Topic 1 Arithmetic

UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR
MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER 1 : ARITHMETIC
1.1 TYPE OF NUMBERS
REAL NUMBER
IRRATIONAL RATIONAL
NUMBER NUMBER
DECIMAL
INTEGER
NUMBER
NEGATIVE WHOLE
INTEGER NUMBER
NATURAL
ZERO
NUMBER
PRIME COMPOSITE
ODD NUMBER EVEN NUMBER
NUMBER NUMBER
Figure 1 : Hierarchy of Numbers
REAL NUMBER
All the numbers on the number line
1
IRRATIONAL NUMBER AND RATIONAL NUMBER
An irrational number is one that is not rational. If an irrational number is written as a

decimal fraction, the decimal is infinite and has no repeating pattern.
Example : square and other roots of prime numbers: √2 = 1.4142135 ;

√7 = 1.1912935
Numbers such as and e : = 3.14159265358979323 …

e = 2.718281…
Remark: A surd is an expression containing one or more irrational roots of numbers

A rational numbers is a number which can be written in the form
where p and q are
integers and q≠0. All proper fractions, improper fractions, mixed numbers and integers are
rational numbers. So are terminating and recurring decimal fractions.

Example : , , , . , .

DECIMAL NUMBER AND INTEGER
A decimal number is a fraction which covert to decimal point
Integers are all the numbers which cannot be form as fraction and decimal number.
Example : …… -2 , -1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ….
In number line, they can be represented as:
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
2
NEGATIVE INTEGER AND WHOLE NUMBER
A negative number is a natural number with ‘ – ‘ sign in front of the number.
Whole numbers are the all positive numbers including zero.
Example : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7….
In number line, they can be represented as:
0 1 2 3 4 5
ZERO AND NATURAL NUMBER
The natural numbers is known as the counting numbers and they are always positive.
Which start from 1 with whole number
Example : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, …..
The natural numbers are placed in a line (number line) with equal distances between them.
(Notice that the natural numbers have a particular order)
1 2 3 4 5 6
ODD NUMBER AND EVEN NUMBER
An odd number is all natural numbers which cannot be divided by 2.
An even number is all natural numbers which can be divided by 2.
PRIME NUMBER AND COMPOSITE NUMBER
A prime number is natural numbers can be divided by 1 and itself.

Note: 1 is not a prime number
A composite number is natural numbers which not categorize as prime number including 1
3
1.2 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE INTEGER
A whole number can be existing as either positive or negative integer.
‘Positive’ number are recognized by a ‘ + ‘ sign in front of the number
Example : +2 +4 +5 etc
‘Negative’ number are recognized by a ‘ – ‘ sign in front of the number
Example : -2 -4 -5 etc
If no sign shown, the number will consider as positive number
Example : 2 4 5 etc
1.3 ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
In arithmetic the four basic operations performed are:

i. Addition (+ )
ii. Subtraction (−)
iii. Multiplication ( × )
iv. Division (÷)
When carry out operation (i) and (ii) the following rules apply:
Rule 1 : When unlike sign come together the operation will be subtraction
(−)
Rule 2 : When like sign come together the operation will be addition ( + )
Rule 3 : The answer will refer to the sign of the largest number
Rule 4 : If the sign is positive, the answer will be positive.
If the sign is negative, the answer will be negative
When carry out operation (iii) and (iv) the following rules apply:
Rule 5 : When unlike sign come together the result is a negative sign
Rule 6 : When like signs come together the result is positive sign.
4
1.3.1 Addition (sum)
When adding numbers the result is called SUM
Example :
1. 6 + 4 = 10 (the sum of 6 & 4 is 10)
2. The addition of +6 and – 4 is written as :
6 + (-4)
Applying Rule 1 and Rule 3, this becomes 6 – 4, the sum of which is 2
1.3.2 Subtraction (Difference)
This is the process of finding the difference between numbers
Example:
1. 10 – 6 = 4
2. 10 – (-6)
6) = 16 (Applying Rule 2 and Rule 4 becomes 10 + 6 = 16)
Example : Add together the following numbers : +5, - 3, - 7, and +4
(+ 5) + (- 3) + (- 7) + (+ 4)
(Applying Rule 1 – 4 becomes)
5–3–7+4
Gives an answer of – 1
Written as 5 – 3 – 7 + 4 = -1
5
1.3.3 Multiplication (Product)
Multiplication is the name given to the process of repeated addition of identical numbers
(which is the way a computer does it anyway)
Thus the sum 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 20, may be expressed as 5 x 4 = 20
Rule 5 and 6 can be apply for multiplication
Example : Multiplying 6 and – 8 gives the answer – 48

Multiplying – 3 and -7 gives the answer + 21
When multiplying larger numbers it is important to keep the numbers in the respective
columns.
Example : Consider 62 x 14
This can be solving by the following procedure:

62
× 14
248
+ 62
868
1.3.4 Division (Quotient)
This is the name given to the process of determining the number of times one number (the
DIVISOR) is contained within a second number (the DIVIDEND), the result being known as
the QUOTIENT
There are several ways that show division
12
Example : 1. Divide 12 by 4 may be written as 12 ÷ 4 or as or 12 4
4
The answer, the quotient, is 3 in all cases
2. Consider a further example 569 ÷ 4

For convenience this may be written as 4 569
142
4 569
400 4 x 100
169 Difference
160 4 x 40
Difference
9
4x2
8 Difference
1
6
1.3.5 Brackets
Brackets are used in mathematics to group terms that are to undergo a common operation.
Brackets are always used in pairs of the same type. A wide range of shapes exist including
the following: [ ], { }, ( )
A number, positioned immediately outside a bracket, will be multiplied by the term or terms
inside the bracket, as the bracket is removed.
Example : 3 (7 + 2) = 3 (9)
=3x9
= 27
The multiplying number written in the previous question in front of the bracketed terms has
the same effect if written immediately behind.
Thus (7 + 2)3 also gives an answer of 27
If no number is shown immediately outside the bracketed term, then it is understood to be

1.
Thus (7 – 3) is understood as 1(7 – 3) = 4
However - (7 – 3) is understood as - 1(7 – 3) = - 1 x 4 = - 4
Adjacent bracketed terms indicated multiplication

Thus (8 – 5) (6 + 2) = (3) (8)
=3x8
= 24
Problems involve multiple brackets are solved by working outwards from the innermost
bracket
Example : 2 [ 6 (7 – 4) ] = 2 [6(3)]
= 2[18]
= 36
7
1.3.6 Mixed Operations
In arithmetic the operations required, when the signs are mixed, must be carried out in a
particular order (in effect the signs have different strengths). The sequence of operations
follows the pattern below
When a calculation involves more than one operation, the order in which the numbers are
combined is important. The sequence in which operations are performed is:
B Bracket - the contents of any brackets must be evaluated

before performing any other operation
Example : 2 × 7 + 4 =
15 − 2 − 7 =
E Exponent - Example : 2! + 3 =
D Division whichever appears first from left to right

or
M Multiplication Example : 5×3÷3×2=
A Addition Whichever appears first from left to right

or
S Subtraction Example : 3 − 2 + 7 − 4 + 10 =
Note :
The correct answer to calculation is obtained only if the precedence is right
Example : Solve 2 + 6 x 9 ÷ 3 (2 + 5) – 8
= 2 + 6 × 9 ÷ 3 ( 2 + 5) − 8

Brackets
= 2 + 6 × 9 ÷ 3× 7 − 8
=2+ 6
×9 ÷ 3× 7 − 8
Multiplication
= 2 + 54
÷ 3 × 7 − 8 = 2 + 18
×7 − 8
Division Multiplication
= 2
+ 126 − 8 = 128
− 8 = 120
Addition Subtraction
Example : Solve 3(2 – 5) +45

= 3 (2 − 5) + 4 5

Bracket
= 3 × 7 + 45
Exponent
= 3
×7 + 1024
Multiplication
= 21
1024
+
Addition
= 1045
8
Some important facts :
1. When 0 is added to any number the sum is the number

