Communication Electronic Communications Is The Transmission, Reception, and

Stratellites 2021-2022
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Communication Electronic communications is the transmission, reception, and
processing of information between two or more locations with the use of electronic
circuits. The basic components of electronic communications system are the
transmitter, communications channel or medium, receiver, and noise. Analog signals
(such human voice) or digital signals (binary data) are inputted to the system,
processed in the electronic circuits for transmission, and then decoded by the receiver.
The system is said to be reliable and effective only when errors are minimized in the
process. Based on the Transmission media there are two types of Wired and Wireless
communication.
Wired communication refers to the transmission of data over a wire-based

communication technology. Wired communication is also known as wireline
communication. Examples include telephone networks, cable television or internet
access, and fiber-optic communication. Most wired networks use Ethernet cables to
transfer data between connected PCs. Also waveguide (electromagnetism), used for
high-power applications, is considered wired line.
Local telephone networks often form the basis for wired communications and
are used by both residential and business customers in the area. Many networks today
rely on the use of fiber optic communication technology as a means of providing clear
signaling for both inbound and outbound transmissions and are replacing copper wire
transmission. Fiber optic technology is capable of accommodating far more signals
than copper wiring while still maintaining the integrity of the signal over longer
distances.
While wireless devices communicate over the air, a wired communication

system uses physical cables to transmit data from one system to another. This type of
communication is also known as wireline communication. Wired communications
generally make use of underground communications cables, electronic signal
amplifiers, and terminal apparatus depending on the type of wired communications
VIII Sem, Dept of ECE, Dr. TTIT, KGF 1

used. From small scale industries to large scale corporations, wired communications
are used everywhere for easy and flawless communication.
It is a form of communication wherein information is transmitted along wires

through electrical signals, a type of telecommunication. A few examples of wired
communications are telephone networks, fiber-optic communications, public switched
telephone network (PSTN), etc. The clarity and stability of wired communications
keeps the wire relevant in the era of wireless comms.
Fig 1.1 Wired Communication
There are three major types of wired connection:

• Twisted Pair
• Coaxial Cable

• Fiber Optic Cable
Advantages of Wired Communication:
• Fast transfer of information.

• More secure way of communication
• Cables offer higher bandwidth
• It is simple to configure
• Shieldings are used to withstand interference
• It offers a better quality of service (QoS)
Apart from offices and industries, wired communication can be used in many
other facilities and one such example is defense systems. Though wireless
communication has become an important part of the modern world, wired
communication can’t be ignored in such places where there’s a high need for reliability
and safety. Wired communication ensures proper safety, security, reliability, and
speed.
Wireless communication is simply data communication without the use of

landlines. This may involve cellular telephone, two-way radio, fixed wireless
(broadband wireless), laser (freespace optics) or satellite communication systems.
Mobile wireless technologies are going to act as glue towards bringing together the
wired and wireless to share and distribute information seamlessly across each other’s
areas of reference.
Since the use of smoke signals, flags and flashing mirrors in the pre – historic
period, Wireless communication has been a part of human life and it is continuously
evolving. Modern Wireless Communication i.e., using electrical signals and radio
waves for communication has been around us for more than 100 years.
In the year 1897, Guglielmo Marconi successfully demonstrated the Wireless

Telegraphy by sending EM Waves for a short distance of 100 meters. This
demonstration paved way for Radio Communication and the term Radio is derived
from Radiant Energy.

By early 1900’s, Trans – Atlantic radio transmission had been established, where
Marconi successfully transmitted messages in the form of Morse code. Since then, the
technology related to wireless communication and wireless system has advanced
rapidly and thus enabling transmissions over longer distances at low cost with cheaper
devices.
Throughout the development of wireless communication, there are many

wireless systems and methods that flourished and many got disappeared. The best
example for this is Telephone Communication and Television Transmission. Initially,
all telephone related communication was carried out (and still is) using wired network,
which we call it as Landline Telephone.
Fig 1.2 Wireless Communication

But the rapid growth of Mobile Communication started to replace the complex
wired telephone system. In this scenario, the wired technology became outdated and
got replaced by wireless communication.
Another scenario where wireless communication got replaced by wired

communication is Television broadcasting. In the early days, television signals were
broadcasted using wireless radio transmitters. But this setup got replaced by cable
television.
These two examples point out that with the development of technology, we
always have to choose what’s best for the situation i.e., in some areas we have to use
wired communication whereas in the other, going for wireless may be a better option.
Since from the beginning of wireless communications, there have been a number
of developments in each generation. Considering the future generation of wireless
communication i.e; 4G.
The primary and important benefit of wireless communication is mobility.Apart

from mobility, wireless communication also offers flexibility and ease of use, which
makes it increasingly popular day – by – day. Wireless Communication like mobile
telephony can be made anywhere and anytime with a considerably high throughput
performance.
Another important point is infrastructure. The setup and installation of

infrastructure for wired communication systems is an expensive and time consuming
job. The infrastructure for wireless communication can be installed easily and low cost.
In emergency situations and remote locations, where the setup of wired

communication is difficult, wireless communication is a viable option.
Advantages of Wireless Communication:

There are numerous advantages of Wireless Communication Technology,
Wireless Networking and Wireless Systems over Wired Communication like Cost,
Mobility, Ease of Installation, and Reliability etc.

