THE REPUBLIC OF MAURITIUS

MINISTRY OF PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND LAND

TRANSPORT (MPI)

THE PROJECT OF LANDSLIDE

MANAGEMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF
MAURITIUS

FINAL REPORT
MAIN REPORT

March 2015

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.
NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD. GE
CENTRAL CONSULTANT INC. JR

FUTABA INC. 15-044

THE REPUBLIC OF MAURITIUS
MINISTRY OF PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND LAND
TRANSPORT (MPI)

THE PROJECT OF LANDSLIDE

MANAGEMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF
MAURITIUS

FINAL REPORT
MAIN REPORT

March 2015

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.
NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD.
CENTRAL CONSULTANT INC.
FUTABA INC.
 Location of Study Area

20°0'0"N

20°0'0"N
20°0'0"E 30°0'0"E 40°0'0"E 50°0'0"E 60°0'0"E 70°0'0"E 80°0'0"E

10°0'0"N

10°0'0"N
0°0'0"

0°0'0"
10°0'0"S

10°0'0"S
Republic of Mauritius
20°0'0"S

20°0'0"S
0 500 1,000 2,000
km
20°0'0"E 30°0'0"E 40°0'0"E 50°0'0"E 60°0'0"E 70°0'0"E 80°0'0"E

D e tai l Map

Vallee Pitot
La Butte

Chitrakoot

Quatre Soeurs

Location Map
Rate of Currency Translation

1 USD = 34.959 Rs
= 119.68 JPY

100 Rs = 3.098 USD

= 370.75 JPY
Rs: Mauritius Rupee

As of March 1st, 2015

 Photos of the Project (1)

Courtesy visit to the Deputy Prime Minister and Conclusion on commencement of the Project, 30th
Minister of MPI, 28th May 2012 May 2012

1st Steering Committee, 29th May 2012 2nd Steering Committee, 1st Nov. 2012

3rd Steering Committee, 21st Nov. 2013 4th Steering Committee, 19th Jan. 2015
 Photos of the Project (2)

1st Stakeholder Meeting (Chitrakoot), 22nd Sep. 2nd Stakeholder Meeting (Quatre Soeurs), 12th Apr.
2012 2013

5th Stakeholder Meeting (Vallee Pitot), 12th Dec. 1st Technical Transfer Seminar, 10th Oct. 2012
2014

2nd Technical Transfer Seminar, 20th Nov. 2013 3rd Technical Transfer Seminar, 20th Jan. 2015
 Photos of the Project (3)

Site visit by IOC, 13th Jun. 2012 4th Technical Workshop 【Landuse Policy】, 30th
Jul. 2012

5th Technical Workshop 【Aerial Photo 10th Technical Workshop 【Stability Analysis and
Interpretation】, 6th Sep. 2012 Countermeasures】, 5th Mar. 2013

1st Training in Japan, 2nd Training in Japan,

24th Nov. ~ 15th Dec. 2012 17th Aug. ~ 8th Sep. 2013
 Photos of the Project (4)

Boring Survey (Quatre Soeurs), 2nd Oct. 2012 Technical Guidance on Horizontal Drilling for
Landslide Countermeasure Works (Chitrakoot),
30th Oct. 2014

2nd Site Meeting for the Construction of Landslide Completed Countermeasure Work 【River
Countermeasure Works (Chitrakoot), 1st Sep. 2014 Type-3】, 12th Dec. 2014

Completed Countermeasure Work 【Bridge Completed Countermeasure Work 【Horizontal

Type-3】, 12th Dec. 2014 Drainage】, 12th Dec. 2014
 CONTENTS

Location Map
Photos
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Photos
Abbreviations
Digest

Page

1 Introduction .................................................................................. 1-1

1.1 General ..................................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 Background of the Project ......................................................................... 1-1
1.3 Objectives of the Project ........................................................................... 1-2
1.3.1 Objective .........................................................................................................1-2
1.3.2 Desired Outcome ............................................................................................1-2
1.3.3 Outcome of the Project ...................................................................................1-2
1.4 Scope of the Project .................................................................................. 1-3
1.4.1 Project Areas ...................................................................................................1-3
1.4.2 List of JICA Expert Team and Counterparts...................................................1-4
1.5 Major Activities .......................................................................................... 1-5

2 Basic Survey ................................................................................. 2-1

2.1 Topography ............................................................................................... 2-1
2.2 Geology and Rainfall ................................................................................. 2-2
2.3 Landslide Inventory Survey ....................................................................... 2-5
2.3.1 Classification of Hazard Area .........................................................................2-7
2.3.2 Site Reconnaissance ........................................................................................2-9
2.3.3 Inventory and Location Map .........................................................................2-17
2.3.4 GIS Database ................................................................................................2-21
2.4 Existing Countermeasures ...................................................................... 2-25
2.4.1 Structural Countermeasures ..........................................................................2-25
2.4.2 Non-Structural Countermeasures ..................................................................2-26
2.5 Social Survey .......................................................................................... 2-28
2.5.1 Basic Information Survey .............................................................................2-28
2.5.2 Attitude Survey about Landslide Disasters.............................................2-34
2.6 Organizations and Systems .................................................................... 2-38
2.6.1 Organizational and Institutional Formation ..................................................2-38
2.7 Economic Survey .................................................................................... 2-43
2.7.1 National Economic Indicators .......................................................................2-43
2.7.2 National Economic Policies in Mauritius .....................................................2-44
2.7.3 Fiscal Policy for 2014 ...................................................................................2-46

i
 2.7.4 Fiscal Policy of the Ministry of Public Infrastructure (MPI) 2014-2016 ......2-47
2.7.5 Budget for LMU ...........................................................................................2-49

