or e co rre ct an d t h e Lati n form i s m e r e ly a n

,

1p t a t io n of t h e G ree k fo rm .

“
11 t h e e a r ly c e n tu ri e s of o u r e ra t h e t e rm B rita n n us
”
s short e n e d in Lati n to B r it to pl u ral B rit to n es .

is d i m i n u ti v e form which m ay b e com p a re d with

,
”
icotty for Scotsma n b e cam e popular I n Ga e l ic i t
, .

“ ” ”
g in at e d t h e form B reata in re p re s e n t i n g B r it t o n es
,

rito n s
), wh ich was appl i e d to t h e B ri to n s of Strath
d e Wal e s a n d Co r n wal l who r e tai n e d th e i r n ati v e
, , ,

: ec h u n d e r R o ma n rul e ; in W e l sh t h e r e n d e r i n g was ,

Th e W e lsh n am e fo r Sco t la n d b e cam e

”
Sry t h o n .

”
’
r d n
y y T. h e n orth e r n p e opl e of Scotla n d havi ng ,

me u n d e r t h e sway o f t h e Picts w e re r e fe rr e d to as ,
“ ”
: t s j ust a s th e y b e cam e Sc o ts a fte r t h e t ri b e of
ot s ros e i n to p ro m i n e n c e I n t h i s s e n s e t h e Scottish
.

P icts B ut t h e C r u it h n e ( B r ito n s ) of
.

v e r re fe rre d to as P icts M od e rn sch o la rs .

u it h n e a n d Picts a r e t h e i n v e n to r s

b ee n tra diti o n al ly associate d

av e

k n o w n as b rochs wh ich a re
n t h e sam e pl a n Of 490 k n ow n b rochs says
.

“
W J Watso n O rk n e y an d S h e tla n d poss e ss
h n es s has 150 a n d S uth e rla n d 6 7 —a t otal of
.
.
,

t h e m ai n la n d south of S u t h e rl a n d th e r e a re 10
6 I n v e r n ess sh i re 2 in Fo rfar I in Sti r l i n g
-
, , ,

thi a n S e l ki rk a n d T3e rwick shi re s 3 in Wigtow n

, ,
~ -
,

I n t h e I sl e s th e r e a re 2 8 in L e wis 10 in Ha r ris , ,

S ky e 1 in Raas ay a n d at l east 5 in t h e i sl e s o f
, ,

l ) Th e i n fe re n c e i s that t h e o r i gi n al s e at of t h e
.

bu i ld e rs m ust hav e b ee n in th e far n orth a n d tha t ,

i n flu e n c e p roc eed e d southwards Th e m aso n ry .

 13 4 A N C I E N T MAN IN B R I TA I N
and co n t e n ts of t h e brochs prov e th e m to b e t h e w o rk
of a m ost ca p abl e p eo pl e who l iv ed p a rtly at l eas t by
,

ag r icu l tu re a n d h ad a fa i r ly h i gh sta n da rd of ci vi l iza t i o n .

Th e d i stri butio n o f t h e b rochs also i n d icat e that

th e i r occu p a n ts co m bi n ed agric u l t u re w ith s e afa r i n g
Th e Wi g t ow n b rochs l ik e t h e w e st coast o n e s g e n e ral ly
“
, ,
“

a re a l l c los e to t h e s ea a n d in , e xc e e di n gly st ro n g
”
positio n s .

Th e s e Scotti sh bro chs b ear a st r i k i n g re s e m bla n c e to

t h e n u r agh i of t h e i sla n d of Sa rdi n ia B oth th e b ro ch .

“
a n d t h e n u r agh e hav e l ow doorways wh ich would a t
o n c e p ut a n e n e my at a d isadva n tag e in atte m pti n g to
e nt e r

D esc ri bi n g th e Sardi n ia n structu r e s M r T E ric , . .

“
P e et w r it es I
. Al l t h e n u r agh i sta nd in co m ma n d i n g
si tuatio n s ov e rlooki n g la rg e t racts o f co u n t ry a n d th e ,

m o re i m po r ta n t a pos itio n i s fro m a st rat e gical poi n t o f

”
V i e w t h e stro n g e r wi l l b e th e n u r agh e wh ich d e fe n ds i t .

“
R u i n s of v i l lag e s su r rou n d th es e structu re s Th e re .

” “
ca n n ot b e th e l east d o u bt says P ee t , t hat in ti m e o f ,

da n g e r t h e i n habita n ts d rov e th e i r cattl e i n to t h e forti fi e d

e n cl o su r e e n t e r e d i t th e m s e l v e s
, a n d th e n cl os e d t h e
,
”
g at e s .

I n t h e Bal earic I sla n ds a re tow e rs cal l e d ta l ay ots wh ich

”
in P e e t s O pi n io n t h e n u r agh i
’
r e s e m bl e rath e r clos e ly , ,

o f Sa rd i n ia Th e arch it e ctu re o f th e ta l ay ots t h e n u r agh i

.
, ,

a n d t h e broch s r e s e m bl e s t hat of t h e b ee h iv e t o m bs of -

M yc e n ae (p re H e l l e n ic G ree c e) Th e re a re n o b roch s in
- .

“
I re la n d Th e rou n d tow e rs a re of Ch ristia n o ri gi n
.

( b e t w e e n n i n th a n d th i rt e e n th c e n tu ri e s A t omb

a t L a b b a mo l o a Cou ty Co rk how v r s m bl e s t h e
g n , e e r ,e e ,

to m bs o f t h e Bal ea r ic I sl es a n d Sard i n ia (P ee t R o ugh ,

Ston e M on u men ts pp 4 3 , .

4; Th e P icts app ea r to h a v e co m e to Scotla n d from th e

cou n try o f t h e a n ci en t P i cto n e s whos e n am e su rvi v e s in ,

1 Rou gh Sto n e M o n u me n ts , pp . 82 e t s e q.
ES O F B R I TA I N A ND I R E LAN D 13 5

Po ic t ie rs ) an d th e
p rovi n c e of P o itou in
Th e s e P ic t o n e s w e r e a n ci e n tly r i v a l s of t h e
‘

ch i e f s ea trad e rs in W e s t e rn a n d N o r t h e rn
-

I r i n g th e p re Roma n p e rio d W e ga th e r
-
.

,r that t h e P ict o n e s e sp o us e d t h e Caus e o f t h e

vh e n t h e V e n e ti a n d t h e i r a l l i e s re v o lt e d .

t h e i r n e ar n e i gh b o u rs t h e Sa n to n i su pp l i e d , ,

1 shi p s
1
. Th es e w e re a p p a re n tly Ski ffs which
l ighte r a n d s mal l e r t h a n t h e 1m p o s in g v e ss e l s
lC t l
. As t h e bi g v e ss e ls of t h e A r m ad a w e re
fo r t h e sm al l e r E n gl i sh v e ss e ls so w e re t h e ,

3 8 n o match fo r t h e S ki ffs of t h e P ict o n e s .

:ts w h o s e ttl e d in O rk n e y a p p e a r t o hav e

t h e e ast e r n a n d w e st e r n Scotti sh s e a rout e s -
.

ibl e th a t th e y t rad e d wi t h Sca n di n a vi a a n d

3al tic am b e r Tacitus s tat e s that t h e Bal t i c
.

o e n gag e d in th e am b e r t rad e spok e a d ial e ct ,

tha t of B ritai n worsh i pp ed t h e m oth e r god

,
-

2
ega rd e d t h e boar as t h e sym bol of th e i r d e ity .

S h as b e e n n ot ed i s d e r iv e d fro m t h e ol d
,

:l for b o ar Th e b o a r p e opl e of O r k n ey w h o
.
-

t h e sway of t h e Picts m ay hav e b ee n re lat e d

r t rad e rs .

p e opl e associat e d in t radi t io n wi th

-
,

fo r t h e i r p i ratic habits In .

v er pi racy was a com m o n ,

ki n gs who s e iz e d t h e n aval ,

h e s a m e reaso n w e may c o n cl ud e
c c u p ie d t h e brochs V i ki n g m e a n s .

Pow e l l has show n I n E gil s Saga .

’

“
t h e h e ro Bj o rn was som e ti m e s in
ti m es o n t ra d i n g voyag e s
that t h e t e rm p ic t u s was co n fus e d with t h e
B oo k I I I C h a te r p II
p b d
, .

G e r ma n s , C h a t e r X L V . Th e oar w as the s o n o f a s o w -go d ess .

ll y a s o w fo r m
pp
,

. 6 1- 3 .
 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N

racial n am e P e c t i b e caus e t h e P icts h ad a d o p te d t h e

,

sai lo r l i k e habi t of tatto in g th e i r ski n s —a h a bit wh ich p ro

-

b a bly had a re l i gious S i g n ifica n c e C laudia n t h e fou rth .

,

c e n tu ry Ro ma n p o e t re fe r s to th e fad i n g s te e l w ro ught
“
,
-

fi gu re s o n t h e dyi n g P ict Lik e t h e s e afari n g Scots

of n o r th e r n I re l a n d who harri e d th e W e l sh co ast b e tw ee n
t h e s e co n d a n d fifth c e n tu r i e s of o u r e ra t h e P icts of ,

Scotla n d had Ski ffs (scaph ae ) w i t h sai l s a n d tw e n ty oars

a si d e V e ss e ls m asts rop e s a n d sai l s w e re p ai n te d
.
, , ,

a n e ut ral ti n t a n d t h e c re ws w e re a tti re d in t h e s a m e
,

colou r Thu s cam ouflag e d t h e P i cts a n d Scots w e r e

.

abl e to ha r ry t h e coasts of Rom a n i z e d B r itai n Th e y .

app ear to hav e tu r n e d Had ria n s wal l from t h e s e a Th e ’

.

P icti sh s eafa r i n g t r i b e s t h e K e iths o r C ats a n d t h e

,

M wa tae hav e l e ft th e i r n am e s in C a ith n ess I n c h ke it h

, , ,

Dal k e ith & c a n d in t h e I sl e of M a y &c

, .
,
1
,
.

A gl i m ps e of pi rati cal op e ratio n s in t h e fi rst c e n tu ry

b e for e t h e Ch ri stia n e ra i s obtai n e d in a n I r ish m a n u
scri pt accou n t o f c e rt a i n h a pp e n i n gs in t h e re ig n o f
K i n g C o n a ire t h e G re at of I re l a n d So stri ct was .

th i s m o n arch s r u l e t ha t s e v e ral lawl e ss a n d d isco n

’

t e n t ed p e rs o n s w e r e fo rc e d i n t o e xi l e .

Am o n g t h e m o s t d e s p e ra t e w e re t h e
of t he o u t aw s l
m o n a r c h s o w n fo s t e r b r o t h e r s t h e fo u r s o n s o f D o u d D e s s
’
, ,

a n i m p o r t a n t C h i e ft a i n o f Le i n s t e r Th e s e r e fra c t o ry yo u t h s
.
,

wi t h a l a r ge p a r ty o f fo ll o we r s t o o k t o t h e i r b o at s a n d s h i p s
,

a n d s c o u re d t h e c o a s t s o f B r i t a i n a n d Sc o t l a n d a s w e ll a s o f ,

t h e i r o w n c o u n t ry H avi n g me t o n t h e s e a wi t h I n gc e l t h e
.
,

s o n o f t h e K i n g o f B ri tai n w h o fo r h is m i s d e e d s h a d b e e n
, , ,

lik e wi s e b a n i s h e d by h is o w n fat h e r b o t h p a rt i e s e n t e re d ,

i n t o a l e agu e t h e fi rs t fr u i t s o f w h i c h we re t h e p lu n d e r a n d
,
”
d e va s t at i o n o f a gr e a t p a r t o f t h e B r i t i s h c o a s t .

Th e y a fte rwar d s m ad e a d e sc e n t o n t h e coast of I re

la n d , a n d wh e n K i n g C o n aire r e tu r n ed fro m a vi si t to
1 Rh y s, Ce l tic B r ita in (4 th pp . 1 52 , 3 17 .
 RACE S O F B R I TA I N A N D I R E LA N D 13 7

“
Cl a re ,
h e fou n d t h e wh o l e cou n t ry b e fo re h i m o n e
sh e e t of fi re t h e p l u n d e re rs h a vi n g la n d e d in h i s a h
,
” 1
s e n c e a n d ca rri e d fi re a n d sw o rd wh e r e v e r th e y w e n t .

I n h i s d e sc r i p t io n of B r itai n Taci tus s ays tha t t h e ,

i n h abita n ts v a r i e d in th e i r p hysic a l t rai ts D i ffe r e n t .

co n cl usio n s w e re d raw n co n c e r n i n g t h e i r o rigi n H e .

t h o ugh t t h e Cal e do n ia n s w e re b e caus e o f th e i r ruddy

,

hai r a n d m uscul a r l i m bs of G e rma n d e sc e n t a n d that

, ,

t h e d a rk S i l u re s of Wal e s w e re d e sc e n d an ts of I b e ria n
col o n ists H e n ot e d that t h e i n habi ta n ts of south e r n
.

E n gla n d re s e m bl e d t hos e o f G a ul 2
.

L at e r w r i t e rs hav e e xp re ss e d d iv e rg e n t v i e ws re ga rd
in g t h e e th n ics of t h e B riti sh I sl e s O n e th e ory i s th a t.

t h e fa i r T e uto n i c p eo pl e s w h o i n v a d e d B r i t a i n du ri n g
,

t h e p ost Rom an p e r iod “

-
d ro v e t h e d a r k C e lts w e s t
,

ward an d that that i s t h e reas o n why in E n gla n d a n d

,

Scotla n d t h e i n habita n ts of w e s t e rn a re as a re d a rk e r
tha n thos e in th e e ast e r n As w e h a v e s e e n h o w ev e r
.
, ,

t h e e a rly m e t al wo r k e rs s e ttl e d in t h e w e st e r n ar e a s

for t h e re aso n tha t t h e m i n e ra l s th e y sought fo r w e re

locat e d th e re I n south w e s te r n Scotl a n d t h e in h ab i
.
-

t a n ts a re da rk e r th a n thos e o n th e ea st e xc e pt in ,

Ab e rd e e n sh i re wh e re th e re a re disti n ctiv e m e gal ithi c

,

r e m a i n s a n d two fa m o us p e a rl i n g ri v e rs t h e Y t h an a n d ,

Ugi e a s w e l l as d e p osits of fl i n t a n d t rac e s of gol d

, .

Th e p eo p l e of Scotl a n d a re o n t h e whol e t h e tal l e st

, ,

a n d h ea vi e st p e opl e in E u rop e I t has b e e n sugg est e d

.

tha t th e i r g reat av e rag e statu re i s d u e to t h e s e ttl e m e n t

in t h e i r c o u n t ry of t h e har d y No rs e m e n o f th e V i ki n g
p e ri o d but t h is i s i m probabl e b eca us e th e av e rag e
, ,

s tatu re of N o rway Sw ed e n a n d D e n m a r k i s low e r

, ,

t ha n th a t o f Scotl an d A di sti n cti v e fe a t u re of t h e

.

Sco tt ish fac e i s t h e h igh ch ee k bo n e Th e N o rs e - .

ch ee k bo n e i s d isti n ctly flatte r I t may b e that th e

-
.

1 O C u rry , M a n n e r s
'

an d Cu s tom s f th e A n c ie n t I r is h , V o l III p 6
p XI
o .
, . 13 .

2 A r ic ol a C h a
g , . .
 13 8 A N C I E N T MAN IN B R I TA I N
t al l C rO M ag n o n s who had h igh ch ee k bo n e s hav e
-
,
-
,

co n t r i but ed to Scottish p hysical t raits That al l t h e .

fa i r p eopl e s of B r itai n a n d I re la n d a re as has b e e n ,

i n d icat e d n o t n e c e ss a ri ly d e sc e n da n ts of th e fa i r C e lts
,

an d A n gl o Saxo n s i s e vid e n t fro m t h e t rac e s th a t hav e

-

b ee n fou n d of t h e e a r ly s e ttl e m e n t in th e s e isl a n ds of

t h e p rot o Sca n d i n avia n s -
who i n trod uc e d th e M agl e ,

mo s ia n cu l t u re l o n g b e for e t h e i n tro d uctio n o f t h e

N e ol ith ic i nd ust ry M o d e r n e th n ologi sts l e a n to t h e
.

vi e w that t h e m ass e s o f t h e pr e s e n t day populati o n of -

E u rop e b e tray Pal aeol i th ic racial a ffi n i t i e s I n no .

cou n try in E u r o p e oth e r tha n ou r o w n h av e th e r e b ee n

, ,

fe w e r e th n ic ch a n g e s As w e hav e s ee n th e re w e r e .
,

o n ly two o r th r ee i n t r us io n s fro m t h e C o n ti n e n t b e tw e e n
t h e p e r iods wh e n t h e bro n z e a n d i ro n i n dustri e s w e re
i n t roduc e d —that is d u ri n g about a thou sa n d y e ars ,
.

Th e l att e r i n vasio n s w e re thos e of typ e s al ready s e ttl e d

in B r itai n As in oth e r cou n tri es th e t e n d e n cy to r e v e rt
.
,

to t h e e arly typ e s r e p re s e n t e d by th e mass e s of t h e

p eopl e has n o t b ee n abs e n t in o u r n ati v e la n d Th e .

i n trusio n s of e n e rg e tic m i n ori ti es m ay hav e caus ed

cha n g e s of la n guag es an d habits of l ife but in ti m e th e ,
1
al i e n e l e m en t has b ee n abso r b e d W i t hal t h e i n flu e n c e s .
,

of cl i mat e a n d of t h e d is ea s e s associ a t ed with loc a l iti e s

hav e e v e r b e e n at wo r k in e l i m i n ati n g t h e physical ly
u n fi t —that i s thos e i n d iv i d ual s who ca n n ot l i v e in a
,

cl i mate too s e v e re fo r th e i r co n sti tuti o n s I n la rg e .

i n d ustrial citi e s t h e sho rt da r k typ e s a re m o re n u m e rous ,

tha n t h e tal l fai r a n d larg e l u n g e d typ e s Th e l att e r

, ,
-
.

app ear to b e m or e su it e d for a n op e n ai r l i fe -

.

Pock e ts of p e op l e s of d isti n ctiv e ty p e a re to be

”

fou n d in d i ffe re n t pa r ts of t h e B r i tish I sl e s I n B a rvas .

,

L e wi s a n d e l s e wh e r e in th e H e b r id e s pock e ts of d a rk
, ,

p eopl e s of fo r e ig n app e ara n c e a re re put e d by th eorists ,

1 “ Th e ( The A n th r opologic a l H is to ry f
"
r ul e is w r it e s B e dd o e in t h is c o n n ec t io n

p p yp y p x p
o

v d
.

“
E n r o/Se, . t h at a n a n t h ro o l o gic a l t e is ne er wh o l l d is o s ses se or e tir a t ed
 RA C E S OF B R I TA I N A N D I R E LA N D 139

as has b ee n i n dicate d to b e d e sc e n da n ts of t h e sai lors

,

o f t h e Sp a n ish Armada Th ey re s e m bl e how e v e r t h e

.
, ,

Fi rb o lgs of I re l a n d a n d t h e S i l u re s of W a l e s H e rt .

fo rd s h ire has a da r k sho rt p eo pl e too

, Gal l o way t h e .
,

cou n t ry of t h e a n ci e n t Se l go v ee (hu n t e rs ) i s n o t e d fo r ,

i ts tal l p e o p l e I t may b e th a t t h e re is a C ro M a g n o n
.
-

st rai n in G a l loway a n d that a m o n g t h e shor t d a rk

, ,

p eopl e s a re d e sc e n d a n ts of t h e a n ci e n t m eta l wo rk e rs ,

i n cl udi n g t h e East e r n e rs w h o s et tl ed in Spai n (See .

Chaps I X a n d X I I ) B e d d o e thi n ks that th e Ph oe n icia n

. .

“ ”
t yp e occasio n al ly c rops u p in Co rn w a l l 1
.

1 The A n th r op olog ic a l H is tory of E u r op e ( n ew editio n P a is l e

, y , 19 1z )
, p .
50 .
 C H A P TE R XII

Dru i d is m in Br i t ai n an d Gau l
C ul t ure EvidM ix in g —C l a s s ic a l
g d i g D id —D i f e nc e re ar n ru s o c t r ne o

T mig
ra n s i f S l —C l i P di I l f h B l L d
rat o n o ou s e t c a ra s es : s es o t e es t, an

und w v e r-F i y l d d L v l L d —P d i App l l d

a es, a r an an o e es s an a ra s e as e- a n

—A pp l N d P k f L y
,

es , g v i
uts , — Mi l
an or d wi h ho on e t s t e t oe c o n n ec t e t t e

O k A pp l
a d O h T —D id
e, an d O t l erB i d —D idre e s ru s an ra c u a r r s ru s as

S h y —Th m h R h y m —C h i
,

“
oo t sa ers To Th m
as t e h er as ru e o as r st as t e

D id f S C l mb —S f W h ip—D id G v d D lm '

ru o t. o u a to n es o o rs ru ro es a n o ens

in A gl —E l C h i i d
n esea W h ip f S
ar y T
r st ans eno u nc e o rs o t o n es , re e s ,

V ll
t
’
ed H v l y B d i —V w v H l y O bj —B ll S ifi
s, an ea en o es o s o er o e c ts u acr ces ,

Sto n e W h ip & i H ighl

'

o rs d — C p m k d c. S
n —O igi f an s
“
u - ar e t o n es r n o

D idi m — M il k G d d
, ,

ru s d M il k y i l d i g T
-
o —E p
es s es d an -
e n ree s u ro ean an

O i l M il k M y h —T
r e n ta C l d M g li hi M
t s m ree u ts an e a t c onu e n t s.

“
Wh e n t h e qu e stio n i s ask e d W h at was t h e re l i gio n
”
o f t h e a n ci e n t B r i to n s ? t h e a n sw e r g e n e ral ly giv e n
/
“
i s D r u idi s m B u t s uch a t e r m m e a n s l i tt l e mo re
t ha n P r i es t i sm I t woul d p e r haps b e b e t te r n o t t o
assu m e t ha t t h e re l i gi o us be l i e fs of o u r re mo t e a n c esto rs
w e re e i th e r i n d ig e n ous o r ho mog e n e ous o r th a t th ey ,

w e re e v e r com pl e t e ly sys t e ma t iz e d a t a n y p e r i od o r in
a n y d ist r ic t A lthough c e rta i n fu n d am e n ta l be l i e fs may
.

hav e b ee n wi d e s p re ad i t i s cl e a r t ha t th e re e xi s te d n o t ,

a few l o cal o r t r i bal cu l ts I sw e a r by t h e god s of my .

pe opl e o n e h e ro m ay d e cla re in a s t o ry wh i l e o f
”
,

a n oth e r it may be tol d th a t “

C ol l (th e haz e l ) o r
”
Fi re was h i s go d C e r tai n a n i m a l s w e re sac red in .

s o m e d ist ri cts a n d n o t in oth e rs o r w e r e sac re d t o som e ,

i n d ividual s o n ly in a s i n gl e tri b e .

I n a cou n t ry l i k e B ri tai n su bj e c t ed in e a r ly t i m e s ,
140
 D R U I D I S M I N B R I TA I N A N D GA U L 14 1

to p e riodic i n t rusio n s of p eopl e s fro m d i ffe re n t a re as ,

t h e p r o c e ss of
”
cul tu re m ix i n g m us t h av e b e e n activ e
a n d c o n s ta n t I m p o rt ed b el i e fs w e re fus e d with n ati v e
.

b e l i e fs o r b e l i e fs t hat h a d assu m ed local fe a tu r e s wh i l e

, ,

local p a n th e o n s n o d o u b t re fl ect e d l o cal pol itics t h e —

go d s o f a m i l itary a rist o c racy b e i n g pl ac e d o v e r t h e
g o d s of t h e subj e c t p eo p l e A t t h e s a m e t i m e i t d o e s
.
,

n o t fol l o w t ha t wh e n w e fi n d a ch i e f d e i ty b e a r i n g a

c e rtai n n a m e in o n e d ist rict a n d a d iffe re n t n am e in ,

a n o th e r t h a t t h e re l igiou s r i t e s a n d p ractic e s d iffe r e d

,

g reatly No r d o e s i t fol l o w t hat al l p e o p l es who gav e

.

re c o g n itio n t o a pol itic a l d e ity p e rfo r m e d t h e s a m e

c e re m o n i es o r att ach e d t h e sam e i m p o rta n c e t o al l
fe stiv a ls H u n t e rs s eafa re rs a n d a g ricul tu rists h ad
.
, ,

t h e i r o w n p e cu l i a r r i t e s a s su rvivi n g su p e rs t iti o n s (t h e
,

b e l i e fs o f o t h e r d ays ) cl e a rly i n dica t e wh i l e t h e wo rk e rs ,

in m e ta ls cl u n g t o c e re m o n i a l p ractic e s t hat di ffe re d

from thos e p e rfo r m e d b y re p re s e n tativ e s of a m i l ita ry
a r is to c ra cy s e rv ed by t h e a rt isa n s .

M uch has b ee n writ te n about t l s D ru ids but i t m ust c

,

b e c o n fe ss e d that o u r k n o wl edg e re ga r di n g th e m i s
som e wh a t sca n ty C lassical w r i t e rs h av e ma d e c o n
.

t radic t o ry stat e m e n ts ab o ut th e i r b e l i e fs a n d c e r e mo n i e s .

Pl i n y alo n e t e l l s that th e y show ed s p e cial re v e re n c e

fo r th e m i stl e to e g rowi n g o n th e o a k a n d sugge sts ,

t h at t h e n a m e D r ui d was co n n e ct e d with t h e G r e e k

w o rd d r u s (a n o ak) O t h e rs t e l l th a t th e re w e re D r ui d s
.
,

S ee rs a n d Bar d s in t h e C e ltic p r i e sthood

, In his .

book o n d i vi n atio n Cic e ro i n d ica te s th a t t h e D ru i d s

,

h ad e m b rac e d t h e d oc t r i n e s of Pyth a go ras t h e G re e k ,

p hi los o p h e r w h o was bor n about 586 B C i n cl ud i n g

, . .
,

t h a t of t h e t ra n sm i g ra t io n o f s o u l s 1
J ul iu s Cae sar t e l ls
"
.

t h a t t h e sp e cial p rovi n c e of t h e D ru ids in Gaul ish

soci e ty was re l igio n in a l l its a sp e cts ; th ey re ad oracl e s ,

1 C aes a r (D e B e l l a Ga l l ic o , VI X IV 4) y th e D ru i d b e l ie ved t he s o ul p d fr o m
vd
, , sa s s as s e
o n e in d i i u a l t o a n o t h e r .
 A N CI E N T MAN IN B R I TA I N
and i n struct ed larg e n u m b e rs of t h e n atio n s youth ’
.

P o mp o n iu s M e la says t h e i n structi o n was giv e n in

1

cav e s a n d in s e cl ud e d g rov e s C aesa r re co rds that o n c e.

a y ea r t h e D r u ids p re si d e d ov e r a g e n e ral ass e m bly

of th e Gaul s at a s acr e d sp o t in t h e cou n t ry of t h e
C arn u t e s wh ich was suppos e d to b e t h e c e n t re of Gaul
, .

I t i s n o t k n ow n wh e th e r th i s holy p l a c e was m a rk ed
by a mou n d a grov e a st o n e ci rcl e o r a d o l m e n Th e
, , , .

A rchd r u i d was ch i e f of t h e p ri e sthood C msa r n ot es .

that t h e G e rm a n s had n o D r u ids a n d paid n o att e n tio n

to sacri fic e s .

Of sp ecial i n t e r e st i s t h e stat e m e n t that t h e D ru ids

b e l i e v e d in t h e doct ri n e of T ra ns m i gratio n of Souls
th at i s th e y b e l i e v e d that aft e r d e a t h t h e sou l p ass e d
,

fro m o n e i n divi dual to a n oth e r o r i n to pla n ts o r a n i mals ,

b e fo re a gai n p ass i n g i n to a h u m a n b e i n g at bi rth .

Acco rd i n g to D io d o r u s Sic u l u s who l iv e d in t h e l att e r ,

p a rt of t h e fi rst c e n tu ry A D t h e Gau l s took l i ttl e . .

,

accou n t of t h e e n d of l ife b e l ie v ihg th ey woul d com e

,

t o l i fe aft e r a c e rtai n t e rm of y e a rs e n t e ri n g oth e r ,

b o d i e s H e al so r e fe rs to t h e custo m of th rowi n g l e tt e rs
.

2
o n t h e fu n e ral py r e so that t h e d ead m i ght r e ad th e m
,
.

Thi s su gg e sts a b e l i e f in re sid e n ce for a p e riod in a

I i ad es .

Th e doctri n e of Tra n sm i g ra tio n of Sou l s d id n o t,

how e v e r p re vai l a mo n g al l C e l tic p e opl e s e v e n in

,

G au l . V al e ri u s M axi—m us w r i ti n g abou t A D 30 says

, . .
,

that t h e Gau l s w e r e in t h e habi t of l e n d i n g su m s of

m o n e y o n t h e p ro m i s e that th ey would b e re paid in t h e
n e xt wo r l d Ga e l ic an d W e lsh l it e ratu re co n tai n s l ittl e
.

e vi d e n c e o f t h e doctri n e of Tra n sm igratio n o f

’

A fe w m yths sugge st that re bi rth was a p ri vi l e g e -

c e rta i n sp e cial ly famous i n d ivi duals M o n ga n K i .

,

of D al r iad a in U lst e r a n d t h e W e lsh Ta l ies s in

, ,

i n sta n c e w e re suppos e d to hav e l i v ed for p e riods

,

1 A Sp i d f th fi t
an a r t
o y e rs 8 1 V C h p XXV III
c en u r A D
. .
2 00 \ , a . .
 D R U I D I S M I N B R I TA I N A N D GA U L 14 3

ms forms , i n cl udi n g a n i mal , t a n d h u ma n p la n ,

5,
wh i l e o t h e r h e ro e s w e re i n ca r n atio n s of d e i t i e s .

m ost p e rsist e n t B r itish b e l i e f h o w e v e r was that , ,

d e a th t h e sou l p a ss e d t o a n O t h e rw o r ld .

l i us C aes a r says that D r ui dism w a s b e l i e v e d to hav e

in at e d in B r i tai n 1
Th is ca n n ot a pp l y how e v e r to
.
, ,

be l i e f in t ra n s m i g ra ti o n of soul s wh ich w a s sha re d ,

1mmo n by C e l t s
“

G ree ks a n d I n d ia n s ( Acc o rd i n g
, , .

t h e E gy p tia n s a r e t h e fi rst who hav e

“
Ie ro d o t u s ,

n e d th a t t h e sou l i s i m mor tal a n d tha t wh e n t h e ,

r d e cays t h e sou l i n va r i a bly e n t e r s a n oth e r b o dy o n

Jo i n t of d e at h
”
”
Th e sto ry of Th e Two B roth e rs
.

u a n d B a ta ) i n dic a t e s th a t t h e doct r i n e was k n o w n

p
Egy p t Th e re a re r e fe re n c e s in t h e
.
“
B o ok of t h e
”
d to a sou l b ecom i n g a l i ly a gold e n falco n a , ,

a c roc o d i l e &c ,
but th is d octri n e was co n n ecte d
.
, ,

rd in
g to E gy p t ologists w ith t h e b e l i,e f that soul s
d assu m e d iffe re n t sha p e s in t h e Oth e rwo rld I n .

a s o ul s a re sup p o s e d to pass th rough a n i mal o r

il e fo rm s o n ly Th e G re e k doctri n e , l i k e t h e C e ltic
.
,

fo r m s C e rtai n Africa n tri b e s b e l i e v e in

.

ra ti o n of sou l s ;
“

B ri ta i n an d I fel an d t h e b el i e f obtai n e d as ,

d e l s ewh e re that th e re was an U n d e rw o rld

,

is e a n d c e rtai n I sla n ds of t h e B l e st (in G a e l ic

“ ” “
Th e L a n d of Youth Th e Pl a i n of B l iss,
”
,

Th e U n d e rwo rl d was e n t e re d th rough c a v e s w e l ls , ,

o r lak e s o r th rough t h e o c e a n cav e r n fro m which

,

o o n a ros e Th e re a re re fe r e n c e s in Scottish fol k

Th e La n d —
.

“ ”
U n d e r Wav e s a n d to me n a n d
-
,
“
e n t e r i n g th e U n d e rwo r l d th rough a fa i ry
d a n d s e e i n g t h e d ead pl ucki n g fru i t a n d r e api n g
,

as in th e Pa ra d is e of th e E gy p tia n god Osi ris I t .

(Bo o k XXX ) y B rita in ms to ha v t a u gh t d

D r u i is m t o th e P e rs ia n s
p p
sa s see

d
e .

ew , giv e n in t h e c o n c l u in g a r t o f th is ch a t h a t Dru id is m w a s o f E a s t e r n
p
ter ,
of s ec ial in t er es t in t h is co n n ec t io n .
144 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
is e vid e n t that Fai ryl a n d w a s o r igi n al ly a Pa radis e ,

a n d t h e fai r y q u ee n a n ol d m oth e r g o d d e ss Th e re a re .

re fe r e n c e s in W e lsh t o as glo o my an U n d e r world as t h e

Babylo n ia n o n e I n a d di t i o n t o A n n wfn
. a te rm ,
” “
wh ich accord i n g to t h e l a t e P rofessor A n wy l
, s ee m s ,
‘
to m ea n t h e Not wo r ld w e h a v e oth e r n am e s fo r t h e
-
’
,
‘
worl d b e low such as a ngh a r t h e l o v e l e ss plac e ;
’
, ,

d if a n t t h e u n rimme d plac e (wh e n c e t h e m o d e r n W e l sh

,
‘
wo rd d zf an c ol l l o st for e v e r
, afl wy s t h e abyss ; afi a n , ,
‘
t h e l a n d i n vi si bl e I n a W e lsh po e m a b a r d s p ea ks
“
of t h e Oth e rwo r l d as t h e c r u e l p ri so n of ea r t h th e ,

a bo d e of d e ath t h e lov e l e ss la n d
,

Th e B o rd e r B al lads of Sc o tl a n d co n tai n re fe re n c e s to
t h e Fai ryl a n d P a ra d is e of t h e U n d e rwo r ld t o t h e isl a n ds ,

o r co n ti n e n t of Par a dis e a n d t o t h e da r k O t h e rwo r l d of

,

t h e g r av e in w h ich t h e d e ad l ie amo n g d e v o u r i n g w o r ms .

I n o n e C e lti c E lys i u m k n ow n t o t h e W e lsh a n d I r ish

, ,

t h e d ea d fea st o n p o r k as do t h e h e ro e s in t h e Pa ra d is e
o f t h e Sca n d i n a vi a n go d Od i n Th e re i s n o t rac e in .

Scotla n d o f a b e l i e f o r d e si re to re ach a Pa rad is e in

wh ich t h e p i g was e at e n Th e p opu la r i ty of t h e a ppl e .

as t h e fr u i t o f lo n g ev i t y was how e v e r wid e sp re ad I t , , .

i s u n c er tai n wh e n th e b e l i e fs co n n e ct e d wi t h it w e re
i n t ro duc e d i n to E n gla n d Wal e s Scotl a n d an d I re la n d
, , , .

A S th e y w e re s i m i lar to thos e co n n e ct e d wi t h t h e haz e l

n ut , t h e a c o r n t h e r ow a n & c
,
th e r e m ay hav e si m p ly,
.
,

b ee n a cha n g e of frui t ra t h e r th a n a re l i gi o us cha n ge ,

e xc e pt in so fa r as n e w c e r e mo n i e s m a y hav e b e e n

associat e d wi t h t h e cu l ti vat e d appl e t re e .

A G ae l ic sto ry t e l l s of a youth who in Pa radis e h e ld a

frag ra n t gold e n appl e in h i s r i gh t h a n d “
A th i rd p a rt .

of i t h e w o ul d e at a n d sti l l fo r al l h e c o n su m e d n e v e r , ,
”
a wh it would i t b e d i m i n ish ed As l o n g as h e at e th e .

ap pl e n o r a ge n o r d i m n e ss coul d affe ct h i m P a ra
Ap p l e la n d
“ ”
d i s e w as in W e lsh a n d Ga e l i c cal l e d .
2

1 Ce l t ic Re l ig io n , p . 62 .
2 v
A al o n , b
E ma in A l a ch , & c .
 DR UI DIS M IN B R I TA I N A N D GA U L 14 5

tre e l ife always b o re ri p e fru it a n d fre sh bl o s

of

O n e of t h e I rish St Pat r ick l e g e n ds p ictu re s a .

youth co m i n g fro m t h e south clad in c r i m so n

1

“
l e an d y e l low sh i rt ca rr yi n g a doubl e a r m fu l of
,

d y e l l o w h e a d e d n uts a n d of m ost b e autifu l gold e n

-

w a p p l es Th e re a re sto r i e s too a bout th e h az e l , ,

“ ”
5 go o d frui t a n d of h o ly fi re b e i n g tak e n fro m
,

.re e a n d wi th a l a n u m b e r o f h a z e l pl a c e n am e s t hat
,
-

ably i n d icat e wh e re s ac re d h a z e l g ro v e s o n c e e xist e d .

ow e e n cus t o m s c o n n e ct e d with a pp l e s a n d n u t s a r e
’

:ntl re l ics of a n ci e n t r e l i gious b e l i e fs a n d c e r e

y
es .

te D ru i d s a re re po rt e d by P l i n y (as has b e e n stat e d )

we v e n e ra t e d t h e m is t l e to e e s p e ci a l ly wh e n i t w a s ,

i g ro wi n g o n a n oak B ut t h e po p ul a r p a rasi t ic
.

i s v e ry ra re ly fo u n d associ ate d wi t h t h i s t re e .

ra n c e a n d E n gl a n d it g rows ch i e fly o n fi rs a n d
'

o r o n a ppl e t ree s b u t n e v e r o n t h e pla n e b e e ch

, , ,
2
rc h . I t i s t h e re fo re d ou btful i f th e n a m e D r uid
d e r i v e d fro m t h e ro o t d r u which i s fou n d in t h e
(o a k )/ I n G ae l ic t
. h e D ru ids a re wis e

who re ad o racl e s wo rk e d sp e l ls co n t rol l ed t h e

, ,

e r a n d a c te d a s i n t e rc e ss o rs b e tw e e n t h e g o d s a n d
,

Li k e t h e d ra g o n Sl ay e rs o f rom a n c e th e y u n d e r
-
,
“ ”
t h e l a n gu ag e of bi rds a n d e sp e cial ly th at o f ,

a rt icula r bi rd ass o ci a t e d with t h e h o ly t r ee o f a

O n e s ac re d bi rd w a s t h e w re n Acco rdi n g to D r . .

l e y Stok e s t h e o l d C e l tic n a m e s of w r e n a n d D ru id
d e r iv e d fro m t h e ro o t d r eo wh ich is c o g n at e with ,

e r m a n wo rd t r e u a n d t h e E n gl ish t r u e Th e D r u i d .

h e re fo re a s o n e who u n d e rst o o d t h e la n guag e of

,

—
sooths ay e r a t ruth s ay e r a r e v e al e r of
,
-

th e r igh t a n d s ign i e fid v h ea en , w h il e th e n o rt h was on t h e l e ft and

w e th c h iefl y p b o n cra t r ee s , a pp l e t rees , so me t imes u p on

dv y
u

th e mis tl e t o e w h e reo f is c o u n te m ed ic in a l I t is
p
er

b y
.

glis t e n in g err ; a n d it is a l an t
146 ANCI ENT MAN I N B R I TA I N
d ivi n e truth A j udgm e n t p ro n ou n c e d by D ru id o r
.

k i n g was suppos e d to be i n spi re d by t h e d e ity I t was .

e ss e n ti a l ly a d i vi n e d e cr e e Th e j udg e wo re rou n d h i s
.

n e ck t h e sym bol of t h e d e ity Wh e n what h e said .

was t r u e i t was room y fo r h i s n eck ; wh e n fals e i t was

, ,

n a r ro w .
”
Th i s sy m bol accord i n g to Cor mac s Gl oss ary ’

was cal l e d s in (sh ee n ) So m e s ee rs d e r i v e d th e i r pow e r

.

to r e v e al t h e t ruth by tasti n g t h e blood o r j u ic e of a holy

a n i mal o r re pti l e or , l i k e Thom as th e R hy m e r by e a ti n g
, ,

of a n appl e pl uck e d fro m t h e t re e of l ife in t h e P a rad is e

of Fai ryla n d I n a n ol d bal lad i t i s tol d that wh e n
.

Tho mas was carri e d off to t h e U n d e rworld by t h e fai ry

qu ee n h e was gi v e n a n i n sp i ri n g appl e that m ad e h i m a
tru t h say e r (a p roph e t)
-
.

Syn e t h ey c a me t o a ga rd e n gre e n
‘
An d
’
she p u d a n ap p c fr ae a t re e ;
Ta k e t h i s fo r t hy w age s , Tru e Th o ma s ;
It will give t hee t h e t o ng ue t h at c an n e ve r l e e (l ie ) .

“
T ru e Tho mas was D rui d Tho mas
A n i n t e r e sti n g r e fe r e n c e to D ru idi s m i s fou n d in a
G a e l i c po e m su ppos e d to hav e b ee n writ te n by St .

Col u m b a in wh ich t h e m i ssio n a ry says :

,

Th e v o i c e s o f b i r d s I d o n o t r e v e re n c e ,

No r s n e e zi n g n o r a ny c h a r m in t h i s wi d e w o rl d
, .

C h r i s t t h e So n o f G o d is my D r u i d
, ,
.

Th e re a re Ga e l ic sto ri e s abou t D ruids who r ead t h e

o m e n s of t h e ai r a n d for e t e l l t h e fat e s of i n d ivi d ual s at
bi rth fix t h e days o n wh ich you n g wa r rio rs sh o u ld tak e
,

a rm s & c
,
.

I n E n gla n d S cotla n d I r e la n d a n d Wal e s n o t o n ly

, , ,

tree s a n d bi rds w e re r e v e re n c e d but al so st a n d i n g sto n e s , ,

wh ich a re som e ti m e s re fe rr e d to e v e n in m od e r n Ga el ic
“ ”
as sto n e s of wo rsh i p So m e stori e s t e l l of sta n d i n g
.

sto n e s b e i n g tra n sfo rm e d i nto h u m a n b e i n gs wh e n st r uck

 DRUI DISM IN B R I TA I N A ND GA U L 14 7

1y a magici an s wa n d Th e wa n d in o n e sto ry i s pos

’
.

“ ”
:e ss e d by a wi s e wom a n O t h e r t radi tio n s r e l a t e
.

hat o n c e a y ea r t h e sto n e s b ecom e maid e n s who vi si t a

I e igh b o u r in g st re am a n d bath e in i t A v e rsio n of th i s .

n yt h su rvi v e s in Oxfo rdsh i r e Acco rd i n g to Tacitus .

h e re w e re o n th e i sla n d of M o n a (A n gl es e a) wh ich w as ,

L c e n tr e of r e l igious i n fl u e n c e n o t o n ly D ru ids but , ,

‘
wom e n in black atti r e l i k e Furi e s —ap p a re n t ly p ri e st
ss es As h as b e e n n ot e d a la rg e n u m b e r of dol m e n s
.
,

x is te d o n M o n a in wh ich th e re w e r e also
, grov e s
lev o te d to i n hu ma n sup e rstitio n s
“
Th e e a rly Ch r isti a n w r i t e rs r e fe r to th e worshi p of
t o ne s in I re la n d I n t h e s e v e n th c e n tu ry t h e Cou n ci l
.

it Rou e n d e n ou n c e d al l thos e who offe r v o ws to t re e s ,

tr w e l ls , o r sto n e s as th e y would at alt a rs o r offe r

, ,

a n d l e s o r gifts as i f a n y d ivi n ity re sid e d th e re ca p a bl e

,

if co n fe r r i n g good o r e v i l Th e Cou n ci l a t A rl e s (A D
. . .

15 )
2 an d t h e C ou n ci l a t T o l e d o ( A D 68 1) d e a l t wi t h . .

.imil a r paga n p ractic e s That sac re d sto n e s w e re a sso

.

wi t h sac re d t ree s i s i n dicat e d in a d e c re e o f a n

Ch r istia n Cou n ci l h e ld at Na n t e s w h ich e xho rts
o p s an d th e i r s e r va n ts to di g up an d re mov e a n d

ac e s wh e re th e y ca n n o t b e fo u n d th o s e st o n e s
re mot e a n d woody p l a c e s a r e sti l l wo rsh i p p e d

wh e re vows a re sti l l m a d e ”
Thi s wo rsh i p o f st o n e s .

in B r i ta i n o r at a n y ra t e in p a r t of E n gl a n d c o n
, ,

e d wi t h t h e wo rsh i p o f t h e h e a v e nly b o di e s A .

of t h e ti m e of K i n g C a n ut e fo r bi d s t h e ba rbarous
o n of t h e s u n a n d moo n fi re fou n tai n s sto n e s , , , ,

a l l ki n ds of t ree s a n d wood I n t h e C o n fe ssio n .

bu t e d to St P a t r ick t h e I r ish a re wa r n e d th a t a l l
.
,

e w h o a do re t h e s u n sh a l l p e r ish e t e r n a l ly Cor ma c s
’
.

An n a l s f Ta c it u s XI V y v
Th e th eo r t h a t medie al w it c h es w ere th e
p p pp d
o , , 30 .

et c u l t t h at er e t u a t ed p re -Ro ma n B r it is h r e l igio n is n o t s u o rt e

Th e G ael ic “
w it c h es
"
h ad no dv
m eetin gs w ith t h e e il a n d n ev e r
v
,

fo r w it ch c ra ft is d e r i ed fro m E n glis h a n d is
14 s A N CI E N T MAN IN B R I TA I N

Gl oss a ry xplai n s that I n a el ba sig n ifi e d I mages a n d

e
’
,

that th i s n am e was appl i e d to t h e a ltars of c e rtai n i dols .

“
Th e y (t h e paga n s ) w e re wo n t to carv e o n th e m th e
fo r m s of t h e e l e m e n ts th e y a d o red : fo r exam p l e t h e ,
” “
figu re of t h e s u n I r ish Ga e l s swore by t h e s u n
.
,

m oo n wat e r an d ai r day a n d n i ght s ea a n d la n d

, , , In ,

a S cottish story som e warrio rs l i ft u p a portio n of e arth

a n d sw e a r o n i t Th e custo m of sw e a ri n g o n w eapo n s
.

w a s wi d e sp re ad in th e s e i sl a n ds I n a n ci e n t ti m e s .

p e opl e swore by what was hol i e st to th e m 1

.

O n e of t h e lat e st r e fe re n c e s to paga n r e l i gious custom s

i s fou n d in t h e r e cords of D i n gwal l P re sbyt e ry dati n g
fro m 1649 to 167 8 I n th e Pa r ish of G ai rloch Ross .
,

sh i re bu l ls w e r e sacri fic ed oblatio n s of m i l k w e re pou r ed

, ,
“
o n t h e h i l ls w e l l s w e r e ado re d a n d chap e l s w e re ci r
c u l at e d —t h e wo rsh i pp e rs wal k e d r ou n d t he m s u n wis e
, ,

-
.

Thos e who i n t e n d e d to s et out o n j ou r n eys th rust th e i r

h eads i n to a hol e in a sto n e 2
I f a h ead e n t e r ed th e hol e
.
,

i t was b e l i e v e d th e ma n wou ld r etu r n ; if it d id n o t h is ,

“
l uck was dou btful Th e r efe re n c e to oblati o n s of m i l k
.
”

i s of sp ecial i n t e r est b ecaus e m i l k was offe red to t h e

,

fai ri e s A m i l k offe ri n g was l i k e wi s e pou r e d dai l y i n to

.

th e cu p of a sto n e k n ow n as Cl ach n a G r uagac h (th e - -

sto n e of t h e l o n g hai r e d o n e) A bowl of m i l k was , in

-
.

t h e H i ghla n ds pl ac e d b e sid e a co rps e a n d aft e r bu rial

, , ,

took plac e e i t h e r outsid e t h e hous e door o r at th e grav e

, .

Th e co n v e n tio n al i z e d A z i l ia n hu ma n form i s s o m e ti m es
“ ”
fou n d to b e d e p ict e d by s mal l cups o n bou ld e rs o r
“ “ ”
ro cks . So m e cu ps w e re form e d by k n ocki n g
with a sm al l sto n e fo r p u r pos e s of d ivi n atio n Th e .

“ ”
crad l e sto n e at B u rgh e ad i s a cas e in poi n t I t is .

d e al t w i th by Sir Arth u r M itch e l l ( The P as t in the

”
P r es en t pp 2 63 ,
who r e fe rs to oth e r
. cup sto n es -

1 E v y w ea p on h a s it s dm e on is an old y
G a el ic s a in g
d dk v
er .

2 Ac c o r in g t o th e D in g w all r ec o r n o w l e d ge o f fu t u r e e e n t s in refe r e n c e e s p e c ial l e

b d by p y
s

t o l yf e a n d d e a t h w a s o t a in e e r fo r min g a c e re m o n in c o n n ec t io n w ith t h e
d
h o ll o w e s t o n e .
 D RU I DISM IN B R I TA I N A ND GA U L 149

“
tha t w e re re ga rd ed as b e i n g e fficacious in c a s e s of
”
ba rre n n ess I n som e hol low e d s to n e s H i ghla n d
.

p a re n ts i m m e rs e d ch i l d re n susp ect e d of b e i n g cha n g e

l i n gs .
Ni
A fl o o d of l ight has b e e n th row n o n th e o r_i_gi n of
D r uidi sm by S i re t th e d i scov e re r of t h e s ettl e m e n ts o f
1
,

E a ste r n e rs in S pai n wh ich hav e b e e n d eal t with in a n

e a r l i e r chapt e r H e sh o ws that t h e colo n ists w e re a n
.

i n t en s ely re l igi o us p e o p l e who i n t ro d uc e d t h e Eas te r n

,

Pal m tree cu lt a n d wo rsh ipp e d a go d d e ss si m i la r to t h e

-

Egy p tia n H atho r a fo r m of whom was N ut Aft e r th ey

,
.

w e re e xp e l l ed fro m S p ai n by a b ro n z e usi n g p eopl e th e -

,

r e fug ee s s e t tl e d in Gaul a n d I t aly ca rryi n g wi th th e m ,

t h e sci e n c e a n d re l igious b e l i e fs an d practic e s associat e d

with D ru i d ism Com m e rcial re lati o n s w e re e sta bl i sh e d
.

b e tw ee n t h e Et r usca n s t h e p eo p l e s of Gaul a n d t h e s o uth

,

o f S pai n a n d with t h e Ph oe n icia n s of Ty re a n d C arthag e

,

d u r i n g t h e a rch ae o l o gical Early I ro n A ge S om e of t h e .

m e gal ith i c mo n u m e n ts of North Africa w e re co n n ect e d

with th is lat e r d rift . 1.

( Th e godd e ss H a tho r of E gy p t was associat e d wi th

th e sycamor e fig wh ich e xud e s a m i l k l i k e flu id w ith -

,

a s ea sh e l l wi t h th e sky (as N ut s h e was d e pict e d as

”
-
,

a sta r spa n gl ed woma n ) a n d with th e p ri m e v a l c o w

-
, .

Th e t re e cult was i n troduc e d i n to Rom e Th e l e g e n d .

of th e fou n datio n of that ci ty is clos e ly associ ate d wi th

“
th e m i l k yi e l di n g fig t ree u n d e r which t h e twi n s
-
,

Rom u l us a nd R e m us w e re n ourish e d by t h e wol f Th e .

fi g m i l k was reg a rd e d as a n e l ixi r an d was giv e n by t h e

-

G re e ks to n ewly bor n ch i ldre n .

S i re t shows that t h e a n ci e n t n am e of th e Ti b e r was

u mo n which was d e ri v e d fro m t h e roo t sig n ifyi n g
,

ilk. I t was suppos e d to n ou r ish t h e e a rth with

r res t r ial m i l k From th e sam e root cam e t h e n am e of
.

o me .Th e a n ci e n t m i lk p ro vid i n g godd e ss of Rom e

-

1 L A n t h rop ol ag ie ,
'
1 92 1, To me XXX, pp . 23 5 c l s e q.
159 A N C I E N T M AN IN B R I TA I N
w as D va R u m i n a O ffe ri n gs of m i l k i n st ead of w in e
e .

w e re m ad e to h e r Th e starry h eav e n s w e re cal led

.

“ ” ”
J u n o s m i l k by t h e Rom a n s a n d H e ra s m i l k by
’
,
’

”
t h e G re e ks a n d t h e n am e
,
M i l ky Way i s sti l l r etai n ed .

Th e m i l k tr ee of t h e B r i ti sh I sl e s i s th e ha z e l It .

co n tai n s a m i l ky fl u i d in t h e g ree n n u t wh i ch H i ghla n d ,

ch i ld re n of a past g e n e ratio n re gard e d as a fl u i d tha t

gav e th e m st re n gth N ut m i l k was e v id e n tly r e ga rd e d in
.
-

a n ci e n t ti m es as a n e l ix i r l i k e fi g m i l k 1
Th e re i s a great -
.

d e al of Ga e l i c l o re co n n e ct e d with t h e ha ze l I n K eat .

i n g s H is tory of I r el a n d (V ol I s ectio n 1 2 ) app ears th e

’
.
,

si g n i fica n t sta t e m e n t Col l (th e haz e l ) i n d ee d was god

,

to M ac C u il C 0 11 i s t h e ol d Ga e l ic word fo r haz el ;
t h e m od e r n wo rd i s “
C al l ”
C al l t u in n
”
( E n gl ish.e d
“
C a l to n ) i s a ha z e l grov e
” “
Th e r e a re C alto n s in
Ed i n bu rgh an d G l a sgow a nd w e l l wor n fo r m s of th e -

a n ci e n t n am e e ls e wh e re I n t h e l e g e n ds associat ed wi th
.

t h e I ri sh S ai n t M aed é g i s o n e r e gard i n g a d r i e d u p -

“
stick of haz e l wh ich sp rout e d i n to l eaf a n d blossom
” “
a n d good fr u i t I t i s add e d that thi s haz e l e n du res
y e t ( A D . . a fr e sh t r e e ,
u n d e cay e d u n wi th e r e d n u t , ,

la d e n y ea r ly Th e sacr e d ha z e l was suppos e d to be

i m p re g n at e d with t h e substa n c e of l ife A n oth e r re fe r .

e n c e i s mad e to Cal l n a n ath a r ha z e l of th e

H az e l n u ts of lo n g e vi ty as w e l l as appl e s of lo n g e vi ty
-
, ,

w e re suppos e d to grow in th e Ga e l ic Parad is e I n a St . .

