Chapter 3 - Off Site Sanitation

EiABC
Ethiopian Institute of Architecture,

Building Construction and City Development
ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
Ethiopian Institute of Architecture, Building

Construction and City Development
Chair of Infrastructure Design and Construction
SEWAGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL

CoTM 3005
112/23/2010 Compiled by Tessema Ch.
Addis Ababa University Lecture Note
EiABC Sewage Treatment and Disposal
Chair of Infrastructure Design and Construction ToTM 3005
Clicker
CH. title style
3: OFF-SITE SANITATION TECHNOLOGIES
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Wastewater Sewerage Systems
3.3 Estimating Design Flow Rates
3.4 Hydraulic Design of Sanitary Sewers
3.5 Construction of Sewers
12/23/2010 Compiled by Tessema Ch. 2

Clicker
3.1 title style
INTRODUCTION
• There are two sanitation systems:

1. On-site sanitation, and
2. Off-site Sanitation
• On-site sanitation involves sanitary treatment and
disposal at the level of household or apartment
block (Decentralized Sanitation);
• Off-site sanitation involves conveying sewage from
the area of production to treatment site sewer lines
(Centralized Sanitation).
Clicker
3.1 title style (Cont..)
INTRODUCTION
• How can we chose between the two sanitation

Systems?
• Selection is generally made based on the following
three main criteria:
1. Population Density
2. Availability of Land
3. Availability potable water sources
4. Wastewater Flow Rates

Clicker
3.1 title style (Cont..)
INTRODUCTION
Criteria On-site Off-Site

Sanitation Sanitation
Population Density Low High
Requires Larger Requires
Availability of Land
Area Smaller Area
Availability of Potable Requires no Requires Water
Water Sources Water Supply Supply
Wastewater Flow Rate Small Large

ClickerDEFINITIONS
BASIC title style
Sewage: liquid waste generated from a community

(domestic sewage), industries (industrial
sewage) or from rain run-off (Storm Sewage)
Sewer: a pipe or conduit that conveys sewage from point
of production to point of disposal or treatment.
Sewerage: the art of collecting, treating and finally
disposing of the sewage.
Sewerage System: the entire system of conduits (sewers),
appurtenances, treatments and
disposing.
ClickerDEFINITIONS
BASIC title style (Cont…)
Domestic Sewage: sewage generated from toilet flashing,
kitchen, laundry, and other domestic
activities. It is also called sanitary
sewage, soil sewage or foul waste.
Industrial sewage: sewage generated from industries like
brewery, tannery, diary, oil refineries,
paper and pulp mills, pharmaceuticals,
etc…
Storm sewage: sewage from run-off. It is also called storm
run-off, storm water, rainwater or
drainage water.
Clicker title
SEWAGE style
CONVEYANCE SYSTEM
• In the ancient times, the waste products of a society
including the human excreta had been collected, carried
and disposed off manually to a point of disposal. This
system is called Conservancy system.
• This system has been replaced by a system, in which the
wastes are mixed with sufficient quantity of water and
carried through closed conduits under the conditions of
gravity flow. This system is called Water Carried System.
• Currently there are cities, towns and villages in Ethiopia
using the old Conservancy system. This system is being
replaced by the water carried system in big cities of the
country including Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa and Gondar.
Clicker title
SEWAGE style
CONVEYANCE SYSTEM (Cont…)
Advantages of Water Carried Conveyance System

• More hygienic as the waste is not collected and carried by
buckets or carts like in the conservancy system.
• In the conservancy system, the waste products are generally
buried underground, which sometimes pollute the water
supply system of the area and contaminate the ground
water.
• There is no pungent smells from the waste.
• Since the water carried system allows the construction of
latrines and bathroom (water closets), the system occupies
lesser space with their compact designs.
Clicker
3.2 title style SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
WASTEWATER
• Based on the type of sewage carried by the sewer lines,

the sewerage system is classified into three:
1. Separate System
2. Combined System
3. Partially Separate System