Eg. 373 + 0 = 373 and 0 = 74 = 74
2. When a number is multiplied by 1 the product is the number

Eg. 9483 x 1 = 9483 and 1 x 534 = 534
3. When a number is multiplied by zero, the product is zero

Eg. 173 x 0 = 0 and 0 x 2398 = 0
4. You cannot divide a number by zero

Eg. 3 ÷ 0 is meaningless / infinity
5. When zero is divided by any number, the result is zero

Eg. 0 ÷ 79 = 0 and 0÷7=0
9
1.4 FRACTION AND DECIMAL
1.4.1 Fraction
A fraction is written as two numbers separated by a horizontal or sloping line.
!
Example : ‘two seventh’ = = 2/7
$
The number to the right of or below the line is called the denominator, D. The number to
the left of or above the line is called the numerator, N.
Types of fraction
TYPES OF
DEFINITION EXAMPLES
FRACTION
2 5
Proper fractions Numerator smaller than (<) denominator ,
7 14
Improper Numerator equal to the bigger than (>) 7 11

,
fractions denominator 2 10
7 7
Mixed fractions Whole number plus common fraction 5+ =5
8 8
Equivalent 2 1
Two fractions that have equal values =
fractions 4 2
Conversion
1. Convert improper to mixed
Divide N by D as far as possible and express any remainder as a proper fraction.
!$
Example : express as a mixed number
&
6
4 27
!$ '
− 24 Answer : = 6&
&
3
10
2. Mixed to improper
Multiply the whole number by D, add N. Place the total over N
' &×()' !'

Example : 4 = =
( ( (
ADDING AND SUBTRACTING FRACTIONS
1. Same denominators - just add / minus the number numerator
' ! (
Example : 1. + ** = **
**
! * *
2. − =
' ' '
2. Different denominators - find a common denominator
Example :
1 1 20 + 5 25 5 1
+ = = = =1
5 20 20 20 4 4
Note : After adding / subtracting, the answer should be simplified to the lowest
term.
Example :
* ' + *, ' *
a. (
+(+(= (
=2 b. (
+(=
$ & ' ! !
c. + + = d. − =
*! ( + ( '
' !
e. 2& + 5( =
11
MULTIPLYING AND DIVIDING FRACTIONS
1. Multiplication
The product of two fractions is the product of the numerators divide by the product
of the denominators
- / -×/
× =
. 0 .×0
' ( *(
Example : 1. × =
1 $ (+
The numerator can be simplified with the denominator if possible before multiplying
' & ' * '

Example : 2. × $ = ! × $ = *&
1
Mixed fractions have to be converted into improper fractions before starting to

multiply. To multiply fractions, first multiply their numerators and then multiply
their denominators.
' * ** $ $$ (
Example : 3. 11 × 2' = ×' = !& = 3 !&
1
2. Division
To divide two fractions, we need to invert the divisor and change the division sign to
the multiplication sign
- / - 0 -×0
÷ = × =
. 0 . / .×/
* * (
Example : Simplify 22 ! − 1 '3 ÷ 1 4
Solution :
 1 1  5  5 4  14
2 −1  ÷1 =  −  ÷
 2 3 9 2 3 9
 15 − 8  9
= ×
 6  14
7 9
= ×
6 14
1 3
= ×
2 2
3
=
4
12
Example : Evaluate the followings
+ ( ( '
a. × = b. × =
*, 4 *! **
$ & *& *
c. ÷ = d. ÷2 =
*+ ( !, *,
* ' ! & * * *
e. 3' × 4( ÷ 7' = f. 3 ×2 −7 ÷1 =
( $ ! !
1.4.2 Decimal
Decimals are fractions whose denominators are 10, or some multiple of 10, such as 100,
1000, 10000 etc. They are indicated by writing one, or more digits to the right of a decimal
point.
2
Thus may be expressed in decimal form as 0.2
10
Decimal point
2
= 0.02
100
2
and = 0.002 etc.
1000
Decimal fractions written as above, that is, without a whole number, are called ‘pure
decimal’. When a whole number is combined with the decimal fraction such as 2.2, 15.4,
120.65 etc then the number is known as a ‘mixed decimal’.
A decimal such as 7.459 may be written in the fractional form as
4 5 9 400 + 50 + 9
7+ + + =7
10 100 1000 1000
459
=7
1000
SHIFTING THE DECIMAL POINT
Example :
Number Operation Answer
Shift one place to the right 1.234 x 10 12.34
Shift two places to the right 6.789 x 100 678.9
Shift three places to the right 12.645 x 1000 12645
Shift two places to the left 1.658 ÷ 100 0.01658
13
Conclusions :
1. To shift the decimal point one place to the right, we multiply the number by 10
2. To shift the decimal point two places to the right, we multiply the number by 100
3. To shift the decimal point three places to the right, we multiply the number by
1000 conversely, shifting the decimal point one place to the left divides a number
by 10
RECURRING DECIMALS
Some divisions end exactly and can produce more numbers after the decimal point.
Example : 79/64 = 1.234375
In other cases, the division never works out exactly. The numbers after the decimal places go
on forever. This is a recurring decimal.
Example : 4/3 = 1.33333… = 1.3 = (only one figure recurs)

3/111 = 0.027027027… = 0.027 (more than one figure recurs)
ADDING AND SUBTRACTING DECIMALS
To add / subtract decimal numbers, place the decimal numbers in a column with all the
decimal points aligned. Then add / subtract the numbers in the usual way.
Consider the addition of 2.57, 34.8 and 0.04
1 1
2 . 5 7
3 4 . 8
+ 0 . 0 4
3 7 . 4 1
Aligning the decimal points puts the numbers into their correct position. Addition can then
be carried out as with whole number
Subtraction is carried out in a similar way
Example : subtract 1.370 from 2.620
5 12
2 . 6 2 0
- 1 . 3 7 0
1 . 2 5 0
14
Example : The resistor in diagram below is bent to fit into a circuit.What is the
total length of the resistor and the leads?
Solution :
15
MULTIPLICATION OF DECIMALS
The multiplication of decimals is carried out in the same way as that used for whole numbers
Thus 100 x 6.542 = 654.2
This is achieved by ignoring the decimal point until the multiplication is completed.
Example : 100 x 6542 = 654200
The position of the decimal point can be then be found by counting, from right to left, the
total sum of the decimal places, in the original problem, (three in this case) and inserting it
into the final product.
Example : 654.200 3 places of decimals from the right
Example : Multiply 0.215 x 2.31
Ignoring the decimal points
2 1 6
x 2 3 1
2 1 6
6 4 8
+ 4 3 2
4 9 8 9 6
Summing the number of decimal places involved in this problem gives a total
of 5
0.216 = 3 decimal places

2.31 = 2 decimal places
5 decimal places
Hence the answer becomes;
0.49896 = 5 places of decimals from the right
16
DIVISION OF DECIMALS
When a division is required involving decimals, the procedure adopted is performed the
same as for long division. However, if the divisor is in decimal form, the problem may be
simplified by making it a whole number and correcting the dividend accordingly.
72.828 7282.8
For example can be written as
2.52 252
To make the divisor a whole number, the decimal point (in this case) is moved two decimal
places to the right. In order that the mathematical problem remains unaltered, the decimal
point of the dividend must also move the same number of places in the same direction (to
the right).
28.900
252 7282.800
− 504
22412
− 201/ 26
2268
− 2268
72.828
= 28.9
2.52
Treat the calculation as an ordinary long division. When dividing the decimal numbers, the
divisor must be a whole number and not a fraction (by moving the decimal point to the right
of the number and the decimal point of the dividend must be moved the same number of
places to the right).
Example : Given that E = I x R .Solve the following:

A resistor has a 0.85A current through it. Use diagram below to
determine the applied voltage.
Solution :
17
1.4.3 Scientific Notation
ROUNDING OFF NUMBERS
If the digit to the right of the last rounded digit is less than 5 , do not change the last
rounded digit
If the digit to the right of the last rounded digit is 5 or more than 5, increase the last rounded
digit by one
Example : Round off the following numbers
a. 1.034 = 1.03 b. 3.1416 =
c. 57 = d. 2400 =
e. 0.333 = f. 0.666666=
SIGNIFICANT DIGITS
Significant digits are defined as follows:

1. All non zero digits are significant
2. Any zeros that are not used as placeholders for the decimal point are significant
Example :
NUMBERS SIGNIFICANT DIGIT EXPLANATION

0.004 1 All zero are placeholders
0.0703 3 First two zero are placeholders, last zero is not placeholder
30.2 3 Zero is not a placeholders
30.450 5 All zero are not placeholders
2313 4 All non-zero digits are significant
18,000 2 All zero are placeholders
Conclusion
1. The accuracy of a number of a number is measured by the number of significant

digits the number contains
Example : 0.123 5667 significant digits = 3

10.23 5667 significant digits = 4
~ 10.23 is considered more accurate than 0.123 because it has more
significant digits
2. The precision of a number is measured by the decimal place of the last digits
Example : 0.123 5667 decimal places = 3

10.23 5667 decimal places = 2
~ 0.123 is considered more precise than 0.123 because it has more decimal
places
18
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Many engineering and scientific calculation involve very large or small numbers. To ease the
manipulation and decrease the possibility of error, scientific notation is used. Scientific notation is
based on multiplying a number by a power of ten. Therefore, you must understand how to used
exponent listed below.
NUMBER ABOVE ONE

prefix power symbol Number
1
Deka 10 d Ten
Hector 102 H One hundred
Kilo 103 K One thousand
Mega 106 M One million
Giga 109 G One billion
tera 1012 T One trillion
NUMBER BELOW ONE

prefix power symbol Number
Deci 10 -1 d One tenth
Centi 10 -2 c One hundredth
-3
Mili 10 m One thousandth
Micro 10-6 µ One millionth
-9
Nano 10 n One billionth
pico 10-12 p One trillionth
Example : 1. 12,400,000 = 12.4 x 10-6 = 12.4E6 = 12.46
2. 0.004 =
1. Addition & Subtraction of Scientific Numbers
When doing the addition and subtraction, the exponent numbers must be the same in order
to align the decimal number
Example : 2.4 x 106 + 3 x 103 =
2. Multiplication of Scientific Numbers
When doing multiplication of scientific numbers, the find the product of the numbers and add
the exponent numbers to get the final answer
Example : (5.5 x 10-1) x (3 x 104) =
3. Division of Scientific Numbers
When doing division of scientific numbers, divide the number as normal division process and
subtracts the exponent number to get the final answer
Example : (5.28 x 103) ÷ (2.5 x 10-1) =
19
1.5 FACTORS AND MULTIPLES
Some natural numbers can be produced by multiplying smaller natural numbers together. These
smaller numbers are called factors
Example : 12 = 3 x 4 = 6 x 2 = 12 x 1
The number 12 above has been factorized in three different ways. The number 12 is known as a
multiple of 3 or 4 or 2 or 6, etc
A number is factored when it is written as a product.
Example : 12 = 3 . 4 (The integer 3 and 4 are called factors of 12.)
We can factor 12 still further as follows:
12 = 3 . 2 . 2 = 3 . 2!
When a number is written as a product of primes @ prime numbers, the number is said to be in
prime factored form.
Example: Write 120 in prime factored form.
Solution:
120 = 60 × 2 

= 30 × 2 × 2 

= 15 × 2 × 2 × 2  Prime Factored Form
= 3 × 5 × 2 × 2 × 2

= 3 × 5 × 23 
Therefore: 120 = 3 × 5 × 2'
20
1. Highest Common Factor, HCF
The HCF of a set of integers is the largest integer, which is a factor of each of them. To find
HCF:
1. Do a prime factorization of each integer

2. List them in column
3. Find the full columns (these are the common factors)
4. Multiply all the common factors to get the HCF
Example : Find the HCF of 24, 28 and 40
Integer 2 2 2 3 HCF
24 2 2 2 3
12 6 3
28 2 2 7
14 7 7
40 2 2 2 5
20 10 5
2 2 4
Example: Find the highest common factor of 72, 120 and 144.
Solution:
i. Write each number in prime factored form.
72 = 23 × 32
120 = 23 × 3 × 5
144 = 24 × 32
ii. Now take the lowest of each prime.
a. the lowest power of 2 is 2' .

b. the lowest power of 3 is 3.
c. the lowest power of 5 is 5, (or 1).
iii. To obtain the greatest common factor (GCF), multiply these powers:
HCF = 23 × 31 × 50
= 8 × 3×1
= 24
Note:
Example: Find the greatest common factor of 128 ' 9 ( , 308 & 9 ! and 248 ( 9 $ .
The same steps can be used to find the greatest common factor of a set of terms
containing variables.
21
Solution:
i. Write each number in prime factored form.
12x 3 y 5 = 22 × 3 × x 3 × y 5
30x 4 y2 = 2 × 3 × 5 × x 4 × y2
24x 5 y 7 = 23 × 3 × x 5 × y7
ii. Now take the lowest of each prime
a. the lowest power of 2 is 2.

b. the lowest power of 3 is 3.
c. the lowest power of 5 is 0.
d. the lowest power of 8 is 8 ' .
e. the lowest power of 9 is 9 ! .
iii. Multiply together the lowest power of each prime factor.
HCF = 2 × 3 × 50 × x 3 × y2
= 2 × 3 × 1 × x 3 × y2
= 6x 3 y2
2. Lowest Common Factor, LCM
The LCM of a set of integers is the smallest integer that they will all divide into
To find LCM:
1. Divide all the integers by 2

2. If any of them divide evenly, write 2 at the bottom of the table and the result of
division by 2 of each factor in the space to the right of each factor. If they do not
divide evenly, just rewrite the number again.
3. If 2 does not divide evenly into any of the numbers, try 3.
4. Keep going until all of the numbers have been reduced to 1
5. Multiply the numbers on the bottom to get LCM.
Example : Find the LCM of 24, 28, 40 and 75
Integer LCM
10 5 5 5 1 1
15 15 5 5 1 1
45 45 15 5 1 1
75 75 25 25 5 1
x 2 3 3 5 5 450
Example:
22
1. Write each number in prime factored form.
1) 18 = 2) 30 =
3) 125 = 4) 50 =
5) 81 = 6) 39 =
2. Find the highest common factor of each set of terms.
1) 8, 24 = 2) 24, 36, 48 =
Solution: Solution:
8 = 24 =
9 = 36 =
∴ GCF = 48 =
∴ GCF =
3) 60 ' , 90 ! = 4) 208 ( 9 $ , 458 ' 9 4 , 758 & 9 & =
5) 3/0 + 5, 9>0 + 5 = 6) 2?3@ + 1, 5A3@ + 1 =
3. Factor out the greatest common factor (GCF).
23
1) 38 + 24 = 2) 58 − 20
Solution: Solution:
3) 88 ' + 128 ! = 4) −4@( + 12@' − 16@& =
Solution: Solution:
5) −2-+ − 8-( + 6-' = 6) 458 1 9 & − 308 ! 9 1 − 608 + 9 ' =
Solution: Solution:
7) 48A + ? − 39A + ? = 8) A − ?+A − ?!
Solution: Solution:
9) 8 + 238 + 5 − 8 + 28 − 4 =
Solution:
24
1.6 WEIGHTS, MEASUREMENTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS
SYSTEM OF UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
When the size of a quantity is determined using a defined unit, it is known as a measurement. To
make accurate, reliable measurements, we need units of measurement that do not change and that
can be duplicated. The system of units used by most countries is called “The Metric System”, but
now it is known as the System’ International D’Unites or SI Units.
Other systems of units are the English System of Units and the United States Customary System
Units (USCS).
To make the writing of large numbers easier (and use up less space) the unit can be raised (or
lowered) by 10 to a power. The power can be any value but is normally in units of 3. For example
Value raised to a power