• Cost: The cost of installing wires, cables and other infrastructure is eliminated
in wireless communication and hence lowering the overall cost of the system
compared to wired communication system. Installing wired network in building,
digging up the Earth to lay the cables and running those wires across the streets
is extremely difficult, costly and time consuming job.
In historical buildings, drilling holes for cables is not a best idea as it

destroys the integrity and importance of the building. Also, in older buildings
with no dedicated lines for communication, wireless communication like Wi-Fi
or Wireless LAN is the only option.
• Mobility: As mentioned earlier, mobility is the main advantage of wireless

communication system. It offers the freedom to move around while still
connected to network.
• Ease of Installation: The setup and installation of wireless communication

network’s equipment and infrastructure is very easy as we need not worry about
the hassle of cables. Also, the time required to setup a wireless system like a Wi-
Fi network for example, is very less when compared to setting up a full cabled
network.
• Reliability: Since there are no cables and wires involved in wireless

communication, there is no chance of communication failure due to damage of
these cables, which may be caused by environmental conditions, cable splice
and natural diminution of metallic conductors.
• Disaster Recovery: In case of accidents due to fire, floods or other disasters,

the loss of communication infrastructure in wireless communication system can
be minimal.
Disadvantages of Wireless Communication: Even though wireless

communication has a number of advantages over wired communication, there are a
few disadvantages as well. The most concerning disadvantages are Interference,
Security and Health.

• Interference: Wireless Communication systems use open space as the medium

for transmitting signals. As a result, there is a huge chance that radio signals
from one wireless communication system or network might interfere with other
signals.
The best example is Bluetooth and Wi-Fi (WLAN). Both these
technologies use the 2.4GHz frequency for communication and when both of
these devices are active at the same time, there is a chance of interference.
• Security: One of the main concerns of wireless communication is Security of

the data. Since the signals are transmitted in open space, it is possible that an
intruder can intercept the signals and copy sensitive information.
• Health Concerns: Continuous exposure to any type of radiation can be

hazardous. Even though the levels of RF energy that can cause the damage are
not accurately established, it is advised to avoid RF radiation to the maximum.
Types of Wireless Communication Systems:

Today, people need Mobile Phones for many things like talking, internet,
multimedia etc. All these services must be made available to the user on the go i.e.
while the user is mobile. With the help of these wireless communication services, we
can transfer voice, data, videos, images etc.
Wireless Communication Systems also provide different services like video

conferencing, cellular telephone, paging, TV, Radio etc. Due to the need for variety of
communication services, different types of Wireless Communication Systems are
developed. Some of the important Wireless Communication Systems available today
are:
• Television and Radio Broadcasting
• Satellite Communication
• Radar
• Mobile Telephone System (Cellular Communication)
• Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Infrared Communication
• WLAN (Wi-Fi)

• Bluetooth
• ZigBee
• Paging
• Cordless Phones
• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
There are many other system with each being useful for different applications.
Wireless Communication systems can be again classified as Simplex, Half Duplex and
Full Duplex. Simplex communication is one way communication. An example is
Radio broadcast system.
Half Duplex is two way communication but not simultaneous one. An example
is walkie – talkie (civilian band radio). Full Duplex is also two way communication
and it is a simultaneous one. Best example for full duplex is mobile phones.
The devices used for Wireless Communication may vary from one service to
other and they may have different size, shape, data throughput and cost. The area
covered by a Wireless Communication system is also an important factor. The wireless
networks may be limited to a building, an office campus, a city, a small regional area
(greater than a city) or might have global coverage.
Television and Radio Broadcasting:

Radio is considered to be the first wireless service to be broadcast. It is an
example of a Simplex Communication System where the information is transmitted
only in one direction and all the users receiving the same data.
Satellite Communication
Satellite Communication System is an important type of Wireless
Communication. Satellite Communication Networks provide worldwide coverage
independent to population density.
Satellite Communication Systems offer telecommunication (Satellite Phones),
positioning and navigation (GPS), broadcasting, internet, etc. Other wireless services
like mobile, television broadcasting and other radio systems are dependent of Satellite
Communication Systems.

Mobile Telephone Communication System

Perhaps, the most commonly used wireless communication system is the Mobile
Phone Technology. The development of mobile cellular device changed the World like
no other technology. Today’s mobile phones are not limited to just making calls but
are integrated with numerous other features like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, GPS, and FM
Radio.
The latest generation of Mobile Communication Technology is 5G (which is
indeed successor to the widely adapted 4G). Apart from increased data transfer rates
(technologists claim data rates in the order of Gbps), 5G Networks are also aimed at
Internet of Things (IoT) related applications and future automobiles.
Global Positioning System (GPS)

GPS is solely a subcategory of satellite communication. GPS provides different
wireless services like navigation, positioning, location, speed etc. with the help of
dedicated GPS receivers and satellites.
Bluetooth
Bluetooth is another important low range wireless communication system. It
provides data, voice and audio transmission with a transmission range of 10 meters.
Almost all mobile phones, tablets and laptops are equipped with Bluetooth devices.
They can be connected to wireless Bluetooth receivers, audio equipment, cameras etc.
Paging
Although it is considered an obsolete technology, paging was a major success
before the wide spread use of mobile phones. Paging provides information in the form
of messages and it is a simplex system i.e. the user can only receive the messages.
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

Wireless Local Area Network or WLAN (Wi-Fi) is an internet related wireless
service. Using WLAN, different devices like laptops and mobile phones can connect
to an access point (like a Wi-Fi Router) and access internet.
Wi-Fi is one of the widely used wireless network, usually for internet access (but
sometimes for data transfer within the Local Area Network). It is very difficult to
imagine the modern World without Wi-Fi.
Infrared Communication
Infrared Communication is another commonly used wireless communication in
our daily lives. It uses the infrared waves of the Electromagnetic (EM) spectrum.
Infrared (IR) Communication is used in remote controls of Televisions, cars, audio
equipment etc.
1.1 The systems for future mobile communications are:
1. Broad-Band Wireless Systems: Wireless broadband is telecommunications

technology that provides high-speed wireless Internet access or computer networking
access over a wide area. The term comprises both fixed and mobile broadband. A
wireless broadband network is an outdoor fixed and/or mobile wireless network
providing point-to-multipoint or point-to-point terrestrial wireless links for broadband
services.
Wireless networks can feature data rates exceeding 1 Gbit/s. Many fixed
wireless networks are exclusively half-duplex (HDX), however, some licensed and
unlicensed systems can also operate at full-duplex (FDX) allowing communication in
both directions simultaneously. Outdoor fixed wireless broadband networks
commonly utilize a priority TDMA based protocol in order to divide communication
into timeslots. This timeslot technique eliminates many of the issues common to
802.11 Wi-Fi protocol in outdoor networks such as the hidden node problem.
2. Intelligent Transport Systems: An intelligent transportation system (ITS) is an