Clicker titleSYSTEMS
SEWERAGE style (Cont…)
1. SEPARATE SYSTEM
This system consists of two
distinctly separate sewers
where one conveys the
sanitary sewage to the point of
destination and the other
conveys the storm water to
the nearest surface water.
Separate System

SEPARATE SYSTEM

2. COMBINED SYSTEM
The storm water and the
sanitary sewage are conveyed
by one and the same sewer
and channeled to the same
point of discharge or
treatment plant.
Combined System

COMBINED SYSTEM

3. PARTIALLY-SEPARATE SYSTEM
One system receives the sewage
and a part of the storm water, i.e.
the run-off from roofs of the
buildings which have the sanitary
connection to the system, and
the other system takes care of
the remaining storm water.
Partially-Separate System

PARTIALLY-SEPARATE SYSTEM

• It is generally advantageous and economical to construct a

separate system in a bigger cities and towns.
• In practice, it is generally impossible to attain a truly Separate
System as the rain water always finds its way into sewer either
through manhole covers or wrong house sewer connections.
• At certain sections where the sewer sizes are insufficient to
accommodate the sanitary sewer, it is diverted to the storm
sewer making the system combined or partial separate
system.
• Appropriate system for an area should be decided based on
the economic and financial analysis of the different systems
by considering the merits and demerits of the system.
• The following merits and demerits of each system should be

taken into consideration while selecting sewerage system:
1. Separate system will require laying two sets of sewers, where as
a combined system requires only one set of bigger sized sewer.
2. Implementation of a separate system requires sufficient right of
way for utilities making the system unfeasible for congested
streets and localities.
3. Combined sewer pipes are liable to frequent siltation during dry
seasons when the flow in them are less to impart self cleansing
velocity unless they are laid at sufficient slopes, which in turn
make them deeper requiring more excavation and pumping
making them costlier.

4. In a combined system, less foul drainage water gets mixed with the highly
foul sanitary sewage, thus necessitating treatment of the entire flow, need
more capacity for treatment plant, thereby making it costlier. Where as in
separate system, only the foul sewage is treated and the drainage water is
disposed of without any treatment.
5. Incase of flooding and backing up of sewer due to excessive rains, more
foul and insanitary conditions prevail incase of combined sewer than
incase of separate system.
6. At locations where pumping of sewage is required due to topographic
hindrances for gravity flow, the separate system requires pumping of the
foul sewage only while in the combined system, larger volume of sewage
will be pumped making the system costlier.
7. The economic analysis of the two systems should be worked for each
individual system, and economical system be adopted, if physically
feasible.

• The following points will be addressed

under this topic:
1. Estimation of minimum, average and peak sewage flow
rates for design of different components of a sewerage
system.
2. Estimation of storm water flow rates for the design of

storm water drainage and other ancillary structures.

Clicker title SEWAGE

ESTIMATING style FLOW RATE
• Before estimating flow rates, first identify sources of sewage. The

possible sources are the following:
 When water supplied for domestic purposes gets consumed
sewage is generated (domestic or sanitary sewage),
 Water supplied to industries when gets used in the
manufacturing process develops sewage (industrial Sewage)
 Sewage may also be available from such areas which do not
have water supply;
 Water supplied to schools, cinemas, hotels, railway stations
etc., when gets used up develops sewage
 Infiltration of ground water into sewers through loose joints

Clicker titleSEWAGE
ESTIMATING style FLOW RATE (Cont…)
Factors affecting estimation of sewage flow rates:
1. Design period
• The design period should neither be too short nor should be too long.
It should not also exceed the useful life of the component structures.
• The design period is generally selected by taking the following points
into consideration [Please recapitulate your Water Supply Course]:
 Useful life of component structures
 Easy and difficulty that is likely to be faced in expansion
 Amount and availability of fund for initial investment and
expansion
 Anticipated rate of population growth
 Rate of interest on borrowings
Clicker titleSEWAGE
1. Design period (Cont…)
• The likely design periods for different components of
sewerage scheme is given in table below.
S. No. Type and name of the Special Characteristics and reasons for Design Period
component structure the selected design period in Years
1 Lateral Sewers less Requirement may change faster Full
than 15cm in diameter development
2 Branches, Mains and Difficult and costly to enlarge 40-50
Trunk Sewers
3 Treatment units (Civil Growth and interest rates being high to 15-20
Works) moderate
4 Pumping Plant Lifespan of pumps does not exceed 10 5-10
years and system expansion is very easy