Patrick l ege n d a youth co m e s fro m t h e s o u t h south

“ ” “
i s Pa radis e a n d n or t h i s h e l l ) ca rryi n g a doubl e arm
fu l of rou n d y e l low h ead e d n uts a n d of b eauti ful gold e n
-

”
y e l low ap pl e s D r J oyc e stat e s that th e a n ci e n t I rish
. .

“
a t t r i but e d c e rtai n d r u id ical o r fai ry vi rtu e s to t h e yew ,
”
t h e h a z e l a n d t h e qu ick e n or rowa n t ree
,
an d r e fe rs to ,
“
i n n um e rabl e i n sta n c e s in ta l es , po e m s a n d oth e r old ,

1 b
C o m o f t h e h o n e a n d mil y k of th e nut (in G a el ic c ir na me a l a is ba iu n e n a n 0715
)
v
w a s gi e n a s a t o n ic t o w e a l ky ch il d re n , and is s t il l re me m b d
ere the Rev Ken n eth
y
.
,

M a c L e o d, C o l o n s a in fo r m s me
d p
, .

2
Sta n is h H O G r a dy , Sil v a Ga de l ic a
’

.
, .
5 05 .
 D R U I D I S M I N B R I TA I N A N D GA U L 15 1

‘
re co rds in such e xpressio n s as C r uacha n o f t h e fa i r
,

haz el s ‘ D e rry na n ath o n wh ich fa i r n ut te d haz e l s a re

- - -
,

c o n sta n tly fou n d A mo n g th e bl e ssi n gs a good

’
.

ki n g brought o n th e la n d was p l e n ty of h az e l n uts : -

‘O B
e rga (t h e chi e f) fo r who m t h e haz e ls st o op E ach
’

h a z e l i s r ich fro m t h e h e ro H az e l n uts w e re l i k e th e

’
.

1
figs a n d dat es of th e East e rn ers larg e ly us e d fo r food ,
.

I m p o rta n t e vid e n c e re ga rd i n g t h e m i l k e l ixi r a n d t h e

associat ed myths a n d doct ri n e s i s p re s e rv e d in th e
a n ci e n t re l igious l it e rature of I n dia an d e sp e cial ly in
t h e M a h a bh ar a ta Th e I n d ia n Hatho r i s t h e cow
'
-
.

mo t h e r Su ra bh i who sp ra n g from A m r ita (Som a) in t h e

,

mouth of t h e G ra n dfath e r ( B rah ma ) A si n gl e j et of .

“
Th e m i l k
”
h e r m i l k gav e o r igi n t o M i l ky Oc e a n .

“
m ixi n g with t h e wate r a pp e a re d as foam a n d was ,
“
t h e o n ly n ou r ish m e n t of t h e holy me n cal l e d Fo a m
d ri n k e rs D ivi n e m i l k was also o btai n e d from m i l k
” “ ”
yi e ldi n g t re e s wh ich w e re t h e ch i ld re n of o n e of
,

h e r daught e rs Th es e t re e s i n cl ud e d n u t tre e s A n oth e r

. .

d a ught e r was t h e moth e r of bi rds of t h e pa r rot sp eci e s

( o ra cular bi rds ) I n t h.e V e di c po e m s s o m a a d r i n k ,

p re p are d from a pla nt i s sai d to hav e b ee n m ix e d with,

“
m i l k a n d ho n e y an d m e n tio n is mad e of
, Su s oma -

(
“
r iv e r of Som a M a dh u ( m ead ) was a d ri n k id e n t i
fi ed wi t h s oma o r m i l k an d ho n ey
,
2
.

Th e re a re r iv e rs of m ead in t h e C e ltic Pa radis e .

C e rtai n tree s are in I r ish lore associat e d with r iv e rs that

w e r e r e ga rd e d as sacred Th e s e w e r e n o t n e c essa r i ly
’

m i l k yi e ldi n g tr ee s I n Gaul t h e pla n e t re e took t h e

-
.

pl ac e of t h e south e rn fig t ree Th e e l m tree in I re la n d .

an d Scotla n d was si m i la r ly co n n e ct e d wi t h t h e a n ci e n t

m i l k cult O n e of th e o l d n am es for n ew m i l k fou n d in

.
,
“
Co r mac s Glossary ’ ”
i s l eml ach t t h e lat e r form of
, ,

wh ich i s l eamhn ach t From t h e sam e root (l em) com e s

.

1 A Sm a l l er Soc ia l H is tory of A n c ie n t I r e l a n d
2 M a c d o n el l a n d K e it h
, pp —. 1 00 2 a nd 367 8
— .

Ve d ic I n de x , u n d er So m a
, a nd M a dh u .
15 2 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R ITA I N
l ea mh , am e of t h e e l m Th e R i v e r Lau n e in K i l
the n .

la rn e y i s a re n d e r i n g o f t h e G ae l ic n a m e l ea mha in ,

wh ich in Scotla n d i s fou n d as L e v e n t h e r i v e r that ,

g av e its n am e to t h e a re a k n ow n as L e n n ox (a n ci e n t
L ea mh n a ) “
M i l k pl a c e n am e s in I re l a n d i n cl u d e n ew
.
-

“ ”
m i l k l a k e ( L o u gh A l e w n agh ta) in Gal way wh ich , ,
“
J oyc e sugg e sts may hav e b ee n so cal l e d from t h e
,
”
s o ft n e ss of i ts wat e r A mythological o r igi n o f t h e .

nam e i s m ore p robabl e Wou n ds re c e iv e d in ba t t l e .

w e re suppos e d to b e h eal e d in baths of th e m i l k of wh it e

1
h o rn l e ss cows I n I ri sh blood cov e n a n t c e r e m o n i e s
.
-

n ew m i l k blood a n d wi n e w e re m ix e d a n d d ru n k by
, ,
2
w a r r io rs As lat e as t h e tw e l fth c e n tu ry a rich m a n s
.
’

ch i l d w as in I re la n d i m m e rs e d i m m e diat e l y aft e r bi rt h
in n ew m i l k 3
I n Ro m e in t h e n m t h c e n tu ry a t t h e
.
, ,
“
E ast e r e v e bapti s m t h e chal ic e w as fil l ed
-
n o t with

wi n e bu t wi th m i l k a n d ho n ey th a t th ey m ay u n d e r ,

sta n d that t h ey hav e e n t e re d al ready upo n t h e

p ro m i s e d l a n d
Th e b e l i e fs associ a t e d wi th t h e appl e rowa n haz e l , , ,

a n d oak t re e s w e r e e ss e n tial ly t h e sam e Th es e t ree s .

p ro vi d e d t h e fru i ts of lo n g evi ty a n d k n owl e dg e o r t h e ,

w i n e wh ich was o r i gi n al ly r e ga rd e d as an e l ixi r that

i m p a rt e d n ew l ife an d i n sp i re d thos e who d ra n k i t to
p ro p h e cy 5
Th e oak provid ed ac o r n s which w e r e e at e n
. .

A lthou gh i t do e s n o t b ear red b e r r i e s l i k e t h e r owa n ,

a va r i e ty of t h e oak i s greatly favo ure d by t h e i n s e ct

H er mes “
wh ich yi e l ds a scarl e t d ye n ea r ly e qu a l to
,
‘ ”
c o ch i n eal a n d i s t h e sca r l e t m e n tio n e d in Scri ptu re
,
’
.

Th i s fact i s of i m porta n c e as t h e ea r l y p eo p l e s attach e d

1
j y I r is h N a me s f P l a c es , V o l I pp 9 Vol I I , pp 2 06— and M a rs h
pp
-
c e, o 5 07 7 345
b b k
o . , . , . . .

m all o w s (l e a m h ) a e a r t o h a v e e e n in c l u ded a mo n g t h e h e r al s o f th e mil -c u lt th e

p
as

s o m a - l a n t w a s in n d ia I
X III p
.

2 Re v u e C e l ti u e V o l
q 75
p
. . .
, ,

3 W a r re n L itu r
gy a n d R it u a l of t h e Ce l t ic Ch u r c h 67
d p
.
, , .

He n
’
4 er s o n s Su r v iv a l s , 2 18

b y y v d
. .

“
5 Ro w a n w in e was g re atl fa Th ere G a el ic re fe r e n c e s to th e w in e f
pp ( d )
-
e rr o u re . a re o

th e a le c i er
 D R U I D I S M I N B R I TA I N A N D GA U L 15 3

much val u e to c o lou r sp e cial ly to red t h e colou r o f

and e ,

life bl o o d W i t hal aco r n cu p s a re la rg e ly i m p o r te d

.
,
“ -

fro m t h e L e v a n t for th e p u rp o s e s o f ta n n i n g dy e i ng , ,

an d m aki n g in k
” 1
A s e afa r i n g p e opl e l i k e t h e a n ci e n t
.

B rito n s m ust h a v e ta n n e d t h e ski n s us e d for b o at s so a s

to p re v e n t t h e m rotti n g o n c o m i n g i n to co n t a c t wi t h
wat e r . D r J oyc e w ri te s of t h e a n ci e n t I r ish in th i s
.

“ 2 ‘
co n n e c t i o n ,Cu rraghs o r w ick e r b o ats w e re ofte n -

co v e r e d wi th l e ath e r A j ack e t of ha rd tough ta n n e d

.
, ,

le ath e r was som e ti m e s wo rn in battl e a s a p rot ecti n g

co rsl e t . B ags m ad e of l eath e r a n d oft e n of u n d re ss e d ,

ski n s w e r e p re t t y g e n e ra l ly us e d t o hold l i qu ids

,
Th e re .

wa s a so rt of l eat h e r wal l e t o r ba g c a l l e d c r iol l us e d l i k e ,

a mo d e r n t rav e l l i n g bag t o h o ld cl o t h e s a n d o t h e r soft

,

ar ticl e s . Th e a rt o f t a n n i n g was w e l l u n d e rs t o o d in
an ci e n t I re l a n d Th e n a me fo r a ta n n e r was s u aa ir e
.
’
,

wh ich i s sti l l a l ivi n g wo rd Oak ba rk w as e m p loy e d

.
,

an d in co n n e c t i o n wi t h th i s u s e was c a l l e d coir teach

(L a ti n , co r tex )
”
T h e oak god p rot e ct
-
e d s e a far e r s by
m a ki n g th e i r v e ss e l s s e a worthy -
.

is t l e t o e b e r r i e s may hav e b e e n re g a rd e d a s m i l k
b e caus e of t h e i r colou r an d th e c e re m o n i a l cut,

t h e m i stl e t o e with t h e gold e n sickl e may w e l l

n a c e re m o n y co n n e ct e d with t h e fe r ti l iza t io n

t re e s p rac t is ed in t h e E ast Th e m istl e to e was re put e d

.

“
be a n a l l h e al
-
al t h o ugh real ly it i s us e l e ss for
e d ic in a l p u rp o s e s
) .

Th a t com pl e x i d eas w e re a ssociate d wi t h d e i ti e s im

i n to t his cou n t ry th e hi sto ry of wh ich m ust b e
,

fo r e ls e wh e re i s m ad e ma n ife st wh e n w e fi n d
,

t h e t ree l e ss O u te r H e b r id e s t h e godd e ss k n ow n ,
.
”
mai d e n qu e e n has h e r dw e l l i n g in a t re e a n d
“ ”
s th e m i l k of k n owl ed g e fro m a s ea sh e l l Sh e -
.

u l d n o t possi bly hav e had i n d e p e n d e n t o r igi n I n Scot

1 G eo r ge Nic h o l s o n E n cy c lope d ia of H or t ic u l t u r e un d Oak

d L d
, , er
2 C u r ra h is c o n n ec t e wit h t h e at in co r iu m a h i
g , e.
15 4 A N C I E N T MAN IN B R I TA I N
l and . He r h i story i s root e d in a n ci e n t E gypt wh e r e ,

Hatho r th e p rovid e r of t h e m i l k of k n owl e d ge an d

,

l o n g ev i ty was as h as b e e n i n dicat e d Co n n ect e d with

, , ,

t h e sta rry sky (t h e M i l ky Way ) a s e a sh e l l t h e m i l k ,

-
,

y i e l di n g sycam ore fig a n d t h e p ri m e val c o w ,

.

Th e cul t a n i m al of th e godd e ss was in Egypt t h e sta r

spa n gl e d cow ; in Troy i t was a sta r spa n gl e d sow l -
.

Th e cu l t a n i m al of Ro m e was th e wol f wh ich suckl e d

R om u l us a n d R e m us I n C re t e t h e l oc a l Z e us was .

suckl ed acco rd i n g to t h e b e l i e f of o n e cu lt by a ho rn e d
, ,
2
sh ee p a n d accord i n g to a n oth e r cu l t by a sow Th e re
,
.

w e r e va r i ou s c ult a n i mal s in a n ci e n t Scotla n d i n cl udi n g ,

t h e taboo e d p ig t h e re d d e e r m i l k e d by t h e fai r i e s t h e
, ,

wolf, a n d t h e cat of t h e C at t r i b e s in S h e tla n d C aith

”
,

n e ss , &c Th e cow app e a rs to hav e b ee n sacr e d to

.

c e rtai n p eopl e s in a n ci e n t B r itai n a n d I r e la nd I t would .

3
app ear too that th e re was a sacre d dog in I re la n d
, ,
.

I t i s ev id e n t that a mo n g t h e E ast e r n b e l i e fs a n ci e n tly

i m porte d i n to t h e B r itish I sl e s w ere so m e wh ich sti l l
b ear trac e s of t h e i n fl u e n c e of cu l ts a n d of cu ltu re
m ixi n g That re l igious id eas of E gypti a n an d B aby
.

lo n ia n origi n w e re bl e n d e d in th i s cou n t ry th e r e c an
b e l ittl e doubt for t h e Ga e l ic sp eaki n g p e opl e s who
,
-
,

r e v e r e d th e h a z e l as th e E gyptia n s r e v e r e d th e sycamo re ,

re gard e d t h e l iv e r as t h e s e at of l i fe , as d id t h e Baby

l o n ian s a n d n o t t h e h e art as di d t h e E gy p t ia n s
,
In ,
.

“
t ra n slatio n s of a n ci en t Ga e l ic l it e ratu r e l i v e r i s always
”
re n d e r e d as v ital s 3 . ,

I t i s of sp e cial i n t e rest to n ot e that S i re t has fou n d

e vi d e n c e to show that t h e Tr ee C ul t of th e East e r n e rs

was co n n e ct e d wi th t h e ea r ly m e gal i th ic m o n u m e n ts .

Th e t e sti mo n y of tradi ti o n associat e s t h e sto n e ci rcl es ,

1 Sc hl ie ma n n , Tr oy and I t s Re m a in s , p
XX p
. 232.

2
Jou r n a l of H el l e n ic Stu die s V o l I 9
b b k d by d
, .
, . 12 .

3 I t was Z h ad le a sow C r e ta n s a s A th e n aeu s rec o r s .

that th e
I p
ec a u s e eu s e en s u c

d
,

w ill no t ta s t e it s fl es h ( Fa r n ell , Cu l ts of the Gr ee k Sta t es , V o l I n I relan

b d b d
. .
,

t h e do g wa s t a oo t o C u c h u l l in Th ere . is a goo d eal o f G a el ic l o r e a o u t t h e sa c re

t A n imal s and W o n der B e a s t s (d ra go n s
p d
Sc u l t u re St o n es
or ma k a r as) o n Sc o t t is h
156 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
&c .
, wi t h t h e D ru ids W e a re n o w o bl ig e d
.
“

“
w r i te s 1
,
to go bac k to t h e th e o ry of th e a rc h ae o l o
of a h u n d re d y e a rs ago who a tt r i but e d th e m e gal
m o n u m e n ts to t h e D ru i ds Th e i n sti n ct of o u r
.

d e c e s so rs has b ee n m o re p e n e t rati n g tha n t h e sci e

”
a n alysi s wh ich h as tak e n i ts pl ac e I n Ga e l ic as
.
,

b e show n t h e w o rd s fo r a sac re d g rov e a n d t h e 5

,

with i n a g r ov e a re d e riv e d fro m t h e sam e root 1

( S e e also Chapt e r I X in th i s c o n n e ctio n ) .

1 L A n th r apol ogi e
’
pp . 26 8 e t se q.
 C H A P TE R XI I I

Th e Lo re o f C h arm s
nin g o fL k —Sy mb l i m f C h m —C l Sy mb l i m
uc o s o ar s o o ur o s

IC h g —F d d C h m f h D d—Th L k y
an e oo an ar s or t e ea e uc

G dd —M P l f H v —Sk y G dd
.

o es s o on as ear o ea en o es s c o n

l G v
ea r s , d W l l —N ig h
ro hi i g J w l —P
es, a n l ed s t- s n n e e s ea r an

f G iv
ie —T M g
e rs d M g he l F y —G dd
orri an an or an c a o es s

ew l — A mb
e s d w i h G dd
er d B — S l
c o n n ec t e t o es s an oar
“
ou

nA mb J C l & —E m l S b i f C l
er, et , o ra c na e as u st t ut e or o ra

d P f L if
.
, ,

3M le ta i S an —G d d re c o us d L w to n e s o es s o e an a

and d fV l
ar i G li T d
o a ue n ae c ra e.

ces t o rs w e re g re atly co n c e r n ed about th e i r

ey c o n sul te d o ra cl e s to d isc o v e r what l uck
re fo r th e m To th e m l uck m ea n t e v e rythi n g
.

t d e si re d —goo d h ealth g o o d fortu n e a n , ,

0 d su pp ly a n d p rot e cti o n ag a i n st d r o w n i n g
, ,

b a t t l e a cci d e n t s a n d s o o n
, Luck was,
.

p e rfo rm i n g c e re mo n i e s a n d w e a r i n g cha r m s .

mo n i e s w e re p e rfo r m ed rou n d s ac re d b o n
fi re s ) wh e n s ac rific e s w e re m a d e at h o ly
, ,

rov e s o r in s t o n e ci rcl e s
,
Cha r m s i n cl ud e d .

5 c o l o u re d st o n es p ea rls a n d articl e s
, , ,

o r copp e r of sym bol ic sh a p e o r b ea ri n g ,

“ ”
n s c rip t io n M asc o t s l ucky pi gs &c
.
, , .
,

e a n ci e n t custom of w e a r i n g cha r ms .

as w e l l as t h e shap e of a ch a r m re v e al e d
r i n fl u e n c e C e rtai n colou rs a re s t i l l re
.

”
e in g l ucky or u n l ucky y e l low i s forsak e n
I n a n ci e n t ti m e s colou rs m ea n t m uch t o
as th ey did t o oth e r p e opl e s Thi s fact .

15 7
15 8 ANCI ENT MAN ~
IN B R I TA I N
i s brought out in m a n y tal es a nd custo m s A W e lsh ,
.

sto ry fo r i n sta n c e wh ich re fe rs to th e app ea ra n c e of

, ,
“
su p e r n atu ral b e i n gs atti re d in re d a n d bl u e s ays Th e , ,

re d o n t h e o n e part si g n i fi e s bu r n i n g a n d t h e bl u e ,
” 1
o n t h e oth e r s ig n i fi e s cold n e ss

O n th e i r p e rsi sti n g b e l i e f in l uck w e r e bas e d t h e

r e l i gious i d eas a n d p ractic e s of th e a n ci e n t B rito n s .

Th e i r ch i e f co n c e r n was to prot e ct a n d prolo ng l ife in

th i s wo r ld a n d in t h e n ext Wh e n d eath cam e it .

“
was re gard e d as a cha n g e Th e i n d i vidual was
suppos e d e ith e r to fa l l asl ee p o r to be tra n sport e d in ,

t h e b o dy to Paradis e o r to assu m e a n ew fo r m
, In .

Scottish Ga e l i c o n e c a n sti l l h ea r t h e ph ras e c ha ocha il e

“ ” “
( h e cha n g e d ) us e d to sig n ify th a t h e di e d B ut
aft e r d eath cha r m s w e re as n ec e ssary as d u r i n g l ife .

As in A u rig n aci a n ti m e s l uck charm s in t h e form of ,

-

n e ckl ac e s a r m l e ts & c w e re plac e d in th e grav e s of

, , .
,

t h e d e ad by thos e who u s e d fl i n t o r b ro n z e o r i ro n , ,

to shap e i m p l e m e n ts a n d w eapo n s Th e d ead had to

~

r e c e iv e n ou r i sh m e n t a n d clay v e ss e l s a re i n va r iably
,

fou n d in a n ci e n t grav e s som e of whi ch co n tai n dusty ,

d e posits Th e wri t e r has s e e n at F o rt ro s e a d e posi t in

.

o n e of th e s e g ra v e u r n s whi ch a m e dical ma n id e n tifi ed ,

as p a r t of t h e sk e l e to n of a bi rd .

’
N e cklac e s of sh e l l s of wi l d a n i mal s t ee th a n d o r n a
, ,

m e n ts of i vo ry fou n d in P a l mo l ith ic g rav e s o r

c a v e s w e r e co n n e ct e d with t h e b e l i e f that th e y co n t ai n
“ ”
t h e a n i mati n g i n flu e n c e o r l i fe su bsta n c e of t
m oth e r g o dd ess I n lat e r ti m e s t h e p ea r l fou n d
.

t h e sh e l l was r e gard ed as b e i n g s p e cial ly sacr e d .

V e n us (Aph rod ite) i s in o n e of h e r phas e s t h e p er , ,

s o n ifi c at io n o f a p e a r l an d i s l i ft e d from t h e s ea s eat ed
,

o n a sh e l l As a sky d e i ty s h e was co n n e ct ed
.

1 L dy C
a h a rl o t t e G u e s t , The M a bin og ion (Sto r y o f “
K il w ch a nd Ol w e n a nd

Gw y th e son o f Nu dd
fi
n
2 Al s o s h iu bh a il e w h ic h s ign i e s he went o ff (a s wh e n wa lk in g) .
 TH E LO R E O F C H A R M S 15 9

1
e pla n e t that b ears h e r n am e a n d also wi th th e moo n .

rI e a n ci e n ts co n n e ct e d t h e moo n with t h e p e a r l In .

“ ”
me la n guag e s t h e moo n i s t h e p ea rl of h eav e n .

an t e , in h is I nfer n o r e fe rs to t h e m oo n as ,
“
th e

ar n al p e a r l
”
O n e of t h e Ga e l ic n am e s for a p ea r l
.

n ea mh n u ia
’
Th e root is n em o f n ea mh an d n ea mh
.
,
“ ” “
h eav e n s o that t h e p e a r l i s
,
a h e av e n ly th i n g

G ae l ic as in o th e r a n ci e n t la n guag e s I t was a sso

, .

1t e d n o t o n ly wi th t h e S ky godd e ss but with t h e

c re d g rov e in wh ich t h e godd e ss was worsh ipp e d .

’

he Gaul ish n a m e n emeton of which t h e root i s l i k e ,

is e n em m e a n s
,
sh ri n e in a grov e I n e a r ly Ch ri s
t n ti m e s in I re la n d t h e n am e was appl i e d as n amed

a ch ap e l a n d in Scot t ish p l ac e n am e s i t su rviv e s

,
2 -

t h e fo r m o f n e imh iah
“
chu rch l a n d th e E n gl ish e d
’
, ,
-

rms o f wh ich a re N o v ity n e a r C roma r ty N a va ty in

, ,
”
ife ,
“
Ros n eath form e rl y R o s n e v eth (th e p ro mo n
,
“
ry of t h e n amed )
”
D a l n av ie
, (dal e of t h e
”
C n o c n av ie (hi l lock of t h e n amed) I n c h n av ie (isl a n d ,

t h e n amed ) &c , Th e Gau ls had a n emetoma r u s

.

t sh r i n e a n d wh e n in Roma n ti m e s a sh r i n e

Augustus i t was cal l e d A ugu s ton emeton .

s in t h e L a ti n word n emu s (a grov e) .

t l y b e c a us e t h e godd e ss of t h e grov e
of t h e sky a n d of t h e p ea rl a n d t h e -

s o f bat t l e as w e l l as t h e godd e ss of lov e that ,

C ae s a r m ad e a tha n ksgivi n g offe r i n g to V e n us

t e m p l e at Rom e of a co rsl e t of B ritish p e a rls .

I ri sh godd e ss N e mo n was th e s p ous e of th e w a r

c it
. A Ro m a n in s c rI p tio n at Bath re fe rs to t h e
g o d d e ss Né mé tOn a Th e Gauls had a go d d e ss .

l a r n am e I n Galatia Asia M i n or t h e pa rticu lar

.
, ,

n n ec t e d with t h e sky godd e ss was t h e oak as i s ,

ed w ith s t a r-s p a n gl e d g a rm e n t s she d

w a s t h e go d e s s of th e y s ky

yp
s ta r r

k
li th e E g t ia n Ha th o r Nu t
pp
e or
—
.

W atso n , P l a c e-n a m es of Ros s a nd C r o ma r ty , . 62 3 .

160 ANCI ENT MA N IN B R I TA I N
show n by t h e n am e of th e i r re l igious c e n t re which
“
was D r u n emeton ( O a k -
I t w i l l b e sh o w n
in a l a t e r chapte r that t h e sacr e d t re e w a s co n n e ct e d
with t h e sky a n d t h e d e iti e s of th e sky w i th t h e sac re d ,

w e l l s an d ri v e rs with t h e sacr e d fish a n d with t h e fi re

, , ,

t h e s u n a n d l i ght n i n g
, H e re i t m ay b e n o t e d .

s a c re d w e l l i s co n n e cte d with t h e holy g ro v e t h e ,

p e a rl a n d t h e m oth e r g o dd e ss in t h e I rish p l a
,

N ea mh n ac h (Na v n agh ) ap p l i e d to t h e w e l l
1
,

flows t h e str eam of t h e N ith Th e w e l l i s .

“
p e arl t h e h e av e n ly o n e
, Th e root n em of
( h av ) i s fou d i h a m of St B d s ’
e e n n n t e n e r e n a n .

who was cal l e d N ea mh n a t (Nav nat) wh ich ,

“ “
I n n ea mh a n
” ”
l i ttl e o r d e a r h e av e n ly o n e .

an d c row t h e bi r d fo r m of t h e d e i ty i s e n sh r i n e
Owi n g to it s co n n e ctio n w i th t h e m oo n t h e ,

was suppos e d to sh i n e by n i ght Th e s am e p ec u l .

was att r i but e d to c e rtai n sacr e d sto n e s to co ral , ,

&c . a n d to i vo ry
,
M u n st e r p eopl e p e
.

“
b e l i e f that at th e b o tto m of t h e l ow e r l a k e of K i l
th e re i s a diam o n d of p r ic e l e ss val u e wh i ch so m ,

sh i n e s so b ri ghtl y that o n c e rtai n n i gh ts th e l ight

forth wi th dazzl i n g b r i l l ia n cy th rough th e d a r k w a
N i ght sh i n i n g j e w e ls a re k n ow n in S
-

’
su ppos e to Sh i n e o n A rth u r s S e a t ,
”
a n o th e r o n t h e n orth s o ut e r of t h e C roma rty
A n oth e r sac re d sto n e co n n e ct ed wi th t h e god d e
t h e o n yx wh i ch in a n ci e n t Ga e l i c i s cal l e d
,

N i ght sh i n i n g j e w e l s a re r e fe r re d to in t h e m yth
-

G re e c e Arabia P e rsi a I n dia C h i n a Japa n &c

, , , , , ,
.

Laufe r has show n that t h e Ch i n e s e re c e iv e d th e i r l o re

“ ”
ab o ut t h e n i ght sh i n i n g d iamo n d fro m - E u l in (t h -

Byz a n ti n e E m p i re) 4
.

1 Dr Jy I r is h N a me s of P l a c e s V o l Ip 2 I bid , V o l II p 37 8
37 5
pp v b
. o c e, . .
, . . . . . .

“
ll ed
” “ ”
3 Th e two h ea dl a n d s , t h e s o u t ers or s u to r s a re s u o s ed to h a e ee n s o c a

b y
,

e c au s e th e w ere s it es o f t a n n e r ie s .
4 Th e D ia m on d (C h ic a go ,
 U p p e r p ic t u r e b y c o u rt e sy o f Di re c t o r B ri t i sh Sc h o o l
, of R o me

M EGAL I TH S
n ea r Bi
r o r i, S di i
ar L n a . o w e r : Ty n e w y d d D o l m e n .
PH E LO R E O F CHARM S 16 1

I t p e a rl - sp re ad t h e i r p earl lor e fa r
fi s h e rs -

t is t o ld in mo re t h a n o n e la n d tha t p e a r l s
'

y d e w d ro p s from th e sky P l i n y s ays t h e

-
.

I d ro p s
-
fa l l i n to t h e sh e ll s of th e p e a r l
it g a p e s 1
I n m o d e r n ti m e s t h e b e l i e f i s
.

re t h e co n g e a l e d t e ars o f t h e a n g e l s In .

ea rl w as c a l l e d ma rga r ztoe a n a m e wh ich

'

l
,

V I a rga re t a n ci e n tly t h e n a m e of a go d d e ss
,
.

rs ian n am e fo r p e a r l is m a rgem wh i ch ,

e gi v e r
”
I t i s p o ssi bl e th at t h i s is t h e
'

I in
g o f t h e n am e o f M o r g an l e Fa
y( Mo r g an

v h o i s re m e m b e re d a s t h e si s t e r o f K i n g

o f th e I r ish g o dd e ss M o rr i ga n usu a l ly ,
“
Sea qu e e n h e a a s t h e sou rc e o f
”
-
( t e s

e at qu ee n A t a n y ra te M o rg a n l e fay
.
,

rri a n
g cl o s e ly r e s e m bl e o n e a n o t h e r I n .

l € € t wi th F a ta M o rga n a .

e rs ia n w o r d for co r a l is l i k e wis e ma rga n

'

I
pp o s e d to b e a t re e a n d it w a s r e g a rd e d
,

ee o f t h e s ea a n d sky g o dd e ss A m be r
'

ed to o
,
wi t h t h e g o d d e ss
, I n n o rt h e r n .

a r l s p re ci o us s t o n e s a n d p r e cious
, ,

pp o s e d t o b e c o n g e a l e d fo r m s o f t h e t e a r s
F re yj a t h e V e n u s o f th e Sc a n d i n a vi a n s
,
.

p ea rls w as s a c re d t o t h e m o t h e r g o d d e ss
,

u b s t a n c e (t h e a n i m a t i n g p r i n ci p l e was
)
c o n c e n t rate d in it Th e co n n e cti o n
.

e r a n d th e go d d ess

in a r e fe re n c e mad e
e a m b e r col l e cto rs a n d t rad e r s o n t h e

f th e Baltic Th e s e a re t h e ZE s tyan s
.
,

t o T a ci t u s w e re cos t u m ed l i k e t h e
,

s p ok e a la n gu ag e re s e m bl i n g t h e d i a l e c t
“
Th e y wo rsh i p t h e hi st o ri a n re c o rd s ,

of t h e gods Th e figur e of a wi l d b o a r
.

N t
1 l H t fy B
a u ra k I X Ch p LI V
’

zs o z . oo , a . .
16 2 ANCI ENT MAN I N B R I TA I N
i s t h e sy m bol of th e i r sup e rsti tio n ; a n d h e who has
th a t e m bl e m a bou t h i m th i n ks h i m s e l f s e cu r e e v e n in
t h e t h ick e st ra n ks o f t h e e n e m y wi t ho ut a n y n ee d of
Th e a n i mal of
” 1
a rm s o r a n y o t h e r m o d e o f d e fe n c e .

t h e a m b e r go d d e ss was thu s t h e boa r wh ich was t h e ,

sac re d a n i ma l of t h e C e ltic t r i b e t h e I c e n i of a n ci e n t ,

B r i tai n wh ich u n d e r Boadic e a re volt e d ag a i n st Rom a n

,

r ul e . Th e sym bol of t h e bo a r ( re m e m b e r e d as t h e
“
l ucky pi g ) i s fo u n d o n a n ci e n t B r i ti sh a r m ou r O n
”
.

t h e famous W i tham sh i e l d th e re a re co ral a n d e n am e l .

Th ree b ro n z e boar sym b o l s fo u n d in a fi e ld at H ou n slow

a r e p r e s e rv e d in t h e B r i ti sh M us e u m I n t h e sam e .

“
fi e l d was fou n d a s o l a r wh e e l sym bol -
Th e boa r .

fre q u e n t ly occu rs in B r i ti sh a n d Gau l i sh co i n s o f t h e

p e r iod a n d e xam p l es hav e b ee n fou n d as fa r off as
,
” 2
G u ri n a a n d T ra n sy lv a n i a O t h e r sacre d cul t a n i mal s
.

w e re co n n e cte d wi th t h e godd e ss by thos e p e opl e who

fish e d fo r p ea rl s a n d c o ral o r s e arch e d fo r sac re d
p re cio us sto n e s o r pre ci ous m e ta ls .

A t t h e b a sis of t h e a n ci e n t re l igious syst e m that c o n

n e c t e d co r al sh e l ls a n d p e arl s with t h e m o th e r g o dd e ss
, ,

o f t h e s ea w e l ls r i v e rs a n d lak e s was t h e b e l i e f t hat al l

, , , ,

l i fe had i ts ori gi n in w a t e r P e a rls am b e r ma rsh pla n ts

.
, , ,

a n d a n i m al s co n n e ct e d wi th wat e r w e re su ppos e d to

b e clos e ly a ssoci a t e d wi th t h e godd e ss who h e rs e lf h a d

h ad h e r o ri gi n in w a t e r Tacitus t e l l s t h a t t h e B al t ic
.

w o rsh i pp e rs of t h e m oth e r godd e ss c a l l e d am b e r gl es s e .

Acco rd i n g to P l i n y i t was cal l e d gl es s u m by t h e G e r

3

m a n s a n d h e t e l l s that o n e of t h e B a lti c i sla n ds famous

,

fo r i ts am b e r w a s n am e d Gl es s a r ia Th e r oot i s th e .

“ ”
C e lti c wo rd gl a s wh ich o ri gi n al ly m e a n t wate r a n d
,

e s p e cial l y l ife gi vi n g wa t e r
- B o e c e ( Cos mogmp /zie
.
,

Chap te r XV ) t e l ls th a t in Scotla n d t h e b e l i e f p re vai l ed

1 Ta c it u s M a n n e r s of the Ge r m a n s C h a X LV p
pp
, , . .

1 B r it is h M u s e u m G u id e to t h e A n t i u it ie s o t h e E a r l
f y I r on Age 5 6
p III
-
q 13

XXXV III
. .
,

y Bo ok
3 zVa t m a l H is to r
'
Ch a ter .
, ,
 TH E LO R E O F CHARMS 163

a m b e r w as ge n e rat e d of s ea froth I t thus had its

-
.

n l i k e A p h ro d i t e Gl a s i s n o w a c o l o u r t e r m in
.

sh a n d G ae l ic sig n i fyi n g gr e e n o r g re y o r e v e n
, ,

Ia d e o f bl u e . I t was a n ci e n t ly us e d t o d e n o t e
“
ur ,
a s in th e t e r m Ga id/zea l gl as ( t h e vi go rous
“
or t h e a m b e re d G a e l t h e v i gou r b e i n g d e riv e d
t h e g o d d e ss o f a m b e r a n d t h e s e a) ; a n d in t h e
l iz e d fo r m of t h e old B ri tish n a m e C u n e gl as o s ,

“ ” l
h l i k e t h e I r ish C o n gl as sig n ifi e d vi go ro us hou n d .

t h e s a c re d h o u n d figu r e s in pl ac e o f t h e sacr e d

o m t h e root gl a s com e s a lso gl a is in , t h e Ga e l ic am e n

vo ad , t h e bl u e dy e stuff with wh ich a n ci e n t B r i to n s

G ae l s s ta i n e d o r t atto o e d t h e i r bodi e s with figu re s
2
ac re d a n i m a l s o r sy m bol s appa re n tly to s e cu r e
,

ac t i o n as d id thos e who h ad t h e b o a r sym b o l o n

a r mou r . Fo r t h e s a m e re a so n C u c h u l l in t h e ,

l Achi l l e s ,wo re p e a rl s in h is h a i r a n d t h e Rom a n ,

ie ro r C a l igul a h a d a p e a r l col la r o n h i s fa vou r it e

e. I c e b e i n g a fo r m o f w a t e r i s in F re n ch gl ac é ,
“ ”
h als o mea n s gl ass Wh e n gl ass b e ads w e re
.

ma n ufac t u re d th e y w e re re ga rd e d l ik e am b e r as , ,
“ ”
s it o r ie s o f l ife su bst a n c e fro m t h e w a t e r g o d d e ss
a s sky g o dd e ss was c o n n e c te d w it h s u n a n d fi re
'

, .

fi re m e l t e d th e co n s t itu e n t s of gl a ss i n to l i qu i d
a n d it ha rd e n e d l i k e j e w e l s an d a m b e r Th e s e .

w e re c al l e d ad d e r st o n e s (W e lsh gl am n e idr e
“ ”

D ui s ge
r
’
d m ”
o r
“
glass ”
— in W e lsh Gl e im n a
'

in Ga e l ic Gl a in e mm D r u id /26 ) .

p e cu l ia rity a bout am b e r is th a t wh e n rubb e d

i t a t t ra cts o r l ifts l igh t a rticl e s That i s why .

c a l l e d in P e rsia n K ah ru b a (K a /z st raw ; r u ba t o , ,

Thi s n am e a pp e ars in m od e r n F r e n ch as ca m be .

Gil d as t h a t C u n e gl a s o s me a n t taw ny b u tc h e r

o f t h e in h a b it a n t s o f C al ed o n ia . Th e ym k ar t h eir b o dies w it h
I 64 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N

( y e l low a m b e r
) I n I tal ia n
. S pa n i sh a n d Po rtug
, e s e it ,

i s c am be No dou bt t h e e a r ly p eo pl e s who gath e r ed

.
,

Ad riatic a n d Bal t ic am b e r an d d is t r i but e d it a n d i ts lo re

fa r a n d wid e d i sc o v e re d th i s p e cu l ia r q ual ity in t h e
,

sac re d su bst a n c e I n B r itai n j et was us e d in t h e sam e

.
,

way as a m b e r for l uck cha r m s a n d o r n am e n ts Li k e .

am b e r it b e com e s n ega t iv e ly e l ect ric by fric t io n B ed e .

a p p e a r s t o h a v e b e l i e v e d tha t e t was poss e ss e d o f s p e cial

”
j
“
v ir t u re . Wh e n h e at e d h e s ays it d r i v e s aw a y
, ,

Th e Rom a n s r e ga rd e d j et as a d e posito ry
1 ”
s e rp e n ts .

2
of sup e rn atu ral pow e r a n d us ed it for or n am e n ts U n ti l .

com parativ e ly re c e n tl y j e t was us e d in S cotla n d as a

“
cha r m agai n st witchc raft t h e e v i l ey e & c , A ri ng , .

of hard black sch istus fou n d in a c a i rn in t h e p a ri sh o f

“
I n c h in a n w r it e s a local Scotti sh h i sto r ia n h as p e r ,
” 3
form e d if w e b e l i e v e re po rt m a n y a sto n i sh i n g cu re s
, , .

Al b e r tit e wh ich l i k e j e t a n d am b e r att racts l i gh t

, , ,

a rticl e s wh e n v i g o rously ru bb e d was m ad e i n to or n a ,

m e n ts . I t tak e s o n a fi n e r l u st re tha n j e t but los e s it

s o o nen

Th e fac t that j et al b e rti t e , oth e r bl ack su bsta n c es

, a nd

w e re suppos e d to b e sp e cial ly e fficacious fo r p rot ecti n g

black ho rs e s a n d cattl e i s o f p ecu l iar i n t e re st Hath o r .
,

t h e cow godd e ss of E gypt had a bl ack a s we l l as a

,
.

wh it e fo r m as godd e ss of t h e n igh t sky a n d d eath .

Sh e was th e p rototyp e of t h e black Aph rodi t e (V e n us ) .

I n Scotla n d a black godd e ss (t h e 7zzgm dea in A d am n an s

’

L ife of Col u mba ) was associat e d with Loch Lochy .

Th e u s e of co ral as a sacr e d substa n c e d id n o t b e gi n

in B r itai n u n ti l t h e k n o wl e dg e of i ro n w o rki n g was
i n t rod uc e d C o ral i s n o t fou n d n e are r th a n th e M ed i
.

t e r ra n ea n Th e p eopl e w h o fi rst b rought i t to B r i tai n

.

m u st h av e re c e i v e d i t a n d t h e b e l i e fs attach ed to i t from
t h e M e d it e rra n e a n a re a B e fore r eachi n g B ritai n t h ey
.

1 Bo o kI p I
C h a te r 2 P lin y , L ib XXXV I
p
. . . , c ap . 34 .

H is to ry of R ut h e rgl e n K il bw de ,
’

and
'
3 U re s . 2 19 .
 H E LO R E O F C H A R M S 165
T

m ak e i m itatio n co ral Th e substitut e was .

h re q ui red fo r i ts ma n ufactu re g rea t ski l l

t b l e k n owl e dg e fu rn ac e s c a p a bl e o f g e ne r
,

n s e h eat b e i n g n e c e ssa ry I t i s in c o n .

s o e x p e n siv e a mat e rial cou l d hav e b e e n

e p t fo r re l igious pu r po s e s Th e wa rri o rs .

el ie v e d th a t co ral a n d its su bsti tut e s p ro

as d id am b e r a n d t h e b o a r sy m bol of t h e

ess .

l e na m el w as us e d as a su bstitut e for red

timat e l y bl u e y e l low a nd wh it e e n am e l s
, ,

:d . Som e t i me s w e fi n d as at Tra p ra in in ,

I t si l v e r to o k t h e p lac e of whit e e n a m e l .

e t h a t bl u e e n am e l was a subs t i tut e fo r

l l a p i s l azul i t h e p re cious sto n e s ass o ci at e d

,

th e r godd e ss e s of Hatho r ty p e a n d t hat ,

wh it e e n am e l s w e re subs t i t ut e s fo r y e l low
m ber . Th e G ree ks c a l l e d wh ite a m b e r
Th e sy m b o l i sm of gol d a n d si lv e r l i n ks
h a t of am b e r Possi bly t h e va r ious sac re d
.

t h e i r su bsti tut e s w e re su p pos e d to p ro

rts of t h e body As m uch i s sugg e st ed

.
,

t h e l i n g e r i n g b e l i e f that am b e r p rot e cts

t h e ey es . Th e sola r cu l t co n n e ct e d t h e
r i n g with t h e su n wh i ch was o n e of t h e
,
“ ”
t h e oth e r ey e be i n g th e
rs w e r e p i e rc ed t h e bl o o d ,

e s un od S a i l o r s of a p a s t
g
-
.

a n ci e n t n oti o n t ha t gol d e a r

c ia l i n flu e n c e o n t h e i r e y e s .

of l uck o bj ects bu t t h e i r shap e s ,

0 e n su re l uck Th e Sw a s h t ika sym bol

.
,

S fo rm a n d 8 form sym b o l s t h e spi ral

-
,
-
, ,

a n d e qu a l l i m b e d c ro ss e s
-
&c w e re, .
,
“ ”
an d ra d i a t e th e i n fl u e n c e o f
c c u mu l at e re l i gious
“ ”
m e ri t
166 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
no t o n ly by fa sti n g a n d p ray i n g but by m aki n g c o l l ec ,

ti o n s o f j e w e l s a n d sy m b o l s .

I n B r i ta i n a s in o t h e r cou n tri e s t h e d e i ty was clos e ly

, ,

a ss o ci a t e d as a n i n fl u e n c e w i th l a w A R oma n in s c r ip .

t i o n o n a slab fou n d at C a rv o ran re fe rs to t h e m o t h e r

“ ”
godd e ss p o is i n g l i fe a n d l aws in a bala n c e Th i s .

was C e re s whos e wo rsh i p h ad b ee n i n t roduc e d du r i n g

,

t h e Rom a n p e ri od but si m i la r b e l i e fs w e re at t a ch e d to
,

t h e a n ci e n t godd e ss e s of B r itai n V o ws w e re tak e n .

ov e r o bj ects s ac re d t o h e r a n d s a c re d obj e cts we re us ed ,

as m ed i u m s of e xcha n g e I n o ld Ga e l i c fo r i n sta n c e .
, ,

a j e w e l o r p ea r l was cal l e d a s et ; in m od e r n Ga e l ic i t is
s ect
( p r o n ou n c e d s h a d e) A s et ( p e a r l ) was
. e qual in

val u e to a n o u n c e of gol d a n d to a c o w A n o u n c e of .

gol d was th e re fo re a s et a n d a cow was a s et t o o ,

.

Th re e s ets was t h e val u e of a bo n dm aid Th e val u e of . .

th re e s e ts was o n e c u ma l A n oth e r sta n dard of val u e .

w as a s a ck of co r n
Th e val u e attach e d to gold an d p e a rl s was o ri gi n al ly
m agi cal J e w e l s an d p re ciou s m e tal s w e re s ea rch ed fo r
.

“ ”
fo r to b r i n g w e a re rs l uck th a t i s e v e ryth i n g th ei r -
,

h e a rts d es i re d Th e s e a rch fo r t h e s e p ro m ot e d t rad e

.
,

a n d t h e s ets w e r e us e d as a sta n dard of val u e b e tw e e n

t rad e rs Thu s n o t o n ly re l i gious syst e m s but e v e n

.
,

t h e e a r ly syst e m s of t rad e w e r e clos e ly co n n e ct e d wi t h

t h e p e rsist e n t b e l i e f in l uck a n d t h e d e i ty who was t h e
sou rc e of l uck 2
.

1 Jyo c e, A Sm a l l e r Soc ia l H is tory of A n c ie n t I r e l a n d , p .

47 8 .

2 P r o fe s s o r W J W atso n h a s d r a w n my a t t e n t io n t o a n in t e r e s t in g r e fe re n c e t o am b
II p
. . e r.

I n t h e P r oc e e din g s of t il e B r it is k A c a de my Vo l 1 8, u n d e r C el t ic I n s c rip
I y J y
. , . .

Sir o h n Rh s d ea l s with V e b ru ma ro s a m a n s n a me Th e
"
Fra n c e a n d t a l
'

fi p p
, . .

“
el e me n t in t h is n a m e is m d r o s ( g re a t ); t h e r s t , u e br u . is erh a t o be
b y
s

re fere n c e t o t h eI W e l s h w o r d gw ef r (a m e r ) Rh t h o u gh t t h e me m
p y mb p
s na
“
m a n w a s d is t in gu is h e d fo r h is d is la of a in t h e ado r n me n t of h is
p b by
er

n ame h ad ro a l a de

d
go d e s s O n e o f h e r n ames ma y h a
. vb e ee n U eb r u Sh e p ers o n i fid be am e r.
 C H A P TE R XIV

he W o rld o f Ou r A n c e st o r s
eal s —I n fl u e n c e s o f C a r d in a l P o int s —Th e Fo ur Re d D ivi
Wo rl d —Th e B la c k N o r th Wh ite So ut h P u rpl e
E d , , as t, an

e E G d dB dW d
a s t- oo an d wi h S h a d or s c o n n e c te t o ut an

h h l f S
t t e h h
e ig h
t, E i f
o ut d W
t b hi d
e r t, ast n ro nt , a n est e n

i
! nts D i i B i l C m —S
o c tr n e n Ci l B i l
ur a us to s to ne rc e ur a s

d P g B i l R i —S wi C m —R i i g h D vil
a an ur a te s un se usto s a s n t e e

l —C l
~
I

ro e d W i d —C l
o o ure d S i Wi d —Th
n s o o ure to ne s ra se n s e

d S p i i H k —D i i
an
“
r t d C di l P i
us —A i e t es an ar na o n ts x s

g Av
e — G d d
e n ueG d d f
o C i l — VV l l W
an h ip o es se s o rc e e o rs

id s .

c ent
n i sup e rstitio n s d ea l t wi t h in t h e p re vi o us
ffo rd us gl i m ps e s o f t h e wo r ld in wh ich o u r
l iv e d a n d som e i d e a of t h e i n c e n tiv e s that
,

u n d e rtak e lo n g a n d p e ri l ous j o u rn e ys in
e s of r e l igious val u e Th e y w e re as .

as a re th e i r d e sc e n da n ts a bou t th e i r
th e i r fat e Ev e ryth i n g c o n n e cte d wi th t h e
.

o s s e s s in g as was b e l i e v ed th e i n fl u e n c e o f
, ,

was val uabl e as a cha r m o r a s m e d ici n e .

b e rry was a famous m e d ici n e b ec a us e it

of a pa rasite su p p o s e d t o co n tai n t h e l i fe “

f a p ow e rful d e i ty “ ”
I t was a n A l l H e a l .

y e t i t was a quack m e d ici n e a n d qu i t e

“ ”
e a rth w a s blood e a rt h ; it co n ta i n ed
g p r i n ci p l e t o o C e rtai n h e r bs w e re sup .

e cu rativ e S o m e h e rbs w e re a n d in t h e
.
,

e n c e s t er (fo u rt een th c en t u r y) y th e m is t l e t o e in c r e a s e d t h e m b er o f

p fi p p I V)
sa s

I
nu

c o n s id e re d a s a s e c i c a ga in s t a l l o iso n s (B o o k , C ha . .

167
168 AN CI ENT M AN I N B R I TA I N
cou rs e o f t i m e th e i r p recis e qu a l i ti e s w e re id e n tifi ed .

B ut m a n y of th e m co n ti n u e d in u s e al though qu i te ,
-

u s e l e ss b e caus e of t h e colou r of th e i r b e r r i e s t h e sha p e

, ,

of th e i r l e av e s o r t h e posi ti o n in wh ich t h e y g re w I f
, .

o n e r e d b e r r i e d p l a n t was
“ ”
-
l ucky o r cu ra t iv e a l l re d ,

b e r ri ed pla n ts sh a re d in it s r e pu ta t io n I t w a s b e c a us e .

of t h e lo re a t tach e d t o colou rs th at d usky p ea r l s w e re

p re fe r re d to wh i te p e a rl s j u st as in C eyl o n y e l l o w p e a rls
,

a re ch i e fly favou re d b e caus e y e l l o w i s t h e sac re d colou r

o f t h e B uddh i sts R i cha rd o f C i re n c e st e r re fe rr i n g to

.
1
,
“
B ed e says th at B r i ti sh p ea r l s a re
, oft e n of t h e b e s t
ki n d an d of e v e r y col ou r : tha t i s red pu rpl e v iol e t , , , ,

gr ee n b ut p r i n ci p al ly wh i t e
,

I n t h e l o re of p l a n ts in re l i gi o us custo m s i n cl udi n g
, ,

bu ri a l custom s a n d in b e l i e fs co n n e ct e d wi th t h e s e as o n s
, ,

w eath e r a n d s ac re d si t e s th e re a re t rac e s o f a doct r i n e

, ,
“
bas e d o n t h e b e l i e f that goo d o r bad i n flu e n c e s flow ed
from t h e c a rdi n al p o in ts j u s t as good o r b ad i n fl u e n c es
,
“ ”
flow e d fro m g e m s m e tal s wood an d wat e r W h e n
, , , .
,

for i n sta n c e c e rtai n h e rbs w e re pu l l e d from t h e grou n d

, ,

i t was i m p o rta n t t hat o n e shoul d at t h e ti m e of t h e

o p e ra tio n b e faci n g t h e south A l ov e e n tici n g p la n t
.
-

had t o b e p l uck e d in th i s way a n d i m m e diat e ly b e fo re ,

su n r i s e .

Th e re w as m uch su p e rstitio n in w eath e r l o re a s t h e ,

b e l i e fs co n n e ct e d wi th S t Swi th i n s D ay i n d icat e C e r
.
’
.

t ai n d a ys w e re l ucky for r e m oval s in c e r t a i n d i r e ctio n s .

Satu rd a y was t h e d ay fo r fl itt i n g n o rthwa rd a n d M o n d ay ,

“
fo r fl i t ti n g sou t hw a rd M o n d ay was
. t h e k ey of t h e
”
week .A n ol d G a e l ic s ayi n g re p e at e d in v a ri ous ,

fo r m s in fo l k st o ri e s ru n s ,

Sh u t t h e n o rt h wi n d o w ,

An d q u i c kly c l o s e t h e wi n d o w t o t h e s o u t h ;
An d s h u t t h e wi n d o w fa c i n g w e s t ,

E v il n e v e r c a me fro m t h e e a s t .

B k I Ch p V
1 oo . a . .
 TH E W O R L D O F O U R A N C E ST O RS 169

South ru n n i n g w at e r was pow e rful fo r w o rki n g p ro

-

t e c t iv e cha r m s ; n o rth r u n n i n g wa t e r b rough t e vi l

- .

Th e i d e a b e hi n d th e s e a n d o t h e r si m i la r b e l i e fs was
“ “
t h at t h e fou r re d d i vi sio n s o r t h e fou r b ro w n d ivi
si o n s of t h e wo r l d w e re c o n t ro l l ed by d e i t i e s or g roups
"

of d e iti e s wh o s e i n fl u e n c e s for g o od o r e vi l w e re c o n
,
“ ”
t in u al l y fl o wi n g , an d e sp e ci al l y wh e n wi n ds w e re
B L AC K

B l ack

P U RP L E

e l l ow

B lu w een

W H I TE
( Bigh t )
Dia gra m o f t h e G a el ic Airt s ( C a rd in a l P o in t s ) a nd t h e ir As s o c ia t e d C o l o u rs
r e fe r r e d t o in t h e t e t x
S p i
r ng was c o n n e c ted W i th th e ea s t , s u mme r w ith t h e s o u th , a u t u mn w it h t h e w e s t ,

and win t e r w ith t h e no r th .

b lowi n g A g o o d d e ity s e n t a goo d wi n d a n d a bad

.
,

d e ity s e n t a b ad wi n d Each wi n d was c o l o u re d Th e

. .

n o rt h w a s t h e ai r t ca di nal po i nt of vi l m isfo tu
(
1
r
) e r n e , ,

a n d b ad l uck a n d was colou re d black ; t h e s o u t h was

,

t h e sou rc e o f g o od luck go o d fo r tu n e su m m e r , a nd , ,

l o n g e vity a n d w as c o l o u re d wh i t e ; t h e e as t was a
,

sp e cial ly sac red ai rt a n d w as colou re d p u rp l e re d wh i l e

,
-
,

1 Th is e x c el len t G a el ic w o rd is c u rr e n t in Sc o t l a n d B u r ns it in t h e l in e , O
’ ’
th e
b
. u s es a

a irt s t h e w in d c an law
1 70 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
th e w e st was t h e ai r t of d e a th a n d was colou re d d u n o r
,

pal e East a n d south a n d n o rth a n d w est w e re c o n

.

n e c ted . Th e re w e r e various colou rs fo r th e su bsidi a ry

poi n ts of t h e c o m pass .