Prefix Symbol Value
of 10
Tera T 1012 1,000,000,000,000
Giga G 109 1,000,000,000
Mega M 106 1,000,000
kilo k 103 1,000
milli m 10-3 0.001
micro µ 10-6 0.000,001
nano n 10-9 0.000,000,001
pico p 10-12 0.000,000,000,001
Non SI multiples and sub-multiples that may be encountered include:
Value raised to a power

Prefix Symbol Value
of 10
hecta h 102 100
deca da 101 10
deci d 10-1 0.1
centi c 10-2 0.01
WEIGHTS
Weight is the force (pull) of gravitational attraction that the centre of the earth exerts on all objects.
Objects located at greater distances from the centre of the earth will experience smaller earth’s
gravitational attractions.
Weight is dependent on the location of an object on earth. Mass of an object is constant.
The fundamental unit of force in SI units is Newton (N). Since weight is a force, the unit of weight
must also be the Newton. The English System of unit for weight is pound (lb).
25
MASS
Mass is the measurement of the amount of matter in an object. The greater the amount of matter
contained in an object, the greater will be the mass and hence the heavier it will be. The standard SI
unit of mass is kilogram (kg).
Consider a bag of sugar to differentiate the term ‘mass’ and ‘weight’. In the UK the standard bag of
sugar has a mass of 1 kg. If it is placed on a set of weighing scales they will, or should, read 1 kg. In
fact the scales are measuring the force of attraction between the bag of sugar and the earth not the
mass of the bag of sugar. The force in fact being about 10N.
If the scales and the bag of sugar were to be taken to the moon, the mass of the bag of sugar would
remain unchanged at 1 kg. Put the bag on the scales and the reading would be about 0.2 kg (1.6N).
in other words the bag of sugar would produce a force of about 1/6th of that which it exerted on the
earth although it’s mass has not altered.
Other than kilogram, the Metric System of units for mass is milligram (mg), gram (g) and metric
tones (t)
Example : 1 tonne = 1000 kg

1 kg = 1000 g
1g = 1000 mg
The Standard English System of unit for length is slug
1 slug = 14.59 kg
Another unit of mass is pound – mass (lbm)
1 lbm = 0.45359 kg
1 kg = 2.2 lbm
1 slug = 32 lbm
1 pound = 16 ounces (oz)
1 stone (st) = 14lb
1 hundredweight (cwt) = 8st
1 tonne = 20cwt
26
LENGTH
Length is a measurement of distance between two points. It measures how far two points are apart.
The standard SI unit of length is meter (m)
Other than meter, the Metric System units for length are millimeter (mm), centimeter (cm) and
kilometer (km)
Example : 1 km = 1000 cm
1m = 100 cm
1 cm = 10 mm
The Standard English System of unit for length is foot
(ft). 1 ft = 12 in
1m = 3.281 ft
1 ft = 0.3048 m
1 ft = 12 inches (in)
1 yard (yd) = 3ft
1 mile = 1760 yd
FLUID VOLUME
Fluid ounce, pint, quart and Imperial gallon.
1 pint (pt) = 20 fluid ounces (oz)

1 quart (qt) = 2 pt
1 gallon (imp gal) = 4qt
Millilitres, centilitres (non Si unit) and litres.
1 centilitre (cl) = 10 millilitres (ml)

1 litre (l) = 100 cl
TIME
Time is a measurement of interval between two events. It measures how long duration of time is.
The units of time are second, minute, hour, day, week, month, year, century and millennium
Example :
The standard SI units of time is second (s)
1 millennium = 1000 years

1 century = 100 years
**1 year= 12 months = 52 weeks = 365 days
1 week = 7 days
1 day = 24 hours
1 hour = 60 minutes
1 minute = 60 seconds
27
TO CONVERT FROM TO MULTIPLY BY
inches millimeters 25.4
Length meters inches 39.37
Statute mile nautical mile (nm) 0.87
pounds (mass) kilograms 0.45
Mass kilograms pounds(mass) 2.2
tones kilogram’s 1000
gallons (imp) liters 4.54
liters gallons (imp) 0.22
Fluid Volume
US gallon imp gallon 0.83
imp gallon US gallon 1.2
pounds per square
bar 14.5
Pressure inch (psi)(lb/in2)
psi Pa (Pascal) 6895
1.7 RATIO AND PROPORTION

1.7.1 Ratio
Ratio is the comparison of 2 numbers or quantities as a quotient.
It can be represented by x/y (provided that y ≠ 0) or x : y
They are generally reduced to lowest terms like fraction and can also be written in fractional form.
Ratios must be derived from quantities measured in the same units
Ratios are just numbers, they do have units
Example : Simplify the ratio
200g : 1kg (different units)

= 200g : 1000g
=1:5
We multiply all numbers in the ratio by the same amount, the ratio remains the same
Ratios can be simplified to the lowest term by dividing the HCF of the numbers
Example : Expressed the following ratio to the lowest term
a. 78 : 52 Solution : 3:2
b. 5/8 : 3/8 Solution :
c. 12/13 to 8/13 Solution :
d. 10cm2 : 10mm2 Solution :
28
1.7.2 Proportion
Proportion is the equality of 2 ratios
There are two types of proportions, Direct proportion and Inverse proportion
Example : 5 : 2 = 25 : 10
To solve problems dealing with proportion
METHOD : Use cross multiplication (The two ratios are written as fractions separated
by an equal sign)
Example :
1. Find the values of x for 5 : 25 = 3 : x
Solution :
2. If a : b = 5 : 3 , find
i. b:a
ii. a : (a – b)
iii. b : (a + b)
iv. (a – b) : (a + b)
3. If a : c = 3 : 4 and a : b = 4 : 5, find b : c
DIRECT PROPORTION
Two quantities are said to be in Direct Proportion if they increase or decrease at the same rate. Thus,
the quantity of petrol used by a car and the distance traveled are in Direct Proportion.
Again, if we buy rice at RM 2.00 for 2 kg, then we expect to pay RM 4.00 for 4 kg and RM 1.00 for 1
kg. If we double the quantity bought, we double the cost; if we halve the quantity bought then we
halve the cost. The quantity of rice bought and their costs are in Direct Proportion.
Example :
1. If 7 pens cost RM 2.10, find the cost of 6 pens

2. A pastry calls for 8 oz of butter. How much butter should be used to go with 16 oz of flour?
29
INVERSE PROPORTION
If an increase (decrease) in one quantity produces a decrease (increase) in a second quantity in the
same ratio, the two quantities are in Inverse Proportion.
Example :
Five men building a wall take 20 days to complete it. How long would it take 4 men to complete it?
1.8 AVERAGES AND PERCENTAGES

1.8.1 Averages and Variance
AVERAGE
Sometimes it is necessary to calculate the average of numbers, points (e.g. for statistics) or
measurement values (e.g. for calibration of measurement devices).
For calculations the following formula will be used:
totalization value
Average(value) =
number of value
n
∑ xi
i =1
xa =
n
n
Whereas xa = average, ∑ xi =totalization value, n = number of values
i =1
Example: The following measurement values (voltages) are given .U1=1.12V, U2=1.24V,
U3=1.31V, U4=1.15V, U5=1.25V. How much is the average?
totalization value
Average(value) =
number of value
n
∑ xi
i=1
xa =
n
=
(1.12 + 1.24 + 1.31 + 1,15 + 1.25) V = 1.21V
5
30
VARIANCE
Another definition which will be used in connection with average is the variance which is a criterion
indicating how the measurement values are distributed or spread around the average. For
calculation the following formula will be used:
1 n
var ( x ) = ∑ ( xi − xa )
n − 1 i=1
  n  
2
  ∑ xi  
1  n 2  i =1  
= ∑ xi − n 
n − 1  i=1 
 