Clicker titleSEWAGE
2. Population
After design period is fixed for the scheme, population is
projected using appropriate projection method. Common
projection methods are listed below: [Please recapitulate
your Water Supply Course]
 Arithmetic Linear method
 Geometrical method
 Increasing rate of decreasing method
 Exponential growth method
 Graphic method

Clicker titleSEWAGE
3. Rate of water supply
 It is the water consumed for domestic activities that is converted to
sewage. Therefore, the rate of water supply should be thoroughly studied.
 The percentage share of each mode of service (HC, YC and PF) should be
studied as it is water delivered through House Connection (HC) that is
converted into sewage.
 The rate of shifting from one mode of service to the other mode of service
should be addressed till the end of the design.
 The per-capita water demand of the community should be considered for
the different mode of services and the growth rate in per-capita water
demand should be projected to the design period.
 Generally, the water demand of the area should be estimated as
accurately as possible.

Clicker titleSEWAGE
3. Sewage Return Factor
 The supplied water to a community is not wholly converted into sewage.
Some portion is consumed for domestic purpose and some portion may
be used for non domestic activities.
 From supplied water for domestic activates, about 80 – 90% is converted
into sewage. [Return Factor=80-90%]. In most of the cases, 80% Return
Factor is used for estimation of domestic sewage flow rate.
 Since water used in institutions, offices, and other service giving
organizations are domestic in nature, sewage produced from the centers
is considered as domestic and estimated using the same return factor.
 The quantity of sewage produced by various industries depends on their
industrial processes and is different for different industries. The amount
of sewage produced from industrial areas should be ascertained by
studding the process involved in them.
Clicker titleSEWAGE
Estimating sewage flow rates:

1. Domestic Sewage Flow Rate
The rate of sewage flow is in the order of 80-90% of the
rate of water supply. Most of the time 80% is considered.
 Per  capita   Pr ojected   Sewage Re turn 
Q Sewage         
 water demand   Population   Factor 
2. Industrial Sewage Flow rate
The mount of sewage produced from different industries is
different and therefore, the amount should be ascertained
by studding the industrial process.

Clicker titleSEWAGE
Estimating sewage flow rates:
3. Infiltration
• Ground water infiltrates into the sewer lines through
sewer joints. Therefore, the amount of infiltration should
be accounted in the estimation sewage flows for design
of sewerage system.
• The rate of infiltration is to be 0.5liters/second/km length
of the sewer and the flow rate can be estimated using the
following formula.
Q Infiltrati on lit / sec   0 .5  Pipe Lenght  Km 

Clicker titleSEWAGE
Variation in the rate of sewage flow
 The per capita demand of water and the corresponding per capita
sewage production are depend upon annual flows and are defined as
annual average daily flows per person.
 The average flow is not sufficient, although very useful, for the design of
components of sewerage scheme.
 Flow in sewer fluctuates seasonally, monthly, daily and hourly. The
maximum and minimum flows are the controlling factors in the design of
the different components.
 The capacity of the different components must be sufficient to carry the
maximum load and self cleansing velocity must be attained during
minimum flow.
 The minimum and maximum flow rates are usually expressed as
percentage of the average flow.
Clicker titleSEWAGE

 The relationship between the average day flow, maximum
daily flow, peak hourly flow, minimum daily flow and
minimum hourly flow are given below.
Maximum daily flow  2  Average Flow
Peak Hourly Flow  1 . 5  Maximum daily flow
 3  Average Flow
2
Minimum daily flow   Average Flow
3
1
Minimum Hourly Flow  Minimum daily flow
2
1
 Average flow
3