Th is doct r i n e was a v e ry a n ci e n t o n e b e caus e w e fi n d

,

t ha t in t h e Ga e l ic la n gu a g e t h e sp e cial ly g o od wo rd s
a re b a s e d on t h e wo rd fo r t h e south an d t h e sp e ci a l ly
,

b ad o n e s o n t h e n am e for t h e n o rth I n W e lsh a n d

.

Ga e l i c t h e n orth i s o n t h e l e ft ha n d an d t h e south o n t h e
r i ght ha n d ,
t h e e as t in fro n t a n d t h e w e st b e h i n d
,
I t is .

e vid e n t th e r e fo re that t h e colou r sch e m e of t h e ca rdi n a l

, ,

poi n ts had a co n n ectio n with s u n worsh ip A ma n w h o .

ado red t h e r isi n g s u n fac e d t h e e ast a n d h ad t h e n o rth

,

o n h i s l e ft a n d t h e south o n h i s r ight . I n ea r ly Ch r i sti a n

Ga e l i c l it e ratu re i t i s stat ed t ha t o n t h e D ay of J udgm e n t
t h e goats (si n n e rs ) wi l l b e s e n t to t h e n o r th (t h e l e ft

ha n d ) a n d t h e sh ee p (th e j usti fi e d ) to t h e south (t h e r igh t

ha n d)
Th e sam e syst e m c a n b e trac e d in bu r ial customs .

Ma n y of t h e a n ci e n t g rav e s l ie e ast a n d w e st G ra v e s .

that l ie n o rth a n d south m ay hav e b ee n th o s e o f t h e

m e m b e r s of a d i ffe r e n t r e l igiou s cult bu t in so m e cas es
,

i t i s fou n d that t h e d e ad w e re pl ac ed in positio n so th at

th ey fac e d t h e e ast I n t h e m ost a n ci e nt g ra v e s in
.

E gypt me n w e re lai d o n th e i r r i ght sid e s w i t h th e i r feet

d i re cte d towa rds th e red n o r th a n d th e i r fac e s towa rds
t h e gold e n e ast . Wo m e n w e r e l a id o n t h e l e ft sid e s
faci n g t h e e ast R e d was in a n ci e n t E gypt t h e m al e
.

colou r a n d wh it e a n d y e l low t h e fe mal e colou rs ; th e

,

fe e t of th e me n w e re t o wards t h e re d n o rth a n d t hos e o f

wo m e n towards t h e wh i t e o r y e l low south .

Al l a n ci e n t B r itish bu rial s w e re n o t m ad e in acc o rd

a n c e wi th sola r cul t custo m s I t c a n b e show n how ev e r
- .
, ,

in som e cas e s that although a bu r ial custo m m ay app ea r

,

to b e e ith e r of local o r of i n d e p e n d e n t o r igi n t h e fu n da ,

m e n tal doctri n e o f whi ch i t was a n e xp re ssi o n w as t h e

 T H E WO R LD OF OU R A N C E ST O RS 17 1

as ha t b e h i n d o t h e r bu rial custom s
t R efe r e n c e .

b e m ad e by w a y of i l l us t ratio n t o t h e g ra v e s at
, ,

to n e ci rcl e o f H ak p e n H i l l in t h e Av e bu ry a rea .

e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n tu ry a l a rg e n u m b e r of sk e l e to n s

h e re u n e a rth ed D r To o p e of Oxfo rd w r i t i n g in
. .
,

has re c o rd ed in t hi s co n n ec t io n 1

bo u t 80 ya r d s w e re fo u n d is a
fr o m w h e re t h e b o n e s
4 0 y a r d s d i a m e t e r w it h a n o t h e r 1 5 y a rd s ; r o u n d
2
, ,

b o n e s l ay d s o c l o s e t h a t s c u l (s k u ll ) t o u c h e t h s c u l .

fe e t a ll ro u n d t u r n e d t o w a rd s t h e t e mp l e o n e fo o t ,

th e s u r fa c e of t h e gr o u n d . At t h e fe e t of t he fi rs t
l ay t h e h e a d of the n ext ro w , t he fe e t a lways t e n din g
t h e t e mp e
”
ds l .

e th e s to n e ci rcl e i s a pp a re n tly t h e sy m b o l of t h e
“ ”
a nd th e M e cc a fro m wh ich t h e good i n flu e n c e
‘
l uck o f t h e s u n e m a nat e d a n d gav e p ro te c t i o n .

s ee ms t o c o m e i n t o t ouch wi th t h e i n fl u e n c e o f
r a n iz e d
g p r i e sthood in th is sto n e ci rcl e bu ri a l

m .

e mo re a n ci e n t cust o m o f bu ryi n g t h e d e a d so that

i n fl u e n c es o f t h e a i rts m i gh t b e e x e rcis e d u p o n t h e m
n d i n g to t h e i r d e s e rts s e e ms how e v e r to h av e b ee n , ,

J r oot e d a n d p e r sist e n t
-
I n E n gla n d W a l e s Sc o t
.
, ,

l a n d I re l a n d t h e custom o btai n e d u n ti l r e c e n tly of

,

rv in t h n o rth si d e o f a chu rchya rd fo r su icid e s

g e

m u rd e re rs ; t h e bl ack n o rth was t h e p ro p e r pl ac e

“ ”

such w ro n g d o e rs w h o w e re re fus e d Ch r isti a n r i t e s

-
,

I u r ial a n d w e re
,
i n t e r red a cco rdi n g to t rad iti o n a l
an custom s Th e e as t was re s e rv e d ch i e fly fo r
.

es ia s t ic s t h e south fo r t h e u p p e r cl ass e s a n d t h e
, ,

t fo r t h e p oo re r class e s Fu n e ra l p ro c e ssio n s sti l l

.

r t h e ol d e r ch u rchya r ds fro m t h e e a s t a n d p ro c ee d ,

h e d i re c t i o n o f t h e s u n t o w a r ds t h e o p e n gra v e s .

: i d e s a n d m u rd e r e rs w e re ca rr i e d in t h e o p p o si t e

2u o t ed by Sir H C o l t H o a r e in A n c ie n t
. Wil ts h ir e ,
II p
. . 63 .
2 St o n e c ir c l e .
 17 2 AN CI ENT MAN I N B R I TA I N

d i recti o n with e rsh i n s a b o ut Th e cust o m o f d e al i n g

“ “ ”
o ut ca rds su n wi s e of s t i r r i n g foo d su n wi s e and ,

oth e r cu s to m s in wh ich tu rn i n g to th e r i ght (t h e sou t h )

i s o bs e rv e d app e ar to b e re l ics of t h e a n ci e n t b e l i e f in
,

t h e i n fl u e n c e s of t h e ai rts Som e fish e r m e n sti l l c o n si d e r .

“ ”
i t u n l ucky to tu r n t h e i r boats a gai n s t t h e s u n It
was a n ci e n tly b e l i e v e d as re fe r e n c e s in ol d bal lads i n d i ,

cat e that a t e m p e s t st rick e n v e ss e l tu r n ed rou n d th ree

,
-

ti m e s agai nst t h e s u n b e fo re i t sa n k Acco rd i n g to a .

b e l i ef th a t has su rvi val in so m e p a rt s of th e n o rth of

Scotla n d t h e d e vi l wi l l ap p ea r in t h e c e n t re of a st o n e
,
“ ”
c i rcl e i f o n e wal ks rou n d i t th re e t i m e s a gai n st t h e s u n
at m i d n ight A m o n g th e a n ci en t I ri sh w a r ri o rs P ro
.
,

fes s o r W J Watso n t e l ls me i t was a m ark o f h o s t i l e

. .
,

i n t e n t to d r i v e rou n d a fo r t k e e pi n g t h e l e ft ha n d tow a rd s
it Th e e a r ly Ch r i stia n custo m of c i rc u lati n g cha p e ls
.

an d dw e l l i n g hous e s su n wi s e w a s bas e d o n t h e
-

p aga n b e l i ef that good i n fl u e n c e s w e re co nj u red in th is

way .

As t h e wi n ds w e r e colou r e d l i k e t h e ai r ts fro m wh ich

th e y bl e w i t was b e l i e v e d that th e y coul d b e i n flu e n c ed
,

by colou r e d obj e cts I n h i s d e sc r i ptio n o f t h e W e s t e rn

.

I sl e s M a rti n a s ev e n t ee n th c e n tu ry w rite r re fe rr in g to
, , ,
‘

t h e Fladda Ch ua n I sla n d r e l at e s ,

Th e re is a c h ap e l in t h e i sle d e d i c at e d t o St . C o l u mb a .

I t h as an a l t ar in t h e e as t end an d t h e re n a b i lu e ston e of

a ro u n d fo r m on it , wh i c h is a lways m o i s t . I t is a n o rd in a ry

c us to m , w h en a ny o f t h e fi s h e r me n a re d e t a i n e d in t h e isle by
c o n t ra r y w i n d s , t o w a s h t h e b lu e
wit h w a t e r a l l r o u n d s to n e ,

e x p e c t i n g t h e r e by t o p r o c u re a fav o u r a b l e wi n d An d s o .

g r e a t is t h e r e g a rd t h e
y h a v e fo r th i s s to ne t h a t t h e y s w e a r ,
”
d e c i s iv e o a t h s u p o n it .

Th e m oi st sto n e had an i n dw e l l i n g s p i r it , an d was th e re

1 I n G a el ic de i s -zzc
‘
il m e a n s a t u r n in g s u n w se i ( by th e r igh t o r so ut h ) fro m ea s t to west ,
a nd tu a l , i t u a t h -i d il , a t u r n in g by t h e n o r th or l e ft fr o m ea s t to w e s t D e is is t he
d
. e. .

ge n it iv e o f D e a s ( s o u th , r igh t h a n d ), and Tu a t h is n o r th o r l ef t h a n .
 V al e n t i n e

O NE O F TH E G R EAT TR I L I TH O N S, STO
-
N E H E N GE
(s e e p a ge I
74)
WO R L D O F O U R A N C E STO RS 173

» bj ec twh ich mad e vows a n d ag re e m e n ts of

ra c te r I n J a p a n a sto n e o f t hi s ki n d i s
.

“
i ( god Th e G a e l ic n a m e fo r a
“ ”
“
m a c/z a n a ma ( s o u l sh r i n e or spi r i t ,

p i rit h usk
-
Co te/z mt c n o i s t h e sh e l l o f a
Chi n es e b e l i e v e t hat m o is t a n d col o u re d
“ ”
e e ggs of w e ath e r c o n t ro l l i n g d rag o n s -
.

c t io n b e tw e e n bl u e a n d t h e m o t h e r g o dd e ss

It i u it
q y I m ita
. t i o n cowri e s a n d o t h e r sh e ll s

el l e d t e r ra c o tt a h a v e b ee n fou n d in E gypti a n
-

“ ”
Ie was t h e colou r of t h e l uck s to n e o f
sky a nd wa te r go d d e ss wh o s e sym b o l s in
: o w ri e Th e B r ig a n t e s o f a n ci e n t B r i tai n
.

ng t o S en ec a bl u e shi e l d s S hi e l d s w e re
, .

it h t h e godd e ss of w a r I n Ga e l i c bl u e i s .
,

o u r fo r wo m e n s cloth i n g E n gl ish a n d
1 ’
.

er m e n sti ll u s e blu e a s a m o u r n i n g c o lou r .

th t a k e s p lac e a bl u e l i n e i s p a i n t e d rou n d
,

t Th e d e si re for p ro te ctio n by i n v o ki n g th e
.

p robably gav e o r igi n to th i s cus to m .

c es c a m e fr o m t h e colou re d ai rt s s o d id t h e ,

t h e g r o ups of m i n o r d e i ti e s associat e d
god Lugh for i n sta nc e a lways com e s , ,

fro m t h e n o rth e ast wh il e t h e godd e ss -

,

o rth w e s t 2
Th e fi e rc e wi n d
-

g o dd e ss of s p ri n g com e s fro m t h e s o uth

B ri ta i n t h e fa i r i e s c o m e fro m t h e w e st
f w in d l i k e t h e G re e k n e r e ids I n S cot .

r k in gia ts com fro m t h blac k orth

g n e e n .

that th e d e ad w e n t w e stwa rd o r south

nza is fro m t h e B oo k of y
B a ll mo t e
d p
M o tt l e t o s im l e to n s ; b l u e t o w o me n ;
k
C r ims o n t o in g s o f e v y er h o st ;
G ree n a n d l a c t o b k b ym le la
p p dv
no en

W h it e t o c l e r ic s o f ro er e o t io n .

a ga L u gh is a l o n e ma n out of t he n o r t h -e a s te r n
qu a r ter W he n
fr o m d
w h ic h ir e c t io n it c a me.
1 74 A N C I E N T MAN IN B R I TA I N
w estward towards Paradi s e Th e fact th a t t h e axi s of
.

S to n e h e n ge ci rcl e a n d av e n u e poi n ts t o t h e n o rth e a st i s -

o f sp e ci a l i n t e re s t wh e n w e fi n d t hat t h e go d Lugh a ,

C e lti c Apol lo c a m e fro m that ai rt E ith e r Lugh o r a

,
.
,

g o d l i k e h i m m ,
a
y hav e b e e n i n vok e d to com e t h r ough
t h e av e n u e o r to s e n d h i s i n flu e n c e th rough i t wh i l e t h e ,

p r i e s t s wal k e d in p roc e ssi o n r ou n d t h e ci rcl e su n wi s e .

Appa re n tl y t h e south w e st pa r t of t h e ci rcl e w ith i ts

-
,

g rea t t r i l itho n s r es e m bl i n g t h e po rtal s of t h e g o dd e ss

,

A rte m is w as sp e ci a l ly c o n s e c rat ed to a godd ess l i k e t h e

,
“
Sc o ttish Cai l l each ( O ld W ife w h o had h e rds of wi ld
a n i mals , p rot ect e d d ee r fro m hu n ts m e n rai s e d st o r ms , ,

a n d t ra n sfo r m e d h e r s e lf i n to a sta n di n g st o n e Th e .

“
G a ul i sh godd e ss Ro s me rta ( v e ry s m ea r e d ) i s re gu
-
”

l a rl y a ssoci a t e d with t h e god id e n tifi e d with M e rcu ry .

Th e god S me rt u l l is i s e quat e d wi th E s s u s (t h e w a r go d )
by d A r bo is d e J u b a i n vi l l e
’
.

Th e d i ffe re n tly colou re d wi n ds w e re d i vi n e i n flu e n c es

a n d re v e al e d th e i r charact e r s by th e i r colou rs I t was .

appa re n tly b ecaus e w a t e r was i m p re g n at ed wi th t h e

i n fl u e n c e s O f th e d e i t i e s that wi n d a n d wat e r b e l i e fs w e re
clos e ly a ssociat e d H oly a n d c u rativ e w e l l s a n d sac red
.

r iv e r s an d lak e s w e re n u m e rous in a n ci e n t B r i tai n a n d

I re l a n d
. O ffe r i n gs mad e at w e l ls w e re Offe ri n gs mad e
to a d e i ty Th es e O ffe r i n gs m ight b e gol d an d si lv e r
.
,

as was th e cas e in Gaul o r s i m p ly p i n s Of copp e r A

, .

“ ”
go o d m a n y w e l l s a re sti l l k n ow n as p in w e l ls a nd

p en n y wel l s ”
.Th e m e tal s a n d p e a rl s a n d pr e ci o us
sto n e s suppos ed to co n tai n vi tal su bsta n c e w e re offe red
to t h e d e i t i e s so as to a n i mat e th e m Th e i m ag e s of .

g o ds w e r e pai n t e d red fo r t h e sam e r easo n o r s ac rific es ,

w e re O ffe r e d a n d th e i r alta rs d re n ch e d with blo o d I n .

I re l a n d ch i ld re n w e re sac r i fic e d to a god cal l e d C rom

C r u ach a n d e xcha n g e d fo r m i l k an d co rn A s a Ga el ic .

p o e m reco rds
G re a t w a s t h e h o rro r an d the s c a re of h im .
 TH E WO R L D O F O U R A N C ESTO R S 17 5

Th e a n ci en t doct ri n e s of which fai n t fragm e n tary or

t rac e s su rviv e in B ritai n a n d I re la n d may h av e b e e n

si m i l a r t o thos e taugh t by t h e D ru ids in Gaul Acco rd .

in g t o P o mp o n iu s M e la th e s e s a g e s p rofe ss e d t o k n ow ,

t h e s e c re t s of t h e moti o n s o f t h e h e a v e n ly bodi e s a n d
t h e wi l l of t h e gods St ra bo s stat e m e n t th at th e D ru i d s
1 ’
.

b e l i e v ed t ha t “
hu m a n soul s a n d t h e wo rld w e re im
m o rt al but th at fi re a n d wa te r woul d som e ti m e p re vai l
,
”

i s s o me what obscu re I t may b e how e v e r th a t l ight i s .

, ,

t h ro w n o n t h e u n d e r lyi n g d oct r i n e by t h e e vi d e n c e giv e n

in t h e n e xt ch a p t e r re g a rd i n g t h e b e l i e fs that fi re wat e r , ,

a nd tr e e s w e re i n t i mate ly co n n e c ted wi t h t h e ch i e f
d e i ty .

1 In a C u c h u ll in s a ga t h e h e ro , ad d re s s in g th e c h a r io t e e r , s a y “
Go o u t, my f r ie n d
b v I
s : .

th e s tars of th e a ir , a nd a s c e rt a in w h e n m id n igh t me s Th e ris h G a e l ic

v y
o s er e co

ta ir is e m is gi e n in a n e igh t h I t me a n s “ "
i h
’

o r n nt gl o s s s u n -s t a n d in g
en - -c e n t u r
gn .
,

a n d re fe r s t o t h e s u m m er s o l s t ic e .
 C H A P TE R XV

W hy T re e s an d W e ll s w e re W o r s h i p p ed
A n c ie n tP g T mp l —A imi m d G dd W
B r it is h I d o l s — a an e es n s an o es s or

ship —T d W ll r e es d w i h Sk y —L if P i ip l i W
an e s c o nn ec te t e r nc e n a te r

S dB i N
a c re d A
err es , —P i Ki g f T
uts , a n —Fi c o rn s a ra s te as n o rees re

m k i g B li f —
~

a nT d The d e s
g d — Th S d F
ree i h —S an un er- o e ac r e s a

f m
or f h D g —Th D g J l —C l i D g My
o t e ra on e ra on ew e e t c ra on

S lma d h Son anR i g—P l y t S y—Th S M g L

e o la r n o c rat e s to r e t . un o e

Gl g w Cas o oat

R bio d n, an

B i i —G dd B id
r ta n B igi —Th B ig i C h i f
o ess r e or r t e r ant an e

d f Fi
es s H l i g Smi h w k
o re , d P eay—B id B i d T
n t - or an o etr r es
’

r ree ,

W l —M y i l S p —S l F m —S l i R p i A im l
, , ,

e l th ca er ents ou or s ou s n e t les , n a s,

T —W
ree s im l —Th B fly D i y —S l B fl i —S
e r e-a n a s e u tt e r e t ou s as utte r es

as B —A H b id S g d
e es e r ea n ea - o .

G i ldas a s ixth c e n tu ry ch u rch ma n t e l l s us t hat t

,
-
,
“
idol s in a n ci e n t B r itai n al most su rpass e d in n u m
th o s e o f E gy p t That h e d i d n o t re fe r m e re ly ‘

“
sta n di n g s t o n e s wh ich as w e hav e s ee n w e re ido
, , ,

t o t h e Ga e l s i s e vid e n t fro m h is p re c is e sta t e m e n t

,

s o m e i d o l s coul d b e s e e n in h i s day m o u l d e r i n g
”
with i n o r w i th o u t th e d e s e rt e d te m pl e s a n d th a t ,

“ ”
h ad sti ff a n d d e fo rm e d fe atu r e s M ould e r i n g .

g e sts wood G i l d a s stat e s fu rth e r that b e sid e s wor

.

p i n g idol s t h e B ritish paga n s w e re wo n t to

”
ho n ou r to h i l l s a n d w e l l s a n d r i v e rs R e fe re n c e .

m ad e in t h e s e of Col u mba to a w e l l wh ich was w o r

sh i pp e d as a go d .

Th e B ri t ish t e m p l e s a re re fe rre d t o a l so by Pope

G r e go ry t h e G re at who in A D 60 1 add re ss e d a l e tte r ,
. .

to A bbot M e l l i t us th e n o n a m issio n to E n gla n d , givi ng

,
17 6
 WO RS H I P O F T R E E S A ND W E L LS 177

h i m i n st r uctio n s for t h e gu ida n c e of Augusti n e of

Ca n t e rb u ry Th e Pop e d id n o t wish to hav e t h e
.

” “
h e at h e n bu i ld i n gs d e st ro y e d fo r h e w rot e i f thos e , , ,

a re w e l l co n st r uct ed it i s re qu isi t e t hat t h ey c an b e c o n

,

v e rt e d fro m t h e wo rshi p of d e m o n s t o t h e s e r vic e of t h e

t ru e G o d .Let t h e i dol s that a re in th e m b e d es
” l
t ro y e d .

Th e t e m pl e s in qu e stio n m ay hav e b ee n thos e r cte d e e

d u ri n g t h e R o ma n o B r i t i sh p e ri o d O n e wh ich sto o d
-
.

a t C a n t e r bu ry w as ta k e n p o ss e ssi o n of by St Au gusti n e .

a ft e r t h e co n v e rsi o n o f K i n g Eth e l b e r t who h ad w o r ,

sh i pp ed i d o l s in i t Th e C e lti c p eo p l e s m ay how e v e r
.
, ,

hav e h a d t e m p l es b e fo re t h e Rom an i n vasio n A t a n y .

ra t e th e re w e re t e m pl e s as w e l l as sac re d g rov e s in Gaul .

P o s e id o n iu s of Apam e a refe rs to a t e m pl e at T o ulous e

wh ich w a s g re atly re v e r e d a n d richly e n d o w e d by t h e
“
gi ft s of n u m e ro us d o n o rs Th e s e gift s i n cl ud e d la rg e .

qu a n ti t i es o f gol d co n s ec rat e d to t h e gods Th e D ru ids

c ruci fi ed hu ma n victi m s who w e re s ac r i fic e d withi n th e i r
te m p l e s .

D io d o ru s Sic u l u s r e fe rs as fo llows to a famous t e m p l e

in B r itai n :

magn i fi c e n t t e mp l e
“
Th e re is in t h at i s l an d a of Ap o l l o
i ul a r s h r i n e ad o rn e d wi t h v o t iv e o ffe ri n gs a n d t a bl e t s
a n d a c rc ,

wi t h G re ek in s c ri p t i o n s s u s p e n d e d by t rav e ll e rs u p o n t h e
wa ll s . Th e ki n gs o f t h at c i ty a n d r u l e rs o f t h e t e mp l e s a re
t h e B o re ad s w h o t ak e u p t h e go v e r n me n t fro m e ac h o t h e r
ac c o rd i n g t o t h e o rd e r o f t h e i r t r i b e s Th e c i t i z e n s a re giv e n.

u p t o mu s i c h a r p i n g an d C h au n t i n g in h o n o u r o f t h e s u n
”
, .

Som e writ e rs hav e id e n ti fi e d th is t e m pl e with Sto n e

h e n ge ci rcl e L ayamo n i n fo rms u s in h i s B r u te how
.
,

e v e r th a t t h e t e m p l e o f Apol lo was si tuat e d in Lo n do n

, .

Of cou rs e th e re m ay hav e b ee n s e v e ral t e m pl e s to t hi s

o d o r t h e B ri t i sh d e ity i d e n ti fi e d wi t h h i m
g .

1 B ede H is to r ic
, E c c l e s ia s tic a Lib
. . I , c ap . 30 .

( 1) 217 )
1 7 8 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
I t may b e th a t t h e sto n e ci rcl e s w e re r e gard e d
t e m pl e s . I t may b e too tha t t e m pl e s co n st ruc te d o f
, ,

w at tl e s an d clay w e re a ss o cia t e d wi t h t h e ci rcl es I n .

’
P o p e G r e g o ry s l e t te r refe re n c e is m ad e t o t h e custom of
“
c o n st r ucti n g o n fe sti val d ays t a b e r n acl e s of bra n ch e s
o f tr e e s ar o u n d t hos e chu r ch e s wh ich h a v e b ee n ch a n g e d

fro m h eath e n t e m p l e s a n d t o t h e p ag a n cust o m of

“
sl ay i n g ox e n in sac r ific e s to d e m o n s Pyth ea s re fe rs
to a t e m pl e o n a n isl a n d opposit e t h e mo u t h o f t h e L o i re .

Th i s isl a n d w as i n h a bi te d by wo m e n o n l y , a n d o n c e a
y e a r th e y u n roofe d a n d re roofe d th e i r t e m p l e I n th e .

H e b r id e s t h e a n n ual custom o f u n ro o fi n g a n d re ro o fi n g
t h a tch e d hous e s i s n o t y e t obsol e t e ; i t may o r igi n al ly
h a v e h ad a re l i gious sig n ifica n c e .

G il d as s re fe re n c e to t h e worsh i p of h i l ls w e l ls a n d
’

, ,

ri v e rs i s by som e w r it e rs re ga rd e d as e vi d e n c e o f t h e
e xi st e n c e in an ci e n t B r itai n o f t h e
“
p ri miti v e b e l i ef ”

in spi r its Thi s stag e o f re l igi o us cultu re is ca l l ed

.

A n i m is m (S p i r i ti sm ) Th e d i sco v e ry how e v e r th a t a
.
, ,

g o d d e ss w as wo rsh ipp ed in A u r ig n acia n ti m e s by th e

C rO M a g n o n p e o p l e s in W e s t e r n E u ro p e s ugg e sts t h a t
-

A n i m isti c b e l i e fs w e re n o t n ec e ssa ri ly as a n ci e n t as has

b e e n assu m e d I t m ay b e th a t what w e k n ow as A n i m i sm
.

w a s a p roduct o f a l a t e r p e ri o d wh e n th e re a ros e som e

wh at com p l e x id e as a bout t h e s o ul o r t h e v a r ious s o uls
in ma n a n d t h e b e l i e f b e c a m e w id e sp re a d that sou ls
,

c o ul d n o t o n ly tra n sfo r m th e m s e l v e s i n t o a n i m a l sh a p es ,

b u t c o u l d e n t e r st a tu e s a n d g ra v e st o n e s This c o n c ep.

t io n m ay hav e b ee n c o n fus e d w i t h e a r l i e r id e as ab o ut
“
s t o n e s sh e l ls & c b e i n g i m p re g n a t e d wi t h l ife su b
, , .
,

sta n c e (t h e a n i mati n g p r i n ci pl e ) d e r iv e d fro m t h e

m o t h e r g o dd e ss B a ck w a rd p e o pl e s who a dop te d com
.
,

p l e x re l i gi o us b e l i e fs th a t had g row n up in c e n t re s o f
C i vi l iz a t i o n may n o t a l w ays hav e h ad a com pl e t e u n d e r
,

st a n d i n g o f th e i r sig n ific a n c e I t i s d i fficul t to b e l i e v e

.

th at e v e n savag e s who a d o p te d th e b o a ts i n v e n t e d in
,
 W O RS H I P O F T R EE S A N D W E L LS 1 79

E gypt from t hos e p eopl e s that cam e i n t o touch with th e m ,

w e re alw ays e n ti re ly i m m u n e t o oth e r c ultu ra l i n fl u e n c es ,

a n d re t a i n e d fo r thous a n ds of y e a r s t h e b e l i e fs su pp os e d

t o b e ap p ro p r i a t e fo r thos e who w e re in t h e
“ ”
Sto n e A ge .

O u r c o n c e r n h e re i s with t h e a n ci e n t B r ito n s It is .

u n n e c e ss a ry fo r us t o gl ea n e vid e n c e from Austra l ia ,

Sou t h Am e r ic a o r C e n t ra l Afr ic a t o a sc e rtai n t h e ch a r

,

a c t e r of th e i r e a r ly r e l i gious co n c e p ti o n s a n d p ra ctic e s .

Th e re is su ffici e n t l o c a l e vid e n c e to Show t h at a d e fi n i te

b o d y of b e l i e fs lay b e h i n d th e i r wo rsh i p of t re e s r i v e rs , ,

lak e s w e l ls sta n d i n g st o n es a n d of t h e s u n m o o n a n d
, , , , ,

s ta rs O u r a n c e st o rs do n o t a pp ea r to hav e wo rshi pp e d
.

n a tu ra l o bj e cts e i t h e r b ec a us e t h e y w e re b ea u t iful o r
i m p re ssi v e b u t ch i e fly b ec a us e t h ey w e re su pp o s ed to
,

c o n tai n i n flu e n c e s which a ffe c te d ma n ki n d e ith e r d i re ctly

o r i n di re c t ly Th e s e i n flu e n c e s w e re su pp os e d t o b e
.

u n d e r d ivi n e co n t rol a n d to e m a n at e in th e fi rs t pl ac e
, , ,

fro m o n e d e ity o r a n oth e r o r fro m g ro u p s o f d e iti e s A

, .

g o d o r g o dd e ss w a s wo r sh i p p e d wh e t h e r h is o r h e r

i n flu e n c e w as good o r bad Th e d e i ty w h o s e n t dis eas e

.
,

fo r i n sta n c e w a s b e l i e v e d to b e t h e c o n t rol l e r o f d is e as e
, ,

a n d t o h i m o r h e r offe r i n gs w e re ma d e s o that a plagu e

m igh t c e as e Thus in t h e I l iad o ffe r i n gs a re m ad e t o

.

t h e go d M o us e A p o l l o who had caus e d a n e p id e m ic of

-
,
.

d is e as e .

T re e s a n d w e l ls w e r e co n n e cte d wi th t h e sky a n d t h e
h e a v e n ly b o d i e s Th e d e i t y who c a us e d th u n d e r a n d
.

l igh t n i n g h ad h is habi ta t i o n a t t i m e s in th e o a k th e fi r , ,

t h e r o w a n t h e haz e l o r som e o t h e r t re e
, , H e w as th e .

c o n t ro l l e r Of t h e e l e m e n t s Th e re a re r e fe re n c e s in
.

“
Ga e l ic C h a r m s to t h e K i n g o f t h e E l e me n t s ”
.

1
Th e b e l i e f in a n i n t i m a t e co n n e ctio n b e tw ee n a w e l l ,

a t re e a n d t h e sky a pp e a r s t o h a v e b e e n a p ro duct of
,

a q uai n t but n o t u n i n t e l l i g e n t p roc e ss of re a s o n i n g 1 .

Of c o u rs e it d o e s n o t fo l l o w t h a t t h e i igin a l l y to o k p l a c e in t h es e is l a n ds
p xb p yp
rea s o n n g o r .

C o m le e l ie fs w e re im o r t ed a t a n e a r l e r io d . Th es e w e re l o c aliz e d .
18 0 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
Th e a r ly fol k w e r e th i n k e rs but th e i r r easo n i n g w as
e ,

co n fi n e d with i n t h e l i m i ts of th e i r k n o wl e dg e a n d ,

biass e d by pr e co nc e iv e d i d e as To t h e m wate r was t h e .

sou rc e of al l l ife I t fe l l fro m t h e sky as rai n or bu bbl e d

.
,

u p fro m th e u n d e rwo rl d to form a w el l fro m wh ich a

st ream flow e d Th e w e l l was t h e moth e r of th e st re am
.
,

a n d t h e str e a m was t h e m oth e r of t h e lak e I t was .

b e l i e v e d that th e w e l l wat e r was sp e cial ly i m pre g n at e d

-

w ith t h e i n fl u e n c e s that sustai n e d l i fe Th e tre e that .

gr ew b esid e t h e We l l was n ourish ed by it I f th i s t ree .

w as a rowa n i ts re d b e r ri es w e re suppos ed to co n tai n in

x ,

c o n c e n trat e d fo r m t h e a n i m ati n g i n fl u e n c e of th e d e ity ;

t h e b e rri e s cu re d d is eas e s a nd th us r e n e w e d youth o r
, ,

p rote cte d thos e w ho us e d th e m as ch a r m s a gai n st e vi l

i n fl u e nc e s Th ey w e re l uck b e r ri e s I f t h e tre e was a
.
-
.

ha z e l its n uts w e r e si m i larly e fficacious ; if a n oak its

, ,

acor n s w e re re ga rd e d l i k e wis e as l uck bri n g e rs Th e -

.

parasitic pla n t tha t g re w o n th e t ree was suppos e d to b e

stro n ge r a n d m o r e i n fl u e n tial tha n t h e tr ee i ts e l f Th is .

b e l i e f wh ich i s so co n trary to o u r way of t h i n ki n g i s

, ,

a ccou n t e d fo r in a n ol d Ga e l ic story in wh ich a su p e r

n atu ral b e i n g says

0 man t h at fo r Fe rgu s of t he fe a s t s d o s t kindle fi re

ne ve r b u r n the Ki n g of the W o o ds . M o n a rc h o f I n n i s fail s ’

fo re s t t h e wo o d b i n e is , who m no ne m ay h o l d c a p t iv e ; n o
fe e b l e e ffo rt it is t o h u g t o u gh t re e s in h is
’
s o v e re i gn s a ll

mb rac e
”
e .

Th e w eakly parasi t e was th us r e ga rd e d as b e i n g v e ry

pow e rfu l That m ay b e th e r eas o n why th e m i stl e to e
.

was re v e re n c e d a nd why its m i l k wh i t e b e r r i e s w e re

,
-

suppos e d to hav e cu rativ e a nd l i fe prolo n gi n g q ual iti es - .

Al though th e sacre d p a rasit e was n o t us ed for fi re

w o o d it s e r v e d as a fi re p roduc e r Two fi re sticks o ne
,
-
.
-
,

fro m t h e soft pa rasit e a n d o n e from th e hard Wood of th e

t ree to w h ich it cl u n g w e r e r u bb e d toge th e r u n ti l sp a rk s
,
 WO R S H I P O F T R E E S A N D W E L LS 18 1

i ssu ed forth a n d fe l l o n d ry l e av es o r d ry g rass Th e .

sparks w e re blow n u n ti l a flam e sp ra n g u p At t h is .

flam e of holy fi re t h e p e opl e ki n dl e d th e i r b ra n ds wh ich ,

th ey carri ed to th e i r hous e s Th e hous e fi re s w e r e ex .

t in gu is h e d o n c e a y e ar a n d re l i t f ro m t h e sacr e d flam e s .

“ ”
Fi re was its e l f a d e i ty a n d t h e d e ity was fed with ,
”
fu e l . N e e d fi re s ( n e w fi res) w e r e ki n dl ed at fe sti vals
1

so that cat t l e a n d hu ma n b e i n gs m ight b e cha r m e d

agai n st i nj u ry Th es e fe stival s w e re h e l d fou r ti m e s a
.

“ ”
y ear a n d t h e n ew fi re custom l i n g e rs in th o s e d is
,
-

t ric t s wh e re Ne w Y e a r s Day M idsum m e r M ay Day

’

, , ,
’
a n d Hal low e e n bo n fi re s a re sti l l b e i n g re gularly ki n dl e d .

Th e fact that fi re cam e fro m a tre e i n duc e d t h e e a r ly

p e opl e t o b e l i ev e that i t was co n n ect ed wi th l ight n i n g ,

a n d t h e r e fo re with t h e sky god who thu n d e r e d in t h e

h eav e n s Thi s god was su ppos ed to wi e ld a th u n d e r

.

a xe o r t hu n d e r ham m e r wi th which h e s mot e t h e sky

-

( b e l i e v e d t o b e sol id ) o r t h e h il ls Wi th h i s a x e o r .

“ ”
ham m e r h e shap ed th e world hous e .

“
I n Scotla n d a godd ess , who i s r e m e m b e re d as
, th e
” 2
o l d wife was suppos ed to wi e ld th e ham m e r o r to r id e
, ,

across t h e sky o n a C loud a nd th row dow n fi re bal l s -

that s e t th e woods in flam e H e r e w e fi nd probably as .

,

a r e sult of cul t u re m ixi n g a fusio n of b e l i e fs co n n e ct e d ,

with t h e thu n d e r god a n d t h e m oth e r godd e ss .

Rai n fe l l wh e n t h e sky d e ity s e n t thu n d e r and l ight

n i ng To ear l y man , who took fi re from a t re e wh ich
.

was n ou r ish e d by a w el l fi re a nd wate r s ee m e d to b e ,

i n ti mat e ly co n n ect ed 3
Th e red b er ri e s o n t h e sacr e d
.
'

t ree w e r e suppos ed to co n tai n fi re o r t h e e ss e n c e of fi re , .

Wh e n h e mad e rowa n b e r ry W i n e h e re ga rd e d i t a s -
,
“ ” “ ”
fi re wa te r or t h e wat e r of l i fe H e d ra n k it an d .
,

1 I n G ael ic t h ese a re c al l ed fric t io n fi re s

2 Ac c o r din I
g t o so me , s is is a r e n e r in g o f a d L by
i a n n a me mea n in g o l d w ife
3 Th is c o n n e c t io n c a n b e t r a c e in a n c ie n t E g t
d yp
Th e s u n a n d fi re w e re co n n ec t e d
y p y
.
,

a n d t h e s u n o rigin al l r o s e fro m th e r imo r d ial w a t e r s Th e s u n s r a s w er e t h e t e a r s

’

b p
.

f Ra ( t h e god) He r s and w h e r e Ra fell

'
o sun . t r ee s s ra ng u p s t ea r s .
18 2 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
thu s i n t ro d uc e d i n t o h is blo o d fi re wh ich sti m u l at ed h i m .

“ ”
I n h is blo o d was t h e v i tal spa r k Wh e n h e di ed th e .

”
blood gre w cold b ecaus e t h e v i tal spark had d e part e d
,

fro m it .

I n t h e wat e r fi re l i v e d in a n oth e r form Fi sh w e re .

fou n d t o b e phospho resc e n t Th e fish in t h e p ool w as .

at a n y rat e r e ga rd e d as a fo r m of t h e d e i ty who n ou rish e d

l ife an d was t h e ori gi n of l ife A sp ecial ly sac re d fish .

was t h e sal mo n I t was obs e rv ed that th i s fish had red

.

spots a n d th e s e w e r e accou n t e d for by t h e myth that th e

,

r ed b e r r i e s o r n uts fro m t h e holy t r ee d rop p e d In t O t h e

“ ”
w e l l a n d w e r e swal low e d by th e sal m o n Th e ch i ef .

“ ” “
or ki n g of th e sal mo n was cal l e d t h e sal mo n o f
wisdo m I f o n e caught th e sal m o n o f wisdo m a n d ,

wh e n roasti n g i t tast ed t h e fi rst p o rtio n of j u ic e tha t

,

c a me fr o m its body o ne obtai n e d a Sp e cial i n stal m e n t of

,
‘

co n c e n trat e d wi sdo m , a n d b e cam e a s ee r o r m agici a n o r , ,

D ru i d .

Th e sal m o n was r e v e r e n c e d also b e caus e it was a

m igratory fish
,
I ts com i n gs a n d go mgs w e re r e gula r
.

as t h e s easo n s , a n d s ee m e d to b e co n t rol l e d by th e r ul e r
of t h e e l e m e n ts wi th who m i t was i n ti mat e ly co n n e ct ed .

O n e of i ts o l d Gael ic n am e s was or c (pig)

'

I t w as e v i .

d e n t l y co n nect e d wi th that a n i mal ; t h e s ea pig was -

possi bly a form of t h e d e i ty Th e po rpois e was also an .

1
or c .

H idd e n in th e w el l lay a gr e at m o n st e r wh ich in

“ ”
Ga e l ic a n d W e l sh sto r i es i s r efe r r e d to as t h e b east ,

“ ” “ ”
t h e s e rp e n t o r t h e gr e at wo r m
,
U lti mat e ly it .

was i d e n ti fi ed with th e d rago n wi th fi e ry bre ath A n .

I r ish story co n n ects th e s a l m o n a n d d ra go n I t t e l ls .

that a ha rp e r n am e d C l iac h who had t h e pow e rs of a ,

D ru i d k e pt play i n g h i s harp u n ti l a lak e sp ra n g u p

,
.

1 So w a s a w h a l e . Th e L at in ar ea is a C el tic l o a n -w o r d . M il t o n u s es th e C el t ic w h al e
n ame in t h e l in e
Th e h a u n t o f me w s
’
s eal s , a n d o r e s , a n d s e a -
clan g

— kX
.

P ara d is e Los t , B o o I , l in e 835 .

 W O RS H I P OF T R E E S AN D VV E L L S 18 3
'

Th is lak e was vi site d by a go dd e ss a n d h e r a t t e n d an ts ,

w h o had assu m e d t h e fo r m s of b ea u t iful bi rd s I t w as .

“ ”
cal l ed Loch B é l S e ad ( lak e of t h e j e w e l m o uth ) b e
caus e p ea r l s w e re fo u n d in i t a n d L o ch C rott o C l iac h,
“
( l a k e o f C l ia c h s
’
A n o th e r n am e was Loch
“
B el D raga in ( d rago n mou t h -
b ecaus e Te r n o g s ’

a fi e ry d rago n in t h e sha p e of a sal mo n

“
n u rs e c a ught

a n d s h e was i n d uc e d to th row th is sal mo n i n to t h e

l o ch Th e e a rly Ch r istia n addi t io n to t h e l e g e n d r u n s
.

A n d it i s that d ra go n that wi l l com e in t h e fe s t iv a l o f

S t Joh n n ea r t h e e n d of t h e wo r ld in t h e r e ig n of Fl a n n
.
, ,

C in aid h A n d i t i s of i t a n d out of i t shal l g ro w t h e

.

fi e ry b o l t which wi l l ki l l th ree fou rt h of t h e p eo p l e of t h e

-

” 1
w o rl d . H e re fi re i s co n n e ct ed wi th th e sal mo n .

Th e sal m o n wh ich cou ld t ra n sfo r m its e l f i n to a g re a t

mo n st e r gu a rd e d t h e t re e a n d its l ife giv i n g b e rr i e s a n d -

t h e t rea su re offe r e d to t h e d e i t y of t h e w e l l A pp a re n t ly .

its o w n st re n g t h was suppos e d to b e d e r iv e d from o r

c o n c e n trat ed in t h e b e r r i e s Th e qu e e n o f t h e d ist rict
.

o btai n e d t h e sup e r n atu ra l p ow e r s h e was su p pos e d t o

p osse ss fro m th e b e r ri e s t o o a n d sto ri e s a re told Of ,

a h e ro who was p e rsu ad e d to e n t e r t h e p o ol a n d p l uck

t h e b e rr i e s fo r t h e qu ee n H e w as i n v a ri a bly at tack ed
.

“
by th e b east an d afte r h a ndi n g t h e b e rr i e s t o t h e
,

qu ee n h e fe l l dow n a n d d i ed Th e re a re s e v e ral v e r
, .

sio n s of t h is st o ry I n o n e v e rsio n a s p e ci a l ly val u e d

.

gol d r i n g a sym bol of a utho r ity i s t h row n i n to t h e

, ,

p o o l an d swal l o w e d by t h e sal m o n Th e h e ro catch e s .

a n d t h rows t h e s a l m o n o n to t h e b an k Wh e n h e .

p l ucks t h e b e r r i es h e i s attacke d by t h e m o n st e r a n d
,

ki l ls it Havi n g re cov e re d t h e r i n g h e giv e s i t to t h e

.
,

p r i n c e ss who b ecom e s h is wi fe A pp a re n t ly s h e wi l l b e
, .

chos en as t h e n ext qu e e n b e c a us e sh e h a s e at e n t h e
,

s a l mo n a n d ob tai n e d t h e gol d sy m bol .

I t may b e that thi s sto ry had i ts o ri gi n in t h e p ractic e

1 O C u r r y , M a n u s c r ip t M a t e r ia l s
'

. pp .
426
—
7.
18 4 A N C I E N T M AN I N B R I TA I N

of offe ri n g a hu ma n sac r i fic e to t h e d e ity of t h e pool s o ,

that t h e yo uth re n e wi n g red b e r r i e s m i ght b e obtai n ed

-

fo r t h e qu ee n t h e h u m a n re p r e s e n tati v e o f t h e d e ity
, .

H e r fat e was co n n e ct e d with t h e r i n g of gol d in wh ich ,

as in t h e b e rri e s th e i n fl u e n c e of t h e d e i ty was c o n
,

c e n t ra t e d .

Polyc rat e s of Samos , a H e l l e n ic s ea ki n g was s i m i -

,
“ ”
l a rl y su ppos e d to hav e h i s l uck co n n e ct e d wi th a
b eautifu l s eal sto n e t h e m ost pr ecious of h i s j e w e ls
-
, .

O n t h e advic e of P ha raoh A mas is of E gypt h e fl u n g

it i n to t h e s ea Accordi n g to H e rodotus i t was to av e r t
.
,

h i s doo m that h e d ispos e d of t h e r i n g Bu t h e could .

n o t e sc a p e h is fa t e Th e j e w e l cam e back ; i t was fou n d

.

a fe w days l at e r in th e stom ach of a bi g fish _

.

I n I n d ia C h i n a a n d J apa n d rago n s o r s e a m o n st e rs
, ,

a re suppos e d to hav e l uck p earl s wh ich c o n fe r g re at pow e r

o n thos e who obtai n poss e ssio n o f th e m Th e famous .

“ ”
j e w e l that g ra n ts al l d esi re s a n d t h e j e w e l s that
co n trol th e e b b a n d flow of t id e s a re obtai n ed from ,

a nd a re u l ti mat e ly r etu r n e d to s ea mo n st e rs of t h e
,
-

d ra go n ord e r .

Th e B r itish a n d I rish myths about sacr e d gold o r

j ew e l s obtai n ed fro m t h e d rago n o r o n e of its form s w e re
tak e n ov e r wi th m uch e ls e by t h e e a r ly Ch ristia n m is
s io n ar ie s , a n d giv e n a C h r istia n si g n i fica n c e A mo n g .

t h e l e g e n ds attach e d to t h e m e mory of t h e I r i sh Sai n t

M ol i n g is o ne that t e l l s h o w h e O btai n ed t reasu r e fo r
C h r istia n pu rpo ses H i s fish e r m e n caugh t a s al m o n
.

a n d fou n d in i ts stomach a n i n g ot of gold M ol i ng .

d ivi d e d th e gol d i n to th re e p a rts7 fi —

o n e th i rd fo r t h e

poor a n oth e r for th e o r n am e nt i n g of sh ri n e s a th i rd to

, ,

p rovid e fo r labou r a n d wo r k
Th e m ost com p l e t e for mof t h e a n ci e n t myth i s h o w ,
/

ever ,
fou n d in t h e l ife o f G lasgow s pa t ro n sai n t St ’
, .

K e n t ige r n (S t M u n g o)
’
. A qu ee n s gol d r i n g had b ee n
.

th row n i n to t h e R iv e r C lyd e a n d : as s h e was u n abl e

, ,
 W O R S H I P O F T R E E S A N D W E L LS 18 5

wh e n sk e d by t h e ki n g to produc e it s h e was c o n
a , ,

d e m n ed t o d eath a n d cast i n t o a d u g e o
n n T h e -
qu e e n .

app eal e d to St K e n t ige r n w h o i n st ruc te d h e r m ess e n g e r

.
,

to catch a fish in t h e r iv e r a n d b r i n g i t to h i m A .

“ ”
la rge fish com mo n ly cal l ed a sal mo n w as caught .

I n it s stomach w a s fo u n d t h e m issi n g r i n g Th e gr a te .

ful qu ee n o n h e r re l e as e co n fess ed h e r si n s t o t h e s a i n t
, ,

a n d b ec a m e a Ch r istia n St M u n go s s e al n o w t h e . .
’
,

Se al of C it y of G l a s go w, 1 64 7 - 1 7 93 , s h o w in g Tree . B ir d , Sa l mo n ,
a nd B el l

coa t ofa rm s of G l a sgow shows t h e sal mo n with a r i n g ,

in it s mouth b e low a n o a k tre e in t h e b ra n ch e s o f

, ,

(
which si t s as t h e o racl e bi rd a ro bi n red b reast A
, ,
-
.

Ch r isti a n b e l l da n gl e s fro m a b ra n ch of t h e t ree .

Th at t h e G lasgow s a i n t took t h e plac e of a D ru id so 1

,
”
t h a t t h e p e opl e m ight say K e n t ige rn is my D r u id a s
“ ”
St Colu m b a said Ch r ist i s my D ruid
. i s suggeste d ,

by h i s i n ti mat e co n n ectio n as show n in h is s eal with , ,

th e sac re d t re e of t h e “
K i n g of t h e E l e m e n ts ”
th e ,

1 P ro fe sso r W J W at s o n y in th is c o n n e c t io n : Th e C el t ic CICI I C S pp d in t o the

p p p
ste
‘
sa s

d dd
. . e

sh oe s o f th e D ru i s. Th e eo le r e ga r e th e m as s u e r io r D ru id s .
18 6 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
o rac ula r bi rd (th e t h u n d e r bi rd ) t h e s a l m o n form of t h e
,

d e i t y a n d t h e pow e r co n fe r r i n g r i n g
,
-
As t h e D r u ids
.

p roduc e d s ac re d fi re fro m woo d so d id S t K e n t ige r n

,
. .

I t i s tol d that wh e n a youth h i s r ivals e xti n gu ish e d t h e

sac re d fi re u n d e r h i s c a re K e n t ige rn w e n t o utsid e t h e
.

“
m o n ast e ry a n d o btai n e d a bough o f g rowi n g haz e l a n d
‘
p ray e d t o t h e Fath e r of Th e n h e mad e
t h e S i g n of t h e c ro ss bl e ss e d t h e bough a n d b re ath e d
, ,

on it .

A w o n d e r ful a n d r e ma rk ab l e t h in g fo ll o w e d St ra i gh t w ay .

fi re c o mi n g fo rt h fro m h e av e n s e izi n g t h e b o u gh a s if t h e
, ,

b o y h a d e x h a l e d fl a m e s fo r b re a t h s e n t fo r t h fi re v o mi t i n g
, ,

r ay s , a n d b a n i s h e d a ll t h e s u rr o u n d i n g d a r k n e s s Go d .

t h e r e fo re s e n t fo r t h H is l igh t a n d l e d h im a n d b r o u gh t h im
,

in t o t h e m o n a s t e ry Th at h az e l fr o m w h ic h t h e l it t l e
b ra n c h w a s t ak e n r e c e iv e d a b l e s s i n g fr o m St K e n t ige r n .
,

a n d a ft e rw a rd s b e ga n t o gr o w i n t o a w o o d I f fr o m t h at
.

g r o v e o f h a z e,l a s t h e c o u n t ry fo lk s s ay e v e n ,
t h e g re en e s t

b ra n c h is t ak e n e v e n a t t h e p re s e n t d ay it c a t c h e s fi r e lik e
, ,

t h e d r i e s t m at e ri a l at t h e t o u c h o f fi re .

A r edb reast wh ich was k e pt as a p et at th e m o n ast e ry

, ,

w a s hu n t e d by boys who to r e off it s h e ad

, K e n t ige rn .

r e sto re d t h e bi rd t o l ife Th e robi n was h u n t e d dow n

.

in so m e d i st r icts as was t h e wr e n I n oth e r d ist r icts An .

ol d rhy m e r u n s :
A ro b i n a n d a w r e n
A r e G o d s c o c k an d h e n
’
.

In Paga n ti m e s th e oracu lar bi rd co n n e ct e d with t h e

hol y t ree was s ac r ific e d a n n ual ly Th e robi n re p re
.

s e n t e d t h e god a n d t h e wr e n ( K itty or J e n n y W re n ) t h e
godd e ss in som e a reas I n Ga e l i c Spa n i sh I t a l i a n
.
, , ,

“ “
a n d G re e k t h e w re n i s t h e l ittl e K i n g or t h e Ki n g
of B i rd s ”
. A Ga e l ic fol k tal e t e l l s that t h e w re n fl ew
-

h igh e st in a c o m p e titio n h e ld by t h e bi rds fo r th e ki ng

’
sh i p by co n c eal i n g i ts el f o n an eagl e s back Wh en
,
.
 W O RS H I P OF TRE ES A ND \ V E L LS 18 7

th e e agl e r each e d its h igh e s t possi bl e al t itud e t h e w r e n ,

r o s e a b ov e it a n d clai m e d t h e ho n ou r of ki n gshi p In .

t h e I sl e o f M an t h e w re n us e d to b e hu n t e d o n S t .

S t e p h e n s Day E ls e wh e re i t was hu n t ed o n Ch ri stm a s

’
.

E v e o r Ch ristmas Day Th e d ea d b i rd w a s ca rr i ed o n .

a p o l e at t h e h ea d of a p roc e ssio n a n d bu r i e d with c e r e

mo n y in a chu rchy a rd .

I n Sco t l an d t h e sh re w m ous e was hu n t e d in l i k e ma n

n e r an d bu r i e d u n d e r a n appl e t re e
,
A sta n d i n g sto n e .

“
in P e rthsh i re i s cal l e d in G a e l ic sto n e of my l i ttl e
m ous e As th e re w e r e mous e feasts in a n ci e n t Sco t
la n d i t w o ul d a p p ea r tha t a mous e god l i k e S m i n th e us
,

( Mous e Apol lo ) w a s wo rsh ipp e d in a n ci e n t ti m e s

-
M ous e .

cu re s w e re at o n e ti m e p re val e n t Th e l iv e r o f t h e .

m ous e was giv e n to ch i l d ren who w e re b e l i e v e d to b e

1

o n t h e p o i n t of d e ath Th ey ra l l i e d qu ickly aft e r s w al .

l o wi n g it Roast e d m ous e w as in E n gl a n d a n d Sc o tla n d

.

a cu re fo r wh o opi n g cough a n d s m al l pox Th e Bo e rs

-
.

in S o uth Afr ica a re p e rp etuati n g thi s a n ci e n t fol k cu re 2 - .