3 Landslide Management Plan 1 (Survey and Results) ................ 3-1

3.1 Landslide Hazard Area .............................................................................. 3-1
3.2 Topographic Survey .................................................................................. 3-3
3.2.1 Specifications ..................................................................................................3-3
3.2.2 Deliverables ....................................................................................................3-3
3.3 Geological Survey ..................................................................................... 3-7
3.3.1 Geology of the Landslide Area .......................................................................3-7
3.3.2 Laboratory Test .............................................................................................3-11
3.3.3 Water Quality Analysis .................................................................................3-31
3.4 Monitoring ............................................................................................... 3-35
3.4.1 Installation of Monitoring Devices ...............................................................3-35
3.4.2 Monitoring Results........................................................................................3-38
3.5 Geophysical Exploration ......................................................................... 3-50
3.5.1 Elastic Wave Exploration..............................................................................3-50
3.5.2 Two-Dimensional Resistivity Exploration ....................................................3-59
3.6 Drilling Survey ......................................................................................... 3-68
3.6.1 Drilling Plan ..................................................................................................3-68
3.6.2 Core Drilling .................................................................................................3-70
3.6.3 Installation of Observation Equipment .........................................................3-73
3.6.4 Drilling Results .............................................................................................3-78
3.6.5 Standard Penetration Test .............................................................................3-79
3.7 Field Reconnaissance ............................................................................. 3-82
3.7.1 Damage to Houses ........................................................................................3-82
3.7.2 Results of Field Reconnaissance ...................................................................3-89
3.8 Disaster Inspection................................................................................ 3-120
3.8.1 Significance and Objectives of Disaster Inspection ....................................3-121
3.8.2 Method of Disaster Inspection ....................................................................3-122
3.8.3 Results of Disaster Inspection .....................................................................3-122
3.8.4 Recommendation on Disaster Inspection ....................................................3-125
3.9 Review and Recommendations for the Disaster Scheme ..................... 3-128
3.9.1 Review of the Existing Warning System of Landslides in Mauritius .........3-128
3.9.2 Recommendation for the Disaster Scheme .................................................3-131
3.10 Review and Recommendations for the Planning Policy Guidance ....... 3-150
3.10.1 Review of Japanese Legal Systems for Landslide Countermeasures..........3-151
3.10.2 The existing Legal Systems/schemes for LDRM in Mauritius ...................3-157
3.10.3 Existing Situation of Landslide Prone Areas in Mauritius ..........................3-159
3.10.4 Recommendation of PPG ............................................................................3-166
3.11 Technical Guideline for Initial Survey .................................................... 3-179
3.12 Procedure Manual for Landslide ........................................................... 3-181

4 Landslide Management Plan 2 (Analysis and Interpretation) ... 4-1

4.1 Geological Interpretation ........................................................................... 4-1
4.1.1 Chitrakoot .......................................................................................................4-1
4.1.2 Quatre Soeurs ..................................................................................................4-4
4.1.3 Vallee Pitot .....................................................................................................4-6
4.2 Interpretation of Monitoring ....................................................................... 4-8

ii
 4.2.1 Chitrakoot .......................................................................................................4-8
4.2.2 Quatre Soeurs ................................................................................................4-11
4.2.3 Vallee Pitot ...................................................................................................4-12
4.3 Consideration of Threshold for Soil Water Index .................................... 4-13
4.3.1 Method of Analysis .......................................................................................4-13
4.3.2 Data ...............................................................................................................4-15
4.3.3 Result of SWI Calculation ............................................................................4-18
4.3.4 Introduction of SWI in Mauritius..................................................................4-26
4.4 Stability Analysis ..................................................................................... 4-28
4.4.1 Factor of Safety .............................................................................................4-28
4.4.2 Setting Parameters ........................................................................................4-30
4.4.3 Method of Stability Analysis ........................................................................4-31
4.4.4 Stability Analysis ..........................................................................................4-33
4.4.5 Evaluation of the Soil Strength .....................................................................4-48
4.5 Susceptibility Assessment ....................................................................... 4-51

5 Feasibility Study ........................................................................... 5-1

5.1 Priority Site and Pilot Project site .............................................................. 5-1
5.1.1 Selection of Priority Site .................................................................................5-1
5.1.2 Selection of Pilot Project Site .........................................................................5-2
5.1.3 Disaster Scenario at the Pilot Project Site .......................................................5-3
5.2 Policy of Countermeasures ....................................................................... 5-6
5.2.1 Plan for Countermeasures Works in Chitrakoot .............................................5-7
5.2.2 Emergency Works in Vallee Pitot .................................................................5-18
5.2.3 Relocation in Quatre Soeurs .........................................................................5-24
5.3 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) ................................................ 5-26
5.3.1 Procedure of Environmental Impact Assessment..........................................5-26
5.3.2 EIA Related to Pilot Project ..........................................................................5-28
5.3.3 Main Environmental and Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures .............5-29
5.4 Pilot Project Evaluation ........................................................................... 5-30
5.4.1 Pre Evaluation ...............................................................................................5-30
5.4.2 Interim Review..............................................................................................5-32
5.4.3 Post Evaluation .............................................................................................5-34
5.5 Promotion of Fund Raising ...................................................................... 5-36
5.6 Organizational Reinforcement Plan ........................................................ 5-41
5.6.1 Capacity Development Plan ..........................................................................5-41
5.6.2 Landslide Management Unit (LMU) in MPI ................................................5-41
5.6.3 Issues, Goals and Activities in Capacity Development for Medium and Long
Term Plan ......................................................................................................5-43
5.6.4 Outcomes Achieved and Future Capacity Development Plan ......................5-47

