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TRƯƠNG TÍCH THIỆN TRƯƠNG TÍCH THIỆN

FINAL EXAM Semester/Academic year 1 2021-2022

Date 08/12/2021
Course title Biomechanics
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY - VNUHCM Course ID AS3049
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES
Duration 90 mins. Question sheet code 2111
Notes: - Students can refer to all materials – Open Test.

Question 1. (L.O.10.1)
A 90kg man agrees to have his standing jump analyzed. Standing on a force plate, he
crouches to lower his center of gravity, then executes a jump. The force plate measurement
gives a reading that can be described by the equation F  t   1800sin  t /    540 1  t /   ,
where F(t) is in Newton. Here the push-off duration  is 120 ms. How high will your
friend’s center of gravity be elevated at the peak of his jump? Take g  9.81 m / s 2  .

Question 2. (L.O.8.3)
A certain muscle is known to behave according to the three elements model presented in
Fig. 1, with an effective dashpot damping coefficient of η0 = 2.85Ns/m. When stimulated
with a single twitch in an isometric experiment, it produces 82% maximal tension after 40
ms. While keeping the same muscle length, the muscle is then put in series with a spring
having k0 of 215 N/m. What tension is measured in a newisometric experiment 22 ms after
a twitch?

Figure 1. Three element model for muscle

Question 3. (L.O.7.2, L.O.7.3)
A balloon is surrounded by a tank of liquid at negative pressure and is connected to the
atmosphere by a tube of length L and cross-sectional area A. The pressure inside the
balloon p oscillates above and below atmospheric pressure causing small changes in the
balloon volume V (Fig. 2). The elasticity of the balloon is characterized by its compliance
C, defined by p  V / C .

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 a. Assuming that the pressure differential along the tube accelerates the air in the tube
and is not used to overcome entrance, exit, or tube losses; and the air density ρ is
constant. Derive a second-order differential equation for V  t  and determine the
natural frequency of the system.
b. The equivalent value for a 14kg dog would be approximately 5.75×10−4 m. The
compliance of dog lungs is approximately 0.0305 liter/cm H2O. Estimate the natural
frequency of a dog’s breathing. Knowing   1.4kg / m3 , 1cmH20 = 98 (N/m2).

Figure 2.
Question 4. (L.O.7.4)
A membrane oxygenator is being designed as part of a heart–lung bypass machine. It must
be able to transfer 220 ml/min of O2 into blood flowing at 4.55l/min. Assume the blood
enters the oxygenator with an effective O2 concentration of 0.125 ml O2/ml blood.
a. With what O2 concentration should the blood leave the oxygenator?
b. One design is to make the oxygenator as a “stack” containing many “units”, as
shown Fig. 3. Each unit consists of a channel filled with flowing blood, an O2-filled
channel, and flat membranes separating the channels. The membranes are 13 cm ×
13 cm by 5.65 μm thick, and the height of each blood-containing channel is 1.2 cm.
The O2-containing channels are filled with 100% O2, which is equivalent to a blood
concentration of 0.208 ml O2/ml blood. How many membrane units are needed to
supply the required oxygen? The value for Deff of O2 in the membranes is measured
as 10−6 cm2/s.

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 Figure 3.
Question 5. (L.O.6.2)
The cornea is a water-filled connective tissue that we will treat as being flat and of thickness
h (Fig. 4). Because of the composition of the cornea, it traps positive ions, so that there are
“excess” positive ions in the interior of the cornea compared with the surrounding fluid
contacting the cornea. This is equivalent to the surface of the cornea acting like a
semipermeable membrane that blocks the passage of positive ions.
a. When the cornea is completely dehydrated, its thickness is hdry = 215 μm, and the
“excess” concentration of positive ions is 0.77 mM, compared with physiological saline.
Assuming that no positive ions leave the tissue when it becomes hydrated, write an
expression for the “excess” positive ion concentration as a function of corneal thickness,
h.
b. As the cornea becomes more hydrated, it thickens and fibers in the cornea become
stretched. This creates an effective positive pressure within the cornea, p = k(h − h0), with
h0 = 355 μm and k = 5.75 Pa/μm. Compute the equilibrium thickness of the cornea when it
is exposed to physiological saline at 37 0C and zero pressure (gauge). Note that the
universal gas constant R = 8.314 J/(mol K). Be careful about units here: 1mM is 10−3 mol/l.

Figure 4.
Question 6. (L.O.8.2)
A muscle is supported from a fixed point and has a mass M attached to it (Fig. 5). Assume
that the muscle can be modeled using a three elements model ( T / T0  1  e  k t / ). Call the
'
0 0

muscle length x, and denote the value of x before the muscle begins to contract by x0. At

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time t = 0, the active component of the muscle begins to contract and produces a constant
tension T0 for duration C. This causes the mass to rise, i.e., causes x to decrease with time.
a. Treating the muscle as massless, show that x(t) is given by
 r2er1t  r1er2t 
0
x  x0  
1  
 r1  r2 
k0
 
where: r1   0 1  1  4ko M / 02  ; r2   0 1  1  4ko M / 02 
2M   2M  
b. If T0 =25N;k0 =545N/m;M=1.75kg,η0 =115Ns/m,C=0.2s , calculate how far the mass M
will have risen at the end of the contraction (i.e., at t = C).

Figure 5.
Question 7. (L.O.9.3)
The material property of cortical bone and trabecular bone of two different densities are
shown in Tab. 1.
Table 1. The material property of cortical bone and for trabecular bone
Cortical bone Trabecular bone Trabecular bone
(   1.85g / cm3 ) (   0.9g / cm3 ) (   0.3 g / cm3 )
Yield Strength 160 35 5
(MPa)
Ultimate Strength 178 60 5
(MPa)
Yield Strain 0.01 0.03 0.04
(m/m)
Ultimate Strain 0.026 0.235 0.23
(m/m)

a. Determine Elastic Modulus and Anelastic modulus of Cortical bone?

b. Strain energy density, U, is a measure of the ability of a material to absorb energy up to
u
fracture and is given by: U    d  , where εu is the ultimate strain at failure. Calculate the
0

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approximate strain energy density to failure of cortical bone and trabecular bone of two
different densities.
u
1
Hint: U    d   yeild  yeild 
2
1
2
 yield   ultimate  ultimate   yeild 
0

Question 8. (L.O.10.2)
Derive an expression to estimate the distance L attainable in the long jump, in terms of the
approach velocity V (Fig. 6). Neglect air drag and assume that planting the foot at the
beginning of the jump does not generate a vertical force but rather produces the optimal
angle for take off. Find L for V = 9 m/s. (Note: you will have to determine the optimum
angle.). Take g  9.81 m / s 2  .

Figure 6

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