advanced application which aims to provide innovative services relating to different
modes of transport and traffic management and enable users to be better informed and
make safer, more coordinated, and 'smarter' use of transport networks.Some of these
technologies include calling for emergency services when an accident occurs, using
cameras to enforce traffic laws or signs that mark speed limit changes depending on
conditions.
Intelligent transport systems vary in technologies applied, from basic

management systems such as car navigation; traffic signal control systems; container
management systems; variable message signs; automatic number plate recognition or

speed cameras to monitor applications. Additionally, predictive techniques are being

developed to allow advanced modelling and comparison with historical baseline data.
Some of these technologies are described in the following sections.
3. High Altitude Stratospheric Platform Station Systems: HAPS has the

potential to become the third communications infrastructure after terrestrial and
satellite communications. The platforms keep their positions at about 20 km high in
the stratosphere. By optical intercommunication links, they make a mesh-like network
in the sky.
A broadband access link is the link between the platform station and the user
station. The typical bit rate of the access link is 25 Mb/s for most fixed and portable
terminals, while a several hundred megabits per second link is available for limited
fixed terminals with antennas larger than the typical ones. Because of using millimeter-
wave bands, a small antenna with high gain is feasible. For example, a bit rate of 144
kb/s can be provided for vehicles by only a 5 cm dish antenna with 20 dB gain.

Chapter 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
A Literature survey in a seminar report represents the study done to assist in the
completion of a seminar. It also describes a survey of the previous existing materials
on a topic of the report. Its purpose is to create familiarity with current thinking and
research on a particular topic, and may justify future research into a previously
overlooked or understudied area.
Hugh Blair-Smith, Dennis, [1] Proposed “Tom Swift and his Electrical
Airship”, Stratellite the unmanned airship is intended to reside in the stratosphere and
perform the functions of a communications satellite—hence the name Like the IRS
blimp, it is to stay aloft at 65,000 feet, supported by helium and using electrical energy
generated by fuel cells for propulsion and communications. It too will use solar cells
to regenerate hydrogen. Both these unmanned airships are intended primarily to keep
station rather than transporting people and cargo, accounting for their lack of speed.
This hybrid airship (aerostatic/aerodynamic) concept is a bit shadowy because

reports and posts vary widely on details, so that it’s hard to assess, for example, how
much of its energy is produced by fuel cells and how much by combustion. I’ve
included it here because it exemplifies the goal of developing a new, highly innovative,
type of airship for commercial aviation purposes. Igor Pasternak heads Worldwide
Aeros Corporation and sees early applications as an airborne luxury cruise ship.
Clearly, there is more hope than substance in the efforts thus far to power
commercial aircraft electrically. Yet the number of approaches being tried, and the
considerable resources being applied to these developments, seem encouraging. Both
the public and private sectors are contributing to moving the state of the art along.
Saswati Das [2] Proposed “Stratellite Communication: Futuristic Endeavour”,

Stratellites are High Altitude Airships that originally meant to hover in the
Stratosphere, nearly 20Km above the surface of the earth. The concept of Stratellite
was first taken into serious consideration for manufacturing by a Germany based
Organization, Sanswire. The idea of Stratellite communication seemed ludicrous yet
viable as it provided a stationary platform for the various modes of wireless
communication. Unlike a Satellite that revolves around the earth and needs receiving
antennas positioned at different angles to receive the transmitted signals when the

satellites would be at different positions around the earth, the Stratellite’s stationary
positioning sounds beneficial as the location of the receiving antenna can be fixed and
would not have to be changed from time to time.
The commercial model of Stratellite proposed by Sanswire is said to have a 100

feet radius, a length of 245 feet and requires nearly 13 cubic feet volume of a mixture
of Helium and Nitrogen and It would be able to carry upto a 5000 lb payload at 8000
feet for 10-16 hours of continuous operation. Unlike Satellites, Stratellites depend
entirely upon solar photovoltaic thin film panels making them easily deployable in
damaged areas or non-existent energy bodies like developing nations and battle
grounds.
The Stratellite is NASA’s dream project and much of its feasibility is still being
worked on by various scientific organizations across the globe. Countries like
Germany and France are dedicated to the cause of this project led by an American
initiative.
Saloni [3] proposed “Stratellite unmanned aerial vehicle as a inter-sat platform

in stratosphere”, This paper is about the new project designed by the Sanswire
Corporation pronounced as stratellite which are being designed to provide better data
services around the world. This is completely obsessed with the concept of satellite
technologies and the stratospheric layer that is above 10 km from the earth's surface.
It is true that the data services are playing a prominent role in fast hi-technology and
in discerning that idea it is necessary to provide very low signal latency and no data
losses.
The idea of making this airship is to replace 1000‟s of the tower on the earth,
which are necessary for wireless data transmission and reception from above 400-22,
400 miles above and it may incur data losses due to long transmission path back and
forth coming. This is like a blimp, but 25 times stronger in every aspect than those and
this does not require any unsustainable energy for its processing. This is having solar
panels designed on top of it for energy generation in order to move the airship or to
store it in the nacelle fuel storage. This is having great applications in navigational
aids, border surveillance system, telecommunication and many more.
It is an intermediate platform designed for effective data transmission on the

GEO, LEO satellite with low signal latency. The HAP technology is designed for
HALO network and that is a WMAN which is having a range of 10-100 Gbps data rate
and satellites are also based on the same concept for data transmission and reception.
Due to long distances the data could be loss and to suppress that affect the satellite hub
station is designed and it is going to be the best technology as in providing low signal
latency and with the coverage area of 3,20,000 square miles. This is a steady static
platform with 24 hour connectivity with ground station due to its height and this is a
hub with great payloads for radar and navigation purposes.
There are several reasons for searching other possibilities how to exploit
effectively the existing limited radio spectrum as well as to use the advantages of both
terrestrial and satellite propagations and to avoid their disadvantages. Broadband
communications by means of high altitude platforms (HAPs) allows such possibility.
HAPs, in US military development projects named Unmanned Air Vehicles