6 Pilot Project (Landslide Countermeasures) ............................... 6-1

6.1 Structural Countermeasures ..................................................................... 6-1
6.1.1 Basic design of Countermeasure Works .........................................................6-1
6.1.2 Detailed Design of Countermeasure Works in Chitrakoot..............................6-9
6.1.3 Plan for Construction ....................................................................................6-21
6.1.4 Preparation of Bidding Documents and Bidding ..........................................6-23
6.1.5 Supervision ...................................................................................................6-29
6.1.6 Design Changes ............................................................................................6-29
6.1.7 Future Plan ....................................................................................................6-30
6.1.8 Available Countermeasure Works in Mauritius ............................................6-34
6.1.9 Development in the Landslide Hazard Zone after the Landslide

iii
 Countermeasure Works ...............................................................................6-35
6.2 Early Warning and Evacuation ................................................................ 6-37
6.2.1 Present Situation and Issue in Mauritius .......................................................6-37
6.2.2 Proposal of Early Warning and Evacuation System .....................................6-39
6.2.3 Establishment of Early Warning and Evacuation System .............................6-48
6.3 Information, Education and Communication (IEC) .................................. 6-53
6.3.1 IEC in the Landslide Management Project ...................................................6-53
6.3.2 Current Status and Issues of IEC activities in the Field of Landslide
Management in Mauritius............................................................................6-53
6.3.3 IEC Activities to be Implemented by the Project..........................................6-56
6.3.4 Stakeholder Meeting for Residents at Priority Areas ....................................6-57
6.3.5 Questionnaire Survey for Residents at Three Priority Area ..........................6-66
6.3.6 Project Newsletter .........................................................................................6-69
6.3.7 IEC Material - Landslide Disaster Prevention Handbook - ..........................6-69
6.4 Technical Summary of the Pilot Project .................................................. 6-71

7 Technical Transfer........................................................................ 7-1

7.1 Methodology.............................................................................................. 7-1
7.1.1 Objectives of Technical Transfer ....................................................................7-1
7.1.2 Method of Technical Transfer.........................................................................7-1
7.1.3 Basic policy of Technical Transfer .................................................................7-2
7.2 Structure of Technical Transfer ................................................................. 7-3
7.3 Technical Transfer Seminar ...................................................................... 7-4
7.3.1 1st Technical Transfer Seminar .......................................................................7-4
7.3.2 2nd Technical Transfer Seminar ......................................................................7-4
7.3.3 3rd Technical Transfer Seminar .......................................................................7-6
7.4 Workshop .................................................................................................. 7-7
7.5 Training in Japan ..................................................................................... 7-16
7.6 Steering Committee ................................................................................ 7-21
7.7 Advisory Committee in Japan ................................................................. 7-26
7.8 Results of Technical Transfer ................................................................. 7-29
7.9 Future Plans by MPI and the Related Organizations .............................. 7-32
7.9.1 Future Plans by MPI .....................................................................................7-32
7.9.2 Future Plans by the Related Organizations ...................................................7-35

8 Environment, Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster

Management ................................................................................. 8-1
8.1 General ..................................................................................................... 8-1
8.2 Landslide Management and the Environment, Climate Change Adaptation
and Disaster Management ........................................................................ 8-3
8.3 The Project and Related Organizations .................................................... 8-4
8.3.1 Government Agencies and Organization of Mauritius ...................................8-4
8.3.2 Development Partners .....................................................................................8-5
8.4 Summary on Environment, Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster
Management by JICA................................................................................ 8-9
8.5 Technical Exchange with the Southwest Indian Ocean Islands .............. 8-12
8.5.1 Summary of the Regional Seminar ...............................................................8-13

iv
9 Proposal for Future Tasks ........................................................... 9-1
9.1 Proposal on a Landslide Management Plan ............................................. 9-1
9.1.1 Disaster Inspection ..........................................................................................9-1
9.1.2 Disaster Scheme ..............................................................................................9-1
9.1.3 Recommendation of PPG ................................................................................9-2
9.1.4 Technical Guideline for Initial Survey............................................................9-3
9.1.5 Procedure Manual for Landslide .....................................................................9-4
9.2 Proposal on a Feasibility Study ................................................................. 9-6
9.2.1 Promotion of Fund Raising .............................................................................9-6
9.2.2 Organizational Reinforcement Plan ..............................................................9-10
9.3 Proposal on a Pilot Project (Landslide Countermeasures) ..................... 9-17
9.3.1 Structural Countermeasures (Future Plan) ....................................................9-17
9.3.2 Development in the Landslide Hazard Zone after the Landslide
Countermeasure Works ...............................................................................9-22
9.3.3 Early Warning and Evacuation System.........................................................9-23
9.3.4 Information, Education and Communication (IEC) ......................................9-25
9.4 Proposal on a Landslide Management Plan for Other Landslide Areas . 9-27
9.4.1 Hypothesis on Landslides in Mauritius .........................................................9-27
9.4.2 Proposal on Formulation of a Landslide Management Plan .........................9-28

v
 Supporting Report

Volume 1
1. Minutes of Meeting on the Detailed Planning Survey for the Project
2. Minutes of Meeting on 1st Steering Committee
3. Minutes of Meeting on 2nd Steering Committee
4. Minutes of Meeting on 3rd Steering Committee
5. Minutes of Meeting on 4th Steering Committee
6. Landslide Location Map
7. Landslide Recording Sheet
8. Result of Aerial Photograph Interpretation
9. The Survey Result of Landslide Awareness of Residents
10. Regular Check Sheets and Photo Sheets
11. Bore Logs and Core Sample Photo
12. Soil Test and Water Quality
13. Review and Recommendation for the Disaster Scheme
14. Review and Recommendation for the Planning Policy Guidance
15. Result of Stability Analysis
16. Project Leaflet (Project of Landslide Management in the Republic of Mauritius)
17. Presentation Material for 1st Stakeholder Meeting
18. Presentation Material for 2nd Stakeholder Meeting
19. Minutes of 1st Technical Seminar
20. Minutes of 2nd Technical Seminar
21. Minutes of 1st Advisory Committee in Japan
22. Minutes of 2nd Advisory Committee in Japan
23. Minutes of 3rd Advisory Committee in Japan
24. Minutes of 4th Advisory Committee in Japan