I n G a e l ic fol k lo re t h e m o us e d e i t y i s r e m e m b e re d as
-

l uc fia s it/L ( t h e su p e r n atu ral mous e

1 “

Th e re sti l l su rvi v e t rac e s of t h e wo rsh ip o f a godd ess

who i s re m e m b e re d as B r i d e in E n gla n d a n d Sco tla n d ,

an d as B r igi t in I re l a n d A g o od d eal of t h e l o re .

co n n ect ed wi th h e r has b e e n attach e d to t h e m e mo ry

of St B r igit o f I re l a n d
. .

F e b r u a ry I s t (Ol d styl e) was k n ow n as B rid e s D ay ’

.

H e r bi rds w e re t h e wood l i n n e t wh ich in G a e l ic i s cal l e d ,

B i rd of B r i d e a n d t h e oyst e r c a t ch e r c a l l e d
“ Pag e
o f B ri d e
”
whi l e h e r p la n t w as t h e d a n d e l io n (a m bea r n mz
,
“ ”
br ide) t h e m i l k o f wh ic h was t h e s a lv a t i o n o f t h e
,

O n B rid e s D ay th e s e rp e n t aw o k e fro m its

’
e a r ly l a m b .

wi n t e r sl ee p a n d c re p t from i ts hol e ; Th i s s e rp e n t i s
1 In ol d G ael ic th e li v er is t h e s ea t o f l ife
J b
.

2 M r s E Ta w s e H e r v e t ia S M e l s e t t e r S Rh od e s ia w rit es me u n d er O c t o e r
o ll ie ,

y d p
. . .
, , .
,

13 , 1 9 18 , in ans wer to my q u e r t h a t t h e B o er s r e g a r s tr iep m u is

(s t ri ed mic e) a s a
k b d
,

c u re fo r w ea n es s o f t he o w el in ch il ren , &c .
18 8 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
“ “
cal l ed in Ga e l ic daught e r of I vo r a n r ib/zi mz ( th e
&c .

Th e wh it e s e rp e n t was , l i k e sal mo n a sou rc e of th e ,

wisdo m a n d magical pow e r I t w as e vid e n tly a fo rm of .

t h e godd e ss B ri git was t h e godd e ss of t h e B riga n t es

.
,

a t r i b e whos e t e r ritory e xt e n d e d fro m th e F i r th of Fo rth

to t h e m id la n ds of E n gla n d 1
Th e B riga n te s took .

poss e ssio n of a part of I re la n d wh e re B r igi t had th ree

form s as th e godd e ss of h eal i n g t h e godd e ss of sm ith ,

work a n d t h e godd e ss of p o et ry a n d t h e refor e of

, ,

m etrica l magical C ha r m s So m e th i n k h e r n am e sig n ifi es .

“ ”
fi e ry a r row Sh e was t h e sou rc e of fi re a n d was
.
,

co n n e ct e d wi th d i ffe ren t t ree s in d iffe re n t ar eas Th e .

B r id e w e l ls w e re tak e n ov e r by Sai n t B r id e
- .

Th e wh it e s e rp e n t r e fe rre d to in t h e l e g e n ds associated
,

with F arqu h a r th e physicia n , a n d M ichae l Scott som e;

, ,

ti m e s trav e l l e d v e ry swiftly by fo rm i n g i ts e l f i n to a r i n g
with i ts tai l in its m outh Th i s l o oks l i k e th e ol d C e ltic .

sola r s e rp e n t I f th e s e rp e n t w e r e cut in t w o t h e parts

.
,

w r i ggl e d toward s a stre am a n d u n it e d as soo n as th ey

touch e d wat e r I f t h e h ead w e re n o t s mash ed i t would
.
,

b e com e a beit/zis th e bi gg est a n d m ost poiso n ou s va ri ety

,

of s e rp e n t 2
Th e De athl e ss s n ak e of E gypt r e fe rred
.
,

to in a n a n ci e n t fol k tal e was si m i larl y abl e to u n it e its -

,

s e v e r ed body B ri d e s s e rp e n t l i n ks with t h e s e rp e nt
.
’

d rago n s of t h e Far E ast wh ich sl ee p al l wi n t e r a nd ,

e m e rg e in s pri n g wh e n th e y caus e t h u n d e r a n d s e nd
,

rai n s p i t p e a rls &c

, D r Al exa n d e r C arm icha e l tra ns
, . .

lat es t h e fol lowi n g Ga e l ic s e rp e n t C harm -

To d ay is t h e d ay o f B ri d e ,
-

Th e s e rp e n t s h all c o me fro m h is h o l e ;

1 In a Ro ma n r e p r e s e n t a t io n o f h er at B irr e n s , in P e r th s h ir e s h e is s h o w n a s a winge d
fi d p d b
.

h o l in g a s in h er righ t h a n a n d a gl o e in h er l eft An a l t a r in C h es t e r is
y p
gu r e ear

d d d y
.

d e ic a t e to
“
De N m h ae B r ig
"
Her name is en sh rin e in B re ge n t z (a nc ien tl
d
.

B riga n t iu m), a t o w n in Swit z e rl a n .

2 Th e be itlzis l a y h i dd en in ar ms of t h e se a a nd came a sh o r e t o dv
e o u r an i mal s .
 WO R S H I P O F T R E E S A ND W E L LS 18 9

I will not mo l e s t t h e s e rp e n t

An d t h e s e rp e n t will not m o l e s t me .

De V iss er q uo te s t h e fo l l o wi n g fro m
1
a Chi ne s e
re fe r r i n g t o t h e d rago n s

If we o ff e r a d e p re c a t o ry s er vi c e t o t h e m,

Th ey will l e ave the ir ab o des ;

I f w e do no t s eek t h e d rago n s
Th ey will al s o n o t s eek u s .

Th e s e r p e n t , k n o w n in Scotl a n d as n a tiza ir c /za l l tu in n

s n a k e o f t h e haz e l h ad e vid e n tly a myt h o

logical si g n ifica n c e L e viatha n i s re p re s e n t e d by t h e
.

Ga e l ic c ir ein cr o in (s ea s e rp e n t) a lso c a l l ed mia l mh or

’
-
,

“ ”
a c /zu a in ( t h e g rea t b eas t of t h e s ea a n d c u a ir tag
“
m/zor a M a rt in ( t h e g re a t wh i rl po o l of t h e a

s ea s n a k e w a s supp o s ed to b e loc a t e d in C o rry v re c k a n

-

wh i r lpo o l K e l pi e s a n d wat e r ho rs e s a n d wat e r bu l l s

.

a re fo r m s assu m e d by t h e Scottish d ra g o n Th e re a re .

Fa r East e r n h o rs e a n d bul l d ra go n s -
.

I n a n ci e n t B ri ti s h lo re t h e re a re r e fe re n c e s to s o u l s in
s e rp e n t fo r m A s e rp e n t m ight be a dou bl e l i k e t h e
.
”

E gy p ti an K a I t was b e l i e v ed in Wal e s t hat s n ak e

s o uls w e re c o n c e a l e d in e v e ry fa r m hous e Wh e n o ne -
.

e p t o u t from its h i di n g plac e a n d d i e d , t h e fa r m e r o r

-

s wife d i e d so o n a ft e rwa rds Li z a rd s w e re su ppos e d

.

b e fo r ms a ssu m e d by w o m e n a fte r d eath 2

Th e o t te r .
,

“
in Sco t tish G ae l ic D ob/za r c /zit ( wat e r d o g - a nd

728 m D obl zr a n
“ ”
( ki n g of t h e wat e r o r
rs t o h a v e b ee n a s o u l fo r m Wh e n o n e was .

a ma n o r a woma n d i e d Th e ki n g o tt e r was
.

o s e d t o hav e a j e w e l in i ts h e a d l i k e t h e I n d i an

( s e r p e n t d e ity ) t h e Chi
, n e s e d r ago n t h e toad & c , , .

ki n g o t t e r w as i n vul n e ra bl e e xc e pt o n o n e wh ite
1 Th e D r agon i n Ch ina a n d / ap a rt
vy
3 Tre el a n F ol k -l or e a n d F ol k -s to n es o
, f Wa l es . p . 65
1 .
190 A N C I E N T MA N IN B R I TA I N
spot b e low its ch i n Thos e who wore a pi e c e of i
.

ski n as a cha r m w e re su p p o s e d to b e p rot e c te d agai n

i nj u ry in b a ttl e E vid e n tly th e re fo re t h e
.
, ,

o r igi n al ly a god l i k e t h e boa r , t h e i m a g e of w h i

Taci t us r e co rds was wo rn fo r p rot e c t i o n by t h e Baltic

,

am b e r s ea rch e rs of C e ltic sp e e ch Th e bia s a n a s .

’

“
( t h e b e ast of t h e low e ri n g ho r n
”
) w a s a H e b
loch d rago n wi th a s i n gl e hor n o n i ts h ea d ; th i s u n ico
w a s tal l a n d cl u m sy .

“ ”
Th e d o u bl e o r e xt e r n al sou l m ight a l so e xist
a t re e B oth in E n gl a n d a n d S cotla n d th e re a re st o ri es
.

of t re e s wi t h e r i n g wh e n som e o n e d i e s o r of s o m e o n e ,

dyi n g wh e n tr ee s a re fe l l e d Au b re y t e l l s that wh e n .

t h e E a r l o f W i n ch e l s e a b e ga n t o cut d ow n a n o a k g
n e a r h i s s e at a t E a s t w e l l in K e n t t h e Cou n t e ss
‘

sudd e n ly a n d th e n h is e ld e st s o n L o rd M a ids to n e
, , ,

k i l l e d at s ea A l l a n Ram s ay t h e Sco t tish p o e t

.
, ,

that t h e E d gew e l l t ree n e a r D a l housi e C a s t l e was

to t h e fa m i ly fro m wh ich h e was d e sc e n d e d a n d Sir ,
“ ”
Walt e r S cot t r e fe rs to i t in h i s J o u r n al u n d e r the ,

d a t e 13 th M ay 18 2 9 Wh e n a b ra n ch fe l l fro m it in
, .

“
J u ly 18 74 a n o ld fo re st e r e xcl a i m e d Th e l a i rd s
, ,
’

”
n oo l a n d w o r d w a s r e c e i v e d n o t l o n g aft e r w a rd s 0

d e a t h of t h e e l e v e n th Ea r l of D a l housi e S o ul s of g .

w e re su p p o s e d t o b e h i d d e n in t ho r n s e ggs , ,

&c . At Fa s n ac l o ic h in A rgyl l sh i re t h e vis , ,

t o a s m a l l loch i s s u p p o s e d t o h e ra l d t h e
S t e w a rt .

E xt e r n a l s o ul s o r s o u ls aft e r d e ath a ssu m ,

fo r m s o f c o rmo ra n ts cuckoos c ra n e s e agl e s , , , ,

h ero n s l i n n e ts m agpi e s rav e n s sw a n s w re n s

, , , , ,

o r o f d e e r m ic e c a ts d o gs
, ,&c F a i ri es
, ,
.

b e i n gs ) ap p e a r e d as d e e r o r bi rd s A mo n g
i
.

w e re a n i mal s a re cats black sh e e p m ic e

-
, , ,

c rows rav e n s m ag p i e s fox e s dogs

, , , , ,

w e re som eti m e s t ra n sfo r m e d by

 WO RS H I P O F T R E E S A N D W E L LS 19 1

d ogs , and w e re re store d to hu ma n fo rm by st ri ki n g

t h e m wi t h a m a gic w a n d o r by supplyi n g sh i r ts o f h o g
c o tto n Th e fl o ati n g lo re re ga rd i n g w e re a n i m a l s w as
.
-

a b s o r b e d in wi t ch l o r e aft e r t h e Co n t i n e n t a l b e l i e fs re
-

ga rd i n g witch e s w e re i m p o r t e d i n to th i s cou n t ry I n .

l i k e m a n n e r a go o d d ea l of floati n g lo re was att ach e d

t o t h e d e vi l . I n Scotl a n d h e i s s upp o s e d to a pp e a r as
a go a t o r p i g a s a g e n t l e m a n wi th a p ig s o r ho r s e s
’ ’

foot o r a s a black o r g re e n man r i d i n g a bl ack o r g re e n

,

ho rs e fo l low e d by bl ack o r g re e n d o gs E e ls w e re .

a n d w e re su p pos e d t o o r igi n a te fro m t h e

“
d ev i l fi sh
-

h a i rs of h o rs e s m an e s o r tai ls M e n who ate e e ls b ecam e

’
.

i n sa n e a n d fought ho rs e s
, .

I n Sc o t l an d b u t t e rfli e s a n d b ee s w e re n o t o n ly sou l
fo r m s but d e iti e s a n d th e re a re t rac e s o f si m i l a r b e l i e fs
,

in E n gl a n d W a l e s a n d I re l a n d
, , Scottish G ae l i c n am e s
.

”
’

o f t h e b utt e r fly i n cl u d e d ea l b/za n de i mag e o r fo r m

-

o f God dea l b/z sig n i fyi n g i m a g e

” “
fo r m ” “
p ictu re
,
”
, ,
“ ” “ ” “ '

i do l or ,
st at u e ; dea r ba da n ae ( m a n ife s ta t io n of
-
’

“'
“
e zw a n de ( smal l bi rd o f God
'

te in e d e ( fi re
’
- -

“
Th e
’

a n d d ea to n a e ( b righ t n e ss o f
’
-

n re fe r s t o l i ght n i ng b i ght ss f
( )
1 ( )
2 t h e r, n e o

sky (3) bu r n i n g coal (4) t h e woo d e n ba r o f a

, ,

( )
5 t o a w o o d e n p g
e fast e n i n g a c o w h a lt e r -

n e ck .Th e b a r a n d p e g wh ich gav e s e cu ri t y , ,

n tl
y c o n n e ct e d wi t h t h e d e ity .

dd it io n t o m e a n i n g but t e rfly d ea l a n ae ( t h e “ '

’
-
,
”
o f G o d ) re fe rs t o a bu r n i n g stick wh ich i s
t o a n d fro o r wh i r l e d r o u n d a b o ut W h en .

”
e d fi re s ( n e w fi r e s ) w e r e l it a t B e l t a in fe stiv a l
M ay ) B e l ta in
”
i s su pp os e d to m e a n “
b right
“ ”
or whi t e fi re s t h a t i s l uck b ri n gi n g o r sac re d -

—bu rn i n g b ra n d s w e re ca rr i ed fro m th e m to hous e s

, ,

h a vi n g p re vi o usly b e e n e xti n gu ish ed .

b ro ught l uck p ros p e rity h ea lth in

, , ,
19 2 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
who p e rp e t u a t e d t h e custo m of l i ghti n g bo n fi re s to -

c e l e bra t e o l d C e l tic fe s t i v a l s w e re wo n t to s n a tch bu r n

in g sticks fro m th e m a n d r u n hom e wa rd s wh i r l i n g t h e ,
'

d ea l a n d e ro u n d a b o ut so a s t o k e e p i t bu r n i n g
-
.

'

Sou ls t o ok t h e fo r m of a d eal a n de (bu tt e rfly ) -

.

W i ld e re l at e s in A n c ien t L egen ds (V ol I p p .
, .

t h e I r ish sto ry of a ch i l d who s a w t h e butt e r fly

of t h e so u l — “
a b e auti fu l l ivi n g c re atu r e wi t h
s n ow wh i te wi n gs
-
it ros e fr o m t h e bo d y of a
“
w h o had j ust d i e d a n d w e n t fl utte r i n g ro u n d
h ead Th e ch i ld a n d oth e rs w a t ch e d t h e
soul u n ti l i t p a ss ed from sight i n to th e cl o uds
“
Th e
“
sto ry co n ti n u e s : Th i s was t h e fi rs t b utt e r fly t hat was
e v e r s e e n in I r e la n d ; a n d n o w al l me n k n ow tha t

butt e rfli e s a re t h e s o u l s of t h e d e ad wai t i n g fo r

m o m e n t wh e n th e y may e n t e r Pu rga to ry a n d so ,

th rough t o rtu r e to pu ri ficatio n a n d p e ac e

I n E n gla n d a n d Scotla n d m oths w e re l ik e wis e
of t h e d e ad that e n t e r e d hous e s by n i ght o r H
outs id e w i n dows as i f att e m pti n g to re tu r n to
’

hau n ts .

Th e butt e rfly god o r sou l form was k n ow n to t h e -

S ca n d i n av ia n s F re yj a t h e. n orth e,r n godd e ss a p p e ars ,

to hav e had a butt e rfly a va ta r At a n y rat e t h e bu tter .

,

fly w as c o n s ecrat e d to h e r I n G reece t h e
.

Psych e b e lov e d by Cu pid was a b e auti fu l m aid e

, ,

t h e wi n gs of a but t e rfly ; h e r n a m e si g n i fi e s t h e sou

G ree k a rti st e s fre qu e n tly d e picte d t h e h u m a n soul
a butt e rfly a n d e sp e cial ly t h e particu la r sp e ci e s cal
,
“
s X5 (
k i/ 7 t h e O n a n a n ci en t tom b in

but te rfly i s show n i ssu i n g fro m t h e O p e n In

a d e ath mask - Th e S e rbia n s b e l i e v e d that t h e
.

fly soul s of wi tch e s aros e fro m th e i r m ouths w h

sl e pt Th e y d i e d i f th e i r butt e rfly sou l s d i d n o t
.

Evid e n c e of b e l i e f in t h e butt e rfly sou l has b ee

1 W . R S Ra l s t o n So ngs of th e Ru s s ia n P eop l e ,
. . . pp . 1 17 e t s eq.
 WO RS H I P O F T R E E S A N D W E L LS 193

com i n g in B u rm a h wh e r e c e re mo n i e s a re p e rfo r m e d to
,

p re v e n t th e b a by s butt e rfly sou l fol lowi n g th a t of a

’

d ead moth e r 1
Th e p re Col um bia n A m e ric a n s a n d
.
-
,

e sp e cial ly t h e M e xica n s b e l i e v e d in butt e rfly s o ul s ,

a n d butt e r fly d e iti e s I n Ch i n a t h e butt e rfly soul was

.

c a rv ed in j ad e a n d a ssoci at ed with t h e pl u m t ree ; t h e 2

sac re d but te rfly was in Scotla n d a ssoci at e d app are n tly

wi th t h e ho n e ysuckl e (deogh al ag) a p la n t co n tai n i n g ,
“
l ife su bs t a n c e in t h e fo r m of ho ney (l a s a mh eal :
-
”

”
h o n e y h e r b ) a n d m i l k (a n oth e r n am e of th e pl a n t
“
b e i n g ba in h e gh a mh n ach :-
m i l k of th e As
w e h a v e s ee n t h e h o n eysuckl e was su pp os e d to b e
,

m o re p o w e r fu l tha n t h e t re e to wh ich i t cl u n g ; l i k e t h e
i vy a n d m istl eto e i t was t h e p l an t of a pow e rfu l d e i ty
,
.

I ts m i l k a n d ho n ey n a m e s c o n n e ct i t wi th t h e G r e a t
M o th e r go d d ess w h o w as t h e sou rc e of l i fe a n d n ou rish
m e n t a n d provid e d th e m i l k a n d ho n ey e l ixi r of l ife
,
- -
.

B ee s o uls figu re in Scottish fol k sto r i e s

-
H ugh M i l l e r -
.

re l at e s a s t o ry of a sl e e p i n g man from wh o s e mouth t h e

3
sou l issu e d in t h e fo r m of th e b e e A n o th e r of l i k e .

!
ch aract e r i s re lat e d by a cl e rgyma n Both a re locat e d
in t h e n o rth of Scotla n d wh e re a s in t h e south of E n g , ,
“ ”
l a n d t h e custom was pre val e n t o f t e l l i n g th e b e es
,

wh e n a d eath t o ok plac e a n d of pl ac i n g c rap e o n h iv e s , .

Th e b ee ma n di bl e sym bol app ea rs o n Scottish scul p

-

st o n e s Both t h e b ee a n d t h e butt e rfly w e re

.

e d wi th t h e godd e ss A rt e m is M i l k y i e ldi n g .
-

s o r wasps a n d t h e god ,

fo r m as D ia n a of th e E ph esia n s ,
“ ”
ec t e d wi t h t h e fig t re e t h e figs b e i n g t eats ,

t t l e is k n ow n re ga rd i n g t h e H e brid e a n s ea god -

eon a idh (p ro n o u n c ed who m ay hav e b ee n

1
j ou r n a l o f t he A n th r op o l og ic a l I n s t itu te XXV I p
L p , . 2 3.
2 a u fer . de .
j
p
a

VI
.
3 10 .

3 My Sc h oo l s a n d Sc h ool m a s te r s C h a t e r
y VI
, .

4 Rev W Fo r s th Do r n o c h in F ol k -l r e
. .
, o j , ou r n a l . , 17 1 .

( D 217
194 A N C I E N T MA N IN B R I TA I N
a form of th e s e a god k n ow n to t h e I rish as L i r a n d
-

to t h e W e l sh as Lly r H i s n am e co n n e cts h i m wi th
.

“ ” “
t h e wo r d s eon a dh ,
si g n i fy i n g au gu ry so rc e ry
,
“ ”
d ru idis m . Accordi n g to M a rti n t h e i n habita n ts of
,

L e wi s co n t r i but e d t h e m al t fro m wh ich al e was br ew e d

for a n offe r i n g to t h e gods At n i ght a man wad e d
.

i n t o th e s ea u p to h i s m idd l e a n d cri e d out Seo n aid h !

,

I gi v e th ee th is cu p of a l e h o p i n g that tho u wi lt b e
,

s o good as to s e n d u s pl e n ty o f s ea wa re fo r e n rich i n g
-

o u r g r ou n d d u ri n g t h e com i n g y e a r
”
H e th e n pou r e d
.

t h e a l e i n to t h e s ea . Th e p eopl e afte rwards gath e re d

in t h e C h u rch of S t M u l way a n d s t ood sti l l for a ti m e
.
,

b e fo re th e al tar o n wh i ch a C an dl e was bu rn i n g Wh e n .

a c e rtai n si g n al was gi v e n th e ca n dl e was e xti n gu ish e d .

Th e p eopl e th e n mad e m e rry in th e fi e lds , d ri n ki n g al e .

 C H A P TE R XV I

A n ci en t P agan De i t i e s
D ii e t es as B i d —T i d f G l i G dd
r h if i g
s —S h p
r a s o ae c o es s es a e-s t n

G dd —B l k A i f L i
o es se s h i —Th S
ac i h Bl kA i nn s o e c e s te r s re e c o tt s ac nn s

B l k K l i d B l k D m —C G dd
ac a an d Wi h —A S
ac i h e ete r at o es s a n tc es c o tt s

A mi —C i Ad i M y h —Th C p f H l i g—M y h f G l i
rte s el t c on s t e u o ea n t s o ae c

C l d — I i h d S i h M y h l g i D iff
a en ar r s —S an i h P kT b c o tt s t o o es e rent c o tt s or a oo

—E l b d i S l d b
e ta i E gl
ooe d —A in E gli h F d
cot an ut n o t n n an n c en t n s oo

T b
a —I i h D
oo s D i i —A i D i i f E gl d d V l
r s a na n n e t es nc e n t e t es o n an an Va e 5

Th A pp l C l —E g i h W
e eill i g Cu m—Th M g i C l d
t n l s assa n u s to e a c au ro n

Th H y G il C l d
e ol G dd S y mb l—P l d C w f h
ra fl
au ro n a o es s o ear s a n o s o t e

C l d —G dd —R m
au ro n B i i h D i i —G p d G dd —Th
o es s o an o - r t s e t es ro u e o es s e s e

S G dd Sk y d S S p i i
ta r o ess- “
an ea r ts .

M an y of th e old B r itish a n d I r ish d e i t i e s had bi rd

fo rm s a n d m ight a pp e a r as dov e s swa l lows sw a n s
, , , ,

c ra n e s co r mo ra n ts sc a ld crows rav e n s &c Th e c o r

, , , ,
.

m o ra n t fo r i n st a n c e is sti l l in som e d istricts c a l l e d th e

, ,
“
Ca il l ea c h dn bh ( t h e bl ack old S om e de i t i e s l i k e ,

B r igit a n d M o rri g an h ad t ri p l e fo rm s a n d a p p ea r e d a s , ,

th re e O l d h ags o r as th ree b e autiful gi rls o r a ssum e d ,

t h e fo r m s of wom e n k n ow n to th o s e th e y v isit e d I n .

t h e C u c h u l l in st o r i e s t h e M o rr ig a n a pp ea r s with a
sup e r n atu ra l cow t h e m i l k of which h ea l s w o u n d s a n d
,

p ro l o n gs l ife Wh e n in c o n fl ict with C u c h u l l in s h e

.
,

t ak e s a lt e rn a t e ly t h e fo r m s o f an e e l a g re y wol f a n d a , ,

wh ite c o w with re d e a rs O n o n e o cc asi o n s h e ch a n g e s .

fro m h u m an fo r m to t h at o f a da r k bi rd A n o l d w e st .

o f E n gl an d god d e ss w a s re m e m b e re d u n ti l r e c e n tly in
“ ” “ ”
L e ic e st e rsh i re as B l ack A n n is B l ack A n n y or , ,
”
Cat A n n a Sh e fre qu e n t e d a cav e o n t h e D a n e
.
196 A N C I E N T MAN IN B R I TA I N
1
H i l ls abov e wh ich g re w a n oak t ree I n th e bra n ch es of
, .

t h e tr ee s h e co n c eal e d h e rs e l f so that s h e m ight pou n c e ,

u n aware s o n h u ma n b e i n gs S h e ph e rds att r i but e d to .

h e r t h e loss of lam bs , a n d moth e rs th e i r loss of C h i l d r e n .

Th e sup e r n atu ral m o n st e r had o n e e ye in h e r bl u e fac e ,

a n d talo n s i n st e ad o f ha n ds Rou n d h e r waist s h e wore .

a gi rdl e of hu ma n ski n s .

“
A S cottish d e i ty cal l e d Y e l low M u il e arteac h was
s i m i larly o n e ey e d a n d bl u e fac e d a n d had tusks p ro
- -
,

t r u d in g fro m h e r m outh A n a p pl e da n gl e d fro m h e r .

waist gi rdl e Th e I n dia n godd e ss B l ack Kal i i s d e pict e d

.

as a fe rocious b e i n g of l i k e ch a racte r wi th a fo re h e ad ,

e y e in add itio n to o rd i n a ry e y e s a n d a wai st gi rdl e of

, ,

hu ma n h eads G reec e had its B lack D e m e t e r with

.

a n i m al h ead (a hors e s o r p ig s ) a n d s n ak e s in h e r ’ ’ ‘

-
,

hai r Sh e hau n t e d a cav e in P h igal ia Th e E gyptia n

. . .

godd ess Hatho r in h e r cat form ( Bast ) was ki n dly ,

a n d in h e r S e kh e t form was a fi e rc e slay e r of man

2
ki n d .

Witch e s assu m e cat form s in Scottish wi tch lo re an d 3

,

app ear o n t h e r iggi n gs a n d masts of sh ips doom ed to

d e structio n Th e r e a re re fe re n c es too to cat roasti n g
.
, , ,
” “
so as to co m p e l t h e B i g C at to app ear Th e B ig .

C at i s e vid e n tly th e d e i ty I n n o rth e rn I n d ia d o gs a re

”
.

“ ”
to r tu re d to com p e l t h e B i g Dog (th e god I n d ra) to
s e n d rai n Lapus Cati (t h e cat sto n e) i s re fe r r ed to
.

in early C h ri stia n r e cords As a m ous e was bu r i ed .

u n d e r a n appl e tr e e to mak e i t fru i tful , a cat was bu r i ed

u n d e r a p ear t ree .

Th e Scottish “
Y e l low M u il earteac h re v e l s in th e
slaughte r of h u ma n b e i n gs a n d fol k po e m s d e sc r i bi n g , ,

a battl e wag e d agai n st h e r, hav e b ee n col l ect e d I n t h e .

e n d s h e i s slai n a n d h e r co n sort c o m e s fro m t h e s e a to

,

1 I t h as b ee n s u gges t e d th a t
“
Da n e s ta n d s fo r Da n a n u
2A te t x s t at es : K in l dy is s h e as B ast : t e r ri l e is b sh e as k
Se h e t
d v
.

“
3 Th e G a el ic w o r fo r w it ch co m e s fr o m E n gl is h G a e lic w it c h l o r e is d is t in c t i e,

v d b d dx
.

ha in g ret ain e mo re a nc ie nt el ie fs t h an th o se c o n n ec t e w it h t h e o r th o o w it c h es .
 A N C I E N T PAGA N D E I T I E S 19 7

l a m e n t h e r d eath A s i m i lar hag i s re m e m b e re d a s t h e

.

“ “
C a il l each ( t h e o l d Sh e h ad a bl u e bl ack -

” ”
fac e a n d o n e e y e o n t h e flat of h e r fo re h ea d and ,

s h e c a rri e d a m a gi c h a m m e r D u r i n g th e p e riod o f .

“ ”
t h e l ittl e s u n (t h e wi n t e r s e as o n ) S h e h e ld sway ov e r

t h e world H e r bl a n k e t w as wash e d in t h e wh i rl pool o f

.

C o rry v re c ka n which k e pt boi l i n g vigo rously fo r s e v e ral

,

days B e n N e vis w as h e r ch i e f dw e l l i n g plac e a n d in

.
-
,

a cav e in that m ou n t a i n s h e k e pt as a p ri s o n e r al l wi n t e r

a b e auti ful m a id e n w h o w a s giv e n t h e t ask o f wash i n g

a b ro w n fl ee c e u n ti l i t b e cam e wh i t e Wh e n w a n d e r i n g .

a m o n g t h e m o u n t a i n s o r alo n g t h e s ea shor e s h e i s -

follow ed l ik e A rt e m is by h e rd s of d ee r goats swi n e

, , , , ,

&c .Th e v e n o mous black boar i s in som e of t h e sto r i e s

u n d e r h e r s p e ci a l p ro te cti o n A pp a re n tly th is a n i mal .

w as h e r sym bol a s it w a s that of t h e B a l t ic am b e r t rad e rs .

Th e h e ro who h u n ts a n d Slays t h e bo a r i s h i ms e lf ki l l e d
by it a s w as t h e Sy r i a n go d Ado n i s b y t h e boa r fo r m of
,

A re s (M a rs ) I n Gau l t h e bo a r god M o c c u s was id e n ti

.
-

fi e d by t h e Ro ma n s wi th M a rs .

I n G ae l ic s t o r i e s t h e h e ro w h o hu n ts a n d Slays t h e
boa r is r e m e m b e red a s D ia r m id t h e e po n ymous a n c e sto r ,

o f t h e Cam pb e l l C la n Ap p a re n tly t h e godd e ss was t h e

.

ugly h a g to whom h e o n c e gav e sh e l t e r Sh e t ra n s .

fo rm ed h e rs e lf i n to a b eautiful m a i d e n who touch e d h is

fo re h ead a n d l eft o n i t a lov e s p ot
“

“
Wh e n s h e v a n ish e d h e fo l l o w e d h e r to t h e L an d
”
U n d er W av es -
Th e re h e fi n ds h e r as a b e auti ful gi r l
.

who is suffe ri n g fro m a was t i n g dis e as e To cu re h e r .

h e go e s o n a lo n g j ou r n e y to o b tai n a d raugh t of wat e r

fro m a h eal i n g w e l l This wa te r h e car r i e s in th e C u p
.

o f H ea l i n g

1 Th e fa ir y Q u ee n ( th e f ench a n t me n t) w h o c a rr ied o ff Th o ma s th e Rh me r y
pp q u ee n o

b y
, ,

a e a r ed as a eau t ifu l w o ma n , b u t w a s a ft e r w a r d s t r a n s fo r me d in t o an u gl hag .

Th o ma s l a m e n t s :
Ho w a rt t h o u fa de d t h u s in t h e f a c e ,
Th a t s h o n e b e fo r e a s th e s u n so b i
r ch t ( b r igh t ) .
198 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
Th e wi n t e r h a g h a s fa l ls in l ov e wi th t h e
a so n who
b e a utifu l mai d e n O f B e n N e v is W h e n h e e lo p e s wi t h .

h e r h i s m o th e r ra is e s sto r m s in t h e e a r ly sp r i n g s e a s o n
,

t o k ee p t h e co up l e a p a r t a n d p re v e n t t h e g ra s s g r o wi n g .

“
Th e s e sto r m s a re n a m e d in t h e G a e l ic C a l e n da r a s th e
th e S w e e p e r
” “ ” “ ” “
P eck e r t h e Wh istl e
, th e C o m
, ,

p l ai n t & c I n th e e n d h e r s o n p u rsu e s h e r o n ho rs e
”
, .

b ack u n t i l s h e t ra n sfo r m s h e rs e l f i n t o a moi st g re y st o n e

,
“ ”
l o o ki n g o v e r t h e s e a Th e sto ry t e l l s th a t t h e s o n s
’

h o rs e l e a p t ov e r a r m s o f t h e s ea O n L o ch E t iv e s id e .

“
a pl ac e n a m e H o r s e sho e s i s attach e d to m a rks o n a
-
”

r ock su pp os e d to h a v e b e e n caus ed by h i s g re at st e e d .

I n t h e I sl e of M a n t h e p l ac e of t h e gia n t s o n i s t a k e n
by St P a t r i ck H e r id e s fro m I re l a n d o n ho rs e b ack
. .

l i k e t h e a n ci e n t s ea god H e cu rs e d a m o n st e r wh ich.
,
’ ‘
was tu r n e d i n to sol id ro ck S t Pat ri ck s St e e d l e ft t h e . .

ma rks of i ts h o o fs o n t h e cl i ffs 1
.

I n A r t h u r i a n ro ma n c e K i n g A rt hu r p u r su e s M orga n
l e Fay who l i k e wi s e t ra n sfo r m s h e rs e l f i n t o a s t o n e
, A .

W e lsh fo l k st o ry t e l l s th a t A rth u r s st e e d l e a p t a cro ss ’

t h e B r ist o l Cha n n e l a n d l e ft t h e m a r ks o f i ts ho o fs o n a
,

rock .

I t a pp e a rs that M o rga n l e Fa y i s t h e Sam e d e ity a s

t h e I r ish M o rr i g a n B oth a p p e a r to l i n k w 1t h A n u o r
.
,

D a n u t h e I r ish m oth e r g o dd e ss a n d wi t h B l ack A n n a

, ,

o r A n n i s of L e ic e st e r sh i r e Th e I r ish D a ma n n d e i t i e s
.

w ag e w a r a ga i n st t h e F o m o r i a n s w h o a re re fe rr e d to in ,

o n e i n st a n c e as t h e go d s o f th e F ir D o m na n n ( D u m n o n ii) ,

“ ”
t h e m i n e ral wo rk e r s o r di gg e rs of Co r n wa l l a n d
D e v o n of t h e south w e st e r n a n d c e n tral l o wl a n ds o f
,
-

Sc o tl a n d a n d c e n t ra l a n d south w e st e r n I re l a n d I n
,
-
.

Sc o t l a n d t h e Fom o ri a n s a re n u m e rous ; th e y a re hil l

a n d c a v e gi a n t s l i k e t h e gia n ts of C o r n w a l l B u t th e re .

“ ”
a r e n o Sc o t tish D a n a n n s a n d n o w a r of t h e g o d s .

Th e Fo mo r i an s o f Scotl a n d w ag e w a r a g a i n st t h e fa i ri es
1 Wm . C a s h e n , fl f a u x F ol k l o r e ( D o u gl a s
-
, p .
48 .
 A N C I E NT PAGA N D E I T I E S 1 99

as in W e st e r Ross ) or e n gag e in d u e ls th rowi n g g re at

( ,

bould e rs at o ne a n oth e r .

Th e i n trudi n g p e opl e who in I re la n d fo r m ulat e d t h e

Da ma n n mythol o gy d o n o t app e ar to hav e reach e d Scot
la n d b e fo re t h e C h r istia n p e rio d .

A n o utsta n di n g di ffe re n c e b e tw e e n Scot t ish an d I rish

b e l i efs a n d p ractic e s is brought out by t h e t reatm e n t of
th e pi g in both cou n t r i e s Li k e th e Co n ti n e n t a l C e lts .
,

t h e I r ish C e lts who form e d a m i l i tary a r ist o cracy ov e r

,

th e Fi rbol gs t h e Fir D o mnan n ,

a n d t h e F ir Gai l ia n ,

d I n Sco t la n d t h e p i g
( Gauls ) k e pt pigs
, an a t e p o rk .

was a d e mo n as in a n ci e n t E gyp t an d p o r k w as taboo e d ,

ov e r wid e areas Th e prej udic e agai n st p o r k in Sco t la n d

.

i s no t yet e xti n ct I t is r e fe rre d to by Sir Walt e r Scott .

in a foot n ote in Th e F or t u n es of N zgel which stat e s ,

Th e Sc o t s ( Lo wl an de r s ) t ill wi t h i n t h e l a s t ge n e rat i o n , ,

d is l ik ed s wi n e s fl e s h a s a n a rt ic l e o f fo o d a s mu c h a s t h e
’

H i gh l an d e rs d o a t p r e s e n t B en J o n s o n in d rawi n g J ame s s
’
.
,
”
s ay s h e l o v e d n o p a rt o f a s w i n e
l 2
c h arac t e r , .

D r Joh n so n w rot e
. in h is A j o u r n ey to th e Wes ter n
H ighl a n ds in 1 7 73
Of t h e i r
l I c an giv e n o a c c o u n t h avi n g n e ve r t a s t e d
ee s ,

t h e m fo r I b e li e v e t h ey a re n o t c o n s i d e r e d a s w h o l e s o me
,

fo o d . Th e v u l ga r i n h ab i t a n t s o f Sk ye I k n o w n o t ,

w h et h e r o f t h e o t h e r i s l an d s h ave n o t o n ly e e l s b u t p o r k , ,

a n d b ac o n in ab h o r r e n c e ; a n d a c c o rd i n gly I n eve r s a w a , ,

h o g in t h e H eb r i d e s e x c e p t o n e at D u n v e gan ”
.
,

‘
I n th e
y ear 169 1 a qu estio n was put W hy do ,
”
Scotchm e n hat e swi n e s fl e sh ? a n d says J G Dal ’ ’
,
. .

3 “ ‘
yel l ,
u n satisfacto r i ly a n swered Th ey m ight borro w ,

i t of t h e J e ws As t h e e a r ly C hristia n s of E n gla n d an d
1 Kin g J a mes VI of I
Sc o t l a n d a n d o f E n gl a n d
J
.

B en re fere n ce is in A M a s qu e of the M e ta m orp h ose d G ip s ies

’
2

L d p
o n so n s .

Th e D a r ke r 4 2 5 a n d A th e n ia n M er
p
3 Su pe r s t ition s of Scotl a n d ( o n o n ,
V
. ,

c u ry . 1 No , , . 20, . 13 .
2 00 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
I r e la n d d id n o t a bh o r p o r k t h e p rej u d ic e cou ld n o t ,

h av e b e e n o f Ch ris t i a n o r i gi n I t was bas e d o n sup e r .

s t it io n a nd , as t h e sup e rstitio n s o f t o d ay w e re th e -

r e l igious b e l i e fs of y e st e rday t h e p rej udic e app ea rs to ,

b e a su rvi val fr o m p aga n ti m e s A n a n ci e n t re l igious .

cu lt wh ich m ay h av e o r i gi n a l ly b e e n sm al l b ec a m e
, ,

i n fl u e n ti a l in Sco t la n d a n d t h e taboo sp read e v e n aft e r

,

it s o r i gi n al s ig n i fica n c e was fo r got t e n Th e Scottish .

p rej ud ic e agai n st po r k e xi ste d ch i e fly a m o n g t h e “

com m o n p e opl e as D r J oh n so n fou n d wh e n in S ky e

”
, . .

P ro p r i e tors of al i e n o ri gi n a n d m o n ks ate p o rk but t h e ,

o l d taboo p e rsist e d P i g d eal e rs &c in t h e H i ghla n d s

.
-
, .
,

in t h e n i n e t e e n th c e n tu ry r e fu s e d to e at p o r k Th e y .

1
e xpo rt e d th e i r pigs .

T rac e s of a n ci e n t food tabo o s Which w e re co n n ect e d ,

‘

e v id e n tly with r e l i gi o u s b e l i e fs hav e b ee n o btai n ed , .

by a rch ae ol ogists in E n gl a n d I n som e d i st r icts po rk .

app e a rs t o hav e b e e n mo re favou re d t ha n t h e b e e f o r

m utto n o r goat fl esh pre fe rr e d in o th e r d ist r icts E vi .

d e n c e h as b ee n forthcom i n g th a t h o rs e fl e sh was eat e n

in a n ci e n t E n gla n d A r e fe re n c e in th e L ife of St
. .
~

Col u mba to a re l apsi n g Ch r istia n r e tu rn i n g to ho rs e

fl e sh sugg e sts that i t was a fav o u r e d food of a Paga n
cu lt .

As t h e d e vi l is cal l e d in Scot t ish Ga e l ic t h e

“
B l ack Pi g a n d in Wal e s i s associat e d with th e B
”
Sow o f A l l H al lows i t may b e that t h e W e l sh
,

o n c e th e i r pi g taboo too Th e a ssociatio n of th e .

w ith H a l low e e n i s o f sp e cial i n t e re st

’
.

I n S c o tl a n d t h e e e l i s sti l l t a boo e d although it is ,

e at e n fre e ly in E n gla n d Th e re a so n may b e t hat a n

.

1 Th e p
s o u th -w es t er n Sc o tt is h o rk t r a d e d a t es o nl y fr o m t h e l a tt e r p a rt o f th e e igh

y T
t ee n t h b
c en tu r h ere w a s t ro u l e at C a r l is l e c u s t o m h o u s e wh e n t h e
Sco t s L o wl an d
b xp p kb b
.

e ga n t o e o r t c u r ed o f t h e d iff e r e n c e
e t w ee n t h e E n gl is h a n d Sc o t t is h

p
or , ec a u s e

y
s al t d u tm m Fo r s o e t i e , c o m l a in ed a Sc o tt is h w r it e r o n a g r ic u l t u r e , in u n e 18 1 1 ,
"
J
d y b d b xp p k
.
,

“
D u l in w a s e o rt in g o r t o
"
ut of 23 p e r h u n d e r we igh t h a s e e n c h a r ge

p k
a

L y V III d d d
. .

H
o n d o n in th e r e ig n o f A s m a ll t ra e in o r wa s c o n u c t e in e a s tern
p d
en r

d
.

Sco t l a n bu t w a s s o r a ic .
 A N C I E N T PA GA N D E I TI ES 20 1

an ci e n t go d d e ss re m e m b e r ed l o n g e st in Scotla n d h ad
, ,

a n ee l fo r m J u l i us C ae s a r t e l l s that t h e a n ci e n t B r it o n s
.

with wh o m h e cam e i n to co n tac t di d n o t re ga rd i t lawfu l

to e at t h e ha re t h e dom estic fowl , o r t h e goos e In ,
.

Scotla n d a n d E n gl an d t h e goos e was u n ti l rec e n tly , ,

e at e n o n ly o n c e a y e a r at a fe stival Th e taboo e d p i g .

was eat e n o n c e a y e a r in Egypt I t was sac rific e d to .

Osi ri s a n d t h e moo n A n a n n u a l sac ri ficial pig feast .

may hav e b ee n obs e rv ed in a n ci e n t Scotla n d It is of .

s p ecial i n t e re st to fi n d in th is co n n ectio n that in t h e

Sta t i stic a l A cco u n t of Sc otl a n d ( 1 7 93) t h e w r i t e r o n t h e
p a rish e s O f S a n dwick a n d S trom n ess O rk n ey s ays , ,
“
E v e ry fa m ily th a t has a h e rd o f swi n e ki l ls a sow o n ,

t h e 1 7 th d ay of D e c e m b e r a n d th e n c e i t i s c a l l e d Sow ,

d ay O rk n ey re tai n s t h e n am e of th e O rcs ( B oars ) a ,

Pictish t ri b e .

Th e re a re sti l l p eopl e in t h e H i ghla n ds who d et e st

“ ”
feath ere d fl esh o r wh it e fl esh (bi rds ) an d re fus e ,

to eat ha re a n d rabbi t F ish taboos hav e l i k e wi s e p e r .

1
sis t ed in th e n o rth of Scotla n d wh e re mack e r e l l i n g , , ,

a n d skat e a re disl ik e d in som e a re as wh i l e in som e ,

e v e n t h e whol esom e haddock i s n o t e at e n in t h e wi n t e r

o r sp r i n g a n d is suppos e d n o t to b e fit fo r foo d u n ti l
,

i t g e ts t h re e d ri n ks o f M ay wat e r—that i s aft e r t h e ,

fi rst th re e M ay tid e s hav e e bb e d an d flow e d .

Th e D a n a n u d e iti e s of I re l a n d w e re t h e ch i ld re n of
d e sc e n da n ts of t h e godd e ss Da n u wh o s e n am e i s also ,

giv e n as A n a o r A n u Sh e was t h e sou rc e of a bu n .

da n c e a n d t h e n ou rish e r of gods a n d me n As B ua n .

“ ”
an n she was n u rs e of h e ro e s A S A y n ia a .
,
“ ” 2
fai ry qu ee n s h e i s sti l l r e m e m b e r e d in U lste r
, ,

1 Kin g J mes I of E n gl a n d a nd VI of Sc o t l a n d d e t e s t e d l in g h e d e t es t e dp k
p p p
a as or

d y y k
.

Th e fo o d r ej u dic e s o f t h e c o mmo n eo l e t h u s in fl u e n c e r o al t a l t h o u gh e a r l ie r in gs
a n d No rm a n n o l e s a t e b p k
e el s & c
,

I p
or . . .

2 Th e G a el ic w o r d s idh
( ris h ) o r s ith (Sc o t t is h ) me a n s e r n a t u ral an d th e
p p p
su
"
and
“
s il e n c e of er n a t u r a l b e in g s
“
Fa ir y S k eat h as m h a s iz e d
p
ea c e su as e

d vd
. ,

me a n s e n c h a n t men t I t h a s t a k en th e l ac e of
“
fa y wh ich is e ri fro m fa t e
p b
e .

Th e “
fa y w a s a s u e r n a t u ra l e in g.
202 ANCI E NT MAN I N B R I TA I N
“
wh i l e as Ai n e a M u n st e r fai ry
, Sh e was form e rly
’
ho n ou r e d o n S t J o h n s E v e wh e n v i l lag e rs C irc u l at
.
, ,

in g a m o u n d ca r r i e d straw to rch e s wh ich w e r e aft e r

,

wa rds wav e d ov e r cattl e a n d c rops to gi v e prot ectio n

a n d i n cr e as e .

A p rom i n e n t Da n a n u god w as Dagda , whos e n am e

“ “ ”
i s t ra n slat e d as t h e good god t h e good ha n d by ,
“ “
som e a n d as th e fi re god o r fi re of god by oth e rs
,
.

H e app ea rs to hav e b ee n associat e d wi th t h e o ak By .

p l ayi n g h i s harp h e cau s e d t h e s easo n s to fol low o n e

,

a n oth e r in th e i r p rop e r o rd e r O n e of h is sp ecial .

“ ”
poss essio n s was a cau l d ro n cal l e d Th e U n d ry from ,

wh ich a n i n e xhau sti bl e food supply coul d b e O btai n ed .

H e fed h eavi ly o n po r ridg e a n d was a cook (suppl i e r of ,

food ) as w e l l as a ki n g I n som e r e sp e cts h e r e s e m bl es

.

Tho r a n d l i k e h i m h e was a gia n t slay er H i s wi fe

, , , .

was t h e godd e ss Boa n n , whos e n am e c l i n gs t o t h e

R i v e r B oy n e wh ich was suppos e d to hav e h ad i ts
,

O r igi n fr om a n ov e rflow i n g w e l l A bov e th i s w e l l w e re .

n i n e haz e l t ree s ; t h e re d n uts of th e s e fe l l i n to t h e w e l l to

“
b e d e vou r e d by s a l mo n a n d e sp e ci a l ly by t h e sal m o n
”
of k n owl e dg e H e re agai n w e m ee t wi th t h e t ree
.

’
a n d w e l l my t h B r igi t was a m e m b e r O f th e Dagda s
‘

fam i ly A n oth e r was A n gus th e god of lov e

.
,
.

D i a n c e cht was t h e Da n a n u go d of h eal i n g H is .

g ra n dso n Lugh (p ro n ou n c e d too) has b ee n cal l ed t h e

Ga e l i c Apol lo G o i b n i u was a Ga e l ic V u lca n
'

Ne it whos e w i fe was N e m o n was a Fo m o r i a n god

,
1
,

of battl e Th e s ea god was M a n a n n an m ac L ir H e

. .

was k n ow n to th e W e l sh as M a n awyd a n a b Lly r who ,

“ ”
was n o t o n ly a s e a god but lord of h e adla n ds a n d
a patro n of trad e rs Lly r h as co m e dow n as th e
.

l e g e n da ry K i n g L ea r a n d h is n am e su rvi v e s in ,

L e ic e st e r o r igi n al ly Lly r c e stre of C ae r Lly r (wal l ed

,
- -

C ity of Lly r) H i s fa mous a n d gi ga n ti c s o n B ra n

.

1 F ro m t h e ro o t n e m in n ea m h h ea
, v
e n , ne mu s , a g ro v e, &c .
 A N C I E N T PAGA N D E I T I E S 29
3

b ec am e in t h e p roc e ss o f ti m e t h e
,
“
B l e ss ed B ra n
,

w h o i n t ro duc e d Ch r isti a n i ty i n to B r i t a i n .

A n oth e r g rou p of W e lsh go d s k n ow n a s ,

“
th e
”
ch i ld re n o f D o n r e s e m bl e
,
so me what t h e Da n an n
d e i t i e s of I re la n d Th e clos e st l i n k i s G o v a n n o n t h e
.
,

sm ith who a pp ea rs to b e i d e n ti ca l wi th t h e I ri sh
,

G o i b n i u As I r ish p i rat e s I n vad e d a n d s e ttl e d in

.

W a l e s b e t w ee n th e s e co n d a n d fifth c e n tu r i e s o f o u r
“ ”
e ra,
i t m ay b e th at t h e p ro c e ss o f cu ltu re m ixi n g
which resul te d c a n b e t rac e d in t h e mythologic a l
e l e m e n ts e m b e dd e d in fo l k a n d m a n usc r i p t st o r i es .

Th e W e l sh d e i ti e s how e v e r w e re co n n e ct e d with c e r
, ,
“ ”
t a i n c o n st e l l at io n s a n d m ay h av e b ee n i n t rud e rs
fro m t h e C o n ti n e n t C a ssiop ea s C h a i r was L l ys D o n
.
’

h e cou rt of t h e g o dd e ss D o n ) A r i a nrod
( si l v r ci rcl e )
( t . e ,

a godd e ss a n d wife of G o v a n n o n had fo r h e r cas t l e

,

t h e N o rt h e r n C row n ( Co ro n a B o rea l is ) Sh e i s in .
,

A rthu ri an ro man c e t h e sist e r o f A r thu r H e r b roth e r

,
.

Gwy d i o n h ad fo r hi s c a s t l e th e M i l ky W ay
“ ”
wh ich ,
“
in I r ish G a e l ic i s t h e chai n of Lugh Th e I r ish
D a n a n n go d Nu ad a h a s b ee n id e n tifi ed wi th t h e B r i tish
“
N u d d wh o s e ch i ld re n fo rm e d t h e g rou p of t h e C h i ld re n
of N u dd
Th e re w e r e th ree g roups of W e l sh d e i ti e s t h e oth e rs ,
“ ” “ ”
b e i n g th e ch i ld re n of Ly r a n d t h e C h i ldre n O f D o n .

P ro fe ss o r R hys h as i d e n tifi e d N udd with Lud t h e god ,

wh o s e n a m e su rvi v e s in Lo n do n (o r i gi n al ly C ae r L u d )
a n d in Ludg a t e wh ich m ay as has b e e n sugg e st e d
, , ,
“
h av e o rigi n al ly b e e n t h e w a y o f L u d l ead i n g to hi s
h o ly p l ac e n o w occu p i e d by S t Pau l s C at h e d ral
.
’
Lud .

had a sa n ctu a ry at Lid n ey in Gl o uc e st e rsh i re wh e re h e ,

w a s wo rshi p p ed in Roma n ti m e s as i s i n d ic a t e d by in
s c r ip tio n s A b ro n z e p laqu e sh o ws a y o uthful go d
.
,

wi t h s o l a r rays ro u n d h is h ead st a n d i n g in a fo u r ho rs e d
,
-

cha r iot Tw o wi n g e d g e n i i a n d two T r i t o n s accom pa n y

.

h i m Ap p a re n t ly h e was i d e n ti fi ed with Apol l o Th e

. .
20
4 ANCI ENT MAN I N B R I TA I N
A rthu r ia n Lo t o r L o th was Lud o r Ludd H i s n am e .

l i n g e rs in L o th i a n
Gwyd io n t h e s o n of D o n was a p ro m i n e n t B r i tish
, ,

d e ity a n d has b ee n com par e d to Od i n H e was t h e .

fath e r of t h e god Ll e u whos e m o th e r was A r ia n ro d

, .

“
Th e ra i n bow was Dw y n w e n t h e
’
Ll e u s ro d sl i n g -
,

s o cal l e d
-
B ri tish V e n us was C h r i stia n iz e d as
,
“
th e
”
bl ess e d D w y n a n d th e patro n sai n t of t h e chu rch o f
Ll a n dd wy n in A n gl e s e y Th e m agic cau ld ro n was
.

poss e ss ed by t h e W e lsh godd e ss K e r r id w e n .

