Lecturer: (Date): 05/05/2022 Approved by: Date): 05/05/2022

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Trương Tích Thiện Trương Tích Thiện

TRIAL FINAL TEST Semester/Academic year 2 2021-2022

Date 05/05/2022
Course title Biomechanics
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY - VNUHCM Course ID AS3049
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES
Duration 90 mins. Question sheet code 2121
Notes: - Open book
Problem.1. (L.O.7.2, L.O.7.3)
A balloon is surrounded by a tank of liquid at negative pressure and is connected to the
atmosphere by a tube of length L and cross-sectional area A. The pressure inside the
balloon p oscillates above and below atmospheric pressure causing small changes in the
balloon volume V (Fig. 1). The elasticity of the balloon is characterized by its compliance
C, defined by p  V / C .
a. Assuming that the pressure differential along the tube accelerates the air in the tube
and is not used to overcome entrance, exit, or tube losses; and the air density ρ is
constant. Derive a second-order differential equation for V  t  and determine the
natural frequency of the system.
b. For a 70 kg man, A/L is approximately 0.001 m. The equivalent value for a 12kg
dog would be approximately [12/70]1/3 of the value, or 5.6×10−4 m. The compliance
of dog lungs is approximately 0.029 liter/cm H2O. Estimate the natural frequency
of a dog’s breathing. Measurements indicate that dogs with a body mass of 12kg
pant at about 5.3Hz. Comment briefly on any differences between your answer and
the measured frequency.

Figure 1. For Problem 1

Problem.2. (L.O.7.4)
A membrane oxygenator is being designed as part of a heart–lung bypass machine. It must
be able to transfer 200 ml/min of O2 into blood flowing at 5l/min. Assume the blood enters
the oxygenator with an effective O2 concentration of 0.1 ml O2/ml blood.

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 a. With what O2 concentration should the blood leave the oxygenator?
Hint: an overall mass balance.
b. One design is to make the oxygenator as a “stack” containing many “units”, as
shown Fig. 2. Each unit consists of a channel filled with flowing blood, an O2-filled
channel, and flat membranes separating the channels. The membranes are 10 cm ×
10 cm by 5 μm thick, and the height of each blood-containing channel is 1 cm. The
O2-containing channels are filled with 100% O2, which is equivalent to a blood
concentration of 0.204 ml O2/ml blood. How many membrane units are needed to
supply the required oxygen? The value for Deff of O2 in the membranes is measured
as 10−6 cm2/s.

Figure 2. For problem 2

Problem 3. (L.O.6.)
The eye can be treated, to a first approximation, as a thin-walled elastic pressure vessel of
diameter D and wall thickness t. Calculate the distensibility of the eye, β= 1/V    dV/dp 
as a function of D, t, and the Young’s modulus of the sclera/cornea, E.
Problem 4. (L.O.8.)
A muscle is supported from a fixed point and has a mass M attached to it (Fig. 3). Assume
that the muscle can be modeled using a three elements model ( T / T0  1  e  k t / ). Call the
'
0 0

muscle length x, and denote the value of x before the muscle begins to contract by x 0. At
time t = 0, the active component of the muscle begins to contract and produces a constant
tension T0 for duration C. This causes the mass to rise, i.e., causes x to decrease with time.
a. Treating the muscle as massless, show that x(t) is given by
0  r2er1t  r1er2t 
x  x0   1  
k0  r1  r2 
0  
where: r1   1  1  4ko M / 02  ; r2   0 1  1  4ko M / 02 
2M   2M  
b. If T0 =15N;k0 =500N/m;M=1kg,η0 =100Ns/m,C=0.1s , calculate how far the mass M
will have risen at the end of the contraction (i.e., at t = C).

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 Figure 3. For problem 4
Problem 5. (L.O.8.)
A certain muscle is known to behave according to the three element model presented in
Section 8.2, with an effective dashpot damping coefficient of η0 = 2.5Ns/m. When
stimulated with a single twitch in an isometric experiment, it produces 80% maximal
tension after 40 ms. While keeping the same muscle length, the muscle is then put in series
with a spring having k0 of 200 N/m. What tension is measured in a newisometric
experiment 20 ms after a twitch?

Problem 6. (L.O.9.)
Typical compressive stress–strain curves for cortical bone and for trabecular bone of two
different densities are shown in Fig. 4. Calculate the approximate strain energy density to
failure in each case. Strain energy density, U, is a measure of the ability of a material to
u
absorb energy up to fracture and is given by: U    d  , where εu is the ultimate strain at
0

failure. What does your result imply about the function of trabecular versus cortical bone
and the consequences of loss of trabecular bone density, as occurs in osteoporosis?

Figure 4. For problem 6

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Problem 7. (L.O.10.)
Your 160 lbm friend agrees to have his standing jump analyzed. Standing on a force plate,
he crouches to lower his center of gravity, then executes a jump. The force plate
measurement gives a reading that can be described by the equation
F  t   480sin  t /    160 1  t /   , where F(t) is in lbf. Here the push-off duration  is 180
ms. How high will your friend’s center of gravity be elevated at the peak of his jump?
Problem 8. (L.O.10)
A 150 lbm person is able to jump 22 inches (elevation of center of gravity) if they first
crouch so as to lower their center of gravity by 15 inches (Fig. 5). What average tension T
is present in their Achilles tendon during the push-off phase?

Figure 5. For problem 8

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