Volume 2
25. Reports of Technical Advice of Individual Site for MPI
26. Soil Water Index
27. Result of Ring Shear Test
28. Calculation of Pile Work
29. Results of Stability Analysis of Slope behind the Drainage
30. Consideration of the Cross Section for Drainage
31. Drawings for the Landslide Countermeasure
32. Documents related to the Modification of Drawings
33. Cost estimation
34. Construction Supervision Report

vi
 List of Figures
Page
Figure 1.4.1 Location Map of the Project Area ................................................................................. 1-3
Figure 1.5.1 Flowchart of Project Activity ...................................................................................... 1-7
Figure 2.1.1 Full View Map of Mauritius .......................................................................................... 2-1
Figure 2.2.1 Geological Map of Mauritius ........................................................................................ 2-2
Figure 2.2.2 Cross Section of the Typical Landslide (Colluvial Landslide): La Butte Landslide ..... 2-3
Figure 2.2.3 Annual Rainfall Amount in Mauritius (1971~2000) ..................................................... 2-4
Figure 2.3.1 Example of the Result of Aerial Photograph interpretation - Chitrakoot area............. 2-11
Figure 2.3.2 Schematic Diagram of Landslide Landforms ............................................................ 2-12
Figure 2.3.3 Example of the Landslide Recording Sheet, Chitrakoot Area ................................... 2-14
Figure 2.3.4 Example of the Landslide Recording Sheet, Vallee Pitot Area ................................. 2-15
Figure 2.3.5 Example of the Landslide Recording Sheet, Quatre Soeurs ...................................... 2-16
Figure 2.3.6 Landslide Location Map ............................................................................................ 2-17
Figure 2.3.7 Flow to Create A Database Using the ArcGIS .......................................................... 2-21
Figure 2.3.8 Sample of Link of Political Boundary Map and Attribute Data ................................ 2-23
Figure 2.3.9 Landslide Survey location Map (Base Map: Topographic Map(1:25,000)) ................ 2-24
Figure 2.3.10 Landslide Survey location Map (Base Map: Roads, River, contour line, Province
Boundary).................................................................................................................. 2-24
Figure 2.3.11 Landslide Distribution Map, Chitrakoot Area ........................................................... 2-24
Figure 2.3.12 Landslide Distribution Map, Quatre Soeurs Area ..................................................... 2-24
Figure 2.4.1 The Landslide Structural Countermeasures in La Butte Area ..................................... 2-26
Figure 2.5.1 Land Use Map ............................................................................................................. 2-28
Figure 2.5.2 Population Distribution Map ....................................................................................... 2-30
Figure 2.5.3 Poverty Distribution Map ............................................................................................ 2-31
Figure 2.5.4 Distribution Map of Principal Water Resources in Mauritius ..................................... 2-32
Figure 3.2.1 Chitrakoot, Plan Map..................................................................................................... 3-4
Figure 3.2.2 Chitrakoot, Cross Section .............................................................................................. 3-4
Figure 3.2.3 Quatre Soeurs, Plan Map ............................................................................................... 3-5
Figure 3.2.4 Quatre Soeurs, Cross Section ........................................................................................ 3-5
Figure 3.2.5 Vallee Pitot, Plan Map ................................................................................................... 3-6
Figure 3.2.6 Vallee Pitot, Cross Section .......................................................................................... 3-6
Figure 3.3.1 Topographic Map of the Site ......................................................................................... 3-7
Figure 3.3.2 Aerial Photograph of the Site ........................................................................................ 3-7
Figure 3.3.3 Location of the Site on Geological Map ........................................................................ 3-9
Figure 3.3.4 An Explanatory Drawing of Peak Strength and Residual Strength ............................. 3-12
Figure 3.3.5 Typical Particle Size Distribution of Slip Surface Soil for Each Geological Zone in
Japan.......................................................................................................................... 3-13
Figure 3.3.6 Relation of Plasticity Index and Residual Shear Stress Angle for Various
Geological Zones ...................................................................................................... 3-14
Figure 3.3.7 Structure of Cyclic Shear Test Device......................................................................... 3-16
Figure 3.3.8 Relation between Shear Stress and Accumulative Shear Displacement ...................... 3-16
Figure 3.3.9 Measuring the Friction Force between Two Shear Boxes ........................................... 3-16
Figure 3.3.10 Method of Determining Strength Factor for Design Using C-Tanφ Diagram ........... 3-17
Figure 3.3.11 Structure of Shear-Test Device.................................................................................. 3-17
Figure 3.3.12 Method of Making Test Piece That Includes Slip Surface ........................................ 3-17
Figure 3.3.13 Structure of Triaxial Shear Test Device .................................................................... 3-19
Figure 3.3.14 Atterberg Limits ........................................................................................................ 3-23
Figure 3.3.15 Sampling Location (Chitrakoot) .............................................................................. 3-25
Figure 3.3.16 Sampling Location (Quatre Soeurs) .......................................................................... 3-26
Figure 3.3.17 Sampling Location (Vallee Pitot) .............................................................................. 3-26
Figure 3.3.18 Difference between Direct Shearing Test and Ring Shear Test ................................ 3-27
Figure 3.3.19 Shearing Characteristic of Normally-Consolidated Clay and Overconsolidated
Clay ........................................................................................................................... 3-28
Figure 3.3.20 Structural Drawing of the Ring Shear Apparatus .................................................... 3-28
Figure 3.3.21 Test Specimen Rough Sketch .................................................................................... 3-28