Clicker titleSEWAGE

 The relationship between the Peak and the average flow
rates of domestic sewage can also be expressed by the
following empirical formula.
 18  P 
Q     q
P 
Peak
 4 
Where, Qpeak= Peak sewage flow

q= Average Sewage Flow
P= Population in thousands

Clicker titleSEWAGE
 The variation in the rate of sewage flow is different for different sewer lines.
 The variation is maximum in in domestic and lateral sewers as they directly
receive sewage directly from the point of production.
 The flow variation is relatively lesser in branch, main and trunk sewers.
 Therefore, it is more import if the variation of flow rate is separately
considered for the different sewer lines as presented in the following table.

Clicker titleSEWAGE
Estimating Storm Water Flow Rates:
• During rainfall, a part of rainfall water percolates into the
ground and a part is evaporated in the atmosphere. The
remaining part flows over the ground surface and is termed as
surface runoff or flood water or storm water or storm sewage.
• This storm water has to be disposed off through open surface

drains or through underground sewers.
• The amount of storm water must be estimated for the design

of storm sewers.
Clicker titleSEWAGE
Factors affecting quantity of storm water
1. Intensity of rainfall
• Intensity of rainfall is the amount of rainfall in unit time. Time may
be minute, hour or day.
• The intensity is expressed in millimeter or centimeter per hour.
• If rainfall takes place very slowly but continues for the longer time,
only lesser quantity of rainfall water will be changed into runoff.
The reason may be that most of the rain water gets disposed off
either by evaporation or percolation.
• But if intensity of rainfall is more i.e., more rain falls in lesser time,
rain water will have very little chance for evaporation and
percolation, and more quantity of the rain water will be converted
into runoff.
Clicker titleSEWAGE

2. Nature of the surface over which rainfall takes place
• The nature of the surface over which rainfall is taking place
also affects the quantity of storm water.
• Harder and relatively impermeable surfaces provide more

quantity of storm water than soft and relatively permeable
surfaces.
• The surface characteristics is expressed as Runoff

Coefficient.

Clicker titleSEWAGE
Determination of Runoff Flow Rate
• The Rational formula estimates the peak rate of runoff at any location in a
watershed as a function of the drainage area, runoff coefficient, and mean
rainfall intensity for a duration equal to the time of concentration (the
time required for water to flow from the most remote point of the basin
to the location being analyzed). The rational formula is expressed as:
C  i  A
Q 
360
Where: Q = the maximum rate of runoff (m3/sec)
C = the runoff coefficient (discussed below)
i = average rainfall intensity (mm/hr)
A = Catchment area (ha)

Clicker titleSEWAGE
The Runoff Coefficient
• The surface characteristics over which the rain falls is generally
expressed as Runoff Coefficient.
• The coefficient varies with topography, land use, vegetation
cover, soil type, and moisture content of the soil.
• In selecting the runoff coefficient, consider the future
characteristics of the watershed.
• If land use varies within a watershed, you must consider
watershed segments individually, and you can calculate a
weighted runoff coefficient value.
Clicker titleSEWAGE
• The following table suggests ranges of C values for various categories of
ground cover. This table is typical of design guides found in civil engineering
texts dealing with hydrology. You must subjectively assign a C value based
on what you see or anticipate in the watershed with reference to the table.

Clicker titleSEWAGE
• It is often desirable to develop a composite runoff coefficient based on the
percentage of different types of surface in the drainage area. This procedure
often is applied to typical “sample” block as a guide to selection of reasonable
values of the coefficient for an entire area. Coefficients with respect to surface
type currently in use are listed in table below.