(UAVs), are unmanned airplanes, airships, and balloons with radio communications
payload, operating in the stratosphere and providing wireless communications
between terrestrial places. They can serve also as an intermediary between satellites
and terrestrial surface.
High altitude platforms (HAPs) can fill the gap between the
communications feasibilities of both terrestrial and satellite base stations. This
technology is an objective of interest of many universities and civil research centres,
as well as of military research groups. It is an interesting call for constructors in the
area of aeronautic materials, vehicle shapes and propulsion. There are also the research
tasks in the area of wireless communications technologies, as well as exploiting the
existing Wi-Max and Wi-Fi technologies.
Anjali Chokrayat [4] proposed “A review paper on Stratellites”, The focus in

this review paper for new technology about to satellite, it’s similar to satellite but its
station is stratosphere. Firstly introduces the wireless communications and then
switches to fourth generation in wireless communications. Then discusses about High
Altitude Airships, the “STRATELLITES” which are actually unmanned Kelvar
balloons filled with helium gas which are used instead of towers for wireless
communication, each of which replace hundreds of towers and reduce the cost of
wireless communications. They also overcome the disadvantage of simple towers
which could not provide proper coverage in the hilly areas.
Stratellites are actually unmanned(remote controlled) Kevlar balloons filled

with helium. They usage thin-film photovoltaic cells sprayed on their surfaces to
generate electricity, which drives propellers that work with GPS technology to keep
the stratellite, located over one spot on the Earth’s surface. Prototype airships are
projected to carry payloads as large as 5,000 pounds, and later models are expected to
carry over 20,000 pounds of radars and other remote imaging equipment, navigational
aids, and telecommunications relays. Stratellites are aforethought to remain on station
for a year at a time and will cost a fifth as much as a comparable satellite.
Due to the drawback satellite we use stratelliteas alternate source of

communication. First drawback of satellite is a signal latency, in which cause problems
in establishing broadband links. Most telecommunication satellite are in geostationary
orbit to remain above a certain point on the earth’s surface. that orbit, however , is
22,250 miles above the earth, which means signal is departure up to the satellite and
back to the earth literate nearly 45,000 miles, which equates to about a quarter of a
second. Even user of satellite voice links notice the delay. The second drew back is
that satellite are expensive space launches, an additional level of regulation by national
space authorities, and an orbital allotment by the international telecommunication
union.
D Subha Rao, S Priyanka, Jaidul Islam [5] proposed “Stratellites”, The paper
right off the bat presents the remote correspondences and after that changes to fourth
era in remote interchanges. The paper at that point talks about High Altitude Airships,
the "Stratellites" which are really unmanned Kelvar inflatables loaded up with helium
which are utilized rather than towers for remote correspondence, every one of which
supplant several towers and decrease the expense of remote interchanges. They
likewise conquer the detriment of straightforward towers which couldn't give
appropriate inclusion in the bumpy zones.
Wire communication is basically information correspondence without the

utilization of landlines. This may include cell phone, two-way radio, fixed remote
(broadband remote), laser (free space optics) or satellite correspondence frameworks.
Portable remote advances are going to go about as paste towards uniting the wired
and remote to share and convey data flawlessly over one another's territories of
reference.
Stratellites give the required offices of remote correspondence more effectively
than the standard towers. The Stratellite will enable endorsers of effectively convey in
'the two headings' utilizing promptly accessible remote innovation." They limit the
expense of correspondence. Stratellites present a portable, minimal effort, high-limit

choice to satellite transfers and cell towers. When the imperfections of Stratellites have
been survived and turned out to be increasingly solid, they assume a fundamental job
later on age remote correspondence.

Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Existing Technology(Satellites):
Satellite communication is the method of transporting information from one
place to another using a communication satellite in orbit around the Earth. Watching
the English Premier League every weekend with your friends would have been
impossible without this. A communication satellite is an artificial satellite that
transmits the signal via a transponder by creating a channel between the transmitter
and the receiver located at different locations on the Earth.
Fig 3.1.1 Satellite
Telephone, radio, television, internet, and military applications use satellite

communications. Believe it or not, more than 2000 artificial satellites are hurtling
around in space right above your heads.
We know that there are different ways to communicate and the propagation of
these waves can take place in different ways. Ground wave propagation and skywave

propagation are the two ways in which communication took place for a certain
distance. The maximum distance covered by them is 1500 km and this was overcome
by the introduction of satellite communication.
Fig 3.1.2 Satellite Communication
The communication satellites are similar to the space mirrors that help us in
bouncing the signals such as radio, internet data, and television from one side of the
earth to another. There are three stages that are involved which explain the working of
satellite communications. These are:
• Uplink
• Transponders
• Downlink

Let’s consider an example of signals from a television. In the first stage, the
signal from the television broadcast on the other side of the earth is first beameupto
the satellite from the ground station on the earth. This process is known as uplink.
The second stage involves transponders such as radio receivers, amplifiers, and
transmitters. These transponders are used for boosting the incoming signal and to
change their frequency so that the outgoing signals are not altered. Depending on the
incoming signal sources, the transponders vary.
The final stage involves a downlink in which the data is sent to the other end of
the receiver on the earth. It is important to understand that usually there is one uplink
and multiple downlinks.
3.2 Satellite Communications in India:
It’s interesting to know that the Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system is one
of the largest domestic communication systems that is placed in the geo-stational orbit.
There are more than 200 transponders in the INSAT system and are used for various
purposes such as telecommunications, weather forecasting, television broadcasting,
disaster warning, search and rescue operations, and satellite newsgathering. Below is
the list of communication satellites along with their applications:
Satellite name Launch date Application
GSAT-30 Jan 17, 2020 Communication
GSAT-31 Feb 06, 2020 Communication
GSAT-15 Nov 11, 2015 Communication and navigation
GSAT-10 Sep 29, 2012 Communication and navigation
INSAT-3A Apr 10, 2003 Communication and climate and environment
KALPANA-1 Sep 12, 2002 Communication and climate and environment
3.3 Advantages of Satellite Communication:
The following are the advantages of satellite communication:
• Installments of circuits are easy.