A pro m i n e n t god whos e w o rsh i p app ea r s to hav e

b e e n wi d e sp rea d was co n n e ct e d with t h e appl e t ree
-
,

wh ich in t h e U n d e rwo r ld a n d I sl a n ds o f t h e B l e st
“ ”
was t h e Tr e e of Li fe A n ci e n t b e l i e fs a n d c e re
.

m o n i e s co n n e ct e d with th e appl e cu l t su rvi v e in th o s e

d istricts in south e r n E n gl a n d wh e re t h e Cu r ious cust o m
”
i s obs e rv e d O f w a ssai l i n g th e appl e t re e s o n Ch r ist
m as E v e o r Tw e l fth N i ght 1 Th e “
wassai l e rs v isi t
.

t h e t re e a n d si n g a so n g in wh ich e ach appl e i s

ask e d to b ea r
H a t fu ll s , l a p -full s
-
,

Sac k - fu ll s , p o c k e t - fu ll s .

Cid e r i s pou r ed about t h e roots of appl e t re e s Th is .

c e re mo n y app ea rs to hav e b ee n o r i gi n al ly a n e l a bo rate

o ne . Th e to m tit o r s o m e oth e r s m a l l b i rd was c o n
-

n ec t e d wi th t h e appl e t re e as was t h e robi n o r w re n

,

of oth e r cu l t s wi th t h e o ak tree At t h e wassai l i n g .

c e re mo n y a boy cl i m b e d u p i n to a t re e a n d i m p e rso nat ed

t h e bi r d . I t m ay b e that in Paga n ti m e s a boy was
sac r ific e d t o th e go d of th e t ree Th a t t h e bi rd (in .

som e cas e s i t w as t h e robi n red b re ast ) was h u n t ed -

a n d sac r i fic e d i s i n d ic a t e d by ol d E n gl ish fol k so n gs -

b egi n n i n g l i k e t h e fol lowi n g

1Re n d el Ha r r is Afi le Cu l ts
. , an d Th e A s c e n t of Oly mp u s .
 A N C I E N T PAGA N D E I T I E S
O ld Ro b in is d e ad an d go n e t o h is gr a e , v
H u m ! H a ! go n e t o h is gr a ve ;
Th e y p l a n t e d a n a p p l e t r e e o v e r h is h e ad , .

H u m ! H a ! o v e r h is h e ad .

In E n gl an d W a l e s Sco t la n d a n d I re la n d a d e i ty
, , , ,

o r a g ro u p of d e iti e s in t h e U n d e rwo rld w a s asso ,

.

c iate d wi t h a magic c a ul d ro n o r a s i t is c a l l e d in
,

G ae l ic a p ot of p l e n ty H e ro e s o r gods obta i n
p oss essio n of t h i s cau ld ro n which p rovid e s an in ex
,

h au s t ib l e food su pply a n d m uch t rea su r e o r i s us e d ,

fo r p u rpos e s of di vi n ati o n I t a pp ea rs to hav e b ee n

.

“ ”
Ch r isti a n iz e d i n to t h e H oly G rai l to obtai n pos ,

s essio n Of wh i ch A r thu ria n k n i ghts s et o u t o n p e ri lous

j o u rn eys .

O r i gi n a l ly t h e pot was a sym bol of t h e moth e r god

d e ss who r e n e w e d you t h p rovid e d food fo r al l a n d was
, , ,

t h e sou rc e of t re asu re l uck victo ry a n d wi sdom

, , , Thi s .

godd ess was associat e d with t h e m oth e r cow a n d t h e

l ife pro l o n gi n g p ea r l s that w e re s ea rch e d fo r by e a r ly
-

E ast e rn p ros p ecto rs Th e r e a re re fe re n c e s to cows a n d

.

p e a rl s in W e lsh a n d Ga e l ic p o e m s a n d l ege n ds re ga rd i n g
t h e p ot . A n o l d W e l sh po e m in t h e B ook of Ta l ies in
s ays of th e cauld ro n :
B y t h e b r e a t h o f n in e ma i d e n s it w o ul d b e k in d l e d .

Th e h e ad o f H ad e s c au l d r o n — w h at is it lik e ?
’

A r im it h a s wi t h p e a rl s r o u n d it s b o rd e r
,

I t b o il s no t c o wa rd s fo o d : it wo u l d n o t b e p e rj u re d
’
.

Thi s e xtract i s from t h e po e m k n ow n as P re idd e n

“
A n n wfn ( H arryin gs of t ra n slat e d by t h e lat e
P ro fess o r Sir J o h n R hys A rthu r an d h is h e ro e s v isi t
.

H ad e s to O bta i n t h e cau ld ro n a n d re fe re n c e i s mad e to

,

th e “
S p e ckl e d Ox ”
A rthu r in a n o th e r s t o ry O btai n s
.
, ,

t h e cauld ro n from I re la n d I t is fu l l of m o n e y Th e
. .

W e lsh god B ra n giv e s t o a ki n g o f I re la n d a m a gic

c a uld ro n wh i ch re sto re s to l ife thos e d ead me n who a re
2 06 AN CI E NT MAN I N B R I TA I N
plac e d in it
A Ga e l i c n ar rati v e re lat e s t h e sto ry of
.

“
Du n
’
C u c h u l l in s ha rryi n g O f Had e s wh ich i s cal l e d ,

C u c h u l l in s assai la n ts issu e fro m a p it in t h e

’
Scaith
'

c e n tr e of D u n Sc a ith in fo r m s of s e rp e n ts toads a n d , ,

sha r p b ea k e d m o n st e rs H e wi n s th e v icto ry a n d carri e s

-
.

away th re e magic cows an d a cauld ro n th a t giv e s in

e xh a usti bl e sup p l i e s of food g ol d a n d si lv e r , , .

Th e p o t figu re s in v a r iou s mythologi e s I t was a .

sym bol o f t h e moth e r godd e ss H athor of a n ci e n t Egyp t

a n d o f t h e m oth e r godd e ss of T r oy a n d i t figu re s in ,

I n d ia n re l i gious l it e ratu r e I n G a e l ic lo re t h e k n i fe
.

which cuts i n exhausti bl e su p p l i e s of fl e sh fro m a dry

bo n e is e vi d e n tly a n oth e r sy m bol of t h e d e ity .

Th e tal i sm a n s p o ss e ss e d by t h e Da n an n s w e r e t h e
caul d ro n th e swo r d a n d sp ea r of Lugh a n d t h e L ia
, ,

Fai l (o r Sto n e of wh ich re m i n ds o n e of t h e

th re e Jap an e s e sy m bol s t h e sol a r m i r ro r t h e drago n , ,

swo rd a n d t h e tama (a p ea rl o r rou n d sto n e ) k e p t in

,
“ ”
a S h i n to Sh r i n e at I s e Th e godd e ss s l ife su bst an c e
.
’

was l i k e wi s e in fru its l i k e t h e C e l e sti a l a p pl e s n uts , ,

r ow a n b e r r i e s &c o f t h e C e lts a n d t h e g r a p e s
, .
, p om e , ,

g ra n at e s & c of oth e r p e o pl e s a n d in h e rbs l ik e t h e

, .
, ,

m ugw o r t a n d m a n drak e H e r a n i m al s w e r e associ at e d .

with r i v e rs Th e n am e of t h e R i v e r B oy n e sig n ifi e s
.

“
wh it e cow Ta rf (bu l l ) a pp ea r s in s e v e ral r iv e r
n am e s as also do e s t h e g o dd e ss n am e D e v a ( D e vo n a)
,

in t h e D e vo n D e e &c , Ph i lologis t s hav e show n th at

,
.

N e ss t h e I n v e r n e ss sh i re ri v e r i s id e n tic a l wi t h N e stos
,
-
,

in Th rac e a n d N e da in G r e e c e Th e g o dd e ss B e l is ama .

e g o dd e ss of w a r) w as i d e n ti fi e d with t h e M e r s e y
(t h .

Godd e ss g rou ps usual ly t r iads w e re as com mo n in

, ,

Gau l a s t h ey w e re in a n ci e n t C re t e Th e s e d e i t i e s w .

“ ”
som e ti m e s cal l e d t h e M o th e rs as in M a r n e , ,

famous F re n ch r i v e r an d in t h e W e l sh Y M a n za u , ,
“
of t h e n am e s of t h e fai ri e s
1 C al le d al s o c l a c h n a c in e a m h u in n ( th e f a t a l s to ne ).
 A N C I E N T PAGA N D E I T I E S 20 7

Oth er n am e s of g o dd e ss g rou p s i n cl ud e P ro x imae

ki swom a n ) Nis ka i (wat e r Sp i r its ) a n d D e rv o n n ae (oak
( n , ,

spi rits ) Th e R o ma n s took ov e r t h e s e a n d oth e r g rou p s

.

o f a n ci e n t d e i t i e s a n d t h e b e l i e fs ab o ut th e i r O r i gi n in

t h e m y t h ic a l s e a th e y w e r e su p pos e d to c ro ss o r r i s e
“
fro m G ae l ic re fe re n c e s to
. t h e co ra cl e of t h e fai r y
woma n o r sup e rn atu ra l wo ma n a re of s p ecial in
“ ”

t e res t in t h is co n n e ctio n e sp e ci a l ly wh e n i t i s fou n d th a t ,

“ ”
the co racl e i s a s ea sh e l l wh ich by t h e way figu re s as -
, ,

a ca n o p y sy m bol in so m e of t h e scu l p tu re d g ro u p s of

Roma n o B ri tish g rou p e d godd e ss e s who so m e ti m e s b ea r

-

bask e ts o f a p pl e s Sh ea fs o f g rai n & c Wh e n t h e sh e l l

, ,
.

p ro vi d e s i n e xhaus ti bl e suppl i e s of cu rativ e o r k n o wl e dge

co n fe rri n g m i l k i t l i n ks wi t h t h e sym bol ic p o t
,
.

M os t of t h e a n ci e n t d e i t i e s h ad l o cal n am e s a n d c o n ,

s e qu e n tly a n u m b e r of G a ul ish gods w e re id en tifi e d by

t h e Roma n s wi th A p ol l o i n cl udi n g B o r v o whos e n am e , ,

l i n g e rs in Bou rbo n G ra n n o s of Aqu a G ra n n i (Ai x l a,

Ch ap e l l e ) M o go u n u s whos e n a m e has b e en sho rt e n e d to

, ,

M a i n z &c Th e g o ds Ta ra n u c u s (thu n d e re r) U x e l l imu s

’

.
, ,

( t h e h igh e s t ) & c w e re i d e,
n tifi e.d wi
, t h J u pi t e r ; D u n a t is

( fo rt
g )
o d A l b io r
, ix (wo r ld ki n g
) C a t u r ix ( battl e ki n g ), ,

B e l at u c a d ro s (b r i l l i a n t in w a r) C o c id iu s & c w e re , ,
.
,

id e n t ifi ed with M a rs Th e n a m e o f t h e god C a mfi l o s
.

cl i n gs t o Colch e s te r (C am u l o d u n u n ) Th e re a re .

R o m an o B r iti sh i n sc ri p tio n s that re fe r to t h e a n ci e n t

-

g o ds u n d e r v a r i o us C e l t i c n am e s A po p u l a r d e i ty was .

t h e god of S i lva n us who co n fe rre d h ea l th an d w a s n o, ,

d o ubt i d e n tifi e d wi t h a t re e o r h e r b
, .

I t is u n c e rtai n at wh a t p e r io d b e l i e fs co n n ect e d with

sta rs w e re i n t roduc e d i n to t h e B r i t ish I sl e s 1
As w e hav e .

s ee n t h e W e lsh d e iti e s w e re co n n e ct e d wi th c e r tai n star

,

g ro ups Th re e C e ltic god d ess e s

. w r it e s A n w y l ,

1
v p
Th e re is e ide n c e in t h e G ael ic ma n u s c ri t s t h a t t ime w a s mea s u re th e a a re n t d by pp
mo v e me n t s o f t h e s t a r s y
C u c h u l l in w h il e s itt in g a t a fe a s t s a s t o h is c h a rio t e e r
d b d
.
, ,

L a e g my f rie n
“
, go o u t , o s er v e t h e s t a r s o f t h e air , a n d a s c e r t a in w h e n mi n igh t
,

c o m es
"
.
2 08 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
“
r e fe rr i n g to Gau l ,whos e wo rsh i p attai n e d to hi gh e st
d e v e l o p m e n t w e re D a m o n a (t h e godd e ss of c at tl e) S i ro n a ,

h g d n e o r t h e sta r godd e ss ) a n d E p on a (t h e
(t e a e o , go d
”
d e ss of ho rs e s ) . Th e s e n am e s a re I n do E u rop e a n - .

A n I r i sh po e m by a h a rd w h o is su p pos e d to hav e l iv e d
in t h e n i n th c e n tu r y r e fe rs to t h e Ch ri stia n sai n t Ci a ra n
of Saigir a s a ma n of st e l lar o r i gi n :
Lia d a in e (h is m o t h e r ) w as l
as e e p

On h er bed .

W hen sh e t u rn e d h e r fa c e t o h e ave n
A s ta r fe ll i n t o h e r mo u t h .

Th e n c e w a s b o r n t h e marve ll o u s c h il d
C i ar a n o f Saigir w h o is p ro c l a i me d t o t h e e .

I n th e n o r th a n d n orth w e st H i gh la n ds t h e a u ro ra
-

“
bo re al is i s cal l e d N a F ir Ch l is ( th e n i m bl e me n ) a n d ”

“ $9
t h e m e r ry d a n c e rs Th ey a re re ga rd e d as fa i r i e s
“
(su p e r n a tu ral b e i n gs l i k e t h e s e a
) fai ri e s
”
N a F ir G h or m
bl u e who w e re p robably s e a gods .

Th e re l i giou s b e l i efs of t h e R o m a n s w e re o n n o
h igh e r a l e v e l tha n thos e of t h e a n ci e n t B r ito n s an d
Ga e ls .
 C H A P TE R XV I I

H is t o ric al Su mmary
Th e e vid e n c e d e al t with in t h e fo re go i n g ch a p t e rs
th ro w s c o n si d e rabl e l i ght o n t h e his to ry o f e a rly ma n
in B r i t a i n .W e re a l ly k n o w m o re ab o u t p re R o ma n -

ti m e s t h a n a bout t h a t obscu re p e r i od of A n glo Saxo n -

i n vasio n a n d s e t t l e m e n t wh ich fol l o w e d o n t h e with

d raw a l o f t h e Roma n a r my of o ccupatio n y e t h isto r i an s , ,

a s a r ul e , re ga rd i t as p r e h isto r i c -
a n d outsid e th e i r

sph e re o f i n t e re st As th e re a re n o i n sc r i p tio n s a n d n o
.

d o cu m e n ts to re n d e r a rticul at e t h e a rc h mo l o gic al Ag e s
o f Sto n e an d B r o n z e th e y fi n d it i m possi bl e to d ra w a n
, y
d e fi n it e co n cl usi o n s .

I t c a n b e u rg e d how e v e r in c r itici sm of thi s atti tud e

, , ,
“ ”
t ha t t h e r e l ics of t h e s o c a l l e d -
p re h isto r ic a ge
-
m ay b e

fo u n d to be e v e n m o re re l iabl e t ha n som e c o n t e m po ra ry
d ocum e n t s of t h e his to ri c p e r iod No t a few of th e s e .

a re O bvi o usly biass e d a n d p rej udic e d whi l e so m e a re so ,

v agu e a n d fra gm e n ta ry t h a t t h e c o n cl usi o n s d ra w n fro m

t h e m c a n n o t b e o th e rwis e t ha n hyp o t h e tical in C h a rac t e r .

A p l a i n e r cl e a re r an d mo re re l iabl e sto ry i s re v ea l e d
, ,

by t h e bo n e s a n d t h e a rtifacts a n d t h e su rvivi n g re l ics

o f t h e i n t e l l e ctual l i fe of o u r r e m o t e a n c e s to rs th a n by

t h e w r i t i n gs o f s o m e e a r ly ch ro n icl e rs a n d som e e a r ly

hi sto ri an s I t i s possi bl e fo r i n sta n c e in co n s e qu e n c e

.
, ,

o f t h e sca n ty e v i d e n c e a v a i l a bl e to hol d wi d e ly d iv e rg
,

in g vi e ws re g a rd i n g t h e A n glo Saxo n a n d C e ltic p ro

-

h l e ms. P ro T e u t o n ic a n d p ro C e ltic p rot a g o n is t s i n v o lv e

- -

us i n v a r i a bly in bitt e r c o n t rov e rsy Th at c o n t e m p o ra ry

.

( D 217 ) 15
2 10 ANCI ENT MAN IN B R I TA I N
docu m e n tary e vi d e n c e e v e n wh e n so m e what vol u m i n ous
, ,

m ay fa i l to y i e l d a C l e ar r e co rd of facts i s e vid e n t fro m

t h e l i t e ratu r e that d e al s , fo r i n sta n c e with t h e pa rt
,

pl ay e d by M a ry Q u e e n of Scots in t h e Da r n l e y c o n
s p ira c a n d in t h e e v e n ts that l e d to h e r e x e cutio n
y .

Th e t e r m p re h istoric i s o n e that shoul d b e discard e d

-
”
.

I t i s possi bl e as has b ee n show n t o wr it e a l though in

, , ,

o utl i n e, t h e h isto ry of c e rtai n a n ci e n t rac e m ov e m e n ts ,

o f t h e g rowth a n d d e cay of t h e c ivi l izatio n r e v e al e d by

t h e cav e r n a rt of Au ri g n acia n a n d M agdal e n ia n ti m e s ,

of e a r ly t rad e a n d of e a r ly sh i ppi n g Th e h isto ry of art

.

g o e s b a ck fo r thousa n ds o f y e ars b e fo re t h e Clas s ic A g e

d aw n e d in G re e c e ; t h e hi sto ry of tra d e c a n b e t rac e d t o

that re mot e p e r iod wh e n R ed Sea sh e l l s w e re i m por t e d
i n to I taly by C rO M ag n o n ma n ; a n d th e h is to ry of B r itish
-

sh i ppi n g c a n b e show n to b e as ol d as th os e dug outs -

t hat fou n d e re d in a n ci e n t Scotti sh ri v e r b e ds b e for e t h e

l a st la n d m ov e m e n t had c eas ed .

Th e h i st o ry of ma n r e al ly b e gi n s wh e n a n d wh e r e w e
fi n d t h e fi rst cl e ar t rac e s of h i s a ctiviti e s a n d as i t is pos
,

si bl e to w r i t e n o t o n l y rega rdi n g t h e m ove m e n ts of t h e

C rO Mag n o n rac e s but of t h e i r b e l i e fs as re v eal e d by
-
,

bu ri al custom s th e i r u s e of body pai n t th e i m p o rta n c e

, ,

at tach e d t o sh e l l a n d oth e r tal is m a n s a n d th e i r wo n d e rful

,

a n d h i gh a tt a i n m e n ts in t h e a rts a n d c raft s t h e E u ro p e a n
,

h i sto r ical p e r iod c an b e sai d to b e gi n in t h e p ost G l a ci a l

-

e p o ch wh e n tu n dra co n di t io n s pr e v a i l e d in C e n t r al a n d

W e st e rn E u rop e an d I taly was co n n e ct e d w i t h t h e North

Afr ica n co a st .

I n t h e cas e of a n ci e n t E gy p t h istorical data

,
-

b e e n gl ea n e d fro m a rch aeologic a l r e m ai n s as w e

fro m r e l igious t e xts a n d b r i e f r e co rds o f h i sto rica l
Th e h is to r y o f E gypti a n a g ricul tu re has b ee n
back b e yo n d t h e d aw n of t h e Dy n as t ic A ge a n d
i n arti cu lat e p e riod b e for e t h e h i e ro glyph ic syst e m
in g had b e e n i n v e n t e d by t h e d iscov e ry
,
 H I STO R I CA L S U M M A RY
o f th e b o di e s of p ro to E gypti an s n atu ra l ly p r e s e rv e d in
-
,

h o t d ry sa n ds o f h usks of ba r l e y an d of m i ll e t n a tiv e to
,

t h e l a n d o f Egy p t
1
.

Th e hist o r ical d ata so i n dust riously accu m ul at e d in

E gy p t a n d B a byl o n i a h av e e n abl e d e xcav ato rs t o dat e
c e rta i n fi n ds in Cr e t e a n d t o fra m e a ch ro n ol o gical
,

syst e m fo r t h e a n ci e n t civ i l iz at io n of th a t isla n d O th e r .

re l ics afford p roof of cul tu ra l c o n t a c t b e tw ee n C re t e a n d

t h e m ai n la n d a s fa r w e stw a rd as S p a i n wh e r e t rac e s o f
, ,

C reta n a ctiviti e s hav e b e e n d iscov e re d W i th t h e a id .

of c o m p ara tiv e e vi d e n c e m uch l i gh t i s th row n to o o n

, , ,

t h e histo ry of t h e a n ci e n t H itti t e s who h av e l e ft in ,

s c rip t io n s th a t hav e n o t y e t b ee n d e ci p h e re d T h e .

d iscov e r i e s ma d e by S i re t in S p a i n a n d P o rtug a l o f
u n m istakabl e e vi d e n c e of E gypti a n a n d B a by l o n ia n
cultu ral i n fl u e n c e t rad e a n d c o lo n iz ati o n a re th e re fo re
, , , ,

t o b e w e lc o m e d Th e c o m p a rativ e e vi d e n c e in t hi s c o n
.

n ec t io n p rovi d e s a m o r e r e l iabl e basis th a n h as h i t h e r to

b ee n a vai l a bl e for W e st e r n E u rop e a n a rch aeol o gy It .

is p o ssi bl e fo r th e his t o ri a n to d at e a pp ro xi m ate ly th e

b egi n n i n g of t h e e x p o rt t rad e in j e t fro m E n gl a n d
a p p a r e n t ly fr o m Wh itby in Y o r kshi re— a n d of t h e e x p o rt

t rad e in a m b e r fr o m t h e B a ltic a n d t h e O p e n i n g of t h e,

s e a rout e s b e tw e e n Sp a m a n d N o r t h e r n E u rop e Th e .

fu rth e r discov e ry o f E gy p t i a n b ead s in s o uth w e st e r n -

E n gl a n d in ass o ci at i o n wi t h re l ics o f t h e E n gl ish

,
”
B ro n z e A ge i s O f fa r re ach i n g i m po r tan c e A p re
,
-
.

histo ric p e riod su re ly c e as es to b e p re hi s to r ic wh e n

” “ ”

its r e l ics c a n b e d a te d e v e n a pp roxi m a t e ly Th e E n gl ish .

S p a i n tak e s us back ti l l a bou t 2 5 00 B C

‘

j e t fo u n d in . .
,

a n d th e Egy p ti a n b eads fou n d in E n gla n d ti l l a bout

I 300 B C. .

Th e d a t i n gof th e s e a n d oth e r re l ics ra is e s th e q u e stio n

wh e th e r h is t o r i a n s sh o u l d a cc e p t wi t hout q u a l i fic a ti o n , ,
”
o r a t al l t h e syst e m o f
, Ag e s a dopt e d by a rc h aeo l o
1 E ll io t Sm it h , Th e A n c ie n t E gy p t ia n s , p .
42 .
2 12 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
“
gists T e rm s l i k e P a l mo l it h ic (Ol d Sto n e) an d Neo
.
“

l ith i c (New S to n e) are in most a re as wi t hout p re ci s e

, ,

ch ro n ological sig n i fica n c e A S appl i ed in t h e h isto r ic a l

.

s e n s e th ey t e n d to obscu r e t h e fact t h a t t h e fo r m e r a p pl i e s
,

to a m ost p rolo n ge d p e riod du r i n g wh ich m o re tha n o n e

ci vi l i z atio n aros e flou r ish e d a n d d e c ay e d
, , I n th e s o
.

“
c a l l e d O ld Sto n e A ge fl i n t was w o rk e d wi t h a d e g ree
“
of ski l l n e v e r s u rpass e d in t h e Ne w St o n e A ge ”
as ,

Au ri g n acia n a n d Sol ut rea n a rti facts t e s t ify ; it was also

so m e ti m e s badly wo rk e d fro m poorly s e l e ct e d mat e r i a l ,

as in M agdal e n ia n ti m e s wh e n bo n e a n d ho rn w e re
,

uti l iz e d to such a n ext e n t th a t a rc h mo l o gis ts woul d b e

“
j ustifi e d in re fe rr i n g to a Bo n e a n d H o r n A ge
B e fo re t h e N eol ith i c i n dust r y was i n troduc e d i n t o
“ ”
W e st e r n E u rop e a n d th e s o cal l e d -
N e ol i t h ic A ge
daw n e d as i t e n d e d at vari ou s p e riods in va r i ous a reas
'

, , ,

g reat C l i m atic cha n g e s to o k plac e a n d t h e d i st r i bu t io n

,

of s ea a n d l a n d cha n g e d m o re tha n o n c e Wi th a l
.
,

co n sid e rabl e rac e m ov e m e n ts took p l ac e in C e n t ral a n d

W e st e rn E u rop e I n ti m e n ew h a bits o f l i fe w e re i n t ro
.

d u c e d i n to o u r n ati v e la n d that i n fl u e n c e d m o re p ro
fo u n d l y t h e su bs e qu e n t h i sto ry of B r it a i n t h a n c o u ld
hav e b e e n p ossi bl y accom pl ish ed by a n e w m e th o d o f
worki n g fl i n t Th e m ost i m po r ta n t cu l t u ra l cha n g e was
.

e ffe ct e d by t h e i n t roducti o n of t h e ag r icultu ra l m o d e o f

l ife.

I t i s i m porta n t to b ea r in m i n d in th is co n n ectio n th
t h e a n ci e n t ci vi l i z atio n s of E gyp t a n d B abylo n i a w e
bas e d o n th e agricu ltu ral mod e of l ife a n d ,

th i s mod e of l ife pass e d i n to E u rop e a com p l e x

was tra n sport e d with i t from t h e a re a o f o r igi n .

t h e e arly agri cu ltu rists who d e v e lop e d s h ip b u il di

t h e a rt of n av i gatio n w h o fi rs t wo r k e d m e tal s a n d
, ,

a r e l igious v a l u e o n gold a n d si l v e r o n p e a rls an d

, ,

c e rta i n p re ci ous sto n e s a n d s e n t out p rosp ecto rs

,

s earch for precious m etal s a n d p recious

 H I STO R I CA L S U M M A R Y 2 13

l an ds Th e i m p o rt a n c e of a g r icu ltu re in t h e h istory of

.

C ivi l iz a ti o n ca n n ot b e ov e re s t i mat e d I n so fa r a s o u r .

n a tiv e l a n d i s c o n c e r n e d a n e w e poch was i n augu rat e d

,

wh e n t h e fi rst a g r icul t u ri st ti l l e d t h e soi l s o w e d i m po rt e d ,

ba r l e y s e eds usi n g i m p o rt e d i m p l e m e n ts a n d p racti si n g

, ,

s t ra n ge c e re mo n i e s at sowi n g a n d u lti mat e ly a t ha rv e st ,

ti m e that h ad o rigi n in a far dis ta n t c ra d l e o f c iv il iz

,
-

a t io n a n d sti l l l i n g e r in o u r m idst a s fol k lo re e vi d e n c e

,
-
,

t e stifi e s t o t h e ful l I n a n ci e n t ti m e s t h e c e re mo n i e s
.

w ere r ega rd ed as b e i n g of as m uch i m p o rta n c e as th e

i m p l e m e n ts a n d t h e associ at e d myths w e re co n n e ct e d
,

wi t h th e a g ri cul tu r ists C al e n da r a s t h e Scottish Ga e l ic

’
,

Cal e n da r b ea rs t e sti mo n y .

I n st ead t h e re fo re of d ividi n g t h e e a rl y h isto ry of

, ,

man in B ritai n i n to p e r io d s n a m ed a fte r t h e m a t e r ial s

,

from wh ich h e m ad e i m pl e m e n ts a n d w e a po n s th e s e ,

shoul d b e div id ed so as to th row l i ght o n h a bi t s of

l ife a n d h abi ts of thought Th e ea rly s tag e s o f C ivi l iz a
.

”
t io n c a n b e re fe rr e d to as t h e P re Ag r icultu ra l and -
,

t hos e tha t fo l l o w as t h e E a rl y Ag r icul tu ral

”
U n d e r P re Ag ricu l tu ra l com e t h e cu ltu re stag e s
-
,

o r ra t h e r t h e i n d ust r i e s k n ow n as Au ig n a cia n
( )
1 r ( )
2 ,

Sol u t rea n a n d (3) M a g d al e n i an Th e s e do n o t hav e

, .

th e sam e ch ro n o logic a l sig n ific a n c e e v e rywh e re in

E u ro p e fo r t h e Sol u t rea n i n d ust ry n e v e r di s t u rb e d o r
,

su pp l e m e n t e d t h e Au ri g n acia n in I taly o r in S p ai n south

o f t h e C a n t a b r i a n M ou n t a i n s n o r d id Au r ig n aci a n p e n e
,

t rat e i n to H u n g a ry wh e re t h e fi rst st a g e of M od e r n M a n s
’
,

a ctiviti e s w a s t h e Sol ut rea n Th e th re e sta g e s how e v e r

.
, ,

e xist ed d u r i n g t h e post Glacial p e riod wh e n ma n hu n t e d

-
,

t h e re i n d ee r a n d o t h e r a n i m a ls fa vou r i n g si m i lar cl i matic

co n ditio n s Th e F re n ch a rc h mo l o gis ts hav e n am e d this

.

“ ”
th e R e i n d e e r A ge Th re e lat e r i n dust r i e s w e re in
.

t ro d u c e d i n to Eu ro p e du r i n g t h e P re Ag r icu ltu ral A e

g
-
.

Th es e a re k n ow n as ( I ) Az i l i a n (2 ) T a rd e n o isi a n a n d , ,

(3) Magl e mosia n Th e ic e ca p was r etr eati n g t h e re i n

.
-
,
2 14 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
d ee r and th e r tu n d ra a n i mal s m ov e d n o rt hw a rd a n d
o ,

t h e r e d d e e r a r r i v e d in C e n t ral a n d W e st e r n E u ro p e .

W e c a n t h e r e fo re re fe r to t h e l a t te r p a rt of t h e P re
, ,
“
Ag ri cul tu ra l ti m e s as t h e Ea r ly R e d D ee r A ge
Th e re i s C o n ti n e n tal e vid e n c e to Sh o w th a t t h e Neo
l i th ic i n dust ry was p racti s e d p r io r to t h e i n t roductio n of
“
t h e a g r icu ltu ral m od e of l i fe Th e E a r ly Ag r icultu ra l
.

” “
A ge , th e re fo re cuts i n to t h e arch ae ol o gical N eo l ith i c
,

A ge in F ra n c e W h e th e r o r n o t i t do e s so in B r itai n
.

is u n c e rtai n .

“
At t h e daw n of th e B r itish Ea r ly Ag r icul tu ral A ge
“ ”
cu ltu ral i n flu e n c e s w e re b egi n n i n g to flow fro m
c e n tr es Of a n ci e n t C ivi l izatio n i f n o t d i re ctl y at a n y rat e
, ,

i n di rectly As has b e e n i n d icat ed in t h e fo re g o i n g

.

pag e s t h e N e ol ith ic i n dust ry was p ract is e d in B r it a i n by

,

a p e opl e who had a d isti n ct s o cial org an i zatio n a n d

e n g a g e d in t rad e Som e N e ol ith ic fl i n ts w e r e of East e rn
.

typ e o r o ri gi n Th e i n troductio n of b ro n z e fro m t h e

.

C o n ti n e n t app ea rs to hav e b ee n e ffecte d by s ea fa ri n g -

t ra d e rs a n d th e re i s n o e v id e n c e that i t cha n g e d th e
,

p re v a i l i n g h a b its of thought a n d l ife O u r a n c e st o rs .

d id n o t cha n g e th e i r Ski n s a n d th e i r i d eas wh e n th ey

b e ga n to u s e a n d ma n ufactu r e bro n z e A s ectio n o f .

th e m a do p t e d a n ew i n dust ry but b e fo re d oi n g so th ey
,

had e n gag e d in t h e s ea rch fo r gol d Th i s i s show n by .

t h e fact that t h e y s e ttl e d o n t h e gra n i t e in D e vo n a n d

Co r n wal l wh i l e y e t th e y w e re u si n g Hi n ts of N eo l ith ic
,

fo r m wh ich had b e e n m ad e e l s e wh e r e I ro n worki n g

.

w a s u l ti mat e l y i n t rod uc e d Th e B ro n z e a n d I ro n
.

“ ”
Ag e s of t h e a rch ae ologists c an b e i n cl ud e d in t h e
“ ”
h isto r i a n s E a rly Agri cu l tu ral A ge b ec a us e a gric u l
’

tu re co n ti n u e d to b e t h e m ost i m p orta n t fact o r in t h e

e co n om ic l i fe of B r i t a i n I t was t h e basi s o f i ts civi l iz a
.

tio n ; i t re n d e re d p o ssi bl e t h e d ev e lopm e n t Of m i n i n g

a n d of va r ious i n dustri e s a n d t h e p r omo t io n of t ra d e
—
,

by la n d a n d s ea I n ti m e t h e C e l tic p eopl e s that is

. ,
 H I STO R I CA L S U M M A RY 2 15

—
p eo p l e s who spok e C e l t ic d ial ects a r riv e d in B ri tai n .

Th e C
ltic mov e m e n t was in p rog re ss at 500 B C a n d
e . .
,

had n o t e n d e d aft e r J ul i us C ae s a r i n v a d e d south e r n E n g

la n d I t w as fi n al ly a rre st e d by t h e Roma n occupa t io n
.
,

but co n ti n ue d in I re l a n d Wh e n i t real ly c o m m e n c e d i s
.

u n c e rt a i n ; th e e a r l i e st C e l t s m ay hav e us e d b ro n z e o n ly .

Th e va r iou s Ag e s acco rd i n g to t h e syst e m su gg est e d

, ,

a re as fol lows :

1 . Th e P r e-Agric u l t u ral Age .

Su b - d ivi s i o n s : ( )
A t h e R e in d ee r A e
g wi t h the Au r i
g n a c ia n , So lu t r e a n ,M a gd a l e n ia n
and in d u s t r ie s ;

e E a r ly R e d D ee r Age w i t h zili
( )
B t h t h e A a n ,

Ta rd e n o i s i a n a n d M agl e mo s ian i n d u s t ri e s
, .

2 . Th e E arl y Agricu l t u ral Age .

Su b - d ivi s i o n s : A
( ) t h e P r e C e l t ic Age
-
wi t h the Ne o
li t h i c c o p p e r a n d b ro n z e in d u s t ri e s ; (B ) t h e Ce l t ic
,

Age wi t h t h e b ro n z e i ro n a n d e n a me l i n d u s t r i e s
, , .

3 Th.e Roma n o B ri t i sh Age -

.

I n c lu d i n g in Sc o t l an d ( )
A t h e C a l ed o n ia n Age an d

r ly Scot o- P ic t is h A e ; a n d in I re l a n d t h e
( )
B t h e E a g
C u c h u l l in Age , d u r i n g w h i c h b ro n z e a n d i r o n w e re
u sed .

Th e vi e w favou re d by som e h i sto r ia n s that o u r a n c es

to rs w e r e p ri o r to th e Ro ma n i n vasio n m e r e s av a g e s
, ,
”

c a n n o lo n g e r o b tai n I t i s cl ea rly wi thout j usti ficati o n

. .

No r a re w e j usti fi ed in p e rp e tuati n g t h e e qu a l ly haza rd

o u s th e ory that e a r ly B r i t ish cultu r e w a s of i n dig e n ous

o r igi n a n d pass e d
, th ro ugh a s e r i e s of e vol utio n a ry
s ta ge s in isolatio n u n ti l th e cou n t ry offe re d su ffici e n t
at t ractio n s to i n duc e fi rst t h e C e l ts an d aft e rw a rds t h e
Rom a n s to co n qu e r it Th e cor re ct a n d h istorical vi e w
.

ap p ea r s to b e that from t h e e a rl i est ti m es B r itai n was

“ ”
su bj e cte d to racial a n d cu l tu ra l d r i fts fro m t h e C o n
t in e n t an d t hat t h e latt e r out n u m b e r e d t h e form e r
, .
2 16 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
In the Agricu l tu ra l A ge C rO Ma gn o n c o l o n i s t s
P re - -

r e a c h e d E n gl a n d a n d Wal e s wh i l e e t in t h e Au r i g n a ci a n
y
stag e of C i vi l izatio n As m uch i s i n d icat e d by t h e
.

e v i d e n c e of t h e P a v il a n d cav e in South Wal e s At a .

lat e r p e r iod p ro to Sol ut re a n i n fl u e n c e wh ich had

,
-
,

e n t e r e d W e st e r n E u rop e fro m No r th Afr ica fil t e re d i n to ,

E n gla n d a n d c a n b e t rac e d in t hos e cav e r n s that hav e

,

y i e ld ed e v id e n c e o f occupatio n Th e p u re Sol ut re a n
.

cu l tu re su bs e qu e n tly sw e pt fro m E ast e r n E u rop e as fa r

w e stwa rd as N orth e r n S pai n but B ri tai n l i k e South e r n
, ,

S pai n a n d I taly re mai n ed i m m u n e to i t M agdal e n ia n

, .

cu ltu re th e n a ros e a n d b e cam e wid e sp re ad I t h ad

.

re latio n s w i th t h e e a r l i e r Au r i g n acia n a n d ow e d n oth i n g

to S o l ut rea n E n gla n d y i el ds u n dou bt e d t rac e s o f it s

.

i n flu e n c e wh ich op e rated vi go rously at a ti m e wh e n

,

Scotla n d was yet la rg e ly cov e re d wi th ic e C e rtai n

.

e l e m e n ts in Au ri g n acia n a n d M agdal e n ia n cultu r e s

app ea r to hav e p e rsi st e d in o u r m idst u n ti l com parati v e ly
r e c e n t ti m es e sp ecial ly in co n n e cti o n with bu rial custom s
,

Sl e e p i n g h e ro e s
“ ”
a n d myth s r e gard i n g t h e in b u rial
cav e r n s .

“
Th e s o cal l e d T ra n sitio n P e r iod b e tw e e n t h e Upp e r
-

Pal aeol ith i c a n d N e ol ith ic Ag e s i s w e l l re pre s e n t e d ,

e sp e cial ly in S cotla n d wh e re t h e la n d ros e aft e r e arly

,

ma n s arrival a n d e v e n aft e r th e i n t roductio n of shi pp i n g

’
, .

As E n gla n d was si n ki n g wh e n Scotla n d was r isi n g ,

E n gl ish trac e s of th e p e r iod a re d i ffi cu l t to fi n d Th is .

”
T ra n sitio n P e riod was of g reate r d u ratio n t h a n t h e
”
a rch ae ological N eol ith ic A ge
Of sp ec ial i n t e re st i s t h e l i ght th row n by re l ics of th e
T ra n sitio n P e riod o n t h e rac e probl e m A p pa re n tly .

t h e C rO M ag n o n s a n d oth e r p eo pl e s of t h e M agdal e n ia n
-

A ge w e re s e ttl e d in B r itai n wh e n t h e i n t r ud e rs w h o had

‘

brok e n u p M a gd a l e n ia n civi l izatio n o n t h e Co n t i n e n t ,

b ega n to a r r iv e Th e s e w e re ( 1) t h e A z il ia n s of I b e ri a n
.

M di t rra n ea n ) typ e ; (2 ) t h e Ta rd e n o is ia n s who cam

( e e ,
e
 H I STO R I CA L S U M M A R Y 2 17

th rough I t a ly fro m N o rth Africa a n d w e re l i k e wi s e i t , ,

w o ul d a pp ea r o f M ed it e r ra n e a n raci a l t y p e ; a n d (3) t h e
,

M agl e mo s ia n s who w e re m ai n ly a fa i r t a l l p eo p l e of
, ,

N o rth e r n ty p e Th e c l o s e p ro x i m i ty of Az i l i a n a n d
‘
.

M a gl e m o si a n statio n s in w e st e r n Scotl a n d — at t h e Mac

.

A rthu r c a v e (Az i l ia n ) a n d t h e D r u mv aragie sh e lt e r

( M a gl e mosia n ) at Ob a n fO r in s t a n c e — sugg e s,
t s that i n x

t h e cou rs e of ti m e raci a l i n te r m ixtu re took p lac e Th at .

al l t h e fai r p e o p l e s of E n gla n d Scotl an d a n d I re l a n d , ,

a re d e sc e n d ed from C e lts or No rw e gia n s i s a th eo ry

which has n o t tak e n i n to accou n t t h e p re s e n c e in th e s e

i sla n ds at a n e arly p e riod an d b e fo re t h e i n t roductio n ,

o f t h e N e oli t h ic i n dustry of t h e ca r r i e rs fro m t h e Bal tic

,

a re a of M a gl e mosia n cu ltu re .

W e n ext pass to t h e s o c a l l e d N eol i th ic stag e of -

cul tu re a n d fi n d it affo rds fu l l e r an d m o re d e fi n ite

1
,

e vi d e n c e r e gardi n g t h e e a r ly h isto ry of o u r n ativ e l a n d .

A S has b e e n show n th e re a re d a t a wh ich i n d ic a t e that

,

th e re was n o h aph azard dist r i butio n of t h e populatio n

o f E n gla n d wh e n t h e N eo l i th ic i n dust r y an d t h e a g r i

cul t u ra l mod e of l ife w e re i n t roduc ed Th e th eo ry m ust .

“
b e disca rd ed that N eol ith ic man w as a wa n d e re r ,

whos e mov e m e n ts d e p e n d e d e n ti re ly o n thos e of t h e

wi ld a n i mal s h e h u n t e d a s w e l l as th e fu rth e r t h eo ry
,

t h a t sto n e i m pl e m e n ts a n d w e apo n s w e re n o t us ed aft e r

t h e i n t ro duc t io n of m e tal s Th e re w e re as c a n b e .
,

gath e re d fro m t h e e vi d e n c e affo rd e d by a rch ae ologic a l

re mai n s s e t t l e d vi l l a g e com m u n i ti e s
, a n d c e n t re s of in ,

d u s t ry in t h e A ge re fe r re d to by a rch aeo logis t s as Ne o

”
l i th i c Th e Ea rly Ag r icultu ra l A ge had daw n e d .

S ectio n s of t h e populatio n e n ga ge d in ag r icultu re s ec ,

t i o n s w e r e m i n e r s a n d wo r k e rs of fl i n t s e cti o n s w e r e ,

hu n t e rs a n d fish e r m e n s ectio n s s ea rch e d fo r gold pi g

, ,

m e n ts for b o d y pai n t ma te r ial for or n am e n ts of re l igious

,

1 I t mu s t be b in m in d t h a t a mo n g th e p d u c e r s a n d u s ers o f Neo l it h ic a r t ifa c t s

xp d
o r ne ro

w e r e t h e E a s t e r n e r s wh o c o ll e c t e d and e o rt e o re s .
2 18 ANCI E NT MAN I N B R I TA I N
val u e &c a n d s e c t io n s e n ga g e d in t rad e n o t o n ly w i t h
, .
, ,

E n gl ish a nd Sc o t t ish p e o p l e s but with t h o s e o f t h e ,

C o n ti n e n t Th e E n gl i sh Cha n n e l a n d p rob a bly t h e

.
,

No rt h Se a w e r e c ross e d by hardy mari n e rs who e n gag ed

,

in t rad e .

At a n e arly p e riod in t h e Ea rly Ag ricultu ral A ge a nd

b efo re b ro n z e wo rki n g was i n troduc e d E n gla n d a n d ,

Wal e s Scotl a n d a n d I re la n d We re i n flu e n c e d mo re
, , _

d i re ctly th a n had h ith e rto b e e n t h e cas e by t h e h igh

ci vi l izatio n s of E gypt a n d M e sopota m ia a n d e sp ecial ly ,

by th e i r colo n i e s in S outh w e st e r n E u rop e Th e re c e n t -

.

S p a n ish fi n ds i n dicat e that a g re at “ ”

wav e of hi gh
O ri e n tal cu l tu re was in m otio n in S pai n as far back as
2 5 00 B C .a n d p e r haps at a n e v e n e a r l i e r p e r iod
.
,
In .

cl ud e d am o n g Babylo n i a n a n d E gyp t ia n r e l ics in S p a i n

a re,
a s has b e e n st a t e d
j e t fr o m W h itby Yo ,
r kshi re , ,

a n d a m b e r fro m t h e Bal ti c Appa re n tly t h e colo n ists .

“
had t rad i n g re latio n s wi th B r i tai n Wh e th e r th e Tin .

La n d wh ich was o ccup i e d by a p eopl e owi n g al l e gia n c e

t o Sa r go n of Akkad was a n ci e n t B r itai n i s qu it e u n
,

c e rtai n I t w as mo re p r ob a bly som e part o f W e st e r n

.

E u ro p e That W e st e r n E u rop ea n i n flu e n c e was r each i n g

.

B r i tai n b e fo re t h e last l a n d mov e m en t h ad c e as e d is

m ad e e vid e n t by t h e fact that th e a n ci e n t bo a t with a
‘

co rk p l u g wh ich was fou n d in Clyd e si l t at Glasg o w

, ,

lay 2 5 fe e t abov e t h e p re s e n t s e a l e v e l Th e co rk p l u g -
.

u n dou bt e dly cam e fro m S p a i n o r I taly a n d t h e b o a t i s ,

1
of M ed it e r ra n e a n typ e I t i s e vi d e n t that lo n g b e fo re
.

t h e i n t roducti o n of bro n z e wo r ki n g t h e coasts of B r i tai n

w e re b e i n g e x p lo re d by e n t e rp r iz i n g p rosp e ctors a n d that ,

th e vi rgi n r ich e s of ou r n ati v e l a n d w e r e b e i n g e x p loit e d .

I n th is c o n n ecti o n i t i s o f i m porta n c e to fi n d t h a t t h e
e arl i e st m e t a l a r ti fa cts i n t ro duc e d i n to ou r n a t i v e i sl a n ds

w e re b ro ught by t rad e rs , a n d that thos e that re ach ed

E n gla n d w e r e m ai n ly of Gau l i sh typ e wh i l e thos e that ,

1 Th e b d o at a t es th e s il t in g p r o ces s r a t h e r t h an th e s il t in g p roc es s th e b
o at .
 H I STO R I CA L S U M M A RY 2 19

re a ch ed I re l a n d w e re S p an ish Th e N e ol ith ic i n dus t ry

.

d o e s n o t a p p ea r t o h a v e b e e n wi d e s p read in I re la n d ,

wh e re c o p p e r a rt i facts w e re in u s e a t a v e ry ea rly p e r i o d .

A la rg e bat t l e ax e of p u re c o pp e r d e sc ri b e d by Sir
-
,

Dav i d B re wste r in 18 2 2 (E d in bu rgh P h il os op h ica l

j ou r n a l
,
V ol . V I p , .was fo u n d at a d e p th o f 2 0

fe e t in R a th o Bog n ea r E d i n bu rgh
, Ab o v e i t w e re .

9 fe e t o f moss 7
,
fe e t o f sa n d a nd
4 f ee,
t of h a r d bl a ck
t i l l Cl a y
-
.
“
I t m ust h a v e b e e n d e p osi t e d al o n g with t h e
bl u e cl ay w ro te B re wst e r “
p rio r to t h e fo r mati o n Of
,

t h e sup e r i n cu m b e n t st ra t u m of s a n d a n d m ust h a v e ,

e xist e d b e fo re t h e d i l uv i a l O p e ra tio n s by wh ich that

s t ratu m was fo r m e d Th is op i n io n of its a n t iqu ity i s
.

st ro n gly c o nfi r m e d by t h e p ecul i ari ty o f i ts sh a p e a n d ,

Th e Sp an ish di scov e r i e s
”
t h e n at u re of it s c o mp o si t i o n .

h av e re v iv e d i n te re st in th i s i m p o rta n t fi n d .

As has b e e n i n d icat e d j e t p ea r ls gol d a n d t in a pp ea r

, , , ,

t o h a v e b e e n s e a rch e d fo r a n d fo u n d b e fo re b r o n z e .

wo rki n g b ecam e a B r itish i n dust ry Th at t h e ea r ly .

p ro sp ectors h ad e x p e ri e n c e in l o cati n g a n d worki n g

m etal s b e fo re th e y r each e d this cou n t ry th e re c an b e
l ittl e d o u bt Th e re w as a p sychologica l motiv e fo r th e i r
.

a dv e n tu rous v o y a g e s t o u n k n ow n l a n ds Th e d is t r ib u .

ti o n of t h e m e ga l i thic m o n u m e n ts a n d g rav e s i n dicat es

t h a t m e ta l s w e re fou n d a n d wo rk e d in south w e st e r n -

E n gla n d in W a l e s in D e r bysh i re a n d Cu m b e r la n d
, , , ,

t h a t j et w as wo rk e d a t Wh itby a n d that m e t a l s w e re
,

loca t e d in I re la n d a n d Sco t la n d G o ld m ust h av e b e e n

.

wid e ly dis t r i but e d du ri n g t h e p e r io d of t h e g rea t th aw .

I t i s u n l i k e ly that t rac e s o f al l uv ial gold wh ich had ,

b ee n loc at e d a n d w e l l work e d in a n ci e n t ti m es shoul d ,

r e mai n u n ti l t h e pr e s e n t ti m e I n Scotla n d n o t rac e s

.

o f gol d c an n o w b e fou n d in a n u m b e r of di st r i cts wh e re ,

a cco rd i n g to t h e r e cords it was w o r k ed a s l a t e as t h e

,

fift e e n th a n d sixt ee n th c e n tu ri es Som e o f th e su rvivi n g

.

Scottish m e gal ith ic mo n u m e n ts m ay m a r k t h e Sit es of

2 20 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
a n ci e n t go ld fi e ld s t hat w e re a ba n d o n e d in ea rly ti m e s
wh e n t h e suppl i e s o f p re cious m e tal b e c a m e e xh a ust ed .

Th e g re at ci rcl e s of C a l l e r n i sh in L ewi s a n d S t e n n is in
O r k n e y a re re co rds of acti vity in s e m i ba r re n a r eas -
.

L a rg e com m u n i t i e s coul d n o t hav e b ee n att ract e d to

th e s e outly i n g i sl a n ds to l i v e o n t h e p roduc e of l a n d o r
s ea. T rac e s of m etals &c i n d icat e that in both a reas
,
.
, ,

in a n ci e n t ti m e s t h e bu i ld e rs o f m e g a l ithi c mo n u m en ts
,

s e ttl e d in re mot e a rea s in B r i ta i n fo r t h e s a m e r easo n a s

th e y s ettl e d o n p a rts of t h e C o n ti n e n t A gold ro d has .

b e e n d i scov e re d in associ a tio n with t h e D r u i d T e m p l e

at L eys n ea r I n v e r n e ss Th e I n v e r n e ss g rou p o f C i rcl e s
,
.

m ay w e l l hav e b ee n thos e of gold s e e k e rs I n Ab e r -

.

d ee n s h ire a g rou p Of m e gal i th ic m o n u m e n ts a pp ea rs to

hav e b ee n e re ct e d by s e a rch e r s fo r p ea r ls Gol d was .

fou n d in th i s cou n ty in t h e ti m e o f t h e Stu a rt ki n gs .

Th e clos e associatio n of m e gal i th ic m o nu m e n ts w i t h

a n ci e n t m i n e wo r ki n gs m ak e s i t i m possi bl e t o re sist
t h e co n cl usio n that t h e wo rsh i p of t ree s a n d w e l ls w a s
clos e ly co n n ect e d wi th t h e re l igi o n of wh ich th e m e ga
l ithic mo n u m e n ts a re reco rd s S i re t shows that t h e
.

sym bol ic m a r ki n gs o n typ ical sto n e mo n u m e n ts a re

id e n tical wi th thos e of t h e t ree cul t Fol k lo re a n d .
-

ph i lological d a ta t e n d to su p po rt thi s vi e w. F ro m t h e
r oot n em a re d e r iv e d t h e C e l tic n am e s of t h e p e a r l ,

h eav e n t h e g rov e a n d t h e sh r i n e with i n t h e g rov e

, ,

( s e e Ch a p X .I I I ) T h
. e C e l ts a pp e ar to hav e e m b rac e d

t h e D ruid ic syst e m of t h e e a r l i e r I b e r ia n s in W e st e r n
E u rop e whos e cu ltu r e had b ee n d e riv e d fro m t hat of
,

t h e O r i e n tal colo n ists .

Th e O r i e n tal m oth e r godd e ss was co n n e ct e d wi th

t h e sac re d t r ee w ith gold a n d g e m s with p e arls
, , ,

wi th r i v e rs lak e s a n d t h e s ea w ith t h e sky a n d

, , ,

with t h e h ea v e n ly bodi e s lo n g c e n tu r i e s b e fo r e t h e
,

Pal m t ree cu l t was i n t roduc e d i n to S p ai n by O ri e n tal

-

colo n ists Th e sy m bol is m of p earl s l i n ks with that of

.
 H IS TO R I C A L S U M M A R Y 221

jet , th e sym b o l i sm of j e t with th a t o f B a ltic am b e r ,

a n d t h e sym b o l is m of B a l tic a m b e r wi th that of A d r iatic

a m b e r a n d of M e dit e r ra n e a n co ral Al l th e s e sac re d .

thi n gs w e re su ppos e d t o co n tai n l ik e j a sp e r a n d t u r ,

“ ”
q u o is e in E gypt t h e l i fe su
, bsta n c e of t h e mo t h e r
go d
d e ss who h ad h e r o ri gi n in w a t e r a n d h e r dw e l l i n g in
a t re e a n d w a s co n n e c t e d with t h e sky a n d
, t h e wat e rs
a bov e t h e fi rma me n t
”
Co ral was suppos e d to b e h e r
.

s ea t re e a n d j e t am b e r si l v e r a n d g o ld w e re suppos e d
, , , ,

t o grow fro m h e r fe rti l izi n g t ea rs B e l i e fs about grow n .

”
g o l d w e re q uit e ri fe in m edi ae val B r i tai n 1
.