Clicker titleSEWAGE
Examples
The surface characteristics of a drainage area of one sector of a
town is given below.
Type of Surface Percent of total Runoff Coefficient
Surface area
Roof 20 % 0.90
Pavements 20% 0.85
Paved Yards 5% 0.80
Macadam Road 15% 0.40
Lawns, gardens and 35% 0.10
vegetables
Wooden 5% 0.05

Clicker titleSEWAGE
Examples
1. Determine the weighted average runoff coefficient for the
whole area.
2. If the total area of the district is 36ha and the maximum rainfall
intensity is 5cm/hr, what is the total runoff from the district?
3. If the density of population is 250 per hectare and the quota of
water supply per day is 225 liters per capita, calculate:
a. the quantity of sewage for which the sewers of separate
system should be designed.
b. the quantity of sewage for combined system should be
designed.
Clicker
3.4 title style
HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF SANITARY SEWERS
Types of Sewer
1. Laterals: A sewer that has no other common sewers
discharging into it;
2. Submain: A sewer that receives flow from one or more

lateral sewers;
3. Main or Trunk: A sewer that receives flow from one or

more submains;
4. Interceptors: a sewer that receives flow from a number of
main or trunk sewers, force main, etc…

Clicker title
HYDRAULIC styleOF SANITARY SEWERS (Cont…)
DESIGN

Clicker title
DESIGN
 Sanitary sewers are designed to carry the maximum quantity

of sanitary sewage likely to be produced from the area
contributing to the particular sewer.
 In a separate sewerage system, the sanitary sewer pipes are
laid below the ground level, sloping continually at sufficient
steeper gradients towards the outfall point.
 Storm water drains (Storm Sewers) are separately
constructed rectangular or trapezoidal surface drains
constructed at suitable gradient, and may be covered or kept
open.

Clicker title
DESIGN
 Sanitary sewers are designed to carry the maximum quantity

of sanitary sewage likely to be produced from the area
contributing to the particular sewer.
 In a separate sewerage system, the sanitary sewer pipes are

laid below the ground level, sloping continually at sufficient
steeper gradients towards the outfall point.
 Storm water drains (Storm Sewers) are separately constructed

rectangular or trapezoidal surface drains constructed at
suitable gradient, and may be covered or kept open.

Clicker title
DESIGN
• There are two major differences between the characteristics

of flows in the sewer pipes and water supply pipes:
1. Water supply system carry pure water without containing
considerable solid particles, either organic or inorganic in
nature. The sewage, on the other hand, does contain such
particles in suspension.
 The solids may settle in sewer pipes when flow velocity
reduces thereby clogging the sewer
 Unlike water supply pipes, sewer pipes must be of sufficient
size, laid at sufficient slope that imparts self cleansing velocity
for the particles at different possible discharges.

Clicker title
DESIGN
2. Water supply pipes carry water under pressure and, hence,

they may be carried up and down the hills and the valleys.
On the other hand, sewer pipes carry the sewage as

gravity conduits (or open channels) and they must be
laid at continuous gradient in the downward direction
up to the outfall point, from where it will be lifted up
or treated and disposed off.

Clicker title
REQUIRED style
INFORMATION FOR SEWER DESIGN
 Conduct Preliminary Investigations;
 Review Design Considerations and Select Basic

Design Data and Criteria;
 Design the Sewer

Clicker title style

PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
 Obtain pertinent maps;
 Describe existing structures and utilities;
 Determine ground water conditions;
 Determine character of the soil (and subsurface

obstructions) in which sewers are to be constructed;

Clicker title style

INFORMATION FROM MAP
 Location of streets, alleys, drainage ditches, public

parks and railways;
 Location of buildings;
 Location of ponds and streams with surface water
elevations;
 Land elevation and contours;
 Geologic conditions

Clicker title style

INFORMATION ON EXISTING SYSTEM
 Depths of basements of buildings;
 Character, age, and condition of the pavements of

streets in which sewers will be laid;
 Location of water and gas mains, electric

conditions, drain lines, and other underground
structures;

ClickerDESIGN
BASIC title style
CONSIDERATIONS
 Wastewater Flow Rate and variations;

 Hydraulic Design Equation;
 Sewer Pipe Materials;
 Minimum Pipe Sizes;
 Minimum and Maximum Velocity;
 Slopes and cover;
 Evaluation of alternative alignments or designs;
 Selection of appropriate sewer appurtenances;