• The elasticity of these circuits is excellent.

• With the help of satellite communication, every corner of the earth can
be covered.
• The user fully controls the network.
3.4 Disadvantages of Satellite Communication:
The following are the disadvantages of satellite communication:
• Initial expenditure is expensive.

• Low Signal Latency
• There are chances of blockage of frequencies.
• Propagation and interference.
3.5 Applications of Satellite Communication:
• Telephone
• Television
• Digital cinema
• Radio broadcasting
• Amateur radio
• Internet access
• Military
• Disaster Management
3.6 Stratellite:
A Stratellite is similar to a satellite, but is stationed in the stratosphere rather

than in orbit. Stratellite airships are lightweight, leak proof for helium gas tank,
resistance to radiance at altitude of 13 miles. Each stratellite is having a clear line of
sight communication.
The engines should be strong to handle 55 m/Sec wind velocities. For long
endurance, only a part of the irradiance is available for direct propulsion and other
needs to be processed after getting charge and store the energy from solar panels on
top of the stratellites. This is required in order to work for communication and
propulsion equipment.

The stratellite is designed to carry payloads for radar and navigation purposes
and they are aiming to create an intermediate platform or a stable hub station in
stratosphere and it is being at the mercy of stratospheric weather conditions.
Fig 3.6.1 the very first model of a Stratellite as conceived by Sanswire Networks
Stratellite is a brand name trademark of Sanswire for a future emissions-free,

high-altitude stratospheric airship that provides a stationary communications platform
for various types of wireless signals usually carried by communications towers or
satellites. The Stratellite is a concept that has undergone several years of research and
development, and is not yet commercially available; Sanswire, with its partner TAO
Technologies, anticipates its current testing sequence to include the launch of a
Stratellite into the stratosphere.
High-altitude airships, like the Stratellite, would hover lower than an orbiting
satellite, but far above the jet stream and most weather, in the stratosphere
approximately 13 mi (20 km) above the Earth. A single unit could then send
broadband, mobile phone and digital television and radio signals to a large area. The

unmanned Stratellite would be powered by solar cells and propelled by electric motors.
So far, this technology remains unproven, and is very far from commercialization. A
working proto-type that can perform all these functions doesn't exist.
Fig 3.6.2 Stratellite
Lag times would be reduced by a factor of nearly 2000 compared to

geosynchronous satellites, and 15 for low orbiting satellites but with a smaller
coverage area. When compared to terrestrial communications towers, Stratellite
coverage would be larger, with lag times being more a function of internal
communications equipment rather than distance.
Estimated broadband coverage of 300,000 mi2 (480,000 km2), roughly the size
of Texas or France, is planned. Wireless signals could be transmitted to and from a
200 mi (320 km) diameter, but terrain features and man-made structures could partially
or locally interfere with the signal. Since the Stratellite is designed for regular returns
to the surface for maintenance, some overlap and redundancy would be required to
maintain continuous service. Sanswire Networks initially plans to deploy this
technology over major metropolitan areas.

Proponents claim a high-altitude communications platform, like the Stratellite,

could make terrestrial broadcast towers obsolete, reducing the cost and time required
for hardware updates. An update made to a single unit would effectively cascade to an
entire grid of virtual broadcast towers. It will be possible to bring broadband service
to a wide area currently without terrestrial towers quickly and with relative ease.
This airship is having a nacelle at the bottom, which is having fuel cell storage
tank and that is connected to the solar panel on top of the stratellites via a ring like
path. They had their own power to move i.e. The power is stored in the fuel cell tank
and the propellers start with that stored energy and then the 3 axis geometrical
orientation could be achieved after that. The possible launch capabilities require 24
hours to set-up and it can be easily ascent and descent at the defined location. They do
not require launch vehicles and they can be refurbished or redeployed easily. There is
no need of proper constellation platform and at that altitude the frequency reuse
concept can be achieved with higher capacity data services of satellite systems.
3.7 Technologies of Stratellite:-

This is a UAV and based on HAAPS technology. High altitude airship platform
station technology is based on HALO networks. High altitude, long operation network
is used for broadband multimedia network. The network is having WMAN star
topology which is a wireless metropolitan area network. They are having two networks
first at
terrestrial to look up angles and another into space with very high look up angles.
They are more advantages because of low signal latency and highly economical
in nature. Apart from that they are having a very large coverage area and large
bandwidth for data communication. HALO is a central hub network designed for
carrying certain payloads and having long lifetime. It is multi-platform station with
multiple launches in the stratosphere.
HALO Network:-
Today’s era is all about fast life with high technologies and high data rates. So,
to have fast access is desired and this technology is replacing 1000‟s of towers on the
earth's surface and that is highly desired for low signal latency and to suppress the
effect of data losses due to long distance communication. It’s like GEO satellites are
placed at 22,400 miles above the earth's surface and the data needs to travel for 44,800