7 I t should n o t su rp r is e u s th e re fo re to
, fi n d trac e s ,

o f O r i e n t a l r e l igious co n c e ptio n s in a n ci e n t B ri t a i n a n d

I rela n d Th e s e hav e a p pa re n t ly pass e d fro m cou n t ry

.

t o cou n t ry fro m p eo p l e to p eopl e from la n guag e t o

, ,

l a n guag e a n d dow n t h e Ag e s without suffe ri n g great

,

cha n g e E v e n wh e n m ix e d wi th i d e as i m por te d fro m

.

oth e r a reas th e y hav e p re s e rv e d th e i r o ri gi n al fu n da

,
”
m e n tal sig n ific a n c e Th e H e b r i d ea n m a i d e n qu ee n
.
-

godd ess who dw e l l s in a t re e a n d p rovid e s m i l k from

,

a s e a sh e l l
-
has a h is to ry root e d in a d ista n t are a o f
,

o rigi n wh e re t h e g o dd e ss w h o p e rso n ifi e d th e l ife

,

givi n g sh e l l w as c o n n ect e d wi th t h e cow a n d t h e sky

( t h e M i lky W a
y) as w a s t,
h e g o dd e ss Hath o r t h e ,

E gypti a n Aph ro dit e Th e t e n d e n cy t o loc at e i mpo rt e d

.

re l igi o us b e l i e fs n o d o ubt p rovi d e s t h e r e aso n why t h e

o r igi n al pal m t ree o f t h e godd ess was re pl ac e d in

B ri tai n by th e h az e l t h e e l m t h e rowa n th e appl e t re e
, , , ,

th e o a k , &c .

O n t h e C o n ti n e n t th e re w e re d i s l ac e m e n ts of p eopl e s p
a fte r t h e i n t roductio n of bro n z e , a n d e sp e cial ly o f b ro n z e

w eapo n s Th e r e was w eal t h an d th e re was t ra d e t o

.

att rac t a n d reward t h e co n qu e ro r Th e East e r n .

t rad e rs of S p ai n w e re d i s p l a c e d Som e a p p ea r to hav e .

1 b d
Th e a n c ien t elie f is e n s h r in e in M il to n s l in es r e fe rr in g t o r i s
'
b o f go l d th at
“
g ro w
in Hell a n d a r e d u g o u t o f it s h ill (P a r a d is e L os t B o o lin es 688
, kI ,
222 ANCI ENT MAN I N B R I TAI N
m i g rat e d i n to Gau l a n d N orth I taly ; oth e rs m ay hav e
fou n d re fug e in I re la n d an d B ri tai n Th e s ea routes .
-

w e re n o t how e v e r clos e d ZE gean cu ltu re fi lt e r e d i n to

’

, , .

W e st e rn E u rop e fro m Cre te a n d th rough t h e H al lstatt

,

c ultu r e c e n t re fro m t h e D a n ub ia n ar e a Th e cu ltu re .

of t h e t r i b e s who spok e C e l tic d i a l e cts was v e i n e d wi th

[ E ge a n a n d Asiati c i n flu e n c e s I n ti m e C o n ti n e n tal
.

D r u i dism i m bi b e d i d eas r e g a rd i n g t h e Tra n s m ig ratio n

of Sou ls a n d t h e custo m of c re matio n fro m a n a re a m
t h e East which h a d i n fl u e n c e d t h e A rya n i n vad e rs of
I n di a
.

Th e o r igi n of t h e C e l ts i s obscu r e G re e k writ e rs .

r e fe r to th e m as a tal l fai r p e o p l e Th ey w e re e vid e n tly

,
.

a b ra n ch of t h e fa i r N orth e r n rac e but Wh e th e r th e y ,

cam e fro m N o rth e r n E u rop e o r N o rth e rn Asi a i s u n

c e rtai n I n W e st e r n E u r o p e th ey i n trud ed th e m s e l v es
.

as co n qu e ro rs an d form ed m i l itary a r i st o craci e s Li k e .

oth e r vi go rous i n t rudi n g m i n o ri ti e s e ls ewh e r e a n d at

,

d i ffe re n t p e riods th ey w e re in c e rtai n local iti e s abso rb e d

,

by th e co n qu e re d I n W est e r n E u rop e th e y w e r e
.

fus e d wi th I b e r ia n com m u n i ti es a n d co n fe d e raci es of ,

C e lti b e r ia n s cam e i n t o e xist e n c e .

B e fo re th e g reat C e ltic m ov e m e n ts i n to W e st e r n E u rop e

b ga
e n — th t i s b e fo r e 500
a , B C — B ri tai n was i n vad e d
. .
‘

by a b road h ead e d p eopl e but i t i s u n c e rta i n wh eth e r

-
,

th ey cam e as co n qu e rors o r as p eac e fu l t ra d e rs I n .

ti m e th e s e i n t r ud e r s w e r e a bsorb e d Th e e vi d e n c e .

a ffo rd e d by bu rial custom s a n d su rvi vi n g trac e s of

a n ci e n t r e l igious b e l i e fs a n d p ractic e s t e n ds t o show
that t h e cul tu re of t h e e a r l i e r p e o p l e s su rvi v e d ov e r
l arge t racts of o u r n ativ e l a n d A n i n t e l l ectu a l c o n
,
.

qu e s t o f co n qu e rors o r i n trud e rs was e ffe ct e d by th e !

i n dig e n ous p o pul atio n wh ich was root e d to t h e soi l

by ag r icu ltu re a n d to c e n t re s of i n d ustry a n d t rad e
by u n distu rb e d h a bits of l i fe .

Although t h e p re C e l tic la n guag es w e re u l ti m ately

-
 H I ST O R I CA L S U M M A RY 2 23

displac ed by th e C e ltic — it i s u n c e rtai n wh e n th is proc ess

was com pl e t e d t h e i n flu e n c e o f a n ci e n t O r i e n tal cultu re
-_

r e mai n ed I n Scotla n d t h e p i g tab o o wi th its h isto ry

.
-
,

root e d in a n ci e n t Egypt has h ad ta rdy su rvival u n ti l

,

our o w n ti m e s I t h as n o co n n e ctio n with C e l tic

.

cu ltu re fo r t h e Co n ti n e n tal C e lts w e re a p i g reari n g

,
-

a n d pork e ati n g p e opl e

-
l i k e t h e AEgaea n i n v a d e rs of
,

G re ec e Th e pi g ta b o o i s sti l l as p re val e n t in North e rn

.
-

A rcadi a as in th e S cottish H igh la n ds wh e r e th e d e ,

s c e n d a n ts not o n ly o f t h e a n ci e n t I b e r ia n s b u t of
i n t ru d e rs from po r k lovi n g I re la n d a n d Sca n di n avia
-

hav e acqu i red th e a n ci e n t p rej ud ic e a n d a re n o w p e r

t u a t ing it
p e .

“
7 Som e c e n tu r i e s b e fo re t h e Roma n occupatio n a ,

syst e m of g o l d coi n ag e was e stabl ish e d in E n gla n d .

T rad e w i t h th e Co n ti n e n t app e a rs to hav e g reatly in

c reas e d in vol u m e a n d c o m pl ex i ty E n gla n d W a l e s .
, ,

Scotla n d an d I re l a n d w e re d ivid e d i n to s mal l ki n g

,

dom s . Th e e vid e n c e affo rd e d by t h e I r ish Ga e l i c

ma n uscripts wh ich re fe r to e v e n ts b efo re a n d aft e r t h e
,

R o m a n co n qu est of B r itai n shows that soci ety was ,

w e l l o rga n iz e d a n d that th e o rga n izatio n was of n o n

Roma n ch a ract e r T acitus i s re sp o n si bl e fo r t h e stat e
.

me n t t hat th e I ri sh m a n n e rs a n d custom s w e re s i m i lar

to th o s e p re vai l i n g in B r it a i n a n d h e m a k e s r e fe re n c e,

to I rish s ea t rad e a n d t h e fact that I ri sh s ea po rts w e re

- -

w e l l k n ow n to m e rch a n ts E n gla n d suffe re d m o re from

.

i nvasio n s b efo re a n d aft e r t h e arri val of J u l i us C ms a r

t ha n d id Scotl a n d or I re la n d I t was co n s e qu e n tly .

i n c ap a bl e o f u n it e d actio n agai n st t h e Rom a n s as ,

Tacitus stat e s cl ea rly Th e i n d ig e n ous t r i b e s re fus e d

.

to b e all i e s of t h e i n t rud e rs 1
.

I n I re la n d wh ich P l i n y re fe rre d to as o n e of t h e
,

B ri tish I sl e s t h e p re C e l tic F i rb o l gs w e re subdu e d by

,
-

“
C e l tic i n vad e rs Th e l ate r wav e s o f C e lts a pp ea re d
.
”

Ag i l C h p X IIl r co a , a . .
2 24 ANCI E NT MAN I N B R I TA I N
to hav e su bd u ed t h e earl i e r co n qu e rors with th e r e sult ,
“ ”
that F i r bolg c eas e d to h a v e a raci a l sig n i fica n c e
a n d was appl i e d to al l su bj e ct p e op l e s Th e re w e r e .

in I r e l a n d as in E n gl a n d upp e r a n d low e r class e s

, , ,

a n d m i l i tary tri b e s that dom i n a t e d oth e r t r i b e s W ithal .

,

th e re w e re co n fe d e raci es a n d p e tty ki n gs who ow e d

, ,
“ “
al l e gia n c e to h igh ki n gs ”
Th e Re d B ra n ch .
”
of
U lst e r of wh ich C u c h u l l in was a n outsta n di n g re
,

p re s e n tativ e had th e i r war r io rs t rai n e d in Scotla n d

,
.

I t m ay b e that th e y w e r e i n vad e rs who had pass e d

th rough Scotla n d i n to North e r n I re la n d ; at a n y rat e ,

i t i s u n l i k e ly that th ey wou l d hav e s e n t th e i r w a rrio rs

“
to a colo n y to acqu i r e ski l l in t h e u s e of w eapo n s .

Th e re w e re C r u ith n e ( B rito n s ) in al l th e I r i sh p rov i n c es .

M ost I rish sai n ts we re of th i s stock .

Th e p re Roma n B rito n s had sh i ps of sup e rio r qual ity

-
,

as i s m ad e e vi d e n t by t h e fact that a B riti sh squad ro n

was i n cl ud e d in t h e g re at V e n e ti fl ee t wh ich C ms ar
attack e d a nd d efeat e d w i th t h e ai d of P icto n e s a n d
oth e r h e re d i ta ry r i val s of t h e V e n e t i a n d th e i r al l i e s .

I n e a r ly Roma n ti m e s B r itai n thus took a n activ e p a r t

in E u r o p e a n pol i tics in co n s e qu e n c e of i ts i m po rta n t
co m m e rcial i n t e rests .

Wh e n t h e Ro ma n s reach e d Scotla n d t h e C a l ed o n ia n s
‘

a p e opl e with a C e l tic t ri bal n am e w e re pol i tic a l ly ,

p r e do m i n a n t Li k e th e E n gl i sh an d I r ish p re Rom a n
.
-

p eo p l e s th e y us e d cha r iots an d or n am e n t ed th e s e with

,

fi n e ly wo rk e d bro n z e E n am e l was m a n ufactu r ed o r

.

i m po r t e d Som e of t h e Rom a n sto r i e s abou t t h e savag e

.

co n di ti o n of Scotla n d m ay b e d i sm iss e d as fictio n s .

Who c a n n o wadays cr e d it th e st at e m e n t of H e rodia n 1

that t h e wa rr i o rs of Scotla n d in R o ma n t i m es pass e d

2 ’
th e i r days in t h e w a te r o r D io n C a ssi us s sto ry th at
,

th e y w e re w o n t to h i d e in mu d fo r s e v e ral days wi th
n oth i n g but t h e i r h e ads showi n g a n d that d e s p i t e th e i r ,

1 H d
er o III 4
za n
'

Di
, C
, 1i (X
.
2L XX V I
on as s us , 12 .
 B R O N Z E BU C K L E R S O R SH I E LD S
(B i i M r t sh useu m)

U pp er : fr o m t h e Th a me s . L o w e r : fr o m W a les .
 H I ST O R I CA L S U M M A R Y 2 25

fi ne p hysiqu e th e y
ch i e fly o n h e r bs fr u it n u ts
fe d , , ,

a n d t h e b a r k o f t re e s an d wi t h a l t h at th e y h ad d is
, , ,

c o v e re d a myst e r i o us e a rth n u t a n d h a d o n ly t o e a t -

a p i e c e n o l a rg e r tha n a b ea n to d e fy h u n g e r a n d
“
t h i rs t . Th e fu r t h e r s t at e m e n t t h at t h e Sc o t t ish s av

a ge s w e re wi t h o u t s t a t e o r fa m i ly o rg a n iz at io n ha rd ly
a cco rd s wi t h hi s t o r ic a l fa cts E v e n Ag ric o l a h a d c a us e
.

t o fe e l a l a r m wh e n c o n fro n t ed by t h e w e l l o rga n iz e d -

a n d w e l l e qu i pp e d
-
C a l e d o n i a n a r my a t t h e b at t l e o f
M o n s G ra mp iu s a n d h e fo u n d it n e c e ss a ry t o r e t re a t
,

a ft e r w a rd s a l t h o ugh h e cl a i m e d t o h a v e w o n a c o m
,

l t e vict o ry H i s r e t re a t a pp e a rs t o h a v e b e e n a s
p e .

n e c e ss a ry a s that o f N ap o l eo n fro m M o sc o w Th e .

l a t e r i n v a si o n o f t h e E m p e ro r S e v e rus was a d is
a s t r o us o n e fo r h i m e n t a i l i n g t h e loss of
,
me n .

A p e o pl e who us e d ch a ri o ts a n d h o rs e s a n d a rt i ,

fac ts d is p l ay i n g t h e a r t i s t i c ski l l o f th o s e fo u n d in
a n ci e n t B r i ta i n h a d r e a ch e d a com p a r a t iv e ly h igh st a t e
,

o f ci vi l iz a t i o n W a r r i o rs d id n o t m a n ufac t u re th e i r
.

o w n ch a r i o ts t h e h a r n e ss o f t h e i r h o rs e s
,
th e i r o w n ,

w e a p o n s a rm o u r a n d o r n a m e n t s ; th e s e w e r e p rovi d e d
, ,

fo r t h e m by a rt is a n s S uch t h i n gs as t h e y re qu i re d
.

a n d c o ul d n o t obtai n in t h e i r o w n c o u n t ry h a d t o b e

i m p o rt e d by t rad e rs Th e a rt is a n s h a d to b e p a i d in
.

ki n d if n o t in c o i n a n d t h e t rad e rs h ad t o giv e s o m e
, ,

t hi n g in re tu r n fo r wh a t t h e y r e c e i v e d C ra fts m e n .

a n d t rad e rs h a d t o b e p r o t e ct e d by l a ws a n d t h e l a ws ,

h ad t o b e e n fo rc e d .

Th e e vi d e n c e a ccu m ulat e d by a rch aeo l o gists i s s u ffi

ci e n t to p rov e t h a t B r i ta i n h ad i n h e r it e d from s ea ts
of a n ci e n t civi l iz ati o n a h igh d e g r e e o f cu l t u re a n d
t e ch n ic a l ski l l in m e t a l w o r ki n g &c m a n y c e n tu r i e s
-
, .
,

b e fo re R o m e w as bu i l t Th e fi n e s t e n a me l w o r k o n .

b ro n z e in th e w o rl d w a s p ro d uc e d in E n gl a n d a n d
I re l a n d a n d p ro b a b ly a l t h o ugh d e fi n it e p ro o f h as n o t
, ,

e t b e e n fo r t hc o m i n g in Sc o t l an d t h e e n a m e ls of wh ich
y , ,

( D 217 ) 16
2 26 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
m ay hav e b e e n i m po r t e d a n d may n o t A rtisa n s could .

n o t hav e m a n u fa ctu re d e n a m e l wi t h o ut fu r n a c e s c a pabl e

o f g e n e ra ti n g a h i gh d e g re e of h e a t Th e p ro c e ss was .

a l a bo r i o u s a n d c o s t ly o n e I t re qu i re d t e ch n ic a l k n o w
.

l ed g e a n d ski l l o n t h e p a rt of t h e wo r k e rs R e d wh it e .
, ,

y e l l o w a n d bl u e e n a m e ls w e re m a n ufa c t u re d E v e n t h e
, .

R o m a n s w e re as to n i sh e d a t t h e ski l l d ispl ay e d in
e n a m e l wo r k by t h e B r i to n s Th e p e o p l e who p ro
.

d u c e d t h e s e e n a m e l s a n d t h e local p e opl e s w h o p u r
chas e d th e m i n cl u d i n g t h e C a l e d o n ia n s w e re fa r
, ,

re m ov e d fro m a s t a t e o f savag e ry .

M a n y w r it e rs who hav e a cc e pt e d wi thou t qu e sti o n t h e

,

stat e m e n t s of c e rt a i n R o m an w r it e rs re ga rd i n g t h e e a rly
B r ito n s a n d i g n o re d t h e e vid e n c e th a t a rch ae ologic a l
re l ics p ro vi d e r e ga rd i n g t h e a r ts a n d c rafts a n d s o ci a l

c o n d iti o n s o f p re Ro m a n t i m e s hav e in t he p a st w r itt e n

-
,

in d e p r e ci a to ry v e i n re g a rd i n g t h e a n c e s to r s o f t h e vast
maj o r ity o f t h e p re s e n t p o pu la t i o n o f th e s e i sla n ds who ,

suffe re d s o s e v e re ly a t t h e a l ta r of R o m a n am bi ti o n .

E v e ryth i n g R o ma n h as b ee n gl o r i fi e d ; R o m an v icto ri e s
“ ”
ov e r B ri tish b a r b a r i an s h a v e b ee n i n cl u d e d a m o n g
“ ” “ ”
th e bl e ssi n gs of civi l iz a t io n Y et t h e re i s
. as ,
“
E l to n s ays ,
s o m e thi n g a t o n c e m ea n a n d t ra gic al ,

a b o ut t h e sto ry of t h e R o m a n c o n qu e st O n th e o ne .

si d e sta n d t h e p e t ty t r i b e s p rosp e rous n ati o n s in m i n a

,

t u re ,
a l rea d y e n r ich e d by c o m m e rc e a n d r i si n g to a
hom e ly c ultu re ; o n t h e oth e r t h e t e rr i bl e R o m an s s tro n g
in th e i r t y ra n n y a n d a n avaric e wh ich c o ul d n e v e r be
a p p e as e d
” 1
.

I t w a s in n o al t r u istic s p i r i t t hat t h e Roma n s i n vad ed

G a ul a n d b ro k e u p t h e C e l t ic o r ga n iz ati o n o r th a t th ey ,

i n v a d e d B r i to n a n d re d uc e d a free p e o p l e t o a sta te o f
b o n dag e . Th e l ife b l o o d o f y o u n g B r i ta i n w a s d ra i n ed
b y R o m e a n d fo r t h e l o ss susta i n e d R o m a n i n s t i tu t i o n s
, , , .

R o m a n v i l l as a n d b a ths a n d t h e L at i n l a n gu ag e a n d
,

1 O r igin s of E n gl is h H ‘'

zs zo ry , pp .
3 0 2- .
3
 H I ST O R I CA L S U M M A RY 227

l i t e ra tu re w e r e fa r fro m b e i n g co m p e n s at i o n s Rom e .

w a s a p red a t o ry st a t e Wh e n i ts m i l i t a ry o rga n iz a ti o n
.

c o l l a p s e d its su bj e c t sta t e s fe l l wi t h it G a ul a n d B r i ta i n
,
.

h ad b e e n w e ak e n e d by R o m a n r u l e ; t h e a n ci e n t s p i r i t o f
i n d e p e n d e n c e h ad b ee n u n d e r m i n ed ; n at iv e i n i t i ativ e
h ad b e e n r u t hl e ssly s t a m p e d o u t u n d e r a sys t e m m o re
t h o rough a n d s e v e re t h a n m o d e r n P r ussi a n is m At t h e .

s a m e t i me t h e re i s o f cou rs e m uch t o ad m i re in R o m a n
, , ,

civi l iz a t i o n .

D u r i n g t h e o b scu re p o st Rom a n p e r i o d E n gl a n d
-

w a s o ccu p i e d b y A n gl e s a n d S a x o n s a n d j ut e s w h o ,

h a v e b ee n c re d i ted w i t h t h e wh o l e s a l e d e st r ucti o n o f
ma ss e s of t h e B r it o n s Th e d a rk h a i re d su r viv o rs w e re
.
-

sup p o s e d t o h av e fl e d w e stw a rd l e avi n g t h e fa i r i n t rud e rs

,

in u n d is p u te d o ccu p ati o n o f t h e g reat e r p a r t o f E n gl a n d .

B ut t h e i n dig e n ous p eo p l e s of t h e E n gl ish m i n i n g a re a s

w e re o rigi n a l ly a d ark h a i re d a n d s a l l o w p e o p l e a n d t h e
-
,

i n v ad i n g C e l t s w e re m a i n ly a fa i r p e o p l e B o adic e a .

w a s fa i r h a i re d l i k e Q u e e n M e a v e o f I re l a n d
- Th e .

e vid e n c e c o l l e ct e d o f l a t e y e a r s by e th n o l o gi s t s sh o ws

t h a t t h e m a ss e s of t h e E n gl i s h p o p u l at i o n a re d e sc e n d e d
fro m t h e ea rly p eo p l e s o f t h e P re Ag ricu l t u ra l a n d E a rly
-

Ag ricul t u ra l Ag e s Th e t h eo ry o f t h e whol e s a l e e xt e r
.

m i natio n by t h e A n glo S axo n s o f t h e ea r ly B r it o n s h as

-

b e e n fo u n d e d m an ife stly o n v e ry sc a n t a n d d o u b tfu l

e vi d e n c e
.

Wh at th e T e u t o n ic i n vasio n s acco m p l i s h e d in re a l i ty
w a s t h e d e st r uc t i o n n o t of a p eo p l e but o f a c iv i l iz a t i o n .

Th e n a t iv e a rts a n d c ra fts d e cl i n e d a n d l ea r n i n g w a s ,

s ta m p e d out wh e n t h e s o ci a l o rga n iz ati o n o f p o s t R o ma n

,
-

B r i tai n w a s shatt e re d O n t h e C o n t i n e n t a si m i l a r s tat e

.

o f m a t t e r s p re v a i l e d Rom a n ci vi l i za t i o n su ffe re d d e cl i n e
.

wh e n t h e R o ma n sol d i e r v a n i sh e d .

H app i ly t h e e l e me n t s o f C e l tic civil iz at i o n h ad

,
“

b ee n p re s e rv e d in t h o s e a re a s t h at h ad e sc a p e d t h e
bl ight o f Rom a n a m biti o n Th e p eo p l e s o f C e l t ic
.
2 28 ANCI ENT MAN IN B R I TA I N
s p e e ch h ad p re s e rv e d as a n ci e n t G ae l ic ma n usc ri p ts
,

t e sti fy ,
a l ov e of t h e a rts as a rd e n t a s that o f Rom e ,

a n d a fi n e c o d e o f ch iv a l r y to wh ich t h e Ro ma n s w e re

st ra n g e rs Th e i n t ro duc t i o n of Ch ri sti a n i t y h ad a d v a n c e d
.

t his a n ci e n t C e ltic ci vi l iz a tio n o n n e w a n d h igh e r l i n e s .

Wh e n t h e C o l u m ba n m issi o n a r i e s b e g a n t h e i r labou rs
outsid e Scotl a n d a n d I re l a n d t he y c a r r i e d Ch r istia n i ty
,
“ ”
an d a n e w h u m a n is m ov e r E n gl a n d a n d t h e C o n
“
t in e n t , a n d b e cam e t h e t e ach e rs of wh o l e n ati o n s th e ,

c o u n s e l lo rs of ki n gs a n d e m p e ro rs ”
I re la n d a n d
.

S cotla n d had o ri gi n a l ly rec e i v e d th e i r Ch r is t i an i ty fro m

Roma n iz e d E n gl a n d a n d G a ul Th e C e l t ic Chu rch
.

d e v e lop e d o n n atio n a l l i n e s V e r n acu la r l it e ratu re was

.

p ro m o te d b y t h e C e lti c cl e rics .

I n E n gl a n d a s a re su l t o f T e uto n ic i n trusio n s a n d
,

c o n q u e sts Ch r istia n ity a n d Ro m a n o B r iti sh cul tu re h ad

,
-

b e e n su pp re ss ed Th e A n gl o Sax o n s w e re p aga n s I n
.
-
.

ti m e t h e C e l t ic m issi o na r i e s from Sco t la n d a n d I re la n d

s p re ad Ch r i stia n i ty a n d Ch r i sti a n cul t u re th roughout
E n gla n d .

I t i s n e c e ss a ry fo r u s to r id o u r m i n ds of e xtr e m e p ro
T e u to n ic p rej udic e s No r i s it l e ss n e c e ss a ry t o a v o id
.

t h e e q u a l ly d a n g e ro us p i t fa l l o f t h e C e l t i c hyp o th e sis .

C h r is t ia n it v a n d t h e a ss o cia t e d h u m a n istic cul t u re

e n t e re d th e s e isl a n ds d u r i n g t h e R o m a n p e r i o d In .

I re la n d a n d Sc o tl a n d t h e n e w r e l i gi o n w as p e rp e tuat e d
by com m u n i ti e s t hat had p re s e r v e d p re R o ma n h a b i t s -

o f l ife a n d th o ught wh ich w e re n o t n e c e ss a r i ly o f C e l t ic

o r igi n o r e m b ra c e d by a p e o p l e w h o c a n b e a ccu ra t e ly
“ ”
re fe r r e d to a s t h e C e l tic rac e Th e C e lts d id n o t
.

e xt e r m i n at e t h e e a r l i e r s e ttl e rs P ro b a bly t h e C e l ts
.

w e re m i l ita ry a ri stoc ra ts o v e r wi d e a reas .

B e fo re t h e fa i r C e l ts had i n t r u d e d th e m s e lv e s i n
B r i ta i n a n d I re l a n d t h e s ee d s of p re C e l t ic cu l t u re
,
-
,

d e ri e d by t rad e a n d col o n iz a ti o n fro m c e n t re s o f an ci e n t

v

ci vi l i zati o n th ro ugh th e i r col o n i e s had b e e n sow n a nd

,
 H I ST O R I CA L S U M M A RY 22
9

h ad b o r n e fru i t
. Th e h ist o r y of B r itish civ i l izati o n
b e gi n s wi t h n e i t h e r C e l t n o r R o ma n but wi t h th o s e
,

e a r ly p ros p e ct o r s a n d t rad e r s who e n t e r e d a n d s e t t l e d

in t h e B r itish I sl e s wh e n m ighty P ha ra ohs w e re sti l l

r e ig n i n g in Egy p t a n d th es e a n d t h e e n t e rp risi n g
,

mo n a rchs in M e sopotam i a w e re p ro m o ti n g t rad e a n d

e x t e n di n g th e i r s p h e re s of i n flu e n c e. Th e N o r th Sy r ia n
o r A n atol ia n c a r r i e rs of East e r n c ivi l iz a tio n who fo u n d e d

c o lo n i e s in S p a i n b efo re 2 500 B C w e re fo l l o w e d by
. .

C re t an s a n d Phoe n icia n s Th e s ea t rad e p ro m o t e d by

.
-

th e s e pio n e e rs m ad e possi bl e th e op e n i n g u p o f bv e rl a n d
’

t rad e r o ut e s
. I t was a fte r Pyth ea s h ad (a bou t 300 B C ) . .

visit e d B ri ta i n by coas t i n g r ou n d S p a i n a n d N o rt h e r n
F ra n c e fro m Ma rs e i l l e s tha t t h e v o l u me o f B r i t ish t rad e
a c ross F ra n c e i n c rea s e d g re a t ly a n d t h e s e a rout e s
-

b ecam e of l e ss i m po rta n c e Wh e n C a rth a g e fe l l t h e

.
,

Rom a n s h ad t h e t rad e o f W e st e r n E u ro p e at th e i r
m e rcy a nd t h e i r co n qu es t s o f Gau l a n d B r i tai n w e re
,

u n dou b te dly e ffe ct e d fo r t h e pu rp o s e o f e n rich i n g th e m

s e l v es at t h e e xp e n s e o f subj e ct p e o p l e s W e o w e m uch
.

t o R o m a n cu ltu re but w e o w e m uch al so t o t h e cu l t u r e

,

of t h e B r i t ish p re R o m a n p e r iod
-
.
 I ND E X

Ah c e an s ,
a C el t s an d , 1 1 1 , 1 1 2 Akk d S g f h i k wl dg
a ar on o s no e e
Ah fW E p 96 8
.
, ,

c e u lian c u l t u re , 1 3 , 14 o es t er n uro e, 21
Ad kill Al b E p f m fl k
.
.
,

o n is , by b o ar 1 97
ed a as t e r , as t e r n er u e as s
f i N li h i Sp i
.
,

[ E ge an c ul tu re el t s ab s o rb e d , C o n 96 eo t c a n

Al b i j
.
, , ,

1 12 er t d 64 te , et an 1

E h G li h g d
.
, .

in C en t ra l u ro pe 96 Al b i i or x, 7 t e au s o 20
Al l H l l w B l k S w f
.
, .
,

fEs t yan s , t h e , am b er t r ad e r s , 1 6 1 a o s, ac o o 2 00
g Amb
.
.
,

p
w o rs h i o f m o t h e r o d des s an d i d wi h j
er , d as so c at e t et an

bo ar go d , 1 6 1 , 1 62 Egyp i bl b d i E gl d t an ue ea s n n an
A g
.
,

fric a, C r o M a n o n eo l e s e n
-
p p 104 5 6 10 10

E d G m
, .

t e re d u r o e f ro m , 3 5 p C li m
t c f an na
—
e an er es o
gg v y
.
,

o s t r ic h e s , i o r , &c , fr o m , 1 62
Sp
. .

fo u n d in ain , 9 6 as magi c al p r o du c t of wat e r ,

g
.

t r an s m i r at io n of so u l s in ,
43
I eye s s t en gt h en e d by r 1 65
Ag i l l B it ain
.
,

Ag h e, t e r cu t ur a an d p re im p o t e d in t r o r at 1 4 00
Ag i l l 3 r c u tu ra 21 B C 1 0 6; an d in fi rs t c e n t u r yAD
h E ly R d D
. . . .
, , .
,

t e ar e e e r , 2 14 , 2 1 5 1 14
h P hi
. .

t i
e 7 re sto r c , 2 1 .
j et an d p ea l r s an d , 2 2 .

th e Hi to s r ic , 2 1 7 as l ife s u b s t an c e 80
g
. .

th e R ein d ee r , 2 1 3 Me al it h ic eo l e p p s ear c h e d fo r ,
Ag A g
.

es , rc h a
e o l o ic al , n ew s yst em 93
o f, 2 1 5 origi n o f, in S c o tt is h
l o r e , 1 62
S P i
. .

p r o bl e m of c o tt is h Co pp e r e r s an , &c .
,
n am es o f , 1 63 , 1 64 .

axe , 2 19 . Tac it u s on th e B
al t ic l E s t y an s ,
th e M yt h ic al , c o l o u rs an d m et al s 1 61 .

o f, 1 2 1 See al s o Geol ogica l an d c o n n e c t io n o f, b o ar go d

w it h
g
.

Ar chae o l ogica l Ages an d m o th er o d de ss , 1 6 1

Ag g g g
. .

r ic u l t u r e , b e in n in o f , in B r i as t e ar s of o dd es s , 1 6 1 .

t ain , 2 1 7 t r ad e
in , 2 1 9
vg G
. .

p
im o r t an c e o f in t ro du c t io n o f , th e i o ro u s ael an d , 1 63
i W
.

2 12 . c o n n e c t o n o f w it h o ad , 1 63 , .

y
h is t o r o f , 2 1 0 vvh it e e n am el as s u b s t it u t e fo r ,
k
.

N
eo l it h ic s ic l e s , 4 1 65
A g
. .

y
b arl e , w h e at , an d ry e c u l t i m eric a, r een s t o n e s mb o l ism in , y
y at e d , 5
34
A g
.

in e t h e M u n s t er fair , 2 0 2 y An l e s6 12
A P
, . , .

ir t s ( ar din al C o in t s ) , t h e , d o c C l d e t s an 227
A gl S y
.
,

t r in e o f , 1 4 5 See al s o C ar din a l n o- axo n in t ru d ers , o u r s c an t

k wl d g
.

no e e o f, 2 0 9 .
2 32 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
A g h I ih g d fl v
n us , t e r s o o o e , 2 02 in fl u en c e s of
A im i m
n sh li g m
not t e e ar es t sta e

l ig i
,

re 78 on 1 r ac es , 12
A i Bl k ( l B l k A my g
.
, .

nn s, ac a so ac r I r is h s a as an d , 1 1 9
A z
.

dan C 95 at nna 1 b r o n e an d ir o n s w o r ds , 1 1 9
(D L
. .

I i h A r s ) d 98 nu an u an 1 o r d A v e b u r y s s s t em , 8
’
y
A h p l gy
. .
, ,

nt ro ifi
o o i h y s t r at c at o n t eo r N eo l it h ic in du s t r in t r o y
k
, ,

1 1, 12 d u c e d b y m e t al w o r e rs in
(A ) h g d d Sp
.

A nu na 98 t e o es s , 1 2 01 . an »
Ap h di
, ,

ro te, 2 2 1 r el at io n s o f N ean de r t h al an d

g
.

mba d 63e r an 1 C f d- M a n on r ac e s , 14 , 15 , 16

h bl k f m f P g
. .
,

t e 64
ac or o ,
1 . Tr an s it io n er o d i lo n er
c o n n e c t io n o f, w it h p ea l r an d t h an N e o l it h ic A ge 61
W E
.

moon 158 e s t e rn u ro p e an met al s

J g
.
,

u liu s C a sa r s
’
p ea l r o ffe r in to , r e ac h e d M eso p o t am ia b et we e n
1 59 3 0 00 B C an d 2 0 0 0 B C 99 , 1 00

gi
.
. . . . .
,

m yt h o f o ri n o f, 38 Se e al s o P a l aeo l ithic an d N eo
Egyp i
.

t an H h at o r an d , 38 l ithic
h S di vi A
. .

t e c an na an 161 rc h aeo l o g y s t r at i fi c at io n t h eo r y
Ap ll B i i h
, .
, ,

o o, r t s t em p l es o f, 1 7 7 1 1 , 12

h G li
. .

t e ae c , 2 02 A r gen t o c o xu s t h e C al e do n ian 1 1 2
h G A A
. .
,

t li h
e au s 2 07 r m e n o id ( l p in e ) r ac e s , e ar l y
g d f L v
.
,

o d o on on 2 03 mo em e n t s o f , 5 6
A i
. .
,

m o u s e c o n n e c t io n of, 17 9 r m en o id s in B r it a n , 2 2 2

E
. .

m o u se fe as t s 1 87 in t r u s io n s o f , in u ro p e 1 2 6
App l
. .
, ,

e, 22 1 . p art ial dis app ear an c e o f fr o m ,

c o n n e c t io n o f m o u s e w it h 1 96 B r it ain , 1 2 7
gv A g v
.
, .

as fr u it o f l o n e it , 1 4 4 y rml et s , in r a es 158
S g A fi g
. .
,

c o t t is h h ag- o d d e s s an d 1 96 r ro w , th e e ry , an d o d d e ss
g
.
,

Th o m as t h e R h m e r an d a l e y pp B r i it , 1 8 8
k g gv A
.

of n o wl e d e an d l o n e it , 1 4 6 y r r o w s , A z il ian s in t r o du c e d , in t o
g E
.

w as s ail in 2 04 u ro pe 5 5
App Av
. .
,

l e l an d ( al o n ) , t h e el t ic C as s ym b l s o f d eit y o 51
P m
.
,

ar ad is e , 1 4 4 Ar t , an c ie n t an c ar ic at u r e d in
App
.

l es , l ife s u b s t an c e in , 2 0 6 m o dern , I
App A fl
. .

l e t r ee , G o d o f , 2 04 r t e m is , b e e an d b u tt e r y c o n
Ag
.

Ar c h mo l o gic al es , 1 4 00 B C , a n e c t e d wit h 193

B S
. . .
,

d at e in rit is h h is t o r , 1 0 6 y m y t h o f t h e c o t t is h , 1 7 4 , 1 9 7
A g
. .

B
r o ad - h e ad s in r it ain B r t h u r , Kin , C e l t ic m y t h at t ac h e d

an d on L g h e ad s in I re l an d to , 1 98
z
-

A S E di gh gh
.

u se bro n e , 87 n bur ni
’
rt h u r s e at , t
'

P ggm
.
,

c l im at e in er al aeo Upp s h in in e o f, 1 60

gi
.

l it h ic , 1 4 an t o f , 1 3 1 , an d al s o n o t e 1
Egyp A y Th 3
.

t ian an d ab l o n ian B y r an s , e, 12

Sp A my i A i
.

re l ic s in Ne o lit h ic ain , 9 6 s t ro n o Bi i d n n c en t r t a n an
Egyp E
.

t ian m ire b e ads as s o p I l d ; 75

r e an d l 1 an a so n o t e 1

z W l h d G li m f
.
,

c iat e d w it h b r o n e in d u s t r in y e s an ae c na es o
so uth w e s t er n n l an d , 1 04 , E g ll i
c o n st e 3 at o n s , 2 0
A l i Th L 7
.

1 0 5 (ill ) , 10 6 t an t s , e o st , 0
z A b
. .

few in t ru s io n s b et w e en r o n e B t re Th i B i i
at e s , 8 e, n r ta n , 12
Ag Ag i Pp
.

an d I r o n es , 1 09 u f C
u st n e b y o an t e r ur o e
G g y l
.
,

in h u m o r o u s ar t 1
’
re 76
or s e tt e r , 1
S
.
,
“
t o n e A ge m an n o t n ec es C an t e rb u r y t em ple o c cu p ied
s ar il y a s a a e , 2 vg . hy, 1 7 71
 I N D EX 2 33

Au gu s t o n e me t o n (s h r in e o f Ag A zil i
u l Ib us an cu t u re , e r ian carr ie r s o f.
t us ) , 1 5 9 6 21
A ig g v mb Ag i l
. .

ur n ac , C ro M a -
n on c a e - to p re - r c u t u r al , 2 1 3
kp i i g
.

f o 2 0, 2 2 ro c a nt n s, 55
A ig Af i v
. .
,

ur n ac ian ,
r c an so urc e of c u s to ms o f, re eal e d in ar t ,

c u l t u re c al l e d , 27 35
gb
.
,

cu sto m of s m ear in o d ie s w it h s c ri pt u s ed , 56
S E gl
.

r e d e art h 27 in c o t l an d an d n an d ,
g
.
,

an i mism an d o dde s s w o rs h i p , 5 8 , 60 .

17 8 b o at s , 7 5
fl
. .

in u e n c e in r it ain , 1 9 , 2 1 6 B . Az il ian s in rit ain , 7 0 , 1 2 5 B .

b u r ial c u s t o m s , 4 5
v B ab yl n ia go ddess
.

c a e h an d - r in t s , 4 7 p o o f, in N eo l it h ic
S p ain 96
.
,

C
o mbe a elle C p
m an , 2 5
B B
-

fl f i A i Mi
. .
,

r ux an d r un n r ac e , 2 6 in u en c e o d n s a n o r an
g Sy i 95
.
,

C r o- M a n o n s an d , 1 4 r a.

g g i fl
.

c u l t u re o f C r o- M a n o n ro t t o , n f l
u en ce o f cu tu re o 2 12
i fl
.
,

f i B i i 8
'

2 3, 24 n u en c e o n r ta n , 2 1
k w l dg f E p m l
. .
,

h e ar t as s e at o f l ife , 3 2 no e e o u ro e an et a
g
.

re e n s t o n e s y m bo l is m , 3 3 fi ld i e 99 s n

G l igi
. .
,

I n dian O c e an s h el l at rim al di , re id ous f i Bi i e as o , n r ta n .

36 54 1

B p i m m il k d h y
. .

M agd al e n ian s an d , 5 2 a t s d i an one u se n,

g
.
,

t h e M o t h er o d d es s , 4 2 , 1 7 8 -
5 1 2
Egyp k k l iv i
. .

t ian mil an d s h e ll s l in B l y
ar e cu f 5 t at o n o
Egyp i
, , , .

43 h t e h Bi i t an , r e ac es r ta n ,
Tam a b elie f , 4 4 84 8 5
gi f B k m ki g
—
.
, .

o ri n o t e rm , 2 2 as et- l i a f n r e at o n o to
Ag i y dk i i g 6
,
.
,

p re r c u l t u r al 2 13 p o t t er an n tt n
P Sl fl
. .
, ,

ro t o - o u t re an in u en c e on, B d ea s, dd as a er s t o n es

49 D id g m 63 ru
’
s e s 1
g Egyp i bl b d i E g
.

no t r ac e o f , in Hun ar y 50 t an ue ea s n n
A ig i Ag 3
.
,

ur n ac an e, 1 l d an 4 5 10 6 10 10
A ig i im pl m Egyp i i B i i
. .
, ,

ur n ac an e en t s 21 t an , n r ta n , 2 1 1
A li iv
. .

u st ra N an n at es , e an d e r t h al B d e j
e, o n ym b l i m 64 et s o s 1

f wi h A
.
,

m d 9
an an B ee , i
c o n n ec t o n mi o t rt e s
Av l (App l l d) h d fig
.
, ,

a on e an t e C el t ic an 93 t r ee , 1
P di 4 4 ,

l f m i l g d
.

ar a se , 1 as s o u 93 or n e en s, 1
Av b y m g l i h f 8 f w i h m gg
. .

e ur , e a t s o , 2 . B ees , i c o n n ec t o n o ,
t a ot
b u r ial c u s t o m s , 1 7 1 so ul f m or 102
T lli g h
. .
,

Ax e , C
h e ll e an 14 . e b n m t e ees c u sto ,

d o u bl e , as go d b o d
-
y 50
G g Sp g G li h M
.

l as o w an d an is h re e n B l d
e at u c a ro s , a7 au s ar s , 2 0
B l g Th i B i i 8
.

s t o n e axes , 97 e a
e, e, n r ta n , 12
gi j g dd f M y 6
. .

as rel i o u s o b ec t , 77 B li m
e sa a, o e ss o e rs e 20
A iv l fi
.
,

xes , N eo l it h ic , dis t r ib u t io n of B l i f
e ta n es t 9 a , r es at , 1 1 .

p p u l at i n
o 8 2 , 84
o an d , B e r r ies , fi re in , 1 8 1
k
. .

N o lit h i
e c , m at h em at ic al s ill in
'

life s u b s t an c e in , 2 0 6
k
.

m an u fac t u r e o f , 4 . the l uc 1 80 .

Ayn ia, I r is h fair q u een , 2 0 1 y s al m o n an d r e d , 1 8 3

A
. .

zil ian c u l t u r e , 62 B err y

c h ar m s , 4 7

fly
. .

ar t ifac t s , 1 3 B ir d s , b u t t e r as bird of go d
Eg g
.

n l is h h an n el l an d b r id e C -
19 1
ii
.

c ro s s e d b y c ar r ie r s o f , 5 8 67 , 69 , . C el t ic de t e s as , 1 9 5 .
2 34 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
Bi dr s, g g f D id
l an ua e o ,
ru s an d B o at s, F o r th an d C l y de d u g-o u t s ,
w re n , 1 45 72
g g f i I di 5
. .

l an u a e o n n a, 1 1 -
dug -
o u ts n ot t h e e arl ies t , 7 2,
g g f S C l mb
.
,

l an ua e o t o u a an d , 73
A i Egyp i p py i
.
,

14 6 n c en t t an a r an d
ki b
.

o y st er c at c h er an d w o o d l in n e t s n- 73 o at s ,

g ki
.

as bir d s o f o dd es s B r id e , 1 8 7 ms ea d f s an s ns o 74
Egyp i m d l i E p
. .
,

s w an fo r m o f s o u l , 1 9 0 t an o e s n u ro e an d
A A i 74
.

t ab o o in n c ie n t r it ain , 2 0 1 B s a,
Hg l igi
.

t ab o o in i h l an ds , 2 0 1 . re m i ous c ere o n es at con

t o m - t it , ro b in , w r en , an d a le pp stru i f d g
ct on o74 u -
o u ts ,
P l y i d di d g
.

c u l t s , 2 04 o n e s an e c at e to o ds ,
k g
.
,

w r e n as in o f , 1 86 74
D Egyp i 7 4
.

B l ac l An n is , I r is h An u ( an u ) an d , li
e ar es t t an , .

19é B it n s an d Ven e t i 2 24
r o , .

e ic es t e r s h ir e h ag- de it , 1 9 5 , y C el tic p i at e 1 3 6 r s,

L
.

1 96 e a lies t in B it ain 2 1 8
r

kD ,
r , .

B l ac e m e t er , 1 9 6 e a l y b u il d e
r of 6 rs

kg G k S E ast e n exp o t ed res by

. .
,

B l ac o d d e s s es , r ee an d co t r ers r o

f o m W es t n E u ro p 99
,

t is h 1 64 r er e,

k g Egyp t ian b a l ey c a ied by ea l y

.
, .

Bl ac K al i, I n dian o ddes s , 1 96 r rr

Dv
r
k
.

Bl ac Pig, e il as , 2 0 0 s e afa e t o B it ain 84

r rs r

k Dv ,
. .

B l ac So w , e il as , 2 0 0 x p o t s fr o m e a l y B it ain
e r 1 04 r r

C v Gl g w di v i f i
.
, .

B lo o d o e n an t , 1 5 2 . as o sc o e r es o an c e n t ,
B o ad ic e a, 1 62 , 2 2 7 75 76
k p l g i Gl g w b 7 5
.
.
.

B
( o u d ic c a) , Q u een , 1 1 4 . co r u n as o o at , ,

I c en i t rib e o f , 1 2 8 76
g i v
. .

Bo an n , t he o d d e s s , 2 02 n i f 7
en t o n o 2
A D d ki b
. .
,

B o ar , do n is an d iarm id s l ain by , k g d
oa o 53 an s n o at s , 1
igg Gl g w 7 6
.

1 97 o utr er at as o

k C l yd l i k b il b
. .
,

in Or n e , 1 2 9 y . i
an c en t e c n er - u t o at ,
s al m o n an d o r o is e as , p p 1 82 76
G Ab d hi d g 7 6
. .

B o ar go d o n B
r it is h an d au l is h er een s re u -
out ,
S d D mf i
.

c o in s , 1 62 K
u ssex , i h en t s an u r es
fi d f 77
.
,

c o n n e c t io n o f , w it h a mber n s o
B igg b
.
, ,

r 77 o at ,
G Pi i h 3 6
.

th e au l is h , 1 97 . ct s ,
1 .

M ars as 1 97 p R mre - B h
o 4 an ri t l s 22
v Af i
. .
, ,

Th e I n e rn es s 1 29, 1 5 5 im il
s yp i
ar td es n r ca an
g S di vi
,

B o at s, an c ie n t mi rat io n s by s e a, c an 75
na a

vi i d B i
.

92 . wh y ly f e ar s e a ar er s s te r

ax e o f C l yde b o at , 7 7 i
ta n ,8 8 0, 1

ki l igi
. .

Him il c o
’
s r e fe r e n c es to s n B di p i d f
o es a nte or re o u s re as o n s ,
b o at s , 7 7 28
k
. .

s e a- w o r t h in e ss o f s in - b o at s 7 7 Bo e rs , the mo u s e c ur e o f , 1 87 an d
v
. .
,

h o w s e a- se n se w as c u l t i at e d , al s o n o t e 2 .

78 B o n e im p l e men t s 82
v v
. .
,

Ve n e t i es s el s , 7 8 M agd al e n ian s fa o u re d , 52
Az Pg iv l
. .

ilian -Tar d en o is ian s an d M a B o n fi re s , at a an fe s t a s , 1 8 1

G Ap
.

gl em o s ian s r e qu ir e d , 69 . B o rv o , t h e au lis h o ll o , 2 0 7 .

B r it ain r e ac h e d b y , b e fo r e l as t B o w s an d ar r o w s , A z il ian s in t ro
v
l an d m o e men t c e as e d , 7 2 d u c e d , in t o u r o e , 5 5 E p
P v g
.

er t h d u g- o u t , u n d er c arse B o y n e , Ri er o d d es s o f , 2 0 2

y
.

cl a s , 7 2 . B y
o n e , Th e wh it e c o w 2 06 .
 I ND EX 2 35

B r an , t h e go d an d s ain t , 2 0 2 s et t l e rs in B u c h an Ab e r de en
B id g
,
.

Th e o d de s s , Bi rd o f , an d s h ire , 1 1 1

Pg z
r e, .

a e o f, 1 87 B ro n e Age , C el t ic h o r s e -t a mers as
ky g
.

d an d e l io n as m il - iel din br o n z e c arr ier s , 1 1 1

E
.

p l an t o f , 1 8 7 c ar r ie r s e x p el as t er n er s fro m
g Sp
.

s er en t p o f, as d au h t e r o f ain 1 00 , 1 0 1

v D idi m
.
,

I or an d t h e d ams el 1 87 , ru s an d , 1 4 9
Egyp i
.

1 88 See B r igit t an r e lic s o f , 1 04

S G
. . .

ain t , o dd ess r id e an d , 1 8 8 B r el ic s o f 1 13 .

B ro n z e
.

B r id e s D ay , 1 8 7
’
. in d u s t r y , fi b u l ae an d c l o t h
B r id e w ell s 1 88 in g, 1 19
g
. .
,

B r i an t e s , bl u e s h ie ld s o f , 1 7 3 B run n an d B r u x r ac e s , 50
g B g k
. .

B r i it ( r id e) o d d e s s o f , 1 87 s u ll c a ps 25, 26
Ap
. .
,

y
t err it o r o c c u ie d b y , 1 8 8 p B r u t , Th e , re fer e n c e in , t o o llo s
’

Eg S
.

in n l an d , c o t l an d , an d I r e p
t em l e , 1 7 7
v
.

l an d , 1 2 8 1 88 B u ll , r i ers an d , 2 0 6

B g D g S
. .
,

r i it a d a an d , 2 0 2 B u ll s , Th e ac r e d , 1 5 5
fi y
.
,

as er ar ro w 1 88 s ac r i c e fi o f, in Ro ss - s h ir e in
g v
.

th e o d d e s s ( al s o r id e ) , B r i B s e e n t ee n t h c e n t u r 14 8 y
g Av y v
.
,

an t es an d , 1 8 7 B u r ial C
u s to ms , ebu r e id e n c e
g g
.

t h r e e fo rm s o f , 1 88 , 1 9 5 re ar d in , 1 7 1
g g
. .

as h ag o r ir l , 1 9 5 bo d yp ain t in , 2 7
S Sv S p
. .

B rit ain , t o n e A ge m an in , 1 e en y
l e e e rs m t h , 2 9
Pg vv
. .

e ar l y
r ac es in , 1 6 B
r it is h a an s u r i al s , 1 7
v g A g
. .

d at e o f l as t l an d mo eme n t in , C r o- M a n o n u r i n ac ian , in
18 W al es , 1 9
P
. .

B r it o n , c l o t h c l ad 1 19 . d o c t rin e o f ar din al o in t s C
B r it o n s , t h e , C r u it h n e o f I re l an d an d , 1 68 , 1 7 0
Egyp i
.

w er e , 1 3 1 , 1 3 2 . t an p r e d n as t ic c u s -
y
c h ie f eo l e p p in an c ie n t E n g t o ms , 1 7 0
S
.

l an d , I r el an d , an d c o t l an d , 1 3 2 fo o d fo r t h e d e ad , 1 5 8
E g v
. .

B r it t an , y
as t e r n e r s in , 1 00 u r n s in ra es , 1 5 8
z C g
. .

B ro n e , e l t s an d , 1 0 6 r e e n s t o n es in m o u t h s o f
G g g
.

ael ic o ds c o n n ec te d w ith , C r o- M a n o n d e ad , 3 3
Egyp A
.

10 2 t ian an d m eric an u se
k wl d g f g
.

no e e o f, in t ro d u c e d in t o o r ee n s t o n es , 3 3 , 34
g b k
.

B ritain by t raders 10 ,
1 l on ar r o w fo l in En g
B it i h s ame a C o n tin en t al
r s s l d 8
an 2
m il k ff g
, , , .

10 1 o d e ad 1 4 8
e r in s to
Sp i h E
. .
,

an s as t e r n er s d is p l ac e d by in N
eo l it h ic r it ain , 8 6 B .

i f
c arr ers o 22 1 P al mo l it h ic , 1 5 8
z Ag A gi k
. .
,

Br n e o e, Th e r c h aeo l o c al , Ro u n d ar r o w fo l , 8 7 B
S k
.

B it ish r b r o ad h e ad s an d
’
p
h a es e ar e s r e fer e n c e t o
I rish g
l o n h e ad s -
as b ro n e z Pg a an , 45
g
.

u ser s , 87 C r o- M a n o n r it es , 45
F
. .

fo rm s in
re n c h rit ain an d B s h e ll an d o t h er o r n a m en t s 36
Sp
.
,

an is h in I r el an d , 88 . s h o rt - b arro w an d c r em at io n
c o n q u es t t h eo r , 8 8 y in tr u d er s , 104
v
. .

p
r o s e c t o rs p
dis c o e re d s o l ar as e c t o f an c ien t B r i p
met al s in r it ain , 8 9 B t is h , 1 7 0
W
. .

h o w m et al s w e re l o c at e d , 8 9 el s h ide as abo u t d e s t in of y
z Sp
.

b r o n e c ar r ie rs r e ac h e d ain s o u l , 1 44
E
.

C
fro m en t r al u ro e , 9 6 p w h y d ead wer e c remat e d
z
. .

c arriers of b ro n e earlies t
2 36 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
B ut t e fl y
r c o n n ec t io n o f, w it h j ade
C
,

an d so u l in h in a, 1 9 3 . C as s it er id es , Th e , 9 8 .

c o n n e c t io n w it h l u m t r ee in p C art h agen ian s t r ade wit h , 1 14

’

k S P
.

C h in a an d h o n e s u c l e in cot y yt h e as an d , 1 1 5
v
.

l an d 1 93 C r as s u s is it s 1 1 6
G
, . r
,

as fi r e go d in ae lic , 1 9 1 e x p o r t s an d im p o r t s o f , 1 04
G
. .

ae l ic n am e s o f , 1 9 1 (E s t ry m n id es o f H imil c o an d ,
g F yj
.

o dd e ss re a an d , 1 9 2 1 16
Py
. .

s c h e as , 1 9 2 . the H eb
id es an d , 1 1 7
r .

as I t alian s o u l fo r m , 1 9 2 C at , t h e B ig, 1 96
S
. .

e r bian w it c h es an d , 1 9 2 as g o d d es s , 1 5 4
B
. .

u r m es e s o u l as , 1 93 p e ar t r e e an d , 1 9 6
A L
. .