Clicker titleDESIGN
HYDRAULIC style EQUITATION
• Sewers are generally designed as open channel

except when it is especially required to design them
as flowing under pressure.
• There are various empirical formula for hydraulic
design of sewers:
 Chezy’s Formula
 Bazin’s Formula
 Manning’s Formula

Clicker titleDESIGN
HYDRAULIC style EQUITATION (Cont…)
Chezy’s Formula
Where, V=Flow Velocity (m/sec)
V  c rs c=Chezy’s Constant;
r= Hydraulic Mean Depth (m)
s = Sewer Bed Slope (m/m)
Bazin’s Formula
157 . 6
c  Where, K=Bazin’s Constant
K
1 . 81 
r
Clicker titleDESIGN
Manning’s Formula
2 1
1
V  r s 3 2
n
Where, V=Flow Velocity (m/sec)
n=Manning’s Constant;
r= Hydraulic Mean Depth (m)
s = Sewer Bed Slope (m/m)

Clicker titleDESIGN
Table Values of Mannings’ coefficient n
Conduit Material Condition of interior Conduit Material

Good Fair
Salt glazed stoneware 0.012 0.014

Cement concrete 0.013 0.015
Cast Iron 0.012 0.013
Brick, unglazed 0.013 0.015

Asbestos cement 0.011 0.012
Plastic smooth 0.011 0.011

Clicker
FLOW title style
VELOCITY
 Minimum velocity of 0.6 m/sec with flow at ½ full

or full depth. this velocity is called self-cleansing
velocity.
 A self-cleansing velocity may be defined as that
velocity at which the solid particles will remain in
suspension, without setting at the bottom of the
sewer.
 Typical self-cleansing velocity of some suspended
particles is given in table below.

Clicker
FLOW title style
VELOCITY (Cont…)
 Recommended maximum average velocities of flow is 2.5-3.0

m/sec at design depth of flow. Higher value can also be
considered based on the surface characteristics of the sewer
material. The maximum allowable velocity is Scouring Velocity.
 If the velocity of flow exceeds this velocity, the smooth
interior surface of the pipe gets scoured to the continuous
abrasion caused by the suspended solids present in the
sewage.
 Wear and tear of the pipe will not only reduce their life
spans but will also reduce their carrying capacity.
 Therefore, it is very import to limit the maximum velocity.

ClickerSLOPES
SEWER title style
 Sewer with flat slopes may be required to avoid

excessive excavation where surface slopes are flat
or the changes in elevation are small;
 In such ceases, the sewer sizes and slopes should

be designed so that the velocity of flow will
increase progressively, or at least will be steady
throughout the length of sewer.

Clicker title SEWER

ALTERNATIVE style ALIGNMENTS AND DESIGNS
 It is generally not advisable to construct ordinary

sewers outside public rights of way unless there is a
significant advantage in cost or other conditions;
 Interceptors are often constructed in private

easements because the most favorable locations
for interceptors are usually in valleys near natural
drainage channels;

Clicker
STEPS IN title
DESIGNstyle
OF SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS
Step 1:
• Estimate the wastewater flow rates for the design period
and any local conditions that may affect the hydraulic
operation of the system.
 Design for the expected peak flows (peak hourly flows
from residential, commercial, institutional and industrial
sources from the entire service area and add the peak
infiltration and inflow allowance for the entire service
area).
 Please refer how to estimate wastewater flow rate from
previous class

Clicker
STEPS title OF
IN DESIGN style
SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS (Cont…)
Step 2:
• Establish an overall
system layout that
includes a plan of the
area to be sewered,
showing roads, streets,
buildings, other
utilities, topography,
soil type, etc…

Clicker
STEPS title OF
IN DESIGN style

Clicker
STEPS title OF
IN DESIGN style
Step 2 (Cont…):
• Consider the following points in establishing system layout
 Care should be taken to include undeveloped areas.
 A tentative layout of collecting sewers and intercepting sewer
should be made.
 The sewer location should minimize the length required while
providing service to the entire area. Normally, the sewer slope
should follow the ground surface so that flows can follow the
approximate path of the area’s surface drainage.
 In some instances, it may be necessary to lay the sewer slope in
opposition to the surface slope, or to pump the wastes across a
drainage divide.