vii
Figure 3.3.22 Examination Process of Ring Shear Test................................................................... 3-29
Figure 3.3.23 Example of Hexadiagram .......................................................................................... 3-32
Figure 3.3.24 Hexadiagram in the Groundwater at Chitrakoot ........................................................ 3-34
Figure 3.3.25 Hexadiagram in the Groundwater at Quatre Soeurs .................................................. 3-34
Figure 3.4.1 Basic Landslide Monitoring Techniques ..................................................................... 3-36
Figure 3.4.2 Plan of Instrument Installation – Chitrakoot ............................................................... 3-36
Figure 3.4.3 Plan of Instrument Installation – Quatre Soeurs .......................................................... 3-37
Figure 3.4.4 Plan of Instrument Installation – Vallee Pitot.............................................................. 3-37
Figure 3.4.5 Result of Rain Gauge................................................................................................... 3-38
Figure 3.4.6 Results of Extensometer ............................................................................................ 3-40
Figure 3.4.7 Results of Inclinometer................................................................................................ 3-40
Figure 3.4.8 Vertical Stress at Head of Landslide ........................................................................... 3-41
Figure 3.4.9 Results of Strain Gauges.............................................................................................. 3-42
Figure 3.4.10 Results of Piezometer ................................................................................................ 3-43
Figure 3.4.11 Result of Rain Gauge................................................................................................. 3-44
Figure 3.4.12 Result of Laser Distance Meter ................................................................................. 3-45
Figure 3.4.13 Results of Strain Gauges............................................................................................ 3-46
Figure 3.4.14 Groundwater at BH-Q2 ............................................................................................. 3-46
Figure 3.4.15 Results of Piezometer .............................................................................................. 3-47
Figure 3.4.16 Water Level in The Boreholes ................................................................................... 3-48
Figure 3.4.17 Location of Extensometers ........................................................................................ 3-49
Figure 3.4.18 Results of Extensometer ............................................................................................ 3-49
Figure 3.4.19 Tension Movement at EV2 ........................................................................................ 3-49
Figure 3.5.1 Location of Seismic Survey Lines at Chitrakoot ......................................................... 3-51
Figure 3.5.2 The Seismic Wave ....................................................................................................... 3-52
Figure 3.5.3 Travel Time Curves and Seismic Paths ....................................................................... 3-52
Figure 3.5.4 DAQ LINK ⅡSystem and Measured Image .............................................................. 3-53
Figure 3.5.5 Observation Procedure and Diagram of Observation .................................................. 3-53
Figure 3.5.6 Travel-time Curve of A1-1 Line .................................................................................. 3-55
Figure 3.5.7 Analytical Diagram of Velocity Profile of A1-1 Line ................................................. 3-55
Figure 3.5.8 Seismic Velocity Section (A1-line) ............................................................................. 3-57
Figure 3.5.9 Seismic Velocity Section (A2-line) ............................................................................. 3-57
Figure 3.5.10 Seismic Velocity Section (B1-line) ........................................................................... 3-57
Figure 3.5.11 Seismic Velocity Section (B2A-line) ........................................................................ 3-58
Figure 3.5.12 Seismic Velocity Section (B2B-line)......................................................................... 3-58
Figure 3.5.13 Seismic Velocity Section (C-line) ............................................................................. 3-58
Figure 3.5.14 Location of Resistivity Survey Lines in Chitrakoot .................................................. 3-60
Figure 3.5.15 Measuring Equipment (SYSCAL R1 PLUS Switch-72) and Pole Bolt .................... 3-61
Figure 3.5.16 Electrode Arrays for 2-Pole Method.......................................................................... 3-61
Figure 3.5.17 High-Density Electrical Resistivity Exploration Measuring Method ........................ 3-62
Figure 3.5.18 Resistivity Inversion Analysis Flow .......................................................................... 3-63
Figure 3.5.19 Resistivity Sequence of A1-1 Line ............................................................................ 3-64
Figure 3.5.20 Resistivity Pseudosection (A1-line) according to Inverse Analysis .......................... 3-65
Figure 3.5.21 Resistivity Pseudosection (A2-line) according to Inverse Analysis .......................... 3-65
Figure 3.5.22 Resistivity Pseudosection (B1-line) according to Inverse Analysis .......................... 3-66
Figure 3.5.23 Resistivity Pseudosection (B2A-line) according to Inverse Analysis ....................... 3-66
Figure 3.5.24 Resistivity Pseudosection (B2B-line) according to Inverse Analysis........................ 3-67
Figure 3.5.25 Resistivity Pseudosection (C-line) according to Inverse Analysis ............................ 3-67
Figure 3.6.1 Survey Locations in Chitrakoot ................................................................................... 3-69
Figure 3.6.2 Survey locations in Quatre Soeurs............................................................................... 3-70
Figure 3.7.1 Results of Survey on Damage to Houses, Chitrakoot .................................................. 3-83
Figure 3.7.2 Monitoring Locations of the Damaged Houses ........................................................... 3-85
Figure 3.7.3 Past Newspaper Report................................................................................................ 3-88
Figure 3.7.4 Results of Survey on Damage to Houses, Vallee Pitot ................................................ 3-88
Figure 3.7.5 Slope classification of the area .................................................................................. 3-104
Figure 3.7.6 Landslide Plan Map, 1st Reconnaissance in 2012 ..................................................... 3-115
Figure 3.7.7 Landslide Plan Map (3rd Reconnaissance on 26th February 2013) .......................... 3-119