 
Example: For the a.m. five voltages calculate the variance.
1
var ( x ) =
4
( )
(1.12 − 1.21)2 + (1.24 − 1.21)2 + (1.31 − 1.21)2 + (1.15 − 1.21)2 + (1.25 − 1.21)2 V2
1
= ( −0.09 ) + ( 0.03) + ( 0.10 ) + ( −0.06 ) + ( 0.04 )  V2
2 2 2 2 2
4 
1
= ( 0.0242 ) V2 = 0.00605V2
4
OR
5 5
∑ x2i = 7.3931 ∑ xi = 6.07

i=1 i=1
1 
2
7.3931 −
( 6.07 )  V2 = 0.00605V2
var ( x ) =
4 5 

STANDARD DEVIATION
The standard deviation, s(x) is defined as the square root of the variance and will also be classified as
the mean square error of the measurement values. For calculation the following formula will be
used:
s ( x ) = var ( x )
Instead of the variance the standard deviation will be used in practice more often because the
dimension of s(x) is the same as the measurement values.
Example: Calculate the standard deviation for the a.m. variance.
s ( x ) = 0.00605V2 = 0.00778V
31
RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION
The relative standard deviation is defined as the percentage of the standard deviation related to the
average. For calculation the following formula will be used:
s tandard deviation
relative s tandard deviation = × 100%
average
s (x )
srel = × 100%
xa
Example: Calculate the relative standard deviation of the a.m. standard deviation
s (x ) 0.00778V
srel = × 100% = × 100% = 0.643%
xa 1.21V
1.8.2 Percentage
A percentage (percent) is a way of expressing a quantity as the number of parts in 100 parts
A percentage is written as a fraction whose denominator equal to 100 or the numerator with the
percent sign
!,
Example : 20 percent = 20% = *,, = 0.20
To convert a fractions into a percentage, multiply it by 100
*$ *$
Example : !,
= !, × 100% = 85%
To convert decimals into a percentage, multiply it by 100, then move the decimal point two places
to the right
Example : 0.3 = 0.3 x 100% = 30%
To convert a percentage into a fraction, divide it by 100
*( ½ '*
Example : 15 ½ % = = !,,
*,,
To convert a percentage into a decimal divide it by 100, then move the decimal point two places to
the left
4.!
Example : 9.2% = *,, = 0.092
32
Example : Express each number as a fraction, decimal and percent
a. 86% b. 5.65
c. 8 ½ % d. 0.025 %
e. 1.50 f. 0.17
9 17
g. h.
8 1000
1.9 AREAS AND VOLUME
All shapes can be broken down into simpler basic forms. It is therefore important to recognise some
of the forms and be able to apply the correct formula when an area or volume is required.
A ratio exists when it comes to the circle or shapes of which a circle is part. This ratio is between the
circumference of the circle and its diameter. It is denoted by the Greek symbol π (pi).
circumference
Such that π =
diameter
Irrespective of the size of the circle this ratio remains constant and approximates to 3.142. The
22
fractional form of is often used.
7
1.9.1 Perimeter and Areas
The perimeter of a polygon is the sum of the lengths of its sides.
Perimeter = AB + BC + CD +DE + EA
An area is a measure of the region contained within the boundaries of a two-dimensional figure. The
SI units of area are ‘square metres’, written as ‘m2’ (metres x metres). The imperial unit of area is
square inch, square yard or square foot.
33
The first five forms are all polygons ie, plane closed figures bounded by straight lines, in addition
these are further defined as quadrilaterals ie bounded four sides. The sum of the interior angles
equals 360o.
1. SQUARE
All sides are of equal length, side pairs run
parallel and all interior angles are 90o.
Perimeter : a + a + a + a = 4a
a (length)
Area : length x width = a x a = a2
a
(width)
2. RECTANGLE
Pairs of opposite sides are of equal length, side
pairs are different in length and run parallel,
and all interior angles are 90o.
Perimeter : a + a + b + b = 2a + 2b
a
(wi Area: length x width = a x b = ab
b
(length)
3. RHOMBUS
Same as square, but has no interior angles of
90o. Opposite angles are equal. The opposite
sides are parallel.
a
Area: a x b = ab
4. PARALLELOGRAM
Same as rectangle, but has no interior angles of
90o. Opposite angles are equal. Opposite sides
are of equal length and parallel. Adjacent sides
are of different lengths.
h (height)
Area : base x height = b x h = bh
b
(base)
34
5. TRAPEZIUM
Two sides run parallel. The area is calculated

from one-half the sum of the lengths of the
parallel sides, times the perpendicular distance
between them.
Perimeter : sum of all 4 sides
1
Area = × sum of the bases × height
2
1
= (a + b )h
2
Triangle is three sided figure, the sum of the interior angles equals to 180o. There are five types of
triangles based on their angle which is acute triangle with all angle less than 90o, obtuse triangle
with one of the angle more than 90o, equilateral triangle with all three angles are equal 60o,
isosceles triangle with two base angle are equal and right angled triangle with one of the angle is
90o. Even though all types of triangle have different shape, but the calculation of perimeter and area
are equal.
1. TRIANGLE
Perimeter: sum of all 3 sides.
1
Area = × base × height
2
1 1
= × b × h = bh
2 2
Circle is a plane figure enclosed by a curved line which is always equidistant from a single point (the
center). The length of the curved line forming the circle is called its circumference. The distance
from the center to this is called the radius of the circle and the straight line distance from one side of
the circle to the other, passing through the center, is called its diameter.
1. CIRCLE
Perimeter = circumference = 2πr =

πd
Area = π r2
or
π d2
Area =
4
35
2. CIRCULAR SECTOR
Perimeter: S + r + r = S + 2r
1
Area = rS
2
3. CIRCULAR SEGMENT
Perimeter: S + c
1
Area = rS − c (r − h ) 
2
1.9.2 Volumes
A volume is a measure of the region contained within the outside surface of a three-dimensional
shape. The SI units of area are ‘cubic metres’, written as ‘m3’ (metres x metres x metres). The
imperial unit of area is cubic inch, cubic yard or cubic foot.
1. RECTANGULAR PRISM
Surface Area = 2(lh) + 2(lw) + 2(wh)

Volume = l x h x w
where
l = length
h = height
w = width
36
2. PYRAMID
A pyramid is a solid figure with a polygonal base and
triangular faces that meet at a common point over
the center of the base.
The height ( h ) is the distance from the base to the
apex or top of the pyramid.
The side length ( s ) is the height of the face
triangles.
The perimeter ( P ) and the area ( A ) of the base is
calculated according to the shape of the base.
1 
Base Area, A =  × P × s  + A
2 
Ah
Volume =
3
3. RIGHT CONE
A cone is a pyramid with a circular base of radius (r)
and the side length ( s ) is the length of the side.
Curve Area = π rL
Curved surfacearea = π r (r 2
+ h2 )
π r2h
Volume =
3
4. SPHERE
A sphere is a shape where the distance from the
center to the edge is the same in all directions. This
distance is called the radius ( r ).
Area = 4π r2
4π r 3
Volume =
3
37
5. RIGHT CYLINDER
A cylinder is a prism with a circular base.
Surface Area = 2πr2 + 2πrh
Volume = πr2h
6. PRISM
A prism can be described as a stack of shapes. The

figure shows a prism of triangles stacked d thick, but Surface area = 2A + Pd
any shape could be used.
where
A = area of the base shape
P = perimeter of base shape
d = height of prism
Volume = Ad
7. WEDGE
( 2a + c ) bh
Volume =
6
38
EXERCISE / ASSIGNMENT:
TYPE OF NUMBERS
1. Given:
11 6
−4, −1,0,11,3,7, , ,0.343434,2,6,8,1,9,13,15, 6 , 4 ,1.456
3 7
Fill in the blanks with the correct answers:
No Number Set Answers

1 Natural Numbers
2 Whole Numbers
3 Prime Numbers
4 Even Numbers
5 Odd Numbers
6 Integers
7 Rational Numbers
8 Irrational Numbers
9 Real Numbers
10 Decimal
2. Tick √ for the correct statements for numbers listed in the table. You may tick more than one
answer for each number
Natural Whole Integer Rational Irrational