miles in total and that could cause data losses due to long distance communication.
This issue is overcome with the idea of an intermediate platform station i.e. stratellite.
HALO network is having low power use terminals, short delays, scalability of
capacity and great cellular communication. They are having 4G communication and
WMAN is working on the LMDS spectrum that is the system with gateway beams of
28-30 GHz and they are having 15 to 150 Gbps throughput capacity.
They are having 4 network elements and it includes:
1. Customer premise equipments
2. Business premise equipments
3. HALO gateway
4. Network control stations
Apart from that it is having three types of interfacing for Signaling purposes, such as:
1. UNI (user network interfacing)
2. NNI (node network interfacing)
3. B-ICI
The 4G for HALO networks is intended to provide high speed; capacity, low
cost per bit and IP based services at 20 Mbps data speed. They are 25 times bigger than
blimps. Blimps are just like a tethered balloon, but very small in size as compared to
stratellite. The disadvantages of this are prototype stage and due to non-
commercialized in nature.
High Altitude Stratospheric Platform Station Systems (HAPS)
HAPS has the potential to become the third communications infrastructure
after terrestrial and satellite communications. The platforms keep their positions at
about 20 km high in the stratosphere. By optical intercommunication links, they make
a mesh-like network in the sky. A broadband access link is the link between the
platform station and the user station. The typical bit rate of the access link is 25 Mb/s
for most fixed and portable terminals, while a several hundred megabits per second
link is available for limited fixed terminals with antennas larger than the typical ones.
Because of using millimeter-wave bands, a small antenna with high gain is feasible.
For example, a bit rate of 144 kb/s can be provided for vehicles by only a 5 cm dish
antenna with 20 dB gain.
A single HAPS with communications payloads (bent pipe transponders and

phased array antenna) onboard can replace a large number of terrestrial base stations
and their backhaul infrastructure (microwave or optical links). This approach has been
accepted by International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as an alternative way of
delivering the IMT-2000/UMTS (International Mobile Telecommunications System
2000/Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) services, in the frequency
ranges 1885–1980MHz, 2010–2025MHz and 2110– 2170MHz in Regions 1 and 3,
and 1885–1980MHz and 2110–2160MHz in Region2 [2]. ITU has also approved the
used of 47/48 GHz and 28/31 GHz (Region 3 only) bands for the delivery of fixed
wireless services using HAPS.
Fig 3.7 Simple HAPS system
Specification of HAPS:-
In the following we can introduce some interesting specifications of HAP

systems:
1. “Floating” or quasi-stationed position in the stratosphere at about 20 km altitude,

well above both civil air routes and wind flowing (there is 5% of air density of the
atmosphere at sea-level). The aero-planes and aircrafts can circle or move slowly in
air space with radius of several kilometers.
2. Solar power.
3. Remote controlling from the earth stations on the ground.

4. In the case of airships - long endurance of station, e.g. Several months or more. The
ship can be brought down for retrofitting and maintenance, and can be returned back
to its position.
5. Line-of-sight up to 800 000 square kilometer area, according to operational altitude.
6. Payload capacity allows uphold a lot of antennas for different services.
7. Cellular is covered by wireless signal, without deaf places on the earth's surface with
broken relief (fig. 2).
8. Providing communications also for users with high speed moving terrestrial
vehicles.
9. Wi-Fi technology and Wi-Max application for communications in bands 2 – 66

GHz. The work group ITU-R 9B has proposed more ITU-R re-commendations for
HAPS systems.
Utilization of HAPS:-
The scope of utilization of HAP is great and very promising. They are intended
many of civil and military HAPs benefits, which can be divided in three groups:
1. Broadband telecommunications services (cellular, a lot of new generation

multimedia broadcasting and bothdirections communications like as video-on-
demand, video conferencing, Internet browsing, files downloading, interactive games,
e-commerce, etc.). They will be allowed not only for static receivers, but also for slow
walking users or for users travelling in high speed moving vehicles.
2. Environment monitoring (security and other commercial and military purposes).
3. Vehicles localization.
These possibilities will be provided for much more users in a high density urban
environment and also for sparsely populated rural regions. HAPs will be able to
supplement the insufficient capacity of stationary terrestrial and satellite basic stations
and can be fast allowed in the case of extraordinary or acute mass happenings, like as
great sport matches and competitions, culture actions and catastrophes as well.

Comparison of HAPS with both terrestrial and satellite communication:-
As it is described in the introduction, HAP communications are fast as the

terrestrial ones. Moreover, the signal attenuation and distortion on the score of rain
and meteorological perturbations are less, because of less distance of their activity.
The signal covering of terrain can be perfect, due to undistorted line-of-sight between
transmitter and receiver antennas, which is not always possible in the case of terrestrial
broadcasting.
The HAP vehicles can be placed on the quasi-stationary position faster and less
difficult than it is in the case of the placement of the radio communication masts. The
change of HAP placement is possible and fast, as well, unlike of terrestrial base station.
The main advantageous aspects of HAP exploitation in comparison with satellite
communication are about a tenth of the cost, less demanding start and maintenance,
the possibility of start repetition, and, at last but not at least, the larger capacity and
smaller signal delay.
The main tasks of HAP development as airships:-
• The aeronautic constructors in the area of HAP stations (HAPS) have a lot of
interesting work. It deals with a research and development of suitable shapes
of vehicles, coverage and construction materials, propulsion and movement of
HAPs, power supply and exploitation of solar energy.
• There is also a job for developers in the area of remote navigation, controlling
and of operation without human operator on board.
• In radio communications, the examination of well-known communications
modes, modulations, coding and net protocols will be pursued by searching of
the new concepts in digital signal processing and communications. The
communications feasibility of inter-platform links are investigated, likewise
the backhaul links between HAPS and satellites. The new hardware including
smart-patch antennas are developed for mm-waves and microwave
applications. Budget system design will be elaborated for all mentioned link
types. Existing microwave ITU frequency bands utilization and searching of
new bands must be reconsidered, investigated, discussed and negotiated.