viii
Figure 3.8.1 Situation of the Inspection for Slope Disasters.......................................................... 3-121
Figure 3.8.2 Example of Regular Check Sheet .............................................................................. 3-122
Figure 3.8.3 Location Map of Rank As ( ) including Chitrakoot, Vallee Pitot and Quatre
Soeurs .................................................................................................................... 3-126
Figure 3.9.1 Outline Image of the Draft Recommendation for Disaster Scheme .......................... 3-131
Figure 3.10.1 Process for Making Recommendation for PPG ..................................................... 3-150
Figure 3.10.2 Japanese Legal Systems for Landslide Countermeasures........................................ 3-151
Figure 3.10.3 Conceptual Image of Non-Physical Countermeasure Implementation by the
Landslide Disasters Prevention Act ........................................................................ 3-154
Figure 3.10.4 Summary of the Landslide Disasters Prevention Act .............................................. 3-155
Figure 3.10.5 Acts and Schemes related with PPG........................................................................ 3-159
Figure 3.10.6 Strategy Plan of Port Louis (Chitrakoot is shown in Black Frame) ........................ 3-160
Figure 3.10.7 Building Distribution in Landslide Risk Area of Chitrakoot ................................... 3-161
Figure 3.10.8 Development Restriction in Quatre Soeurs ............................................................. 3-162
Figure 3.10.9 Strategy Plan of Port Louis (Vallée Pitot is shown in Black Frame)....................... 3-164
Figure 3.10.10 The Damaged Area and Building Distribution in Vallée Pitot .............................. 3-164
Figure 3.10.11 Outline Image of the Draft Recommendation for PPG.......................................... 3-166
Figure 3.11.1 The Scope of Application of the Technical Guideline for Initial Survey ................ 3-179
Figure 3.12.1 The Scope of Application of the Procedure Manual for Landslides ........................ 3-181
Figure 4.1.1 Landslide Blocks in Chitrakoot ..................................................................................... 4-1
Figure 4.1.2 Geological Section of Block A (North- South) ............................................................. 4-2
Figure 4.1.3 Geological Section of Block B (North- South).............................................................. 4-3
Figure 4.1.4 Geological Section of Whole Area of Chitrakoot (North- South) ................................. 4-3
Figure 4.1.5 Landslide Blocks in Quatre Soeurs................................................................................ 4-4
Figure 4.1.6 Geological Section of Slopes in Quatre Soeurs ............................................................. 4-5
Figure 4.1.7 Landslide Blocks in Vallee Pitot ................................................................................. 4-6
Figure 4.1.8 Assumed Landslide Slips in Vallee Pitot along Red Line in Figure 4.1.7..................... 4-7
Figure 4.2.1 Record of the Extensometers in Block A in Chitrakoot .............................................. 4-8
Figure 4.2.2 Groundwater Levels in Chitrakoot Monitored by Piezometers ..................................... 4-9
Figure 4.2.3 Picture of BPP(13) in March 2013 .............................................................................. 4-10
Figure 4.3.1 Image of SWI Model ................................................................................................... 4-14
Figure 4.3.2 3-Steps of Tank Model ................................................................................................ 4-14
Figure 4.3.3 Example of Daily Rainfall Data Divided into 24 Hours .............................................. 4-16
Figure 4.3.4 Comparison between GSMaP Data and Rain Gauge Data ........................................ 4-17
Figure 4.3.5 The Role of Disaster Record in SWI ........................................................................... 4-18
Figure 4.3.6 SWI and Cumulative Precipitation in Chitrakoot (2005, MMS) ................................. 4-19
Figure 4.3.7 SWI and Cumulative Precipitation in Chitrakoot (2006, MMS) ................................. 4-20
Figure 4.3.8 SWI and Cumulative Precipitation in Chitrakoot (2008, MMS) ................................. 4-20
Figure 4.3.9 SWI and Cumulative Precipitation in Chitrakoot (2005, GSMaP) .............................. 4-21
Figure 4.3.10 SWI and Cumulative Precipitation in Chitrakoot (2006, GSMaP) ............................ 4-21
Figure 4.3.11 SWI and Cumulative Precipitation in Chitrakoot (2008, GSMaP) ............................ 4-21
Figure 4.3.12 SWI and Cumulative Precipitation in Quatre Soeurs (2005, MMS) ......................... 4-24
Figure 4.3.13 SWI and Cumulative Precipitation in Quatre Soeurs (2008, MMS) ......................... 4-24
Figure 4.3.14 SWI and Cumulative Precipitation in Quatre Soeurs (2005, GSMaP) ...................... 4-25
Figure 4.3.15 SWI and Cumulative Precipitation in Quatre Soeurs (2008, GSMaP) ...................... 4-25
Figure 4.4.1 Changes in Groundwater Level Triggering Mass Movement while also Affecting
Values of Safety Factor Over Time........................................................................... 4-29
Figure 4.4.2 Schematic Diagram of the Modified Fellenius Method............................................... 4-34
Figure 4.4.3 Location Map of the Landslide Block in Chitrakoot Area .......................................... 4-35
Figure 4.4.4 Longitudinal Section for Stability Analysis, Block A in Chitrakoot ........................... 4-36
Figure 4.4.5 Longitudinal Section for Stability Analysis, Block B in Chitrakoot ........................... 4-36
Figure 4.4.6 C-φ Diagram, Chitrakoot Area .................................................................................... 4-39
Figure 4.4.7 Relationship of the Plastic Index and Shear Resistance Angle, the Sliding Surface
Clay Gathered at the Position of the Source ............................................................. 4-39
Figure 4.4.8 Location Map of the Landslide Block in Quatre Soeurs Area ..................................... 4-40
Figure 4.4.9 Longitudinal section for stability analysis, Block A in Quatre Soeurs ........................ 4-41
Figure 4.4.10 Longitudinal Section for Stability Analysis, Block B in Quatre Soeurs.................... 4-41
Figure 4.4.11 C-φ Diagram, Quatre Soeurs Area ............................................................................ 4-43