Number Prime None
(N) (W) (Z) (Q) (I)
0.3333
33
23
10
7
1
5
2
3
39
6
8
-6
0/2
15
-0.05
2
5
1
-
2
0.2
3. State TRUE (T) or FALSE (F) for the following statements:
Statement True False
a) All Integers (Z) are also Rational numbers
b) Rational numbers (Q) are parts of Real numbers (R)
c) Zero ‘0’ is not a Rational numbers (R)
d) -3 is a Natural number
e) 6 is a Rational number (Q)

f) N is the symbol for Natural Number and consist of 1, 2, 3,
4, …
g) ALL Natural numbers are Whole numbers but NOT ALL the
Whole numbers are Natural numbers
h) ALL Prime numbers are integers and ALL integers are Prime
numbers
i) Prime numbers are numbers when divided by 2 and has no
remainder
j) ALL Even numbers are Fraction numbers
k) ALL Fractions and Non-fraction numbers are Real numbers
(R)
40
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE INTEGERS
1. Use a number line to work out the following calculation
a. –4+6 e. 2 + (- 3) i. –7+4
b. –5+8 f. – 1 + ( - 4) j. –6+2
c. –1+3 g. – 2 + (- 3) k. –7+2
d. –4+7 h. –6+6 l. 5 + (- 5)
2. Solve the following problems
a. – 3 + 8 d. – 2 – 3 g. 4 – (- 2)
b. – 8 + 5 e. 4 + (- 2) h. – 5 – (- 3)
c. 5 – 7 f. -1 + (- 3)
3. Complete this addition table
+ -4 -2 0 2 4
-3
-1
1
3
4. Fill in the missing numbers on this addition table
+ 1 3
-5 −5 −1
−3
0
−2 0
41
ARITHMETIC OPERATION
Workout the value of each of the following
1. 7+ 4 x 3 2. 3(2 – 5) + 4
3. 2x6–3 4. 25 ÷ (– 5) – 7
5. 5 x 4 – 3 x 6+ 5 6. 3 – (– 12) x 4 – 15 ÷ (– 3)
7. 8 x 5 – 15 – 5 + 7 8. 3 + 6 x (3 + 2)
9. 9 – 4 x (3 – 2) 10. [4 x (-6) x (– 8)] ÷ [(1– 3) x (– 2) x (– 4)]
11. 15 ÷ (4 + l) – 9 x 3 + 7 (4 + 3) 12. [5 x (– 3) x 6] ÷ [(2– 12) x (5– 8)]
13. 35 ÷ (20 - 25) 14. [6 x (– 4) x 5 (2 – 12)] ÷ [(– 8) x 3 x (– 2)]
15. (– 24) ÷ (– 4) – 24 ÷ 6 16. [(– 9) x (– 5) x 2(4 – 6)] ÷ [3 x 5(7 – 4) x (– 2)
17. 36 ÷ (– 4) + 36 ÷ (– 6) 18. 4(2– 8) + (– 12) ÷ (– 3)
19. [(– 3) x (– 4) x (– 2)] ÷ [3 x 4] 20. – 12 ÷ 3 (8 – 3)
FRACTION AND DECIMAL
1. A spacer is sometimes placed under a transistor to prevent it from touching the printed
circuit board. How far above the top surface of the board is the top of the transistor?
(Diagram A)
(Diagram A)
3 7 1
2. A technician connects some wires together. The wires are 3 cm , 5 cm , 2 cm ,
4 8 16
17 1
3 cm and 6 cm long. What is the combined length?
32 2
42
3. Use diagram B for problems (a) and (b).
a. What is the distance from the top of the transistor to the bottom of the chassis plate?
3 1
b. A hex nut is cm high. The bolt must extend cm beyond the nut. Find the distance
32 16
from under the head to the end of the bolt.
4. Power resistors are mounted away from the circuit board to allow air to circulate under the
resistor. How much space is allowed under the resistor in this diagram? (Diagram C)
Diagram C
43
5. Use diagram D for problem (a) - (d)
Diagram D
a. How much clearance is there between the transformer top and the chassis top?
b. What is the distance from the transformer to the back of the switch, dimension A?
c. Find the thickness of the front plate of the chassis.
d. What is the thickness of the chassis bottom?
6. The perimeter of an object is the distance around the outside edges. Find the perimeter of
this plate. (Diagram E)
Diagram E
44
1 1
7. A bar of cast iron, 22 cm long has three pieces cut from it. The pieces measure 6 cm ,
8 2
7 5 1
4 cm and 2 cm in length. If cm is allowed for each saw cut, how long a piece of stock
8 32 8
is left?
8. Use (diagram F) for problem (a) - (c)
a. How long is the gear blank (dimension Q ) ?
b. How long is the centre portion (dimension R ) ?
3 11 11
c. The dimensions of length for the gear blank are changed 1 cm , 2 cm , 2 cm and
8 32 32
57 1
1 cm . Allowing cm for waste, what is the length of stock needed for this job?
64 8
The following symbols and equations are used in problems (9) - (11)
E = voltage in volts R = resistance in ohms I = current in amperes P = power in watts
E=IxR P=IxE
1
9. A 5 ohm resistor (R) has a 2 cm ampere current (I) through it . Find the voltage drop (E)
8
across the resistor.
45
3 2
10. A resistance has 14 Volts applied to it. If it draws A , what is its power rating in 4.5
4 5
watts?
1
11. A resistance draws A . If the resistance is 68 Ω, what is the applied voltage?
10
12. The voltage gain of an amplifier is the output voltage divided by the input voltage. The input
3
is V and the output is 12 V. Find the voltage gain.
8
13. Use (diagram G) for problem (a)-(c)
Diagram G
a. Find the total length the diode extends below the board
b. Find the total length the diode extends above the surface of the board
14. The values of branch currents in a parallel circuit (diagram H) are added to form total
current ( I t ) . Find total current in this circuit. (Note : I t = I1 + I 2 + I 3 )
46
15. What is the inside diameter of a bushing that has an outside diameter of 61.417 mm and a
wall thickness of 22.225 mm?
16. The outside diameter of a bushing is 61.443 mm and the wall thickness is 9.525 mm. What is
the inside diameter?
17. What is the value of the source voltage in this circuit? (Diagram I)
18. A 7200 Ω resistor has a 0.005 A of current flowing through it.
a. Find the voltage drop across the resistor
b. Find the power consumed by the resistor?
19. Tell how many significant digits are in each number.
Number 5.20 0.030 0.15 30.2 21.8 10.01 3210 500 6.060 0.0050
Significant
Digits
20. Round off each number to - two decimal places - three significant places
Number 0.4445 31.261 3.100 5.152 321.872 100.90 28.999 18.9625
2 Decimal Places
3 Significant Digits
21. Aduka precisely measures the resistance of a computer circuit at five equal intervals during a
1-hour period of operation. His readings are 1.28Ω, 1.3Ω , 1.25Ω , 1.2Ω and 1.35Ω . Find the
average value of the resistance to
a. Two significant digits b. Three significant digits
47
22. The current (I) in the main power circuit of a house is measured by one ammeter as 11.2 A
and an hour later by another ammeter as 7.3 A. During this time the voltage V has remained
constant at 115 V. Given that power P = VI I find the decrease in power P in watts to two
significant digits.
23. Figure shows two different resistances connected in series. The voltage drops across R1 and
R2 are measured to be V1 = 5.3V and V2 = 3.4 V . The current is measured to be I = 0.14 A.
V
Ohm's Law for resistance states: R = Find R1 and R2 to two significant digits by applying
I
Ohm's Law to each of the voltage drops.
24. The screen of a computer monitor is measured to be 30 cm long, 23 cm wide. What is the
area of the screen to two significant digits?
25. A microprocessor chip measured with a ruler is found to be 2.2 cm long and 1.8 cm wide.
The thickness measured with a micrometer I which is a precision instrument for measuring
small distances is found to be 0.0115 cm. Find the volume of the chip to two significant
digits.
26. The dimension of the largest scientific building is 219 m long, 159 m wide and 160 m high.
Assuming the building ha s a rectangular shape, find the volume it occupies in cubic meters
to three significant digits.
27. Calculate the perimeter of the figure below to:
a. Three significant digits
b. two decimal places
FACTORS AND MULTIPLE
1. Find the HCF of the following sets of integers:
a. 270,450,1260 b. 8,10,12,16 c. 36,42,56,68
d. 30,120,840 e. 35,140,420 f. 21,44,65
48
2. Find the LCM of the following sets of integers:
a. 3,4,5,6 b. 7,9,10,12 c. 12,15,18,21
d. 24,39,56,78 e. 49,98,121 f. 10,33,65,169
WEIGHTS, MEASUREMENTS AND COVERSION FACTOR
1. Convert each of the following quantities of length into the unit in brackets.
a. 2.5 km (m)
b. 27.9cm (mm)
c. 4507 cm (m)
d. 278 334 cm (km)
2. Convert each of the following quantities of mass into the unit in brackets.
a. 5kg (g)
b. 8.36 tonnes (kg)
c. 34.24 kg (mg)
d. 56 964 kg (tones)
3. Convert each of the following quantities of time into the unit in brackets
a. 6 days (hours)
b. 5.4 minutes (seconds)
c. 156 hours (days)
d. 564 seconds (minutes)
RATIO AND PROPORTION
1. Express these ratios in the lowest terms
a. 2 : 16 b. 45 : 18 c. 6:9
1
d. 1.6 : 7.2 e. :6
6
2. Find the ratio of the first quantity to the second quantity. Express the result in the lowest
terms.
a. 2 V to 250 mV b. 400 Ω to 6.1 kΩ c. 120 mA to 20 A
d. 0.5 V to 1.25 V e. 220 Ω to 87.1 kΩ
49
3. Find the missing quantity in each of these proportions.
1 1
a. 0.675A : ? = 1.8A : 0.4A b. 120 :18 = 143: ?
4 2
120V 48V 0.01A ?