M exic an s o u l an d fi r e go d as , C at - n n a e ic es t e r s h ir e h ag- go d
,

1 94 d es s , 1 9 5
Em p i g Eg
. .

Byz an t in e re , Th e ,
C h in ese C at o d d e s s o f yp t , 1 96 .

l o r e f ro m , 1 60 C at s t o n e , 1 96
S
. .

C at s , t h e , p eo p l es o f h et l an d ,
C ail l eac h , Th e , 17 4 , 1 97 . Se e C ait h n e s s , an d u t h erl an d as , S
A r t emis . 12 9, 1 30 .

C ait h n es s t h e c at c o u n t r y , 1 30 w it c h e s as , 1 9 6
G
. .
,

C al e do n ian s , Th e 1 2 9 C at u r ix , t h e au l is h go d , 2 0 7

Eg
.
, .

C el t ic t r ibal n am e o f , 1 1 2 . C at u v el l au n i, Th e , in n l an d , 1 2 8
p ers o n al n am es o f, 1 1 2 C au l d r o n Se e P o t
g
. . .

c l o t h in o f, 1 1 9 C au l d ro n , t h e C
e l t ic , 9 0 , 9 1
P W g
. .

th e ic t s an d , 1 3 0 el s h o d d es s o f , 2 04
Dg
. .

Ro m an s an d , 2 2 4 of a da, 2 02
g g H yG
. .

Tac it u s s t h eo r r e ar d in , 1 3 7
’
y ol r ail an d , 2 0 5

G
. .

C al e n d ar , t h e aelic , 1 9 8 y
m t h o f, 2 05
A
. .

C al gac u s , 1 1 2 . C el ts , ch ae an s an d , 1 1 1 .

C all e r n is h s t o n e c ir c l e 94 as c ar r ie r s o f L a Ten e c u l t u r e ,

z g v
.
,

C al t o n (h a el r o e) 150 , . 1 12 .

C am u l o s , go d o f o l c h es t e r , 2 07 C . c o n fe d er ac ies fo rm e d by , 1 12 .

C an o e s See B o a ts as c o n q u er o r s o f e arl ier s e t t l er s

Pg
. .

C an t er b u r a an y t em l e , St p in B r it ain an d I r e l an d , 1 0 7
Ag
. .

u u s t in e u s e d , 1 7 7 . as m il it ary ar is t o c r at s in B r it ain .

C an t io n , t h e K e n t t r ib e , 1 2 8 10 7

P
. .
,

C ar d in al o in t s , d o c t r in e o f , 14 5 , c o n qu e s t s o f , 1 1 1

E v
.

1 68 t r u s c an s o er c o m e by , 1 12
v S k fR m
. .

so u t h as r o ad t o h ea e n , 1 4 5 , ac o o e, 1 12
D b v ll y
.

an d al s o n o t e 1 an u e a e an d Rh o n e v al

G
.

ae l ic c o l o u r s o f , 1 68 l e y t r ad e r o u t es c o n t r o ll e d by
g g
.
,

o dd e s s e s an d o d s c o me 1 14
k
.

fr o m t h eir o w n , 1 7 3 as p ig r eare r s an d po r c u rer s ,

g
.

ian t s o f n o r t h an d fair ie s o f 1 14 , 2 2 3 .

w est 17 3 y
d es t in o f s o u l 1 4 4 Se e So ul
g g
. . .
,

in mo d ern b u rial c u s t o ms ,
p
dis l ac em en t t h e o r y r e ar din ,

1 37
k
.

s u n w is e an d w it h e r e ar l ier fair fo l s in B rit ain , 12 5 .

s hin s 17 2 ,
an d al s o n o t e 1 . e th n ic s o f , 1 1 2 .

C arn o n ac ae C arim t h e 1 2 9
’

t h e fair in r it ain B an d I rel an d ,

g
.
,

C ar t h a e , r it ain an d B
229 2 27
i Sp
. .
,

B r t is h an d an is h c o n n e c t io n fair q u ee n s o f , 1 12
g v
.

w it h , 1 0 7 o ld an d s il er o ff er e d to de i t i es
g
.

m e alit hic mo n u m en t s an d , 14 9 . by 80,

.
 I N D EX
C elts , M agl e m o s ian s an d , 138 Co in g a e , an c ie n t B r it is h 223
gi k
, .
.

o ri n o f , o b s c u re , 2 2 2 C l u
o o r sy m b o l is m b l ac an d w h it e
Fi g
.
,

as a r N o rt h ern e rs , 2 2 2 o d d e s s e s , 1 64

Pi
. .

c t is h p
bl em , 1 3 0 Se e P ic ts
ro bl u e ar t i fi c ia l s h e ll s , 1 7 3

g
. . .

as p
ir at e s , 1 3 6 bl u e s h ie l d s of B ri an t e s ,

g
.

r efe r e n c es t o c l o t h in o f, 1 1 9 .

B r it is h b r e e c h es , 1 1 9 b l u e as fem al e c o l o u r , 1 7 3
A
. .

s e tt l em e n t o f , in s ia M in o r , bl u e as fi s h e r m e n s m o u r n
’

1 12 . in g c o l o u r , 1 7 3 .

Tac it u s on the C al e do n ian s , bl u e s t o n e r ais e s w in d , 1 7 2

i
.

&c .
,
1 37 . bo d yp
ain t u s e d by e o l t h ic N
Te u t o n s an d , 1 2 5 . in d u s t r yp p
eo l es , 8 2 .

I b er ian s an d , 12 5 . C
e l t ic ro o t gl a s as c o l o u r
Te u t o n s did n o t ext er m in at e in t e rm , an d in am b e r , &c , 1 62 ,
E gl
.
,

n an d , 2 2 7 1 63

v
.

e ar l y C h i t ian in fl u en
r s c e o f, 2 2 8 . c o l o u r ed e arl s fa o u re d , p
t h eo r y f xt e m in at io n
o e r o f, in
Bi r t ain , 1 2 2 c o l o u red r ac es an d c o l o u re d
g
.

as t r ad e r sin r it ain , 1 0 7 B a es , 1 2 1 , 1 2 4

g
. .

an d t r an s m i r at io n o f s o u l s , 1 4 3 . c o l o u re d s t o n es as a m u l et s ,

t r ib es o f , in an c ien t r it ain , B
12 8 D g ra on s
’
Egg s, 17 3
v
. .

t r ib al r i al r ie s o f , in r it ain , B en a m el c o l o u r s , 1 65

A ig
.

1 19 fo u r c o l o u rs o f ur n ac ian
vm v
.

w es t w ar d mo e en t o f , 2 1 4 h an d im res s io n s in p ca es , 47
— G
. .

C e l t ic a rt , ZE ge an affin it ie s , 1 1 8, ael ic c o l o u rs
f o s e as o n s ,

1 19
G li l f Wi d
.

c au l d ro n , 2 0 5 , 2 0 6 ae d
c c o o u rs o n s an
g f C di l P i
.

o ds , c o n n e c t io n o f , w it h me tal s o ar68 na o n ts , 1

g
.
,

10 2 d by C o
re e n s t o n es use r

M g A i E gyp i
.

Cenn C r u ac h I ris h go d , 1 0 2 , 10 3 a non , d n c en t t an , an

Am i
, .

C al 5
e re s, .
p re C l m bi o u an e r c an

C n e C re n
e ro s, o es , t h e , 129 . p o p l es
e . 3 3 . 34 .

C h an l ad M an
ce e 53 how ro s e c t o rsp l o c at e d p
k
.
,

Ch a io t in p
r s, re - R o man B r it ain , m e t al s b y r o c c o l o u r s 8 9
k
.

1 19 . I r is h r an c o l o u rs , 1 7 3 , an d

Cha m r s, p
h an d - r in t s , h o rse - sh o es al s o n o t e 1

j g
.
,

an d b err ie s as , 4 7 . ade t o n u e am u l e t s in C hin a,

h er b s an d be rries as , 1 67
k bj
.

l o r e o f , 1 5 7 e t s eq See Sh el ls , lu c o 65 ects , 1
ky d l ky l
. .

N ec kl a c es , P ea r ls . lu c an un uc co o u rs ,
o tt e r s kin c h ar m , 1 8 9

d v
.

C h e l l e an c u l t u r e , 1 3 pa i
n te i N li hi as es n eo t c

Sp
.

ar t ifac t s o f 1 3 , 1 4 ain , 96
i i g f g d
.
, .

C o up de P oing 14 . pa nt n 74 o o ,
1 .

C h ild re n s ac r i c e d , 1 7 4 fi re d b e rr ie s as fi r e b e rr ie s
fly
.

C h in a b u t t e r s o u l o f, 1 9 3

g S
, .

C h in e s e d r a o n , c o t t is h r id e B red b e r rie s 3 1
G kg
.
,

p
s er e n t an d , 1 8 8 , 1 8 9 ree o ds ain t e d r e d , 3 1 p
Pg vv g
. .

C y
h u r c h ar d s , a an s u r i al s , 1 7 1 I n dian m e al it h s ain t e d , 3 2 p
G v
.

C o c idiu s , a au l is h M ar s , 2 0 7 C h in e s e e ide n c e , 3 2
k Jp v
. .

C o c l e s h e l l e lix ir , in
-
a an an d r e d e ar t h d e o u r e d 32
S g
.
,

c o t l an d ,
40 4 1 Rua dl z (r e d) m e an s s t ro n
G
.
,

in C
r et e , 4 1 . in ae l ic , 3 2 .
2 38 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
C o lou r s ym b o l is m
d an d bl u e re C o w , Th e S ac r e d , in B rit ain and
W
,

s u p e rn at u r al s in al e s , 1 5 8 I r e l an d 1 5 2 , 1 5 , 19 5 , 2 06
4
W v B
.
, .

r ed b o dy p ain t in el sh c o n n ec t ed w it h Ri er o yn e
A gu r i n ac ian c a e b u r ial , 2 0 v 2 06
,

D C l i g dd
. .

r e d e ar t h an d bl o o d , 1 6
7 . a m on a , e t c o ess of
h e r b s an d b err ie s , 1 67 c at t l e , 2 0 8
j d m il k y i l di g
. .

red as p er as b l o o d o f go d I n d ian , an -
e n t r e es ,
dess , 4 5 15 1
A g v
. .

r e d s t o n e in u r i n ac ian c a e lVI o r r igan as , 1 9 5

P v Egyp
.

t omb , 4 6 . Th e r im e al , in t , 14 9 .

s h e l l s c o l o u r e d , in M e n t o n e w h it e s ac r e d in I re l an d , 1 5 2
v , .

ca e, 46 . C r an e s , C
e l t ic d e it ie s as , 1 9 5 .

Re d s ym bo l i m s 31 C r em at io n , in r it ain , 1 2 7 B
g
, . .

red b l o o d an d r e d fi r e 3 1 , 3 2 fi
s i n i c an c e o f , 1 0 9

v g
.
, .

b l o o d as fo o d o f t h e d e ad , 3 2 C r e ss w e l l c a e s , M a d al e n ian ar t

L
.

r e d s o u l s in Re d an d in , 5 3
C y
r o m ar t , n i h t s h in in g gem o f ,
-
g
red w o m an as g dd o es s , 45 1 60

gi
. .

s c ar l e t ie l din -
y n s ec t , 152 . C ro m C
r u ac h , I r is h go d , 1 0 2 ; c h il
s ex c o l o u r s , 17 0 d r e n s ac r i c e d t o 1 7 4 fi
g gg
. .
,

si n i fi c an c e o f w in d c ol o u rs , as m a o t go d , 1 0 2

g
.

Cir o- M a n o n , an im is m , 1 7 8
S g g G v
.

o l u t re an fl in t -
o ff e r in s col C r o- M a n o n ro t t o , dis c o e r o f, y
o u re d r ed , 50 32
kl
.

w h it e s e r en t , 1 8 8 p i s e et o n s n, 23
C oM g v
. .

w h y C r o IVl agn o n b o dies r -

R a non ac es , ad en t o f, in
w er e s m e ar e d w it h r e d e art h , 2 7 E p u ro e , 12

W
. .

o ad
d y e , 1 63 an c e s t o rs o f m o d er n m an
S
.

C o l u m b a, ain t , h ris t C as h is 10, 1 1

D z
.

r u id , 1 4 6 ar c h mo l o gic al h o r i o n o f, 9
A ig
. .

C m b e - a el l e C p m an , 2 6, n ac ian l t u re of the ,
g
25, ur cu

3
s h el l s
w o rn b y , 4 6 . B ru x an d B ru n n t yp es d if
C o n c h o b ar , d o
g go d an d , 66 fer e n t fr o m ,
S
.

C ppo er , ax e o f , in c o t l an d , 2 1 9 b u rial c u s t o m s o f , 4 5
fl
. .

in B
r it ain , 9 1 c u l t u r al in u e n c e o f , o n
k N
.

d ifli c u l t t o fi n d an d w o r in e an d er t h al s 14

B v g
. .

r it ain , 9 5 d is c o e r of y
C ro M a n o n -

k Sp g k
.

E as t e r n e r s w o r e d , in ain , 9 7 , ro t t o s e l e t o n s , 2 3

v
.

98 rs tfi d is c o er o f t r ac e s o f , y
v F
.

as arie t y
o f go l d 8 0 . . in r an c e , 2 0 .

o ff e re d t o w at e r d e it , 1 7 4 y y
h is t o r o f m o d er n m an b e
g
.

C o r al , e n am el an d 1 62 in s w it h , 2 6
gv g A
. .

as l ife i er -
( margan) , 1 6 1 . as imm i r an t s fro m fr ic a,
as l ife s u b s t an c e 80
g
.

p p
M e alit h ic e o l e s e ar c h e d fo r , I n d ian O c e an s h e l l at M en
93 t o n e 3 6, 3 7
v v g
.
,

s ym bo l i m s o f, 221 . in e n t i e an d in q u ir in
u se o f, in B
it ain , 1 64 , 1 65 r m in d s o f , 2 7
g g
. .

e n am e l as s u b s t it u t e fo r , 1 65 . M a d al e n ian c u l t u r e s t a e
C o r m o r an t s , C
e l t ic d e it ies as , 1 9 5 o f, 5 3

E g S
.

C o r n av ii, Th e , in n l an d an d c o t d o m e s t ic at io n o f h o rs e 5 3
v
.
,

l an d , 1 2 9 m o d e rn r e r es en t at i es o f , p
D
.

C o r n w al l , amn o n ian s in , 89 .
 I NDEX 4

C ro M a- g no n R ac e s , M o t h er -
go d D an an u d e t i es , 2 0 1 i
S
.

d es s o f, n o t in c o t l an d , 1 9 9
42 . .

Tam a b e lief , 44 t alis m an s o f , 2 0 5

g J
. .

not in u n ar , 5 0 H y ap an es e t al is m an s , 2 0 5

W g F
.

Re d M an of al es , 1 9 w ar a ain s t o mo r ian s 1 98

W
. .
,

Re d Se a s h ell s im o r t e d b y , p el s h
“
Chil dre n o f Do n
an d , 2 0 3
D d li m il k y i l di g p l
.

h is t o r o f , 2 1 0 y an e on as -
e n an t
f g dd B id 87 ,
.

r el at io n s o f , w it h N ean der o o es s r e, 1
D
.

t h al m an 14 i B i i
an es , n 6 r ta n , 12
Wl D m
. .
,

in a es , 1 9 an t e , ll d l p
oon c a l e e t e rn a e ar
kl
.

s e a- s h e ll n ec ac e 39 b 59
y. 1
h g dd
.

t r ad e o f, in s h el l s , 40 an u , t 98
e o ess , 1
b v ll y d
. .

t al l t y p es 24 an u e a 4 e t r a e ro u t e , 1 1
g k D bi
. .
,

h i h c h ee bo n es o f 2 5 an u l an i C l cu t ur e n en tra

v
.
,

t all e s t t yp
es in R i ie r a, 3 5 , 3 6 96
g
C r o- M a n o n s u ll s 24k
.

_ E Cp l u ro
i e
e,

ft s as c arr e rs o
.

11 12
g Az
. .
,

C r o- M a n o n s il ian in t r u de r s D Th
e c an t ee , 9 e , 12

D g dd
.
,

an d , 62 eer , as 54 o es s , 1

g Th i W l
. .

h e ar t as s e at o f l ife , amo n , 3 2 D m e et a
e 9 e, n a es , 1 2
D m Th bl k 96
. .
,

B
in r it ain 67 , 1 2 5 , 2 1 6 \ e et er , e ac 1

Eg g Dm dg
.
, .
,

n l is h C
h an n e l l an d b rid e e ons , mi f 65 o s as e n e es o

D by h i M gd l i
.
,

c ro s s e d by , 67 . er s re , i a a e n an ar t n,
p
h an d - r in t s an d m u t il at io n o f 53
g D v D v D Ri v
°

fi n ers , 4 7 e a, e 6
o n a, ee , e rs , 2 0
S D vil B ig B l k Pig i S
. .

m o d er n c o t s an d 1 3 7 , . e as ac n co t

Se l go vze an d , 1 3 9 l dan 2 00
g g v Bl k S w W l
.
.
,

C r o w , an d o d des s o f ro e an d as ac o In a es , 2 00
g
.

s ky , 1 60 pi
as d h
g, 9 o at , an o rs e , 1 1

D v D m i i 89
. .

C ro w s , C
e l t ic d e ities as , 1 9 5 e on a n o n an s n,
M gd l i
. .
,

C r u it h n e , in I r el an d , 2 2 4 a i a e n an ar t
54 n
P D i m d Th igh h i i g 6
.
.
,

t h e I r is h , n o t ic t s , 1 3 2 a on e n t- s n n 1 0
Di E ph i fig
.
, , .

th e Q -
C
el t ic n ame o f r it o n s , B an a f h o t e e s an s , t ree
132 and 93 1
S Di h I i h g d f h li g
. .
,

C u c h u l lin an d c o t l an d , 2 24
, . an c e c t, r s o o ea n ,

d o g go d an d 64 2 02
g g D i mid G li Ad i 97
. .
,

o d d e s s M o rr i an an d , 1 9 5 ar ae c on s, 1
k g g ld mi i g
.
.
,

his n o wl e d e of as t ro n o m y ,
Di d o Si l
o ru s cu us , o n o n n ,

1 7 5 an d al so n o t e 1 9 0

B i i h mpl
.
, .

pear l s in h air o f , 1 63 f r e e re n c e to r t s te e to
Ap l l 7 7
.

o o, 1
D gd Di
.

a a, t h e go d , 2 0 2 . d i y wh
s eas e , d l e wi h t o s en s a so t
co nn e c t io n w it h o ak an d fi re ,
d r aws , 1 7 9 .

2 02 an c ie n t m an s u ffer e d fr o m , 2
P g
. .

c au l dr o n o f , 2 0 2 . Ye l l o w l a u e 2 .

Th o r an d , 2 02 D o g, Th e B ig, go d I n dr a as , 1 9 6
gi S
. .

a an t - s l a e r , 2 0 2 y Th e ac re d , 1 5 4 , 1 5 5
D
.

amn o n ian s See Da mn o n ii t ab o o t o C u c h u l l in 1 5 4 , an d

v
. .
,

an e ar l yC
e l t ic wa e 1 07 al s o n o t e 3 Se e D ogs
F g D gg k
. . .

o mo r ian s as o d s o f, 1 9 8 o er B
an , an c ie n t l at e au , 68 p
g
. .

s e t t l e m e n t s o f , in m e t al ie l din -
y an im al b o n es , 57 ,
ar e as , 8 9

D g
.

am o n a , C
e l t ic o dd ess o f c att l e , I s l an d , 69
g
.

208 . Do g o ds , 64 .
2 40 A N C I E N T M AN IN B R I TA I N
Dg o s, c h il dr e n t r an s fo rm e d in t o , D r u id s , s al mo n an d dr a g on m th y ,

1 90 . 1 82 .

d o m es tic at e d b y M agl em o s ian s , l o re o f 1 7 5

s t ar

G g
, .

5 7 . 63 K e n t ige r n o f l as o w as h ris C
g
r e l i io u s b elie fs r e ar din , 63 g g . t ian D
r u id , 1 8 5 .

e ar l y
m an s d e e n d e n c e o n , 65
’
p w re n c o n n e c t io n , 1 4 5
— s o o t h s a e rs , 1 4 5 , 1 4 6
.

B
in an c ie n t r it ain an d I r e l an d , 66
'

y
ig
. .

in w arfar e , 66 . D u g o u t c an o es , o r in o f , 7 2 See
-
.

p
e x o r t e d f ro m r it ain in rst B fi B o a ts .

c en tu r y A D 1 14 D u m n o ge n i, Th e , in Yar ro w in
i
.
.
, .

D o g St ar , Th e , 64 s cri t o n , 89 p
D lm
. .

Th e See M egal ithic Du m n o n ii, 1 2 8 Se e Damn o nians

’

o en ,
F g
. . .

m onu men ts o m o rian s as o ds o f , 1 9 8

Dm g D S
. .

o ddes s m
l

o nu , t rib al of a il u r es an d , 1 2 9
G
.

n o n ian s , 90 . D u n at is , au l is h M ars , 2 0 7 .

Do n the C h il dr en o f, 2 03 D u ro t r ige s , in r it ain an d I r el an d , B

Dv
.
,

o es , C e l t ic d e it ie s as , 1 9 5 128

D g S g
. .

ra on ,
B r id e s
’
c o t t is h s er p en t Dwyn , St , fo rm erl . a o ddes s , y
c h ar m an d Ch in e s e c h ar m ,
1 88 . 2 04 .

H e b r id e an ,
1 90 . D wy n w e n , B r it is h Ven u s , 2 04 .

I r is h , an d t h e s al mo n 1 82
E gl S
.
,

o t t e r an d , 1 8 9 . a e, th e ac r e d , 1 5 5

on s cul ptu r e d sto n e , 155 w r en an d , in m yt h 1 86

kp g
, .

luc e ar l s o f , 1 8 4 E ar r in -
s , as s o l ar ym b l
s o s , 1 65

gg f 7 3 E Evil v
.

s t o n e s as e s o 1 as t , Th e ne er ca me
D g m h L k Th I i h 83
.
, ,

ra on - out a e, e r s 1 fr o m See C ardina l

D g Sl y D id d
,

ra on h a ers , t e, ru s an P oin ts
E Sp
.
,

1 45 as t e r n e r s , c o l o n ies o f in ain

D h I v P gl
.
,

ru id C i l rc e , t e n e rn ess , 2 2 0 an d o rt u a 95 , 1 00 , 2 1 1 , 2 18 ,
D
.
,

ru id i m 4 s 1 0 229
igi
. .
,

b li f i B i i h
e e f 4
n r t s or n o ,
1 2 . d es c en dan t s o f, in B rit ain ,

d i b b d by
o c t r n es a so r e 2 22 1 18

gi f 4 9 Sp
. .
,

e as t er n o r n o 1 p
dis l ac em e n t o f, in ain , 1 00 ,
Sp i 49
.
,

i i
n an c e n t a n, 1 22 1
Pl i y P i l igi D
. .

n on d e r s an re on an r u id is m in t ro d u c e d in to
1 4 3 , an d al s o n o t e 1
,

E u ro p e by 14 9
W E
.
.
,

o ak c u l t , 1 4 5 . as ex p l o it e rs o f e s t er n u ro pe ,

tree d , 14 1
c u l t s an 98
D Ag F
. .

r u id s , in n l e s e a, 1 0 3 l m e n t s o f , in
s ett e r an c e an d

ifi E
.

h u m an s ac r c es o f , 1 0 3 t r u r ia , 1 0 0
D
. .

C
h r is t is my r u id 14 6 in H
e b rid e s , 1 3 9

fl
. .

t h e c o l l ar o f t r u t h , 1 4 6 in u en c e o f , in rit ain an d I r e B
g
.

c o n n e c t io n o f , w it h m e al it h ic l an d , 2 2 1 .

m o n u m en t s , 10 3 , 1 5 4 . ir o n in d u s t r an d , 1 07 y .

an d o ak , 14 1 . n o t al l o f o n e r ac e , 1 07 .

c l as s ic al r e fe r e n c es t o , 14 1 Ne o lit h ic in d u s t r o f , 2 14 y
D
. .

ru id
’
s gem 1 63 in t o u c h w it h r it ain at 1 4 00 B
vid g g
.

e en c e o f, re ar d in r ac es in B C , 10 6
G W E
. . .

au l , 1 0 0 in es t e r n u ro e , 2 1 8 , 2 2 9 p
A gl D g
. .

Tac it u s o n n e s ea r u id s , 14 7 E e l , M o r ri an as , 1 9 5
E v S
. .

t em p l es o f, 1 7 7 . e l s , as d e il fi s h in c o t l an d ,

Tr u e Th o m as ( t h e R h y m er ) 1 90

D S
.

as r u id Th o m as 14 6 t ab o o e d in c o t l an d , 1 99

Egg D g
. .

s ac r e d s al m o n an d 1 8 2
’

, . s, ra ons , s t o n es as , 1 7 3 .
 INDEX 2
4 1

Egyp t , al ab as t e r fl k as s, &c fro m, Egyp t, p ro to - Egyp i t an s an d B rit ish

in N o l ith i S p ain 9 6
e c I b erian s , 1 2 6
j
. .
,

art ifi c ial s h ell in 4 1 1 7 3 s re d as e r as p Blo o d of I s is

b a l e y o f a ie d t E u r p e
.
, ,

r c rr o o 84 45
k g S L
.
, ,

b l ac an d w hit e o dd esse s
’

o f, Re d o ul s in Re d an d

1 64 32
Eg g
. .

bl u e b eads fro m , in n l an d , wh y o d s o f, w er e ain t e d , 3 2 p

gi
.

1 04 , 1 0 5 1 0 6, 2 1 1 rel i o us id e as o f , in r it ain , B
g
.

C at o d d e s s o f , 1 9 6 .

c u l t u re o f, t r an s fe r re d w it h s t o n es , p ea l s r , me t al s &c , .
, an d
y
b ar l e s ee ds , 2 1 2 de ities o f , 8 0
D k
. .

e at h l e s s sn a e o f, an d y
s m bo l s o f , in e l t ic art , 1 1 8 C
S g
.

c o t t is h s e r e n t , 1 8 8 p t r an s m i r at io n o f s o ul s , 1 4 3
D gg k
. .

d o g h e ad e d go d o f , 64
-
Elk , o n o er an , 5 7 , 68 B
g
. .

e ar l ies t s ail in sh i in , 7 4 p El m , 2 2 1
g E
. .

e ar l ies t u s e o f o l d in , 8 0 n am e l 2 24
fi
. , .

m al ac hit e c h arm s in 80 B ritis h , t h e n es t , 2 2 5

fl k
. .
,

in t s ic l es o f , 4 . co r al an d , 1 62 .

fu rn ac e s an d c r u c ibl e s o f , in as s u bs titu t e fo r co r al , 1 65
W E z
.

e s t ern u ro p e , 10 1 t u r q u o is e , l a is l a u li, w h it e p
Ap h
.

H ath o r an d r o d it e , 38 amb er an d , 1 65
g v E
. .

s h el l a mu l e t s in e arl y r a es in , n amel s , c o l o u rs o f t h e r itish , B

39 226
W E
° .

I s is as Ol d ife 1 8 1 , an d o l it h s , 1 3 , 2 6 .

al so n o t e 2 E p id ii , Th e , 1 2 9
g g
. .

o ds in w e a o n s , 5 1 p . E p 611a , e l t ic C o d d es s o f h o rs e s ,

go l d in ) 9 0 9 3 2 08
g Sp E k
°
,

o l d d iad em fr o m , in anis h s kim o , t h e C

h an c e l ad e s u l l , 5 3
g
.

N e o lit hic t o m b 9 8 M a d al enian ar t o f , 5 3

g E
. .
,

o l d m o d el s o f s h ell s in 4 1 t r u s c an s , 1 4 9
g
, . .

r een s t o n e s m b o l is m , 3 3 y C e l t s as c o n q u e ro r s o f , 1 1 2

kg vil iz gi
. .

H at h o r as m il o dd e ss , 1 4 9 ci at io n o f , o r i n o f, 10 0
g E p g
. .

y
his t o r o f a r ic u l t u r e in , 2 10 u ro e an me t al yie ld in
-
ar e as , 99
g g Evil Ey
. .

id e as r e ar d in so u l in 1 0 3 e, Th e s h ell s as p r o t e c t io n

fl A gi
.
, ,

in u en c e o f , in s ia M in o r an d a a n st , 39
E p 95
.

u ro e,
i fl F ii
.

n f i B i i
u en c e o n r ta n , 2 18 a r es , ass o c iat ed w it h t h e w es t ,
i v
, .

n i f b i
en t o n o7 o at s n, 2 731
iv y f m f d i Sp d g
. .

or ro ,
o un n ain , 96 . o s as e n e mies o f, 65 .

K da an p 89 ser en t , 1 on e dd ies of w e st ern w in d ,

mil k l i i i P y mid T
.

e x r n ra ex t s , 43 17 3
m il k g dd S G k
.

f i o e ss o n co t l an d , ree n er e ids an d , 1 7 3
Fm i gi
, .

22 1 0 o o r an s ( an ts ) at w ar w it h ,
M o th er P o t o f , an d C el tic 198
g dd
.

cau l d r o n , 2 06 o e ss as fairy w o m an
P
.

O s ir ian U n derw o rl d ar adis e , , 2 07 .

14 3 s h el l b o at o f , 2 07
k
. .

po r t abo o
in , 2 0 1 I ris h q u een s o f, 2 0 1
fi g S
. .

an n u al s ac r i c e o f i s in co t p as mil ker s o f d ee r , 1 5 4
W
.

l an d an d , 2 0 1 as t h e m o t h er s in al e s ,
P G
.

o st - l ac ial fo res ts o f 1 5 2 06
P
, . .

p r e -
y
d n ast ic b u rial c u s to ms , ic t s an d , 1 3 1 , an d al so n o t e 1
S
.

17 0 . co t t is h imbl e M e n N an d
sex co l o u rs in , 1 7 0 . Bl u e M en 2 08 .

( D 217
242 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
F iia r es , as s u pe r n at u r al bein gs , 2 0 1 , Fl i n t , as go d , 5 1
Fl i A ig i v
.

d l
an a so n o te 2 n ts , in ur n ac an c a e - to mb
F iyd g
.
,

a r o s, 64 45
F—i yl d P i g
.

a r an as ar ad is e , 1 44 as o ffe r n d iy 5
s to e t 0
P Fli E gl i h 8
.
, , .

Th o m as t h e R h ym er in ar adis e nt de p o ts n si , s , 1 .

o f, 1 4 6 e a l y p eo p l s
r e s et t l e d beside ,
F M g
.

at a 6 or an a , 1 1

F P Gl i l i S v E gl
.

au n a, o st - ac a n o u t h e rn r i er - dr ift man in n an d
d W E p 4
,

an e s t er n u ro e, 1 n ear , 81
F F
. .

A i u
est u s 6 v en s, 11 y
l in t in du s t r , Tar d e n o is ian mic ro
Fig h z l
.

s, d 5 a e -
n u t s an 1 1. l it h s u s e d by M agl e m o s ian s , 5 7
Fig m il k k g Eg fl
, .

49 1 w o r in , an c ien t n l is h in t
z
.
,

t r e es , b ees an d w as ps fe rt il i e, fac t o r ies , 8 2

A g
.

1 93 u r i n ac ian , 13, 14 See

Di Eph
. .

t re e , an a o f the es ian s an d , P a l aeol ithic

A g S
.

1 93 u r i n ac ian , o l u t r e an , an d
Fi g g
.

n er c h ar ms 4 7 M a dal en ian im l em en ts p
Fi g A
.
,

n erm u t il at io n u rign ac ian , 21 .

c u st o m , 4 7 C h el l ean c oup de p oing

A
.

u s t ral ian Re d I n dian an d

S
, ,

c o t t is h c u s t o m s 4 7 C o mbe C ap el l e man
’
s,
S
.
,

Fir , Th e ac r e d 1 7 9 25
y E n gl ish t rade in wo rked
.
,

Fir b o l gs , Th e 1 88
-
e arl
fli
.
,

as m in e r s , 9 0 an d al so n o t e 1 n ts 81
v fl
. .
, ,

as s l a es , 90 . e as t ern in u en c e in Neo
C el ts as su bdu ers o f 107 l it h ic in du s t r , 2 14 y
s u bj e c t p eo p l es c all e d 2 2 3 Egyp g Sp
, . .

, . t ian o r i in o f anis h
Fir - do m n an , 90 , an d al s o n o t e 1 N eo l ithi c in du s t r , 9 7 y
v
. .

Fir- do m n ann , 1 1 8 t h e e o l u t io n t h eo r , 99 y
F g g A
. .

o m o rian s as o ds o f , 1 9 8 See H
u h M il l e r s an d
’
n d rew
L g g g
.

Damnonians an d Damn onii s t h e o r ie s re ar d in , 1 1

’
an
F fi
. .

ir e , B el t ain n ee d res , 1 9 1 N
e an d e r t h al an d p r e - e an N
g
.

Br i it an d , 1 8 8 d ert h al , 1 2
G k
. .

b u tt er fl as go d o f , in y ael ic , N
e o l it h ic s aw s o r s ic l es , 4
P
.

19 1 al aeo lit hic an d eo l it hic , N

Dg
.

God a da an d , 2 0 2

g
.

o d des s an d , 1 63 Tard e n o isian micro lit h s or

y g
.

M exic an go d o f, as bu t t erfl py my fli n t s 54 . 5 5 (ill )

S
,

1 93 p ro to - o l u t r e an an d t ru e
S
.

po ol fi sh an d , 1 8 2 . o l u t re an , 49
Fli g d h S l
.

s al mo n an d , 1 8 3 nt- o t e o u tr ean , 51
S g
.
.
,

c o tt is h o dd ess o f , 1 8 1 . Z d Th
e u s an o r as , 51
F m mil k 5
.

in r e d b e rr ies , 1 8 1 oa as 1 1

g y Fm i d l f S
.
.
, ,

in St M u n o m t h , 1 86
. . o o r an s , ue s o , in c o t l an d ,

fr o m t rees , 1 8 0 99 1

g g g d fD m
. .

l i h t n in an d , 1 8 1 . as o s o u n o n i i , 198 .

w o r s h ipp ed in an cien t B r it ain , N i w g de t as ar o 202

g dd
.
,

N m e o n as o es s o f , 2 0 2
Fi i k
.

re - st c s, Th e 1 80 w f wi h f i i
ar o t a r es , 1 9 8 , 1 9 9

Fi w F wl b i i
.
, .
,

re at er as w at er of l ife o ta oo n an c en t B r it ain 20 1
F yj S di vi
.
,

8 1 1 re a, can na an Ve n u s , 161
Fi h b
. .

s ta o o , 20 1 p earl s a mb er &c as t ear s o f ,

Fl S v
.
.
, , ,

ax , to n e Age p eo p l e c u l t i at e d , 1 61 .

5 . F u r fo o zm an , 56 .
 I N D EX 2 43

G aelic C al en dar 1 98 G o d c u l t , s t o n e as go d , 5 1 , 1 7 3
D
-

G G
. .
,

al at ia C l t in e s 1 12 o dd es s , A n u ( an u ) , 1 9 8 , 2 0 1
G l l e y H i l l m an
. .
, ,

a 26 as fair q u e en y
in I re l an d ,
G
.
,

aul C el t o f
, s ,
in R o m an ar my ,
127 b ir d fo rm s o f , 1 9 5
B kA
. .

e ar l y in h abit an t s o f 1 00 l ac n n is , 1 9 5
g v B k Ap
.
, .

r e fu e es fro m s e a- in ad e d areas l ac h r o dit e 1 64

B kg S
. .

in , 7 0 l ac o dd e s s o f c o t l an d , 1 64

G gd
. .

au l s h i o s , 2 07 B
Th e l u e , 1 7 3
D B g
. .

G ems r u id s
’

gem 1 63 . B r id e ( r i it ) an d h er se r e n t , p
gh h i i g 6
,

ni t-s n n 1 0 1 87

B g g g
. .
,

l b di
as s o u44
-
o es , r i it as o dd e s s of h e al in ,
G l gi l Ag b ki g f N k
.

eo o ca es , rea n o o rt h s m it h w o r -
an d o e t r , 1 88 p y
d E gl i h C h
.
,

S e a an l l n s an n e an d c at fo rm s o f , 1 9 6

b idg
.

69
r es , c o n n e c t io n o f , w it h am b er an d
g di g
.

f i con us o n re ar n in s w in e d e it ies , 1 6 1
g
, .

mo d e r n ar t , 1 c o n n e c tio n o f , w it h l as s 1 63
g v
. .
,

d at e of l ast l an d m o vemen t , c o n n e c t io n o f , w it h r o e , s ky

g
,

p e ar l , &c , in e l t ic r eli io n , C
g li h i
.

me a t c m o n um e n t s sub 1 58

mer gd e , 100 . an im al s an d l an t s o f , 1 62 p .

ly b e ar d 7 o at s an 2 c u l t an im al s o f , 1 5 4 , 1 6 1 , 1 62 ,

E gl d i M g d l i
.
,

n an n a a en an

tim 54 es , ee l an d , 2 0 0

i h gl i i
. .

s xt d ac at o n an r ac e eel , w o l f , &c , fo r ms o f , 1 9 5
m v m Egyp kg
. .

o 54e en t s , t ian m il o d d e ss , 1 4 9

E gl d i ki g wh S kg
. .

n an s n n en co t I n dian m il o d d es s 15 1

i i g 7 G g
.
,

l d w
an as r s n 1. au l is h o dd e ss Ro s me r ta, -

d m v m
,

l l as t 7 an o e en t , 0 , 1 00 1 74
h iz C oM g i fl
. .

for on o r -
a non n u en c e s o f , 1 7 9
g p
.

6
r ac e s , 2 ro u s of mo t h ers 2 06
Pl i i E
. .

f p
e st o c en e au n a n u ro e, H e b r id e an m aiden q u ee n
22 1
A h m l gi l Ag k k g
.

rc d 4 o o ca es an 1 y
h o n e s u c l e as m il iel din y
P Gl i l d h
.
,

o st- ly ac a an t e e ar p l an t , 1 93
A h l gi l 3 4 5
.

rc aeo o ca 1 1 1 b e e an d , 1 93
k
. .
, , ,

t h e o r ie s o f d ur at io n s o f, 1 6, l u c an d , 1 67
g
.

17 18 M o rr i an c o mes fro m n o rt h
Gi
.
,

an t s , as s o c iat e d wit h t h e n o rth , west , 1 7 3

g
.

17 3 w in d o d des s fro m so u t h - wes t ,

F g
.

( o mo rian s) as o ds , 1 9 8 17 3
S A
. .

w ar o f ,
w it h fair ie s , 1 9 8 c o tt is h rt e mis 1 7 4 , 1 96
S
. .
,

c o t t is h , n am e d aft e r h ero e s , Th e M o ther, Au r ign ac ian s

1 3 1 an d al s o n o t e 1
, . f v
a o u re d , 51 .

G l as , as w at er amb er &c , . c o nn e c t io n o f, w it h l aw an d
t rade , 1 66
Gl g g f m f4 5
.

as o w , s e al o f c it y of 1 85 C r o- M a n on or o 2, 1

Gl g j p
, .
,

as s , c o n n e c t io n o f , w it h o d de s s , as bl d f 4 5
er as oo o
l if givi g h l l 4
.
,

1 63 h er e- n s e s, 0
fi h l l mil k H ighl d my h
. .

imp o rt ed in t o B r it ain in rst s e -

an t ,

c en t u r y A D 1 14 42
G D vil
. .
, . .

o at , e as , 1 9 1 Th e mo t h er -p o t , 2 05
v
. .

G o d , in s t o n e , 1 7 3 r i e r s an d , 2 0 6 .

Sp
.

G o d - c u l t , So l u t rean s an d , 51 . O rie n t al , in ain , 2 2 0 .

( D 217 )
2 44 A N C I E NT MAN IN B R I TA I N
G o d de s s , p ea l r , &c .
,
o ffer in gs to , G old, k n o wl ed g e kill an d s o f
17 4 s e ar c h ers fo r , i B i i
n 95 r ta n ,
g g lg
. .

p i
r e c o u s s t o n es o f , 2 2 1 r in in St M un o e en d ,
S g
. .

c o t t is h
h ag o dd es s , 1 7 4 , 1 9 6 1 85

v
. .

I n dian K al i, 1 9 6 r o d o f , at In e r n e ss s t o n e c ir c l e ,
kH
.

s h e ll an d m il eb r id e an go d 220 .

de ss , 1 5 3 in s al m o n myt h s 1 83
G S
. .
,

o d s , an im al fo rm s o f , 1 9 6 . i h d e o s it s o f , 8 9
c o tt s p .

D an an n d eit ie s , 1 9 8 . s e ar c h fo r , in r it ain , 2 14 , B 2 17 ,

y
d e it w h o s e n d s dis eas e s wit h s h e l l s im it at e d in , 4 1 8 0 .

d r aw s t h e m , 1 7 9 t irad e in , 2 1 9
fl
. .

in u e n c e s o f , 1 7 9 as t re e , 2 2 1
G G S
. .

ae lic r e fe r en c e s t o , 1 4 0 , 1 7 9 o o d w in an d s , 69
H z G
. .

a e l go d , 14 0 , 1 5 0 oo se, t ab o o in an c ien t B r it ain

G
.
,

ae l ic fi r e go d , 1 4 0 201
g E
. .

K in o f t h e l em en t s 17 9 G o v an n an Se e G o ibniu
G G
. . .

Ro m an o - au lish , 2 0 7 H y
r ail , Th e o l , 2 05

G W G Ap
. .

o ibn iu , I r is h go d an d t h e el s h G r an n o s , au l is h o ll o , 2 0 7
G g y G
.

G o v an n an , 2 03 re o r th e r e at , l e t t e r fro m , t o

G
.

o l d , am b e r an d , 1 65 M e l lit u s , 1 7 6
G
. .

c o in s o f , in p r e R o m an r it ain , -
B r im al di , I n d ian Oc ean s h el l in
223 A g v
u r i n ac ian c a e at , 3 6
G v
. .

p
d e o s it s o f, in B r it ain an d I re C
ro e , Th e s ac re d , el t ic n am e s o f ,
l an d . 7 9 . 9 1 . 95 . 59
1
L i
.

2 20 m at n ne us 159

v S h l G wy di h g d Odi
. .

m ixe d w it h s il er in ut er an d , on , t e o , n an d , 2 04 .

91
Egyp 8
.

e ar lie s t u se o f , in t, 0 H ade do g an d 64
s,

pp u se d l ik e 8 0
. .
,

co er H al l w e en p ig a so ciate d
o
’
s w it h ,
Egyp t ian diadem o f
, .
,

fo u n d in 2 00
N eo l it hic S p ain 9 8
.
,

H al l s t at t c u l t u re , C el t s in fl u en c e d
E gl
.
,

in n an d (m ap ) 8 3 by , 1 1 2
fi A ig v
. .
,

ex po rted fr o m B r it ain in rs t H p
an d - rin t s , in ur n ac ian c a e s ,
c en t u r y AD 1 14 47
S
. . .
,

fi n ds o f in c o t l an d , 2 2 0 fo u r c o l o u rs u se d , 4 7
fi k g
. .
,

r s t m e t al w o r e d , 8 4 p
d w e ll in s r o t e c t e d by , in I n d ia
g Sp
.

as a fo r m o f t h e o d s 80 an d ain , 4 7

g k
. .

as fi r e , l i h t , an d imm o r t a Ar ab ian , Tu r is h , &c , c u s t o ms , .

l i ty 80 47
gv
. .

as l ife i er 80 H a t abo o in an c ien t B

re , r it ain , 2 0 1

G
.

ae l ic go d an d , 1 0 2 H a p o o n 62
r

G v g
.
.
,

au l s o ff er e d , t o w at e r d eit , y Vic t o r ia l at e M a dal en ianca e ,

17 4 o r p ro t o - ilian , 5 8 Az
k fi Eg S
. .

h o w m in er s wo r e d , 9 0 n d s o f , in n l an d an d co t
W
.

o r l d M il l m th , 90 y l an d , 5 8
g g
. .

in o t o f , fr o m s al m o n , 1 84 Az ilian s imit at e d M a dal en ian

k
.

l u c o f , 1 66 r e in d eer h o rn in re d d ee r h o rn ,

k
.

n o t r ac e o f wh er e wo r e d o u t , 56 .

93 M agdal e n ian s in t r o du c e d , 5 2
vl gp z gv
.

not a u ed by h u n t in eo p l es in H a el , n u t o f , as fr u it o f l o n e it y ,
E u ro pe , 99 . 1 44 .

o ff er e d t o d e it ies by el t s , 80 C as go d , 1 50, 17 9

g v y C h i t ian l e gen ds
. .

p syc h o l o ic al mo t i e fo r in e ar l r s 150

mil k yiel din g t re e 1 5 0

.
,

s e ar c h es fo r , 94 . as -
, .
 INDEX 2
45
H o rs e , Th e S ac r e d , 1 5 5

go d , 1 2 9 , an d al s o n o t e 2 .
p al m t re e an d , 2 2 1 H o e sh e h a m 4 7
rs o c r s,

H o u n d s P o l 64
-

S
. .

Th e
’
ac re d , 1 5 0 , 17 9 . o , .

c o n n e c t io n o f, w it h s ky , well s , H o u s s N e l ith i 5
e , o c, .

&c 17 9 H u man s acrifi e c hil dren c s, as , 1 7 4

k
. . .
,

sn a e s an d , 1 89

g Am
.

in St M u n o ( St Ken t ige rn )
. . I b er ian s , r en o ids an d , 127 .

y
m t h , 1 86 . as c arr ie r s o f N eo lit h ic c u l t u re ,

s ac r e d fi r e fr o m , 1 86 126

G v S
. .

ro es , ac r e d , al t o n s C C el t s an d , 1 2 5
S il
.

wer e , 1 5 0 . u r ian s as , 1 3 7 .

H e ar t , as s e at o f l ife , 1 5 4 I c e , c o nn ec t io n o f, w ith amber , &c ,

g
. .

as s e at o f l ife t o C r o- M a n o n s 1 63

A Egyp
.

an d n c ie n t t ian s , 3 2 I c e A ge See Geol ogica l Ages

v S E
. . .

H e a e n as o u th , 1 7 0 I c en i, Th e , o f s s ex , 1 2 8
k k
. .

H e b r ide s , d ar fo l s in , 1 3 8 b o ar go d o f , 1 62
E
. .

d es c e n d an t s o f as t er n e rs in , I do l s , in an c ien t rit ain , 14 7 , 1 7 6 B

P G g
.

1 18 o e p re o r
’
s r e fe r e n c e to y
Eg
.

M aiden Q u een o f , 2 2 1 an c ie n t n l is h , 1 7 6
E
. .

r e r o o fi n g c u s t o m in , 1 7 8 I n d o - u ro e an t h eo r , 1 2 4 p y
G
. .

Se a go d o f , 1 93 . I n do - e rm an ic t h e o r , 1 2 4 y .

t r ac es o f m e t al s in , 1 1 7 . I n dr a, d o g an d , 64 .

as t h e (E s t ry m n ides , 1 1 8 I r el an d , as a r it is h is l an d , 1 3 2 B
k k
. .

H eifer , m il o f , in h on e suc l e, y I ro n , ex o r t e d fro m p r it ain in B

1 93 fi r s t c en t u r y ,
A D . .
,
1 14 .

H ell as No rt h See C a r dinal P oin ts I ro n Age , e l t s in 1 12 C

H erb cer emo n ial gat h g E
. .
, , .

s, er in o f , 1 68 I r o n in du s t r , as t e r n e rs y an d , in
l ife s u bs t an c e in , 2 0 6 W es ter n E u ro pe 107
f W m
.
, .

l o r e o f, 1 67 I sl an d o o en , 1 7 8
G
. .

fro m t e ars o f s un go d , 1 8 1 , an d I s l e s o f t h e l es t , B
ae l ic , 1 4 3

v z
.

al so n o t e 3 y
I o r , as so c iat e d w it h b r o n e , j e t ,
S v Egyp Eg
.

il an u s , go d o f , 2 0 7 an d t ian b e ad s in n l an d ,

G
.

Hill s , ildas o n w o rs h i o f , 1 7 6, p 1 04

g g
.

17 8 in C r o M a n o n -
ro t to , 2 3

vyg Egyp Sp i
. .

Him il co , o a e o f , 1 1 6 . t ian , in N e o l it hic a n,

Ho mer , r e fer e n c e o f , t o c r emat io n , 96
fi
.

1 10 . p
im o r t e d in t o B r it ain i n rs t
Ho n ey in ba t isms , 1 5 2 p c en t ur y AD 1 14

W v
, . . .
, .

as l ife - s u b s t an c e , 1 9 3 in elsh c a e- to mb , 20
k
. .

n u t m il an d , 1 50, an d al so
n o te 1 J ade , b u t t er y s o u l in , 1 9 3 fl
J
. .

in so ma an d m e ad 15 1. ap an , t h e shin ta i (go d b o dy) an d

H o n eysu c kl e bu t ter fl y an d 1 93 G
ae l ic s o u l c as e 17 3

h o n e y an d m il k o f 1 9 3
, , . .

t al is m an s o f , an d t h e I r is h , 2 06
J
.
, .

H o n im p l em en t s 8 2
r as p er , s ym b o l is m o f , 2 2 1

v
. .
,

M agd al en ian s fa o u re d 5 2 Je t , am b er an d , 1 64
D
. .
,

Ho r se emet er an d 1 96 B rit is h an d Ro m an bel iefs re

g g
, , .

d o m es t ic at e d b y Az il ian s 5 5 ar d in , 1 64
g
. .
,

d o mest ic at e d by C r o M a n o n s , - as ar t ic l e o f t r ade at 1 4 00 B C , . .

53 10 6
S S g
.

e at e n in c o t l an d , 2 0 0 ass o c iat e d in t o n eh en e ar e a
Ep o g Eg
.

n a, C el tic h o rs e o d d es s , w it h yp t ian bl u e beads , 1 04 ,

2 08 . 10 5 1 06 .
J pi
u t er , Th e G au l is h , 2 07
L
.

a p is 51
J
.
,

u tes , 1 2 6 .

C e l ts an d , 2 2 7 .

K al i t h e B l ac k 1 96
,

D
.
,

K e n t ige r n as ru id , 1 85
g
.
,

in s al mo n an d r in g le en d ,
1 84

C avern g
.

K en t M a dal en ian in ,
’
s ,
art

54
g
.

K e rr idiwen , t h e o ddes s , c au l dr o n
o f , 2 04 .

K n ife o f d eit y , 2 06
g S
.

p pl
K n it t in , t o n e Age d 5 eo e an

b k m ki g
.
,

l i
r e at o n d to as et - a n an
p y 5
o tt e r ,

L k h S d g dd
a e, t e d 8 ac r e o e ss an 1 0.
L k h i D m i i 89
an ar s re , a
,

n o n an s n,
,

L d b idg b ki g f N h
.

an -
r es , rea n o o rt
S d E gl i h C h
e a an l b id g n s ann e r es ,
69
D gg B k 5 7 6 67 68
.

o er an 1,

E gli h Ch l 7 67
, , , .

n s an n e ,
1 , .

I lit a an , 1
4 35
L dm v m h l
.
,

an o 6 e en t , t e as t , 2 1
L g g d
.

an u a e an 3 4 r ac e , 1 2 12 222
L g g f bi d S B i d
.
, ,

an ua e o r s . ee r s .

L a Ten e c u l t u r e , e l t s as c arr iers C

o f, t o B
r it ain , 1 1 2

L kA
.

e ic e s t ers hir e , l ac n n is , a h ag B
y
d e it o f , 1 9 5
L
.

ew is , C
al l e rn ish s t o n e c irc l e , 9 4
Lg g fly
.

i h t n in , b u t t e r fo rm o f go d o f,
19 1
v
.

as h ea e n l y fi re , 1 8 1 .

an d t r e e s , 1 8 1 .

L ir , s e a go d , 2 0 2 See L ly r . .

s e a go d , Sh o n y an d , 1 94
Lv G
.

i er as s e at o f l ife in aelic , 1 5 4 ,
187 .

c u r e fr o m m o u s e s , 1 8 7
’

Lz
.

i ard as s o u l fo rm , 1 89
L
-
.

l e u , t h e go d , 2 04
L
.

l yr , s e a go d , 2 0 2 See Lir . .

t h e s ea go d , Sh o n y an d , 1 9 4

L g
.

o d s n am e in , 2 0 3
’
o n do n ,
Lv g
.

o e - en t ic in p l an t s , 1 68 .
 I ND E X 24 7

M al ac h it e c h arm s 80 Me g l i hi
a t c m o n u m en t s t h eir r el a

D gg
, .
,

M amm o t h bo n es o f fro m o er t io n to e x h au s t e d de p o sits of

B an k
, ,

68 m e t al s 94
vid L
.
, .
,

e en c e (il l ) t h at h ear t w as p r o bl e m of e w is an d Ork

g d
.

re ar e d as s e at o f l ife , 3 3 n e y c irc l e s , 94
i W E S gS
. .

n e s t er n u ro pe ,
14 . See t an din t o n es as maiden s
F a un a 14 7

W i A gl
. .

M an , t h e Re d , o f al es , o rn amen t s Tac t us on n es e a al t ars

o f, 80 an d D r u id s , 1 4 7

G S g
. .

M ar s , t h e au l is h , 2 07 t o n e h en e as t em ple 17 7

G k G
. .
,

r ee an d au l ish b o ar fo rms H e at h e n t e m p l es an d , 1 7 8 .

o f , 1 97 s ton e c ir c l e as su n s ym b ol ,

g
.

p
M ars h l an t s , o d des s an d 1 62
k g
.
,

M e ad , m il an d h o n e in , 1 5 1 y s t o n es s u b mer e d in B r it t an y
v
,

M ea e, Q u e en 1 1 2 , 1 14 , 2 2 7
A
, .

hi e d it e rr an e an r ac e in o rt h fric a N Tr ee C u l t an d 2 2 0 , .

an d B
r itain , 1 2 6 wo r s hip o f t n 47 s o es , 1 17 9

v
. .
,

Se a, d i id e d by I t al ian l an d c o nn e c t io n o f , w it h t r e e s an d
brid e , 1 4 g w el l s , 14 7
g Egyp A ig
. .