Clicker
STEPS title OF
IN DESIGN style
Step 3
• Provide manholes at appropriate locations.
 Sewer intersections
 Abrupt changes in horizontal direction or slope
 Pipe size change locations
 Regular intervals along straight runs (for maintenance)
 Less than, or equal to 100 m– general rule
 150m– maximum spacing
 Exception: sewers that can be walked through
 Number manholes and use manhole numbers to identify sewers
pipes

Clicker
STEPS title OF
IN DESIGN style
• Delineate the area into

sub-catchments
contributing to different
sewer segments based
on topography and the
established generally
layout.
• Estimate wastewater
quantity generated from
each sub-catchment to
be used for the design of
the segments
Clicker
STEPS title OF
IN DESIGN style

Clicker
STEPS title OF
IN DESIGN style
Step 5
• Select the hydraulic design equation, sewer-pipe materials and
minimum sizes, minimum and maximum velocities, slopes, and
covers.
• The most common hydraulic equation used is Manning’s Formula.
• The various flow formulae described in the previous article are
quite complex and the computations are quite lengthy.
• The computational work becomes still more lengthy while
designing a full fledge sewerage scheme.
• In order to reduce computational work, ready made charts,
nomograms and tables are available, based on various flow
formulae discussed in the previous article.
Clicker
STEPS title OF
IN DESIGN style
Step 5 (Cont…)
• For knowledge of any two parameters, the other two
may be found by placing a straightedge across the
diagram and connecting the known values.
• The other two are read from the intersections with
their scale.
• After diameter and velocity are calculated for full flow
condition using the formula or the monographs, the
partial flow parameters are determined using standard
charts.

Clicker
STEPS title OF
IN DESIGN style

Clicker
STEPS title OF
IN DESIGN style

Clicker
STEPS title OF
IN DESIGN style
Clicker
STEPS title OF
IN DESIGN style
Clicker
Example 1 title style
1. A pipe segment having slope of 0.002 (i.e. 2 in

1000) carries wastewater flow of 4m3/min.
determine the following parameters:
a. Sewer pipe diameter and velocity for full flow
condition (n=0.013);
b. Discharge and velocity for 40% (d/D=0.4) flow
ratio.

Chapter 3 - Off Site Sanitation

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Chapter 3 - Off Site Sanitation

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EiABC

Ethiopian Institute of Architecture,

ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

Ethiopian Institute of Architecture, Building

Chair of Infrastructure Design and Construction

SEWAGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL

3.2 Wastewater Sewerage Systems

3.3 Estimating Design Flow Rates

3.4 Hydraulic Design of Sanitary Sewers

3.5 Construction of Sewers

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• There are two sanitation systems:

• How can we chose between the two sanitation

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Criteria On-site Off-Site

Wastewater Flow Rate Small Large

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Sewage: liquid waste generated from a community

Advantages of Water Carried Conveyance System

• Based on the type of sewage carried by the sewer lines,

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• It is generally advantageous and economical to construct a

• The following merits and demerits of each system should be

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• The following points will be addressed

2. Estimation of storm water flow rates for the design of

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Clicker title SEWAGE

• Before estimating flow rates, first identify sources of sewage. The

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Estimating sewage flow rates:

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Variation in the rate of sewage flow

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Variation in the rate of sewage flow

Where, Qpeak= Peak sewage flow

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• This storm water has to be disposed off through open surface

• The amount of storm water must be estimated for the design

Factors affecting quantity of storm water

• Harder and relatively impermeable surfaces provide more

• The surface characteristics is expressed as Runoff

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2. Submain: A sewer that receives flow from one or more

3. Main or Trunk: A sewer that receives flow from one or

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