c. = d. =
0.25V ? 0.002A 0.5A
10kΩ ?
e. =
4kΩ 6kΩ
4. Diagram J shows a transformer with 3 turns in the primary coil and 6 turns in tl secondary
coil. The turns ratio is 2 : 1 . The ratio of output voltage to input voltage the same as the
turns ratio. If the input voltage is 120 V AC , what is the output voltage ( ignoring losses) ?
5. The dimensions of a poster are 500 mm wide and 750 mm long. What is the ratio of width to
length? Simplify this ratio.
6. A calculator measures 70 mm x 30 mm x 8 mm . What is the ratio of its dimensions?
7. With a mechanical jack, the effort required to lift a given load is in the ratio 3 : 35
What effort is needed to lift a load of 15 kN ?
8. The passengers on a bus consist of 12 adults and 3 children. What is the ratio of adults to
children? Simplify this ratio.
9. The ratio of the width of a standard TV screen to its height is 4:3 .If a TV set has a screen
250mm wide, what is its height?
10. Brass consists of copper alloyed with zinc in the ratio 7:3 .If a given quantity of brass
contains 24g of zinc, how much copper does it contain?
11. The Tornado combat aircraft has a length of 16.7 m. A flying model is to have a length of 500
mm. What is the scale factor?
50
12. The dimensions of a metal sheet are 500 cm wide and 750 cm long. What is the ratio of
width to length? Simplify this ratio.
13. An aluminium box is designed with its width and height in the ratio 4 : 7 . Its width 520 cm.
What is its height?
14. a. Find the ratio of the revolution per minute for the fan pulley to the revolution p
minute for the motor pulley.
3
b. If the motor turns at 1200 rpm and wheel motor has a diameter 2 cm and the fan
4
turn at 52.5 rpm , find the diameter of the wheel on the fan. (Diagram K)
15. Measurements on this Y duct are taken from the center of the duct. Find dimension X.
(Diagram L)
51
16. In the worm gear assembly of Diagram M, the sprocket wheel has 15 teeth. It takes turns of
shaft A to turn shaft B once. Express this as a ratio. If shaft A turns 90 time how many times
does shaft B turn?
17. What is the ratio of the rpm for the motor to the rpm for the compressor?
18. A fuel line from the tank to the oil burner goes through the wall. Find the dimension Y.
19. 8 men can repair a road in 42 days. How long will 14 men take?
20. A florist make up 102 bunches of flowers with 10 flowers to a bunch. How many bunches
would have been made if there had been 12 flowers in a bunch?
52
21. At an open-cast mine, 6 excavators extract 258,000 tons in a 10-week period. How long
would 8 excavators have taken for the same tonnage?
22. Six hoses empty a static water tank in a fire hazard zone in 36 minutes. How long would it
have taken 4 hoses to empty it?
23. An expedition plans to spend RM 18 a day for the 126 days duration of the expedition. In
fact, the cost came to RM 21 per day. When will they run out of funds?
24. 4 men can dig a trench in 3 days. How long will it take 6 men?
25. 7 painters can paint a college in 6 weeks. How long will it take for 12 painters?
26. A hopper of animal feed will last 42 cows for 5 days. How long will it last 30 cows?
27. A holiday maker has enough money to last 7 days at RM 15 per day. How long will it last at
RM 21 per day?
28. If 6 cakes are packed in cartons, 10 cartons are required. How many cartons will be needed
if 4 cakes are packed in each?
AVERAGES AND PERCENTAGES
1. In an examination of six students the resulting marks obtained were 98, 73, 92, 65, 77 and 30.
Determine the average mark, variance, standard deviation and relative standard deviation
for above data.
2. a. What is the average speed of an aircraft in miles per hour if it travels 7680 miles in
12 hours?
b. Hence, given the average speed of an aircraft now allows estimations of time to be
made for other journeys, ie the time taken for the aircraft above to travel a distance
of 2500 miles would be:
3. A person driving to work uses main roads, motorways and side roads. His total journey
distance is 25 miles and this is broken down as shown below:
Side road 3 miles (4.8 km), time taken 6 minutes

Motorway (freeway) 15 miles (24km), time taken 15 minutes
Main roads 5 miles (8km), time taken 15 minutes
What is the average speed (miles/hour) for the whole journey?
53
4. The current in a circuit increases from 0.80 A to 0.84 A when the voltage is increased
from 12.0 V to a higher value.
a. What is the percent increase in the current?
b. If the percent increase in the voltage is the same as that in the current, what is the
new voltage?
5. The resistance of a wire increases from 0.5 Ω to 0.6 Ω when heated. What is the percent
increase in the resistance?
6. The input power to a transformer is 46 W. The power delivered to the secondary is 42 W.