The Signal Technics Problem and Radio Regulation for Stratellite:-
Telecommunication services at a range of modulation/coding schemes are

specified. The several linear and non-linear modulation schemes (including QPSK -
Quadrature Phase-shift Keying, QAM - Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, M-APSK
- Mary Amplitude and Phase Shift Keying or Star QAM on the one hand and CPM -
Continuous Phase Modulation, GMSK - Gaussian Minimum-Shift Keying and MA-
MSK - Multi-Amplitude Minimum Shift Keying on the other one are the objective of
evaluating process. Probably FEC coding will be required, especially when channel
conditions are poor to maintain link integrity.
Appropriate codes will be selected for each service type, having regard to the
BER requirement (Bit Error Ratio), delay limitations, and computational load
(especially for higher data rates). Codes considered will include (but not be limited to)
convolution codes, turbo-codes, product codes and RS (Reed-Solomon) codes. The
interference and synchronization problems must also be investigated and solved.
Regarding to equalization it is expected that the platform - terminal link will be

relatively benign in terms of dispersion, and hence that equalization will not be
required. However, there may be circumstances where use of equalization would allow
access to a platform at low elevation angles, where ground reflection might occur.
Multiple Access methods are taken into account and may be based on a combination
of Frequency / Time /Code Division Multiple Access. As well, TCP/IP, Wireless
ATM, Wireless, IP and HiPer Access protocols are investigated in context of HAP.
ITU-R Study Groups have extensively discussed the operational and technical
characteristics of HAPs for the use of hops was agreed at WRC 97 (World Radio
communication Conference in October-November 1997). There had been produced
total 14 recommendations for HAPS in 47/48 GHz bands, 28/31 GHz bands and others
for a period of 2000-2005. It was a temporary solution, because the mentioned bands
are reserved for Fixed Services and IMT-2000.
In some works there are investigated the utilization of IEEE 802.16a referred to
Wi-Max and intended for terrestrial non-line of sight systems operating in the 2-11
GHz bands. As it was mentioned, there is a cellular concept of covering considered.
Recommendation ITU-R F.1500 indicates that a typical HAPS based network (HAPN)
may offer up to 2100 cells, with a 7-times frequency reuse factor, within a service
diameter of 468 km. In addition, there may be up to 40 gateway stations within a
diameter of 181 km. Depending on the bandwidth assigned to an individual HAPN,

there may be up to 330 000 simultaneous user terminals in operation from a subscriber
base of more than 5 million. Each of these user terminals will have an antenna directed
towards the HAPS. The 2 100 beams from the HAPS will extend across the whole of
the coverage area, with frequency reuse.
3.8 Construction of Stratellite:
Those starting Stratellite might have been 188 feet long, 60 feet totally also 42
feet secondary. It will be given with another guiding strategy which employments a
mixture electric framework that drives large, slow-turning propellers. This provides
for the carrier helicopter-like dexterously toward having the ability will move both
dependent upon Also down, also side should side.
That outside layer, alternately "envelope," is produced out of a high-tail material

called Spectra - a fabric utilized within bullet-proof vests and parts about space
shuttles. Spectra holds fiber 10 times Concerning illustration solid Likewise steel of
the same weight What's more need the exceptional characteristic for continuously
simple with slice Yet basically unthinkable with shred. Those inside layer, produced
starting with a dainty yet all the solid polyester film called Mylar, is fitted inside the
envelope Furthermore filled for a mixture of helium What's more air Concerning
illustration helium is a idle gas Also will be In not combustible.
With this design, helium extends similarly as those carrier rises, forcing let some
circulation into What's more lifting the carrier. The cycle continues, permitting the
carrier will increase an ever increasing amount height until those helium need
stretched to fill the envelope totally. In light those weight is with the goal low inside
the envelope, a puncture might main bring about a moderate leak, bringing quite a
while will completely collapse.

Fig 3.8 Stratellite under construction
3.9 Working of Stratellite:-
The stratellites usually undergoes two processes due to its steady location in the
stratosphere. It is for the first time that the hub is not moving and located just above
the earth's surface at 13 miles constantly. It evolves two processes:
When the stratellite moves upward it has to be light in weight for boosting it into
the stratospheric layer. The helium tank will exert the helium outwards and the layer
of air on the inner surface of the body made up of polyester named as Mylar is made
to move outward from the propellers. When the stratellite is at 13 miles altitude above
the earth's surface, it will be going to remain at constant location.
For stationary location the propellers are working altogether with GPS
technology to achieve 3-axis geometrical orientation in the stratosphere. For this the
body will pressurize the helium back inside the helium tank and the air will be an
outermost layer inside the body. It will make it heaves and stationary too, which will
be best for communication and other purposes.

3.10 Specifications of stratellite:-
Firstly, the general characteristics involves the size of the airships and that is
245*145*87 ft and the volume is 1.3 million ft^3.
Secondly, the airship’s physical characteristic involves:
1. Service ceiling at 70,000ft/ 21,000 m.
2. Dual envelopes made up of the dynamo (also called as spectra).
3. For navigation there are 6 onboard GPS system are being installed and connected to
the engines.
4. The payload capacity is 3000 lbs and these equipments are for radar and navigation.
5. The cruising altitude is at 20,000 m.
6. Lifting gas for airship is Helium gas that is inert and not inflammable in nature and
it never reacts with other elements in order to make new compounds.
7. The LOS is 4, 80,000 km^2 approximately equals to the area of France.
8. The maximum aloft time is 18 months, but it has the capability of undergoing
redeployment again. It comes back on earth and again launch with ease while satellites
can’t do so.
Thirdly the material includes in stratellite are:
1. The spectra are the outer layer of satellite and that is an optical fiber stronger than
the steel and more effective than those. That fiber is used for designing bullet proof
vests.
2. There is a regenerative fuel cell at the bottom, which is pronounced as nacelle and
that is having storage of energy for running the motors if needed. The cell is chare with
the energy from solar panel on top of the ceiling.

Fig 3.10 Whale of the Sky
3.11 Advantages of Stratellites:
• No rigid part in the body, ability to compactly roll it together and store in a
truck or crate.
• Less expensive to launch.
• Two-way High speed data communication even in remote areas.
• Decreases Signal Latency.
• It can carry over 20,000 pounds of radars & other remote imaging equipment,
navigational aids and telecommunication relays.
• For a country two Stratellites are enough instead of thousands of towers.
3.12 Disadvantages of Stratellites:
• May lead to traffic problem in Stratosphere.