ix
Figure 4.4.12 Relations of the Plastic Index and Shear Resistance Angle, the Sliding Surface
Clay Gathered at the Position of the Source ............................................................. 4-44
Figure 4.4.13 Location Map of the Landslide Block in Vallee Pitot Area ...................................... 4-45
Figure 4.4.14 Longitudinal Section for Stability Analysis, Block A-2 in Vallee Pitot .................... 4-46
Figure 4.4.15 Longitudinal Section for Stability Analysis, Block E in Vallee Pitot........................ 4-46
Figure 4.4.16 C-φ Diagram, Vallee Pitot Area ................................................................................ 4-47
Figure 4.4.17 C-φ Diagram and the Result of Ring Shear Test in Chitrakoot Block-A .................. 4-49
Figure 4.4.18 C-φ Diagram and the Result of Ring Shear Test in Quatre Soeurs Block-A ............. 4-49
Figure 4.4.19 C-φ Diagram and the Result of Ring Shear Test in Vallee Pitot Block-A2 .............. 4-50
Figure 4.5.1 Result of Damaged House Survey, Chitrakoot Area ................................................... 4-52
Figure 4.5.2 Location of Heavy Damaged House, Quatre Soeurs Area ........................................ 4-53
Figure 4.5.3 Location of Heavy Damaged House, Vallee Pitot Area .............................................. 4-54
Figure 5.2.1 Flow Chart of Selection for Landside Countermeasure Work....................................... 5-6
Figure 5.2.2 Target Landslide Blocks in Chitrakoot Area ................................................................. 5-7
Figure 5.2.3 Calculation Model for Verification of Effectiveness of the Works -Block A in
Chitrakoot Area ......................................................................................................... 5-14
Figure 5.2.4 Calculation Model for Verification of Effectiveness of the Works in Block B in
Chitrakoot Area ......................................................................................................... 5-15
Figure 5.2.5 Plan of Countermeasure Works in Chitrakoot Area .................................................... 5-16
Figure 5.2.6 Plan of Countermeasure Works in Block A ................................................................ 5-17
Figure 5.2.7 Plan of Countermeasure Works in Block B ................................................................. 5-18
Figure 5.2.8 Location Map with Houses of the Landslides ............................................................. 5-20
Figure 5.2.9 Location Map of the Landslides .................................................................................. 5-20
Figure 5.2.10 Longitudinal Condition of the Canal ......................................................................... 5-21
Figure 5.2.11 Proposed Emergency Works ..................................................................................... 5-22
Figure 5.2.12 Sand Bags as Counterweights as a Landslide Countermeasure ................................. 5-23
Figure 5.3.1 Procedure of EIA Survey............................................................................................. 5-28
Figure 6.1.1 Typical Cross Section of Channel for Flood Water ....................................................... 6-2
Figure 6.1.2 Location of the Cross Sections for the Analysis ............................................................ 6-3
Figure 6.1.3 Typical Cross Section of Horizontal Drainage .............................................................. 6-4
Figure 6.1.4 Typical Cross Section of Open-blind Ditch................................................................... 6-4
Figure 6.1.5 Typical Cross Section of Surface Drainage ................................................................... 6-5
Figure 6.1.6 Typical Cross Section of Upgrade of Existing Water Course ....................................... 6-6
Figure 6.1.7 Typical Cross section of Protection of the Existing Water Course ............................... 6-6
Figure 6.1.8 Location of the Existing Water Course that Often Overflows ....................................... 6-7
Figure 6.1.9 Typical Drawing of the Drop Structure ......................................................................... 6-7
Figure 6.1.10 Typical Cross Section of the Bridge ............................................................................ 6-8
Figure 6.1.11 Typical Drawings of Water Catch Basin ................................................................... 6-8
Figure 6.1.12 Location Map of Planned Countermeasure Works in Block A ................................. 6-10
Figure 6.1.13 Water Catchment Area for Each Drainage ................................................................ 6-13
Figure 6.1.14 Work Section in Block-A Landslide.......................................................................... 6-21
Figure 6.1.15 Work Schedule of Work Section I ............................................................................. 6-22
Figure 6.1.16 Schedule of the Bidding ............................................................................................ 6-25
Figure 6.1.17 Flow Chart for Future Plan of Landslide Countermeasure Works in Chitrakoot
Area ........................................................................................................................... 6-30
Figure 6.1.18 Location of Monitoring Borehole for Block-A Landslide ......................................... 6-32
Figure 6.1.19 Location of Monitoring Borehole for Block-B Landslide ......................................... 6-33
Figure 6.2.1 Circulation of the Information ..................................................................................... 6-38
Figure 6.2.2 Displacements shown in Extensometer Results in Chitrakoot .................................... 6-41
Figure 6.2.3 Relation between Rain fall and the Groundwater Level .............................................. 6-41
Figure 6.2.4 Extensometer Monitoring Results in Chitrakoot and Vallee Pitot............................... 6-42
Figure 6.2.5 Extensometer Monitoring Results in Chitrakoot and Vallee Pitot............................... 6-42
Figure 6.2.6 Extensometer ............................................................................................................... 6-43
Figure 6.2.7 Relation between Time to the Extent of Slope Failure and Velocity of Steady
Strain ......................................................................................................................... 6-44
Figure 6.2.8 Location Map of Early Warning and Evacuation System in Chitrakoot ..................... 6-48
Figure 6.2.9 Location Map of Early Warning and Evacuation System in Vallee Pitot ................... 6-49
Figure.6.2.10 Conception Diagram of Early Warning and Evacuation System............................... 6-49