M e al it h ic c u l t u r e , t ian in M en t o n e ur n ac ian M o t h er
g
,

fl u en c e in r it ain , &c , 1 0 1 B . . o dde ss , 43 .

m o n um en ts , b u r ial c u st o ms an d , I n d ian O c e an s h el l in Au r ign a

17 0 c ian c a e at , 3 6 v
g
. .

co n n e c t io n of, w it h an c ien t y
M er s e , t h e , o dd e ss o f , 2 0 6
k g fl
.

min e w o r in s, &c 92 , 93 p
M e so o t amia in u e n c e o f , in W es
E
. .
, .

c o n n e c t io n of w it h me tal t e rn u ro e , 2 1 8 p
k g E
.
,

de po s it s ,
82 . n o wl e d e o f u r o e an m e t al p
co n n e c tio n o f, w it h s ac r e d fi e l d s in , 9 9

g v k
.

ro es , 10 3 M e t al s , e as t er n c o l o n is t s w o r e d , in
S Sp
.

c ul t an i mal s on c o t t is h , ain , 9 5

Egyp
.

155 t ian fu r n ac es an d c r u c ibl e s

cup -
mar k ed s t o n es , 14 8 . B
in rit ain , 1 0 1
k ki g g
.

noc n s t o n es , 1 4 8 . m e al it h ic mo n u m e n t s an d d e
G r u agac l i s t o n e , 1 4 8 . p o s it s o f , 8 2 .

c r ad l e s t o n e 148 s e ar c h ers fo r , in rit ain , 8 9 B

g g
. .

c h il d - e tt in st o n es , 1 4 8 s e ar c h er s fo r ; h o w ro s e c t o r s p p
g v g
.

d is t rib u t e d al o n as t s e a 10 0at e d d e o s it s o f p
o l d, &c , .

b o ar d 9 1 89
g S
. . .

s e ar c h ers fo r m e t al s , e ms , t r ac e s o f , in co t l an d , 9 3
G g
.

&c e r e c t e d , 9 2 . y
M e t al s m b o lis m , ael ic o d s an d
d ist ribu t io n o f , 8 2 , 8 3 me t al s , 1 0 2 See G o l d , Sil ver ,
S
.

d is tr ibu t io n o f c o t t is h , 2 1 9 C op p er , an d B r o n z e
D k g
. .

r u ids an d , 1 0 3 1 54 M et al w o r in , aft er in t ro d u c t io n
E k g
.
,

as t er n e r s an d fo l l o w er s o f , o f b r o n e w o r in , 1 06z .

as bu ild e rs o f , 1 04 , 1 4 9 M ic t is , t in fro m , 1 1 6
Egyp E k
. .

t ian m ire b e ads an d p p

M il , b a t is m s o f , 1 5 2
v
.

St n e h en ge c irc l e , 1 04 , 10 5 in t h e bl o o d c o e n an t , 1 5 2
z fi
.

10 c h il dr en s ac ri c e d fo r c o r n an d

G ae l ic g o d s an d , 10 2 m il , 1 7 4 k
G k g
. .

ae l ic me tal s ymbo l i m an d s ,
c u l t an im al s o f m il o dde ss ,
154

G k yi l di g p l
.

ael ic n a me o f s ac red s h rin e d an de l io n as m il -

e n an t
g
,

of o dd e s s B r id e , 1 87

t
.

n ic ian s an d , 1 4 9 . in e l ixirs , 151 .

2 48 AN C I E N T M A N IN B R I TA I N
M il k , so ma an d me ad an d , M o rr i g an , as s o c iat e d wit h n o rth
15 1 w es t , 1 7 3
k gv
.

“
elm as m il t r ee , 1 5 1 as t h e l ife i e r 1 61
k
. .

fo am as m il fo r m s o f , 1 9 5
— giv
15 1

g k g
. .
,

o d d es s c o w es h e al in g m il ,
M o t h er o d d e s s Se e G oddess . .

1 95 M o t h s a s s o u l fo r m s , 1 9 2
k g
. .

H e b r id e an mil o d de s s , 1 5 3. M o u e , b u r ie d u n der a l e tr e e pp
g
,

221 19
k k yi l di g g S
.

y
h o n e s u c l e as m il -
e n h u n t in o f, in c o t l an d , 1 87 .

p l an t , 1 9 3 mo u s e c u r e s , 1 87

v g di g S
. .

I n d ian e id e n c e re ar n c o tt is h s u p er n at u r al , 1 8 7

v k k yi l di g Ap
.

r i er m il an d m il -
e n o l l o an d , 1 7 9 .

t rees , 1 5 1 m o u s e fe as t s , 1 87
k k B o er s h ave
. .

I r is h m il l a e , 1 5 2 c u r es , 1 8 7 , an d al so
g ,
.

h e al in b at h s o f , 1 5 2 n o te 2

S
. .

m ar s h m al l o w s an d , 1 5 2 , an d fe ast s in c o t l an d an d the
al s o n o t e 1 Tr o ad , 1 8 7
k
. .

m is t l et o e b erries as m il b er rie s , M o u s t er ian Age , 1 3 .

15 3 . ar t ifac t s o f , 1 4 .

O bl at io n s o f , in R o s s - s h ir e , 1 4 8 N
e an d er t h al r ac es o f , 1 4

g g D
. .

o ffer in s o f , t o d e ad , 1 4 8 M u n o , St , as r u id , 1 8 5 , 1 8 6
g g g
. . .

e l ix ir , H
i hl an d s h e l l o d de s s s al m o n l e en d o f , 1 84 .

y
m th , 4 2
Egyp v g g N avigatio n Se e B oa ts
.

t ian e iden c e re ardin ,

N an d e t h al man C o M agn o n in
. .

e r , r -

p ep a
r fro m
red s h el l s in fl u en c e o n , 1 4
Jp S
.

a an an d c o t l an d , 4 0 d is a pp
e ar an c e o f , 1 5 , 1 6, 1 2 2
g E
. .

o d d es s , H
at h o r as , 1 4 9 u r o e an p
c lim at e s e xp e r i
ky
.

M il W ay , Th e , 1 5 4 , 2 2 1 en c e d by , 14
g
. .

in an c ie n t r e l i io n , 1 5 0 r el at io n s o f , w it h C r o- M ag

W G
.

in e l s h an d aelic , 2 0 3 n o n r ac e s , 1 4
fi di v y f b
. .

M in d , h e ar t as , 3 3 r st f
sco er o o n es o
g Egyp
.
,

M in in , t ian m e t h o ds in W e s
E p
t e rn u ro e , 10 2 kls f f
e et o n od 9 oun
A li iv
, .
.
,

Mi ls t e t o e , as Al l H eal 1 5 3 , 1 67 u st r a d 9 an n at es an

m il k b i
.
. ,

er r e s , 1 5 3 d ip i
es c r f 9 t on o 10

g fl i w ki g f
.
. , ,

t r e es o n w h ic h it r o w s in B r i nt or n o ,
12 .

t ain , 1 4 5 , an d al s o n o t e 2 M i if
o u s t er an f 4 ar t ac t s o 1
Pil d w m
.
.
,

M o d er n m an , 9 Se e C r o- M agnon t o d 6 n an an 2
kl i C o M g g
.
.
,

Ra c es N ec ac e s n r -
a n on ro tt o ,

G Ap ll
.

M o go u n u s a au l ish o o , 2 07 2 3
A g dd C 6 M g
. .
,

M oon p h ro dit e as
, o es s o f, 1 h ll
a non 39 s ea s e s,

159

D Egyp i bl b d i B i i h
.

an t e r e fer s t o , as p ea l r 1 59 t an ue ea s n r t s

G kl
.
,

ael s s w o r e by , 14 8 B z Agro n e 4 e n ec ac e , 10

P H eav
. ,

as e ar l o f en 159 10 4 5 10 6 10
g d 44
.
.
,

wo rsh i p o f, in an c ien t B r it a n , i as o s,

i g v
.

14 7 n 58
ra e s , 1

g A h l l i W l h A ig v
. .

M or an l e Fay , rt h u r s
’
p u rsu it o f, s e ,
n i e s ur n ac an c a e

198 to mb , 2 0
g
. .

Ar m an d , 1 9 8
o d de s s w h y w o rn , 3 7
gv fi
. .

as
“
l ife i e r 1 61 N eed r es , 1 8 1

ig g fly
. .

M o r r an , Th e ( I r is h o d d es s ) , bu t t e r an d , 1 9 1 .

An u an d 1 9 8 , . N c it , go d o f b at t l e , 2 02 .
 I N D EX 2
49
Nem t h e ro o t in mh (h e a e n )
n ea v Oak
—ac o rn
22 1
g vi y
, , , .

n ea m h nu id ( p e ar l ) neme t on , as fr u it of lo n e t ,

1 44

D id d 4 4 5
.

ru s an 1 1, 1

B l k A i d 96
.
,

ac n n s an 1
g Gl i k g v
.
,

Né mé t ona ( o dd e ss ) 1 5 9 1 60 a at an d h i oa ro e an s r ne,
g
, , .

N é m Et on a B r it is h o d d es s 1 5 9 59
1
g F Gl g w l 85
.
, , .

N em o n t h e o dd ess a o mo rian
, , , on as o s ea ,
1 .

2 02 d f
go d f o 53 an s e a ar e r s 1

g v d D gd
. .
,

I ris h o dd ess , an d earl h e a e n , p go d a a an 2 02

h S
.
, ,

&c , 1 5 9 t ed 79 ac r e 1

g
. . .
,

N e o l it h ic , c h ro n o l o ic al r o bl em , p use of 53 ac o rn s , 1
i g
.

2 12 i n t an n n53 1
Egyp i di d m f g l d f d S pi i
. .
,

t an a e o o ou n 7 r ts , 20
S p i h N l i hi mb 98 O h S d G l
.

In an s eo t c to at s, w by
ac r e ae s s o re su n ,
Egyp i igi f S p i h N
, .
,

t an o r n o an s eo m &
oon , 48 c 1

C v 58 7
. .
,

li hi i d
t y 97 4 c n us t r 21 Ob anM A h ac rt ur a e, 21
l w k fli
, , .
, , .

m e ta 98 or e r s as n t u sers , O b s id ian ar t ifac t s , 8 6

S i h pp
. .

c o tt s p bl m c0 er ax e ro e O din , t h e d o g an d , 64
k
.
,

2 19 p or fe as t s o f , 144
W G
. .

wh y o rn a me n t s were w o rn , 37 , el s h w d io n an d , 2 04 y .

38 (E s t r y m n id e s , Th e , Him il c o s t in
’

g
.

A ge , t r an s it io n e r io d l o n er p is l an d s 1 1 6, 1 1 8 , .

t h an , 6 1 O n y x , s am e n ame as e arl in p
G
.

C u l t u re I berian s as c arr ier s o f , aelic , 1 60

D
.
,

126 O r ac l es , ru id s an d , 1 4 5

g
. .

y
I n du s t r , c ar riers o f , at t r ac t e d y
Or c ( o u n b o ar) , s al m o n as , 1 8 2
P
.

to B
r it ain 78 O r c s , Th e ic t s as , 2 0 1
k
. .
,

d is t r ib u t io n o f o u l at io n p p y
O r n e , b o ar n am e o f , 1 2 9
an d 8 1 — g
.

4 m e al it hic rem ain s in , 94

Eg
. .

d e t h eo r 61 y So w d ay in , 2 0 1
g
. .
,

am i nC p
fi n d , 62 y Orn am en t s , add e r s t o n es
D g
.

in I r e l an d , 8 5 r u id em s &c , 1 63
S —
. . .

in c o t l an d , 8 5 j et c h arm s , 1 64
S g g
. .

co t t is h p
it c h s t o n e ar tifac t s , -
in C r o- M a n o n r o tt o , 2 3
g
.

as o d s o r go d - c as e s , 44
g A g
.

c arrie r s o f, n ot w an de re rs , in r o tt o at u r i n ac 2 2
v
.
,

in lVI e n t o n e c a e t o m b s , 4 5 -

g v
.

l o s t ar t , 86
a r e l i io u s al u e o f , 8 0 , 1 65
W A g v
. .

Ne r eid s t h e fair ies an d , 1 7 3 in el s h u r i n ac ian ca e

v
.
, ,

Nes s , t h e R i e r , 2 0 6 t o mb , 2 0
Ng gg
.

i h t s hin in -
em s 1 60 , . v h y w o rn by e ar l eo l es , 3 7 , yp p
No rs em e n , 1 2 6 3g
S gg Sp
.

m o d e rn c o t s an d , 1 3 7 Os t ric h e s , fo u n d in ain , 9 6
k
. .

No r t h e r n fair r ac e , 1 2 5 O tt e r , s in c h arm o f , 1 8 9
A
. .

No rt h ern er s , rm e n o id s an d , 12 7 . as go d , 1 9 0 .

No v an t ae Th e , 1 2 9 as s o u l - fo rm , 1 89
k g
. .
,

Nu d d , t h e go d , 2 0 3 th e in , 1 8 9
j
.

Nu t as s o u l c as e i 1 7 3 ew e l o f , 1 8 9
k
.
,

Nu t m il , 1 5 0
-

gi
.

hone an d , as y
e lix ir . 1 50 , P al mo l ith ic , c h ro n o l o c al p r o bl e m ,

an d al s o n o t e 1 2 12
P lm
. .

Nu t s , l ife s u b s t an c e in 2 0 6 p
im l e m e n t s of Upp e r a o
gv
, .

o f l o n e it , 1 5 0 y . l it h ic , 2 1
2 50 A N C I E N T M AN I N B R I TA I N
Pl a aeo l it h ic wh y o r n am e n t s
Age ,

w e r e w o rn , 3 7 , 3 8
k
.

b r e a in c u l t u r e o f , 1 2
g
.

o r i in o f t e r m , 8 yi el ds , 76
P
. .

r ac e s o f , 8 e ar t r ee , c at an d , 1 9 6
v P D gg B an k
. .

s u b - di is io n s o f , 1 2 1 3 Se e , e at , fr o m o er 5 7 , 68
P W
. .
, ,

C h ell ean , A c heu lia n , M oust eria n , en n y e ll s , 17 4

Ph
.

A u rigna cian , Sol u tr ean an d ,

oen ic ian s , t h e C as s it e r id es m o n o
M agdal enian poly of , 1 04

P Sp
. .

al m t r e e , B
r it is h s u b s t it u t es fo r , e as t e r n c o l o n is t s In ain and
221 98
Sp
. .

c u l t o f I n an c ie n t ain , 1 4 9 m et h o ds o f , as e x p l o it e rs , 98
P A pp l Av l
. .

ar ad is e , as e l an d ( a on ) in I r o n Age , 1 0 7
g
.

1 44 m e al ith ic m o n u m en t s an d , 1 4 9
g g
. .

C e l t ic
id e as r e ar din , 1 4 3 in m o de r n o r n w all , 1 39C
P
. .

y
fair l an d as , 1 4 3 ic t o n es , Th e , as al l ies o f R o m an s
k
.
,

por fe as t s in , 1 4 4 2 24
W g g P
. .

e l s h id e as r e ar d in , 1 4 4 Sc o t t ish ic t s an d , 1 3 1
P g
. .

B
in o r de r all ads , 1 44 B ic t s , Th e , a ric u l t u r is t s an d s e a
P
.

ar is ii, Th e in rit ain , 1 2 8 B far e rs , 1 3 0

P k Pg
. .

at r ic St a an m t h att ac h e d y C al e d o n ian s an d , 1 3 0

S
, .

t o , 1 98 all ies o f t h e c o ts , 1 30

v g
. .

P av il an d c a e , C r o- M a n o n b u r ial C r u it h n e w e r e r it o n s , 1 3 2 B
W
.

in el s h , 1 9 y y
fair t h e o r , 1 31 , an d al so n o t e
Ap
.

P ear l , h r o dit e (V e n u s ) as ear l , p 1

15S as P e c h t s an d P e c t i, 1 3 1
Gild
.

as l ife s u b s t an c e , 8 0 , 1 5 8 as , B e de , an d N e n n iu s on
E P
. ,

m o o n as t e r n al e ar l in 132

D g g
.

an t e s I nf er n o , 1 5 9
’
y
I r is h m t h r e ar din , 1 3 2
G P
. .

ae l ic n am e o f , 1 5 9 I r is h C r u it h n e n o t ic t s , 1 3 2
S
. .

n o c t u rn al l u m in o s it o f , 1 60 y ax o n al l ie s o f , 1 3 1

P S W
. .

e ar l s , B
r it is h , att r ac t e d R o m an s , R o m an , c o tt is h , an d el s h

79 n am e s o f , 1 3 1

g v P
.

an d s ac r e d &c ro e, 159 as b r an c h o f t h e ic t o n e s , 1 3 1
g g
. . .
,

C a sar s ’
p earl o ffer in to Ve n u s , t at t o o in h abit o f , 1 3 6
v
.

1 59 . es s e l s o f , 1 3 6.
in C u c h u ll in s h air , 1 63 t r ib e s o f , 1 3 6
’
. .

o n R o m an e m e r o r s h o r s e , 1 63
’
p as p
ir at e s , 1 3 6
g Dm
. .

p
d r a o n s o s s es s , 1 84 P ig, e e t e r an d , 1 9 6

E g D vil
. .

in n l an d (m ap ) , 8 3 , 84 e as , 1 9 1 , 2 0 0
g gi
. .

fab u l o u s o r i in o f , 1 6 1 in R o m an r el i ous c er e mo n y
v
.
,

I ris h s t an d ar d o f al u e a se t 51
S
.

p
( e ar l ) , 1 66 c o t t is h an d I r is h t r eat m e n t of
k
.

l u c o f , 1 66 199
S l d 99
. .

j e t an d am b e r an d , 2 2 1 t ab o o in c o t an 1

h S w g dd
. .
,

as l ife s u b s t an c e 80 , 1 5 8 t e54 o o ess , 1

gv Pig A h
. .

as ma rgan ( l ife - i e r ) , 1 6 1 . s, d C l c e an s an
a e t s as r e arer s
as m e d ic in e in I n d ia , 4 1 f o 99 111, 1

g Ad i d D i mid d
.
,

s e ar c h e d fo r by m e al it h ic o n s an ar an ,
1 97 .

p peo l e , 92 . C e l t s r e ar e r s o f , 1 1 4 .

s o u l in , 2 0 6 an d a m b er , 161

J
. .

as t a ma in a an , 44 p as fo o d of the d e ad , 14 4

F yj ky p ig
. .

as t e ar s o f go dd ess re a, luc s 157 .

1 61 . O rk n e v a b o ar na me , 1 2 9.
 I N DEX 251

P ig l ms, 8
sa S P on as , 1 2 . ee or k R ac e s , an im al n ame s o f c o to S
b
ta oo C e l t ic t r ibe s , 1 2 9

Pil d w m 6 Az
. .

t o n an , 2 ilian an d Tar d e n o is ian , 5 5

P i W ll g
. .

n 74 e s, 1 M a l e m o s ian , 5 6
Pi Pi
. .

i
r at e s , an c e n t , 36 c t s as , 1 Br it ain in R o m an er io d , 1 2 7 p
G li f g
. .

36ae c re e r en c e to , 1 Br it ain m ain l y

l o n - h e ad e d
Pl i
.

m mm l
oc e n e 6 a a s, 1 12 8
P y g dd f 88 P v g g
. .

o et r o es s o 1 t o l em s
’
y
e id e n c e r e ar d in
P ly f S m
,

l k
.
,

o c r at e s f o a os, uc o ,
in B r it is h t r ib e s , 1 2 8 .

l
s ea84 1 B rit is h e x t e rm in at io n t h eo r y
Pp G g y h G l
.
, ,

o e re or t e r e at , e tt er o n 2 27
P g i E gl d 7 6
.

a an s n n an 1 B r it ish I b erian s an d p r o t o
P k S P ig d Swi Eg
.
,

or ee s an ne yp t ian s , 1 2 6
i A A
. . .

b ta oo di 3 n rc a a, 2 2 . r m e n o id in t r u s io n s , 8 7 , 1 2 6,

wh y C r e t an s d et es t e d , 1 54 , 222
Sp
.

an d al s o n o te 3 an is h s e tt l ers in rit ain , 1 2 7 B

S z
. .

c o t t is h 1 99 et seq 223 bro n e c ar r ie r s d is l ac e e as t e r n p

p o rk W
. .
, ,

C e l t s at e 1 99 m e t al s e ar c h er s in e s t er n
P ,

E
.

or po i s e as s e a- b o ar , 182 u ro pe 1 00
P gl
.
, .

o r tu a c o l o n is t s fro m , in B r it a n , i b ro nz e u s er s as e ar lies t s e tt l e r s
Ab
,

10 6 in er d e e n s h ir e , 1 1 1.
fl
.

e ar l y
in u e n c e in , 2 1 1
e as t e rn B un n an d B ux 5 0
r r

E C el t s an d A m n o id 1 1 2
. .
,

s et t l e m e n t s o f as t ern e r s in , 9 5 . r e s, .

s e t t l er s fr o m , in rit ain 127 B ,

. C el t an d N rt h e n s 2
s o r er ,
11 , 222 .

P o t , t h e , s h el l as , 2 07 C el t s a n qu e o s of
co r rs e ar l y
g
.

y
as s m b o l o f M o t h er - o dd e ss , s e tt l e s in B it ain
r 10 7 r ,
.

2 05 . c l o urs o f t h
o myt h ic al e , 12 1,
the M o t h er , C elt ic c au l dro n as , 125 .

90 e xt e r m in at io n t h eo r y 122

Pl Fi
. .
,

Po t of en t y C el t i c c au l dr o n C e l t s as a r N o rt h er n er s , 2 2 2 .

as , 2 0 5 b ro ad h e ads in B rit ain 5 6,

P
.
,
’
o t t er s w h e el , 1 1 2
P
.

o t t er , y N
e o l it h ic , 5 C l t an d Teu t n s 1 2 5
e s o

k k g C h an c el ade s ku ll an d E kim
.
,

r e l at io n t o b as e t - m a in an d s os,
k
n it t in , 5 , 6 g 53
P g
.

r ies t e s s e s , an c ien t r it is h , Tac it u s B C r o- M a n o n s in Wal e s , 1 9

v
.

re fe r s t o , 14 7 firs t d is c o e r y
o f C r é - Nl agn o n s
i F
.

W t c h es an d , 1 4 7 , an d al s o n o t e in r an c e , 2 0

S
.

1 C u c h u llin an d c o t l an d , 2 2 4
P l my vid g g B
. .

to e o f, ar din r it o n s in I r el an d , 2 2 4
—D
e en c e re
k
.
,

B i i h ib r t s tr es , 12 8 amn o n ian s as m e t al w o r e r s ,
P p l yi l d i g
.

ur e- e n s h el l s , in C r6 89
M g g D Eg S
.

a no n ro t t o 23 am n o n ian s in n l an d , cot

g li hi
.
,

s e ar c h e d fo r b y m e a t c l an d , an d I r e l an d , 8 9 9 0
k Eg
.
,

p eo p l e, 92 d ar an d fair eop l e s in n l an d , p
Py th e a
.

s, 229 2 27
f E
. .

xp l o
e i r at o n o f by ,B rit ain 1 15. d es c e n dan t s o as t e r n e r s in
t h e M ic t is p r o b l em , 1 1 6 B r it ain , 1 1 8

vyg
. .

o a e o f, 1 07 d r ift s o f , in t o rit ain , 7 9 B

B
. .

e ar l y
s e t t l e r s in r it ain , 1 2 5 , 2 1 6

v Sp
.

R ac es , al ie n el e men ts m ay an is h , e as t e r n c o l o n is t s in ain , 9 5

E
.

123 as t e r n er s r e ac h e d an c ien t B r i
Sp
.

C au c as ian M an t ain fr o m ain , 9 7

A yan k g
.

r t h eo r y ,
12 3 . fair an d d ar am o n e ar l ies t
252 ANCI ENT MAN I N B RITAI N
s e t t l ers in P o st - Gl ac ial B rit ain R d M eTh W l h 9 7an e e s 1 2
R g i Th S
.
, , ,

60 e n ib 8 e, u s s ex t r e , 12
D gg B k 68
. .
,

R ac e s , fair C
el t s an d Te u t o n s , 60 R i d
e n e er o n o er an
F h d G m i
.
, .

Fir - b o l gs in I r e l an d , 2 2 3 r en c ly an an , n e ar
F z
er

A ig i im
.
,

u r fo o t e, 56 yp . ur 4 S
n ac an t es , 1 . ee

b r o ad - h e ad e d fair t es , 5 6 yp F a una
G F i S
. .

aelic Fir - d o m n an n an d ir l d il l w lf h
n y
c o t an t t e t c en t u r
g
b o l , 9 0 , an d al s o n o t e 1 67
,

G G m y i R m im
. .

ib r al t ar m an , 8 . i n er an n o an t es ,
C an n s t ad t m an , 8 . 68 .

N e an d er t h al m an , 9 Se e Nea n . Age , t h e , 2 1 3 .

R h o d es ia , m o u s e c u r e in , 1 87 , an d
g r e at mi g r at io n s by s e a, 92 al s o n o t e 2
g vy S v
. .

h i h an d h e a co ts , 1 37 R h o n e al l e t r ade r o u t e , 1 1 4 y
v g
. .

in t r u s io n o f Ro u n d ar r o w B R i e r s , o dd e s s e s an d , 2 0 6
v
.

b r o ad h e ad e d eo l e , 8 7 1 2 6
-
p p R i e r - w o r s h i , 1 7 6, 1 7 8 , 1 7 9 p
L g z
. .

on h eads u se b r o n e in R o bin , a pp
l e c u l t an d , 2 04
G g
.

I r e l an d , 8 7 R o b in Re d - b r e as t , o n l as o w
g
.

m e al it h ic in t r u d er s , 94 s e al , 1 8 5
gE g g
. .

p p
m ixe d eo l es am o n as t ern er s in St M u n o l e e n d , 1 86
W E
. .

in es t e r n u ro e , 1 0 7 p R o m an s , h o w r it ain w as c o n B
g A
.

m o d e r n C r o- M a n o n s in fr ic a, q u ered b y , 1 19 , 1 2 0
F
.

B r it is h I s l e s , an d r an c e , 2 5 . C
e l t ic b o at s s u e r io r t o b o at s o f p ,

C
o mb e C p
a el l e -
m an , 2 5 2 24
k
. .

B r ux an d B
r unn s u ll s , 2 5 as e x pl o it e rs o f c o n q u er e d c o u n
G
.

al l e yH
il l m an , 2 6, 2 7 . t r ies , 79 .

m o d e r n m an , 9 h o w l o an r at e o f in t e r es t w as -

g
.

C ro M a n o n , 9, 1 9
-
Se e C r o r edu c e d , 7 9

g g
. .

M agn on Races o d des s , ro u s o f , 2 0 7 p

Pil d G
. .

tm an , 9 2 6
o wn au l s in arm o f, 1 2 7 y
g g
. .
,

H e ide lb er m an 9 , . m ean an d t r a ic al c o n qu e s t o f
t n ic ian t yp e in C o rn wal l Br it ain b y , 2 2 6 , 2 2 7

g g vg
, .

1 39 . y
m t h s o f , r e ar din s a a e s in
p h ysi al c h ara t e o f 1 2 4
c c rs an c ie n t r it ain , 2 2 4 B
p k t s in B it i h I l e P
.
, .

oc e r s s s , 138 r e fe r e n c es o f , t o ic t s an d al e C
P Gl v
.

o st - m o eme n t s o f 5 4
ac ial d o n ian s , 1 3 0
g g
.
, .

p re- C el t ic ext erm in at io n t h eo ry , r e li io u s b e l ie fs o f , n o h i h er

10 7 . t h an t h o s e o f ae l s , 2 0 8 G .

few in t r u s io n s in an c ien t B ri Tac it u s o n r e w ar ds o f , in B r i

i
t a n , 1 09 . t ain , 7 9 .

s e tt l e m en t s of t r ade rs an d w ar s fo r t r ad e , 2 2 9
k k
.

w o r ers , 1 0 9 R o m e , c o n n e c t io n o f , w it h m il
g
.

s h o r t b ar r o w in t r u de r s , 1 04 o d d es s c u l t , 1 4 9 , 1 5 0
g k
. .

c r em at in in t r u d e r s , 1 04 s ac e d b y el t s , 1 1 2 C
S G g
. .

o l u t re an in t r u s io n , 4 9 . Ro s m e r t a, t h e
-
au l is h o d de s s
Tac it u s s r e fer en c es t o
’
r it is h B 17 4 .

r ac es , 1 3 7 R o w an , 22 1
g
. .

t r an s it io n pe r io d an d N eo lit hic , b er r y o f, as fr u it of lon evit y ,

61 144
g g
. .

Se e Tr ee
’
R ain b o w as o d s r o d s lin , 2 04 -
t h e s ac r e d , 1 7 9 , 1 80
v g g v
. .

R a e n an d o dd e s s o f ro e an d
s ky , 1 60 Ry e , v
c u l t i at io n o f, 5
v
. .

C
R a e n s , e l t ic d e it ie s as , 1 9 5
D gg k S
.

Re d d eer o n o er an , 68 B . ac re d s t o n es an d s ac r e d t r ees ,
 I N DEX 2 53

10 3 Se e M ega l ithic M onumen ts

. Set an t i i , Th e , in n l an d an d I r e E g
an d Tr ee C u l ts l an d , 1 2 8
S fi
. .

fi
ac r i c e s , an n u al p ig s ac ri c e s , C u c h u l l in an d , 1 2 8
Sv v
.

201 e eru s , d is as t ro u s in as io n o f
fi S
.

o xen s ac r i c ed to d em o n s in c o t l an d b y , 1 3 0 , 2 2 5

E gl S g
.

n an d , 1 7 8 p
h e e , o dd es s as , 1 5 4
g S
. .

at w as s ailin in co t o - e l t ic C
t r ib al n ame s ,
S ah ar a, 2 7 129
g l d Sh
. .

r as s an s of t h e , 14 e l l s , as a mu l e t s 3 4 80
S wi h i Ap h
. .
, ,

St t n s
’
D ay 1 68 r o dit e as p ea l
in , 1 5 8 r

S Gl g g v
. .
.
,

al mo n on c it y of as ow s eal , in Brit is h ra e s , 4 6

S
.

185 fi n d s o f , in I re l an d an d co t

as fo rm o f d r a o n , 1 82 g l an d , 4 6
A g v
. .

fi r e an d , 1 8 3 c o l o u re d , in u r i n ac ian c a e
G
.

ael ic n am e s o f , 1 8 2 t o mb , 4 6
fi g g j v
. .

I r is h s ain t n ds o l d in s t o mac h w e arin o f, n o t a u e n il e c u s

o f , 1 84 tom, 4 6
g g
. .

in St M u n o l e e n d , 1 84 C o mbe - C p
a el l e m an w o r e , 2 5
g g g
. . .

t h e r in m th , 183 y in C r o- M a n o n r o t t o , 2 3
g
. .

t h e s ac r e d s al m o n of wis C r o- M a n o n t r ad e in , 4 0
J S
.

do m 1 82 p
a an e se an d c o t t is h s h ell
S g Akk k g k
.

ar o n o f ad , h is n o wl ed e o f m il e l ixirs , 4 0 , 2 2 1
W e s t er n E
u r o e an m e t al - ie l din p y g Cup of M ar i hl an d y Hg
ar e as , 99 e t seq , 2 1 8 y
m th , 4 2
S
. . .

ax o n s , 1 2 6 p
l im e t l o r e , 4 2 , an d al so n o t e 1
Egyp
. .

Cel ts an d , 2 2 7 t ian ar t i c ial , 1 7 3 fi

P Egyp g
. .

th e , ic t s as allies o f 1 3 1 t ian o l d m o d el s o f , 4 1

S v
. .
,

p
ca e - d o g, t h e , 6 5 y
s t o n e , i o r , an d m e t al m o d el s

S g
.

c o t s , Th e , C r o M a n o n s an d , 1 3 7 -
o f, 4 1
P gv
. .

ic t s an d , 1 3 0 as life - i ers 41
S Ev
. .

fir s t s et t l e m en t o f , in c o t l an d il E y e c h arm s , 3 9
g k
.
,

1 30 C r o M a n o n n e c l ac e , 3 9
-

S
.

co tt , M ic h ael , in s er p en t my t h , as fo o d fo r d e ad , 4 1 .

1 88 C re t an art i c ial , 4 1 fi
S g
. .

eafar in . Se e B o a ts . fair yw o m an s c o r ac l e a s h el l ,
’

Se a go d , the H ’
e b r id e an S eonaiah 2 07
S g A ig
.

( how ) 19 3 in r o t t o at ur n ac , 2 2
S G g
. .
.

e as o n s , ae l ic c o l o u rs o f , 1 69 ro u n d s h e ll li i 38
s as e x r,
f g d 38
. .

Sel go v ze , Th e , 1 3 9 as h o u s es o o s,

G v g
. .

in all o w a , 1 2 9 y l o e ir d l e o , f 38
S g dd
. .

p
er en t ,
’
B
r id e s se r e n t an d d r a p H e b r id e an t ree o ess an d ,

go n , 1 88 153
g v A
.

as d au h t e r o f I o r I n d ian O c e an s h el l in u ri
d ams el &c , 1 8 7 gn ac ian c a e , 3 6 v
g
. . .

d r a o n as , 1 8 2 as l ife s u b s t an c e 80 , 1 5 8 1 7 8
g A g v
. .
,

o d d e ss B
r id e an d , 1 8 7 m an t l e o f , in u ri n ac ian c a e
v
.

j e t d r i es aw a , 1 64 y tomb , 4 5
k
. .

s ac r e d w h it e , 1 8 8 . m il fro m , 4 0 , 2 2 1 .

p
o n s c u l tu r ed s t o n es , 1 5 5
“
p
e rs o n al o r n am e n t s t h eo r , y
k
s n a e o f h a el ro e 1 89 z g v .
37
p
s e a- s e r e n t , 1 8 9 . Re d Se a s h ell in H amp sh i re , 47 ,
as s o u l , 1 8 9 an d al so n o t e 1
S
.

t h e w h it e , in M ic h ael co tt -
Re d Se a s h el l in N eo l it h ic
g
l e en d , 1 8 8 . Sp ain , 96 .
2 54 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
Sh el l s , Re d Se a s h el l at M en t o n e ,

2 10 49
g li h i
.

s e ar c h e d fo r by me a t c i
0

c ar r e r s o f , 50 .

p o ple
e 92 e t s eq I m p l em en t s , 2 1
W v S
.
,

in el sh c a e - t o m b , 2 0 o u l an im al s h ap e s o f 65 , 1 7 8 1 90

S fl
.
, , .
,

hi s p Se e B o a ts b e e an d b u t t e r y fo rm s o f 1 9 1
S k
. .
,

il u r e s , Th e , e b r id ean s an d , 1 3 9H b ee fo rm s o f in fo l t al e s , 1 93
g gS
.
, .

Tac it u s o n , 1 3 7 b el iefs r e ar din , l e e p e r s m yt h

W S y
.
,

in al es an d c il l I sl an ds , 29
S J
.

12 9 s bu l -
c as e in c o t l an d an d a p an
S il i
.

u r an s , as m in e rs 1 18 44
S il v G
.
, .

an u s , B r it is h d eit , y 2 07 b u t ter fl as , in y r ee c e , I t al , y
S il v S
.

er , a m b er an d , 1 65 e r b ia , B
u r m ah , M e xic o , h in a , C
S
.

in B
r it ain , 9 1 c o t l an d , I r e l an d , &c , 1 9 2 , 1 93

k i g G
. . .

d iffi c u l t t o fi n d an d wo r n the c h an e in ae l ic , 1 5 8 .

B r it ain , 9 5 n o u r is h m e n t o f , 1 5 8
fi
.

p
e x o r t e d fro m B r it ain in rst c r em at io n c u s t o m s an d d e s t in y
c en t u r yAD 1 14 o f , 1 09

E k Sp
. . .
.
,

as t er n e r s in ain , 9 7 wo r ed, d e ad go w e s t , 1 7 3
G
. .

ae lic go d c o n n e c t e d w it h , 1 0 2 d o g fo r m o f , 65
G D g
. .

o ff e r e d t o w at er d e it by au l s y r u id s an d t r an s m i r at io n , 1 4 2

v
.
,

17 4 . h e ar t an d l i e r as s e at s o f l ife ,

o ffe re d to d e it ies b y C el t s , 80 1 54
gg
. .

l e ad , as b al l ast fo r b o at s of ma o t as , 1 0 2

E Egyp i
.

as t e r n e rs ,
99 t an B at a my th 10 3
D
.
,
.

Si ( p r u id s mo t h fo r m
’
n d h
ro n o u n c e s een ) the o f, 1 92
j dgm
,
.

u ll en t c o ar , 1 4 6 ser p en t
fo r m o f , 1 8 9
Ski
. .

p
ns, d f ex o rt e ro m B r it a n i in z
li ar d an d o t h er fo r m s o f, 1 89 .

fi y
r st c e n t u r A D 1 14 s t ar as , 2 0 8

Sky k
. . .
, ,
.

,
i f
c o n n ec t o n o s ac r e d t r ees an d in s t o n e o r h u s , 1 7 3 .

w l l wi h
e 79 s t 1 in t rees , 1 90
Sl v
. .
,

p
a es , d f ex o rt e ro m B r it ain in in e gg, fi s h , s w an s , &c , 1 90 . .

fi rst c en t u r y A D 1 14 See Fir in w e a o n s , 5 0 p

W g g
. . . .
,

bolgs el s h id e as r e ar d in d es t in y
Sl H ighl an d
.

ee pe rs my t h in s to r y o f , 144

k
, , .

47 So w d ay in O r n e , 2 0 1
-
y
Sv g
.

the e e n , an t iq u it y o f my t h o f So w o dd e s s , t h e , 1 5 4 Se e P igs
Sp
, . .

29 . ain , B
r it is h t r ad e w it h , 1 1 4 , 1 1 6 .

Sm e rt ae
Th e 1 2 9 c o l o n is t s f ro m , in r it ain , 1 0 6 B
E
. .
, ,

Sm e r t u l l is the g,o d ,
R o -
s me r t a p
d is l ac em en t o f as t e r n e r s in ,

an d 17 4 22 1
S A D idi m i 4 9
. .
,

min t h e u s p o ll o Se e Al o use . ru s n, 1 .

Ap o l l o e arly d f wi h B i i
t ra e 8 o t r ta n , 2 1
S E
.
.
,

o l u t re an A ge 13 i
as t e rn e r s
95 8 9 n, 2 11, 2 1 22
Ag E kp iv
.
, .
, ,

p r e - r ic u l t u r al 2 13 as t er n e r s f e t n at es o
S fl ig
, .
,

p ro t o - o l u t r e an in u e n c e 2 1 6 f
n o r an t o f m l 99 u s es o et a s ,

v Egyp i g l d di d m i N
. .
,

c u l t u r e , c a e ar t d e c l in e s , 5 1 . t an o a e n eo

c h ar ac t e r is t ic ar t ifac t s , 5 0 li hi
t mb 9 8 c to
E gyp i ig i
. .
,

c l im at e , 5 1 . t anf N li h i or n o eo t c

o p e n - air c am p s , 5 1 i d
n y i 97
ustr n,
f E
. .

b o n e n ee dl e s n u m e ro u s 5 2 ex p li u s on f m o as t ern er s ro

E
.
, ,

d e c l in e o f ,in u ro p e , 5 2 1 00

fl Ag i l l A
. .

e arl ie s t in u en c e o f, in i p n r e- 3 r cu t u ra ge , 21
E
.

u ro pe , 49 . s et t l e rs fr o m , in B ritain ,
12 7 .
 I N DEX 2 55

of go d L gh u 2 06 Swi ne, g
M a l em o s ian h u n t er s o f 57
k
.
, , .

in g. 5 O r n ey a bo ar n am e , 1 2 9
g
.

w o r s hi p Se e A mnu sm in R o m an r e li io u s c e r em o n y , 5 1
S gS S
. .

t an d in t o n es Se e M ega l ithic c o t t is h t ab o o o f , 1 99

S Lg
. .

w o r d o f go d u h , 2 06
S g S
.

t ar , St C iar an s s t ell ar o r i in , 2 0 8
.
’
. ym bo l s , s w as h t ik a, &c , 1 65 , 1 66 . .

t h e D o g, 64 Se e C o l o ur Sy mbol ism
S D
. .

t ar s, r u id l o re o f , 1 7 5

G
.

ael s m e as u r e d t im e b y , 1 7 5 , Taexali Th e 1 2 9
J
, , .

an d al s o n o t e 1 Talis n an s I ris h an d p an
g
a es e ,
S g
.
,

ir on a, s t ar o d de s s , 2 0 8 20
ky kg G
.

M il W ay an d m il o dd es s Tar an uc u s (Th u n de r e r) ,
au l is h
c u l t , 149 go d , 2 07
W G
. .

el s h an d ael ic n ame s o f, Tar d e n o is ian 5 4 62 , , .

3 20 ar t ifac t s , 1 3

S i S di g S
.

t en n s , t an n t o n es o f , 9 4 I b e rian c arr ie rs o f , 2 1 6

S f D m Ag i
. .

to n e o d i i a an n e t es , 2 0 6 p re- r c u l t u r al , 2 1 3

pygm y fl in t
. .

g d 5
as o 1 s, 54 . 5 5
S h g d i f i i
, .

to n e e n e, o ctr ne o Ca r din al Tar d e n o rs ran s Th e

,

In B ta n , 1 2 5
Pi
r

E gl i h g
, ,

d
o n t s an
74 1 n s C h an n el l an d b rid -
e
d Egyp i Emp i
.
,

an t an re be ad s , c ro ss e d b y , 69
A
.

1 04 , 1 0 5 1 06 I n du s t r , t r ac es o f, in y fric a,
A E
.

Te m p l e t h eo ry 17 7 s ia, an d u ro e , 7 1 p
S g v
. .
,

to n e s , in ra es , 33 , 34 M agl em o s ian s an d , 5 7
g
. .

w in d r aise d by , in H ebrides , p p
Tem l es , a an , u se d as h ris t ian C
c h u r c h es , 1 7 7
—
17 2
G
. .

as go d b o d y 173 the au lis h , 1 7 7

g gg Ap Eg
. .

dr a o n s e s
as
’
17 3 o l l o s t e m l e in
’
n l an d , 1 7 7 p
S S g
. .
,

u m e r ia Se e B a by l o n ia t o n eh en e , 17 7
y Py
. . .

Su n an c ie n t B r it is h s o l ar s mb o l ,
, t h e as r e fe rs t o , 1 7 8 .

1 62 r e ro o fi n g c u s t o m , 1 7 8

g L
. .

c ir c u l at in c h ap e l s , &c , 1 4 8 Te n Tr ib e s , Th e o s t , 1 1 8
g B
. . .

e ar - r in s an d , 1 65 . Te u t o n s , r it is h el t s
’
r e l at io n s C
fir e an d , 1 8 1 . w it h , 1 3 7 .

r ay s o f , as t e ar s , 1 8 1 , an d al s o Ce l t s an d , 1 2 5 .

no te 3 Th o mas t h e R h m e r , Tr u e y
G li D
.

aew o rs h i o f 1 7 0
c p Th o mas as r u id Th o m as

G l
.
,

ae s s w o r e b y , 1 4 8 14 6

g dd Dg
.

o es s an d , 1 63 . Th o r , a da an d , 2 02 .

mo dern an d an c ien t s u n w is e y
Til bu r m an , 7 0 , 7 1 .

c u st o ms 17 1 Tin , 1 0 1
g g g g
. .
,

Su n - w o rs h i p in B rit ain , Kin b e in n in o f min in in o rn C

C an u t e an d 14 7 w al l , 1 1 6
S urge ry an ien t man s kil l i S
. .
,

co tt is h an d I r is h , 94 , 1 1 7
’
c s n, 2
kl vid g di g
. .
,

fo l -
o re e en c e r e ar n 3 4 B
in r it ain an d I r el an d , 9 1
S g
. .
,

u rr o l ife bl o o d , 2 8
at e o f s u r fac e t in c o l l e c t e d in r it ain B
S
. ,

u s s ex d u g- o u t , 7 6, 7 7 9
Sw
. .

al l o w s , C
e l t ic d e it ie s as , 1 95 n gl is h min es o f, o p en ed aft er

Sw an s , as s o u l s , 1 9 0 . tin w as e xh au s t e d , 9 1
s u r fac e .

as o r ac l e s , 1 9 0 . t h e M ic t is ro bl e m , 1 1 6 p .

C el t ic d e itie s as , 1 9 5 d es c en dan ts o f an c ien t m in er s in

S
.

win e Se e P or k Ta boo B r it ain 1 18

fi
.
. . ,

C el t s r e ar e r s o f , 1 1 4 p
e x o r t e d fr o m o rn w all in rs t C
Dv
.

e il an d , 2 00 . c en t u r y A O . .
,
1 14 .
2 56 A N C I E N T M A N I N B R I TA I N
Tin Ph aan ic ian s
,
an d th e C ass it er Tr ee c ul ts , bee an d mag g ot so u l
id e s , 10 4 fo rm s in t re e s , 10 3
— an d s t an din g
. .

s e ar c h fo r , in r it ain , 9 5 B s t o n es , 103 ,
t r ac e s o f , in c o t l an d , 9 4 S .

t r ad e in , 2 1 9 c o r al as s e a t ree , 2 2 1
vyg Py g g
. .

o a e of t h e as , 1 0 7 ro w n old , 2 2 1.
g
.

C
o r n is h m in es o e n e d , 1 0 7 p . an d s t an din s t o n es an d
See C a ssiter ides an d E s try mn ides w el l s , 14 7
L S g v
. .

Tin an d , ar o n of Akk ad s
’
t r e es an d w el l s an d h ea en ly
kn o w l ed e o f t h e ge st e r n u ro W E b o die s , 1 80
D idi m d 4
.

pe an , 9 9 , 2 1 8 ru s an 1 1
fi g m il k yi l di g
. .
,

Tin - s t o n e as b al l as t fo r bo at s o f as - e n t r ee , 1 4 9
E G li d L i m
.

as t er n e r s , 99 ae c an at n na es of
J d g v
.

To ad Th e o f 1 89 e w el s ac r e 59 ro es , 1
Gl i
, , , . .

To m t it app l e c u l t o f 2 04
-
d k
a at an s ac r e59 oa 1
G li h 5
.
, , , .

To o t h ac h e an c ie n t m an s u ff ere d au s 1 1

mil k
, , .

fro m , 2 elm as 5 t r ee , 1 1
g m il k
. .

To r q u ay M a d al en ian art n e ar , pl an e as 5 t re e , 1 1

g v g dd v
, .

54 ro e o es s as r a en or
Tr ad e e ar l yB r it is h ex p o rt s 1 04 c ro w 6 1 0
h h z l g d
.
, , , .

Re d Se a s h e ll in H amp sh i e r t e 4 a e
44 o 1 0, 1
pp l f l g vi y 44
, , .

47 , an d al so n o t e 1 a e o on e t 1
k
. .
,

r o u t es , B r it is h an d I ris h , 2 2 3 H eb r id e an s h el l an d m il
Sp g
.

B
,

r it is h t r ad e w it h ain an d o dd e s s an d , 1 5 3
g k g
.

Ca rt h a e, 1 14 I n dian m il -
y iel din t ree s ,
D v
.

an u b e al l e y an d Rhon e
v lla e y 1 14 m o u s e an d app l e t r e e 1 96
Sp i D
, .
, .

e ar l y t r ad e be t w een a n m is t l e t o e an d r u idism 14 5
g
.
,

an d B r it ain , 2 18 m e alit h ic m o n u m en t s an d
i fi t
.
,

pex o rt s fr o m B rit ain n rs

c en t u ry A D 1 14 an d p earl s
&c , 2 2 0
v S
. .
, .
, . .

w h en o e rl an d r o u t es w ere p al m t r ee c u l t in p ain , 2 2 0
G g
.

o p en e d , 1 06 o ak o n l as o w s e al , 1 8 5
g v
. .

C
e l t s an d , 1 0 6, 1 0 7 s ac r e d ro e s an d sto n e
P kp
.

h oen ic ian s e t s e a- r o u t es s h r in e s , 1 5 6 .

s e c re t ,
7 10 s ac r e d r o w an , 1 80
v y g f Py h S v
. .

o a7 e o t e as , 1 0 il an u s , B r it ish t r e e go d ,
P i d S A ili
.

T ii
r an s t o n er o . ee z an ,
T d ar i i d M l m i
en o s a n , an ag e os a n so u l s in t r e es , 1 90
g h N l i h i Ag g k
. .

l on er t an eo t c e, St M un o t a es fi r e fro m
z
.

the ha el , 1 8 6
m v m
.

r ac e i 54 o e en t s n, s t o n e c ir c l e s an d , 1 7 8

i S L g vi y
. .

n l d 6
c o t an 21 Tre e s of on e t an d
m ig i D idi m d K wl dg
.
,

T r an s r at o n ru s an no 5 e e, 1 2
Ki g f
.
, ,

w db i oo ne as n o th e
T p i
ra il v
ra n , b i sf er as su st tu t e or W d i G li 8
oo s n ae c, 1 0

d i g
.

wh i m lte 65
en a e at , 1 fi p re- 8 ro uc n t rees , 1 0
f k w l dg i g i
. .

T r ee l pp l
cu ts , a e o no e e T p
re an n n i im n an c en t t es , 2

T i v Th i E gl d
.

e at en b y Th o m as t h e Rh m er , y r no an t e s , e, n n an ,
128 .

14 6 T q i
ur ym b li m f
u o se , s o s o 22 1
L if Tw lf h N igh
.
.
,

a pp l e t ree as Tr ee o f e e t 4 t , 20 .

— U d w l d G l i id g
.

bir d s an d a pp l e t r e es , 2 04 n er or ae c e as re ar d
A fig
.
,

rt e mis an d t h e ,
1 93 . in g, 14 3 .
 I N D EX 2 57

Un d Egyp i p
e rw o r l d , t an ar adise o f , W e l l - w o r sh i p , D i gw l l P
n a re s b y t e ry
1 43 d e al s w it h , 1 4 8
P di G
. .

f i yl
a r d an as ar a s e , 1 44 il d as r e fe r s t o , 1 7 6
W l h id f 4 4
. .

e s e as o 1 w e ll as a go d , 1 7 6 9 -

W l l f h li g i g
.
, .

e o ea n n , 1 97 t r e e s , s t an d in s t o n e s , an d , 14 7

k
. .

U rn s, b u r ial , fo o d an d drin in , win ds an d , 1 7 4

g g
.

158 o ff e r in s o f o ld , &c , 1 7 4
G W g
. . .

U x ell irn u s , au l is h go d , 2 07 el s h o ds , 2 03

W S
. .

e r e - an im al s , c o t t is h , 1 9 0 .

Vac o m agi Th e , 1 2 9 w it c h es an d , 1 9 1
P W v
.
, .

V e n e t i, Th e , ic t o n es as s is t R o man s h e at , c u l t i at io n o f , 5
g W
.

a ain s t , 2 2 4 h is t l e , th e , an t iq u it o f , 3 1 y
P W g
. .

ic t s an d 1 3 1 ido w - b u rn in , 1 1 0
W
.
, .

Ve n u s Se e A p hr odite in d , fair ies co m e o n e d dies o f , 1 7 3

W
. .

th e r it is h B
2 04 in d an d w at er b el ie fs , 1 7 4
W g S
.
, .

C
aes ar o ff e r e d r it is h e ar l s t o , B p in d o dd e s s , c o tt is h , ass o c iat e d
79 w it h s o u t h - w e s t , 1 7 3
gi f 3 8 W
.

o ri n o in d s , co l o u rs o f , 1 69 e t seq
h S d i vi G g
.
, .

t e 6 c an na an , 1 1 ae l ic n am es o f , in s r in , 1 9 8 p
Th i S
. .

V i
er n c o n es , l e, n c o t an d , 1 2 9 . H eb ride an w in d - s t o n e , 1 7 2
Vik i g h ip ig i W
.

n f 76
s or n o it c h e s , c at fo rm s o f , 1 96
di i i S
. , . .

V o ta l d
n 9 ,
n c o t an ,
12 . p r ies t ess es an d , 1 4 7 .

V u l c an the C el t i c , 2 02 , 2 03 . we r e an im al s an d , 1 9 1
-

W
.
,

it h e r sh in s , 1 7 2
W W
.

ar far e , N eo l it h ic w eap o n s r ar e , 6 C
o ad , e l t ic c o n n e c t io n o f, w it h

W
.

at e r ,fi r e in , 1 8 2 w at e r , am b er , &c , 1 63
W g
. . .

as s o u r c e o f al l l ife , 1 8 0 o l f, o dd es s as , 1 5 4
g g
. .

p
s ir it s , 2 0 7 o d des s M o rr i an as , 1 9 5
W L W g
. .

at e r o f ife fir e w at er as , o o d bin e as K in of the

W o o ds 1 80
W p W k
.

ea o ns , C el t s s wo r e by , 14 8 . o rl d M il l Th e , met al wo r er s
d e m o n s in , 5 0 an d , 9 0
W
. .

y
as s ac r e d s m b o l s in I r el an d an d pp
ren , a l e c u l t o f , 2 04
J D
.

p
a an , 2 0 6 r u id s an d , 1 4 5

W g g
. .

ell , e as t B (dr a o n ) in , 1 8 2 h u n t in o f , 1 8 7
W g
. .

e ll s , r id e ( B ri it ) an d , 1 88 B t h e s ac r e d , 1 8 6
k g
. .

c o n n e c t io n o f , w it h tr ee s , s t o n e s , as in o f bir d s , 1 86 .

an d s ky , 1 8 0

g S
.

o dd es s an d , 1 80 Yel l o w M u il e art e ac h , t h e , c o t t is h

g
.

w e l l o f h e al in in n de r U d eit y ,
1 9 6, 1 9 7 .

w o rl d , 1 9 7
W g v
.

el l w o rs h i
-
an d s ac re d p ro e , Z u yd e r Z e e , fo rm e rl a l ain , 69 y p
v
.

h e a en , &c , 1 60 . . dis as t ers o f , 69 , 7 0 .