• Would require efficient ground control and maintainance.
• This technology remains non-commercialized and is in prototype stage for
further developments.
• Unlike a Satellite, a Stratellite is at the mercy of the weather.
3.13 Satellites v/s Stratellites
Fig 3.13.1 Satellite
Fig 3.13.2 Stratellite

Fig 3.13.3 Stratellite v/s Satellite
3.14 Applications of Stratellite:

• In environmental disasters telecommunication breaks down within seconds,
Re-installation of the infrastructure takes weeks or months. The Stratellite can
be used as a floating mobile telecommunication station for all
telecommunication purposes and the transmission of temporary data
communication, telecommunication and TV-programs as well as long-term
missions over metropolitan cities.
• The Stratellite will allow subscribers to easily communicate in "both
directions" using readily available wireless devices.

• In addition to voice and data, proposed telecommunications uses include

cellular, 3G/4G mobile, MMDS, paging, fixed wireless telephony, HDTV,
real-time surveillance.
• Application case: Google’s Project loon.
3.15 Future Scope:

• Once the defects of Stratellites have been overcome it becomes more reliable
and they play a vital role in the future generation wireless communication.
• This is a promising technology that could combine the best of Satellite and
wired Internet.
• While it is still unclear how exactly a floating broadband hub could haul its
data back down to earth wirelessly with acceptable bandwidth (keeping in mind
its potential ability to serve millions of people at a time), rest assured this is a
prime candidate for tomorrow's broadband world. Whether or not it will get the
industry support required, however, is yet to be seen.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1]. Hugh Blair-Smith, Dennis,- “Tom Swift and his Electrical Airship” 978-1-4244-
6618-4/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE (2010)
[2]. Saswati Das- “Stratellite Communication: Futuristic Endeaveour” (2016).
[3]. Saloni- “Stratellite unmanned aerial vehicle as a inter-sat platform in
stratosphere” DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/5601 (2017).
[4]. Anjali Chokrayat- “A review paper on Stratellites” ISSN:2278-0181 (2017).
[5]. D Subha Rao, S Priyanka, Jaidul Islam – “Stratellites”
https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2019.08.00026 (2019)
[6]. 21st Century Airships, Inc., High Altitude Platforms, at
http://www.21stcenturyairships.com/
[7]. Sanswire Networks, LLC. http://www.sanswire.com
[8]. https://www.electronicshub.com
[9]. https://en.wikipedia.org
[10]. https://www.elec.york.ac.uk/comms/ Heli-Net. Html
[11]. https://www.hapcos.org/

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Stratellites 2021-2022

Wired communication refers to the transmission of data over a wire-based

While wireless devices communicate over the air, a wired communication

VIII Sem, Dept of ECE, Dr. TTIT, KGF 1

It is a form of communication wherein information is transmitted along wires

Fig 1.1 Wired Communication

There are three major types of wired connection:

VIII Sem, Dept of ECE, Dr. TTIT, KGF 2

• Fiber Optic Cable

Advantages of Wired Communication:

• Fast transfer of information.

Wireless communication is simply data communication without the use of

In the year 1897, Guglielmo Marconi successfully demonstrated the Wireless

VIII Sem, Dept of ECE, Dr. TTIT, KGF 3

Throughout the development of wireless communication, there are many

Fig 1.2 Wireless Communication

VIII Sem, Dept of ECE, Dr. TTIT, KGF 4

Another scenario where wireless communication got replaced by wired

The primary and important benefit of wireless communication is mobility.Apart

Another important point is infrastructure. The setup and installation of

In emergency situations and remote locations, where the setup of wired

Advantages of Wireless Communication:

VIII Sem, Dept of ECE, Dr. TTIT, KGF 5

In historical buildings, drilling holes for cables is not a best idea as it

• Mobility: As mentioned earlier, mobility is the main advantage of wireless

• Ease of Installation: The setup and installation of wireless communication

• Reliability: Since there are no cables and wires involved in wireless

• Disaster Recovery: In case of accidents due to fire, floods or other disasters,

Disadvantages of Wireless Communication: Even though wireless

VIII Sem, Dept of ECE, Dr. TTIT, KGF 6

• Interference: Wireless Communication systems use open space as the medium

• Security: One of the main concerns of wireless communication is Security of

• Health Concerns: Continuous exposure to any type of radiation can be

Types of Wireless Communication Systems:

Wireless Communication Systems also provide different services like video

VIII Sem, Dept of ECE, Dr. TTIT, KGF 7

Television and Radio Broadcasting:

VIII Sem, Dept of ECE, Dr. TTIT, KGF 8

Mobile Telephone Communication System

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

1.1 The systems for future mobile communications are:

1. Broad-Band Wireless Systems: Wireless broadband is telecommunications

2. Intelligent Transport Systems: An intelligent transportation system (ITS) is an

Intelligent transport systems vary in technologies applied, from basic

VIII Sem, Dept of ECE, Dr. TTIT, KGF 10

speed cameras to monitor applications. Additionally, predictive techniques are being

3. High Altitude Stratospheric Platform Station Systems: HAPS has the

VIII Sem, Dept of ECE, Dr. TTIT, KGF 11

This hybrid airship (aerostatic/aerodynamic) concept is a bit shadowy because

Saswati Das [2] Proposed “Stratellite Communication: Futuristic Endeavour”,

VIII Sem, Dept of ECE, Dr. TTIT, KGF 12

The commercial model of Stratellite proposed by Sanswire is said to have a 100

Saloni [3] proposed “Stratellite unmanned aerial vehicle as a inter-sat platform

It is an intermediate platform designed for effective data transmission on the

HAPs, in US military development projects named Unmanned Air Vehicles

Anjali Chokrayat [4] proposed “A review paper on Stratellites”, The focus in

Stratellites are actually unmanned(remote controlled) Kevlar balloons filled