What percent, to the nearer tenth, of the power is lost?
7. A developing solution for circuit boards contains 1.2 liters of water. To this is added 0.8 liters
of solution A and 0.5 liters of solution B. What percent of the total liters is solution A?
8. A box of bolts contains 34 of size M2, 82 of size M4 and 84 of size M6. Express these
quantities as percentages of the total number of bolts in the box.
9. Chrome steel contains 2.5% chromium. How much chromium is needed to make 350 kg of
chrome steel?
10. A new drilling machine is safer to operate but the time to drill one hole is increased by 18%.
If drilling previously took 35 s, how long does it take with the new drill?
11. There are 60 defective bolts in a box of 200.
a. What is the percentage of defective bolts?
b. How many bolts should be purchased to be reasonably sure of obtaining 100 good
ones?
AREAS AND VOLUMES
1. Determine whether each statement is true or false
TRUE FALSE
a. An equilateral triangle has all three sides equal
b. A scalene triangle has two sides equal
c. A quadrilateral that has both pairs of opposite sides parallel is a

parallelogram
d. An isosceles triangle has all three sides equal
54
e. The sides of the triangle that form the right angle are called the legs
of the right triangle
f. The set of numbers {2,7,10} may represent the lengths of the sides
of a triangle
g. The lengths of two sides of a triangle are 5 and 6. The third may
have length 11.
h. The set of numbers {2,3,4} may represent the lengths of the sides of
a right triangle
i. The set of numbers {3,4,5} may represent the lengths of the sides of
a right triangle
j. In any triangle , the square of one side is equal to the sum of the
squares of the other two sides
k. A square is a rhombus
l. A parallelogram is a rectangle with a right angle
m. A parallelogram is a polygon whose opposite sides are parallel
n. A rectangle is a parallelogram with four right angles
2. A rectangular field is 75 meters wide and 100 meters long. What is the length of the diagonal
path connecting two opposite corners?
3. Sarah rode her bicycle 3 miles south and then 4 miles east. How far was she from her
starting point?
4. Find the length of leg AC in right triangle ABC , given that BC = 12 and AB = 13 , where AB is
the hypotenuse .
5. In parallelogram ABCD, AB = 5x – 4 and CD = 2x + 14. Find the value of x.
6. In parallelogram ABCD, angle A = 3x and angle B = x + 40 . Find the value of x.
7. Arrange the following terms in the order in which the definitions of each should be given :
triangle , hypotenuse , polygon , right triangle
8. Find the perimeter of a rectangle whose length is 12 meters and whose width is 7 meters.
9. Find the perimeter of a square whose side is 5.5 cm in length.
10. Find the perimeter of a parallelogram whose sides are 32 cm and 55 cm.
11. Find the perimeter of a rectangle, given that its length is 4 and the length of its diagonal is 5.
55
12. Find the area of a rectangle whose length is 11 meters and whose width is 6 meters
13. The area of a rectangle is 24 square inches and the length is 8 inches. What is the width?
14. The area of a rectangle is 72 square cm and the width is 6 cm. What is the length?
15. Find the area of a rectangle, given that its length is 15 and the length of its diagonal is 17.
16. Find the area of a right triangle whose legs measure 5 and 7.
17. Find the area of a trapezoid whose bases are 10 and 20, and height is 6.
18. The bases of a trapezoid are 14 cm and 6 cm. Both nonparallel sides are 5 cm. Find the area.
For exercises 19 – 22, let π = 3.14
19. The minute hand of a clock is 15 cm. What is the distance that the tip of the minute hand
moves in one hour?
20. How much fencing would be needed to enclose a circular garden that has a diameter of 10
cm?
21. The floor of a circus tent is circular with a radius of 30 cm. What is the area of the floor?
22. Find the area of a circle if its circumference is 314 m.
23. Find the area and perimeter of each of the following figures. Let π = 3.14
a. c.
b. d.
24. Find the volume of a rectangular prism whose length is 15 ft, it’s with 11 ft and its height is
22 ft
25. Find the volume of rectangular prism with length = 32 inch, width = 9 inch and height = 15
inch.
56
26. A manufacturer is shipping a certain material in boxes which are 24 inches long, 16 inches
wide and 12 inches high. The boxes, when they are full of the material, weigh 005 pounds
per cubic inch. If the entire shipment contains 450 of these filled boxes, what is the total
weight of the shipment?
27. Calculate the volume (in cubic centimeters) of a prism that is 5 m long, 40 cm wide and 2500
mm high.
28. A swimming pool is 8 m long, 6 m wide and 1.5 m deep. The water resistant paint needed for
the pool costs $6 per square meter.
a. How much will it cost to paint the interior surfaces of the pool?
b. How many liters of water will be needed to fill it?
29. A moving company is trying to store boxes in a storage room with a length of 5 m, width of 3
m and height of 2 m. How many boxes can fit in this space if each is 10 cm long, 6 cm wide
and 4 cm high?
30. Calculate the height of a prism whose base area is 12 dm2 and whose capacity is 48 liters.
31. Calculate the quantity of sheet metal that would be needed to make 10 cylindrical canisters
with a diameter of 10 cm and a height of 20 cm.
32. The height of a cylinder is the same length as the circumference of its base. Its measured
height is 125.66 cm. Calculate the surface area and volume of the cylinder.
33. A cylindrical container with a radius of 10 cm and a height of 5 cm is filled with water. If the
total mass of the filled container is 2 kg, what is the mass of the empty container?
34. A cube with an edge of 20 cm is filled with water. Would this amount of water fit in a sphere
with a 20 cm radius?
35. The outside diameter of the following pipe is 11.4 cm. The inside diameter is 10.4 cm. What
volume of metal was used to make the pipe?
57
36. A manufacturer is planning to make a new can size. Which of the following two options
provides the largest capacity?
a. A can of radius 4.8 cm and height of 12.9 cm.
b. A can with a diameter of 10.6 cm and a height of 12.3 cm.
58

Topic 1 Arithmetic

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Topic 1 Arithmetic

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR

MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY

Figure 1 : Hierarchy of Numbers

All the numbers on the number line

IRRATIONAL NUMBER AND RATIONAL NUMBER

An irrational number is one that is not rational. If an irrational number is written as a

Example : square and other roots of prime numbers: √2 = 1.4142135 ;

Numbers such as  and e :  = 3.14159265358979323 …

Remark: A surd is an expression containing one or more irrational roots of numbers

DECIMAL NUMBER AND INTEGER

A decimal number is a fraction which covert to decimal point

In number line, they can be represented as:

NEGATIVE INTEGER AND WHOLE NUMBER

A negative number is a natural number with ‘ – ‘ sign in front of the number.

Whole numbers are the all positive numbers including zero.

In number line, they can be represented as:

ZERO AND NATURAL NUMBER

Which start from 1 with whole number

ODD NUMBER AND EVEN NUMBER

An odd number is all natural numbers which cannot be divided by 2.

An even number is all natural numbers which can be divided by 2.

PRIME NUMBER AND COMPOSITE NUMBER

A prime number is natural numbers can be divided by 1 and itself.

1.2 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE INTEGER

A whole number can be existing as either positive or negative integer.

‘Positive’ number are recognized by a ‘ + ‘ sign in front of the number

‘Negative’ number are recognized by a ‘ – ‘ sign in front of the number

If no sign shown, the number will consider as positive number

1.3 ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS

In arithmetic the four basic operations performed are:

1.3.1 Addition (sum)

When adding numbers the result is called SUM

1.3.2 Subtraction (Difference)

This is the process of finding the difference between numbers

Example : Add together the following numbers : +5, - 3, - 7, and +4

(Applying Rule 1 – 4 becomes)

1.3.3 Multiplication (Product)

Thus the sum 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 20, may be expressed as 5 x 4 = 20

Rule 5 and 6 can be apply for multiplication

Example : Multiplying 6 and – 8 gives the answer – 48

This can be solving by the following procedure:

1.3.4 Division (Quotient)

There are several ways that show division

2. Consider a further example 569 ÷ 4

Thus (7 + 2)3 also gives an answer of 27

If no number is shown immediately outside the bracketed term, then it is understood to be

Thus (7 – 3) is understood as 1(7 – 3) = 4

However - (7 – 3) is understood as - 1(7 – 3) = - 1 x 4 = - 4

Adjacent bracketed terms indicated multiplication

1.3.6 Mixed Operations

B Bracket - the contents of any brackets must be evaluated

D Division whichever appears first from left to right

A Addition Whichever appears first from left to right

Example : Solve 3(2 – 5) +45

Some important facts :

1. When 0 is added to any number the sum is the number

2. When a number is multiplied by 1 the product is the number

3. When a number is multiplied by zero, the product is zero

4. You cannot divide a number by zero

5. When zero is divided by any number, the result is zero

1.4 FRACTION AND DECIMAL

A fraction is written as two numbers separated by a horizontal or sloping line.

Numbers such as and e : = 3.14159265358979323 …

' &×()' !'

5) 3/0 + 5, 9>0 + 5 = 6) 2?3@ + 1, 5A3@ + 1 =