x
Figure 6.2.11 The Parts of the Early Warning and Evacuation System ........................................... 6-50
Figure.6.2.12 Structure of Siren, Rotary Light ................................................................................ 6-51
Figure 6.2.13 Structure of Warning Control Box ............................................................................ 6-51
Figure 6.2.14 Structure of Solar Panel ............................................................................................. 6-51
Figure 6.2.15 Installation of the Early Warning and Evacuation System in Chitrakoot .................. 6-52
Figure 6.2.16 Installation of the Early Warning and Evacuation System in Vallee Pitot .............. 6-52
Figure 7.2.1 Structure of Technical Transfer ..................................................................................... 7-3
Figure 8.1.1 JICA Environment, Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Management
Program and Related Mauritius Agencies ................................................................... 8-2
Figure 8.3.1 Major Components of IOC Program ............................................................................. 8-6
Figure 8.4.1 Relationship between CCD and Related International Organizations/Ministries .......... 8-9
Figure 8.4.2 JICA Climate Change Adaptation/Disaster Management Projects and the Relation
with Other International Development Partners, and the Related Policies of
Mauritius ................................................................................................................... 8-11
Figure 8.5.1 An Image of Cooperation on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management
among JICA, International Organizations, Mauritius and the Southwest Indian
Ocean Islands ............................................................................................................ 8-17
Figure 9.1.1 Outline Image of the Draft Recommendation for Disaster Scheme .............................. 9-1
Figure 9.1.2 Outline Image of the Draft Recommendation for PPG.................................................. 9-2
Figure 9.1.3 The Scope of Application of the Technical Guideline for Initial Survey ...................... 9-3
Figure 9.1.4 The Scope of Application of the Procedure Manual for Landslides .............................. 9-4
Figure 9.3.1 Flow Chart for Future Plan of Landslide Countermeasure Works in Chitrakoot
Area ........................................................................................................................... 9-17
Figure 9.3.2 Location of Monitoring Borehole for Block-A Landslide ........................................... 9-20
Figure 9.3.3 Location of Monitoring Borehole for Block-B Landslide ........................................... 9-21

xi
 List of Tables
Page

Table 1.2.1 Overview of Landslide Damage and Countermeasures in Mauritius ............................. 1-1
Table 1.4.1 List of JICA Expert Team and Counterparts .................................................................. 1-4
Table 2.3.1 32 Landslide Hazard Areas Selected in the Disasters Scheme ....................................... 2-5
Table 2.3.2 Revised 37 Landslide Hazard Areas ............................................................................... 2-6
Table 2.3.3 Classification of Hazard Area ......................................................................................... 2-7
Table 2.3.4 Description of the Disaster Type .................................................................................... 2-8
Table 2.3.5 Legends of Aerial Photograph Interpretation................................................................ 2-10
Table 2.3.6 List of Aerial Photographs ............................................................................................ 2-10
Table 2.3.7 Summary of the Aerial Photograph Interpretation ........................................................ 2-11
Table 2.3.8 The Disaster Focus Points for Landslide Hazard Evaluation........................................ 2-12
Table 2.3.9 Description of Scoring Sheet for Evaluating Landslide Hazard ................................... 2-13
Table 2.3.10 Result of Landslide Hazard Evaluation ...................................................................... 2-13
Table 2.3.11 Landslide Inventory .................................................................................................... 2-18
Table 2.3.12 Existing GIS Data Collected in Mauritius .................................................................. 2-22
Table 2.3.13 New GIS Data Obtained from Field Surveys, etc. ...................................................... 2-22
Table 2.4.1 Survey on Structural/Non-structural Measures ............................................................. 2-25
Table 2.4.2 The Structural Countermeasures of Landslide Hazard Area (6 Areas) ......................... 2-25
Table 2.4.3 Current Condition of Landslide Monitoring in Mauritius............................................. 2-27
Table 2.5.1 Land Use Changes as Per Category in Mauritius During the Period 1986 to 2010 ...... 2-29
Table 2.5.2 Water Utilization........................................................................................................... 2-33
Table 2.5.3 Summary of Attitude Survey about Landslide Disasters .............................................. 2-34
Table 2.5.4 Items and Content of the Survey Sheet ......................................................................... 2-35
Table 2.5.5 Summary of Simple Tabulation Results of All Respondents........................................ 2-36
Table 2.5.6 Comparison of Awareness in the Three Pilot Sites....................................................... 2-37
Table 2.6.1 Main Authorities of Disaster Management ................................................................... 2-39
Table 2.6.2 Main Ministries and Organizations in Charge of Landslide Disaster Management ... 2-41
Table 2.6.3 Main Ministries and Organizations in Charge of Landslide Disaster Management
for Ordinary and Emergency Situations .................................................................... 2-42
Table 2.7.1 GDP, GDP Per Capita and GDP Growth ...................................................................... 2-43
Table 2.7.2 Budget for the MPI ....................................................................................................... 2-48
Table 2.7.3 Budget for the LMU from 2015 to 2017 ....................................................................... 2-49
Table 3.1.1 Results of Landslide Hazard Area Selection................................................................... 3-2
Table 3.2.1 Table of Quantities of Survey Areas ............................................................................... 3-3
Table 3.3.1 Outline of Stratum .......................................................................................................... 3-9
Table 3.3.2 Features of Stratum ....................................................................................................... 3-11
Table 3.3.3 Application for Soil Strength and Mechanical Property Test ....................................... 3-12
Table 3.3.4 Selection of Test Method for Type of Sample and Characteristics of Strength
Obtained by Test ....................................................................................................... 3-15
Table 3.3.5 Previous Survey Report ................................................................................................ 3-19
Table 3.3.6 List of Laboratory Soil Tests Conducted ...................................................................... 3-19
Table 3.3.7 Results of Physical Test ................................................................................................ 3-20
Table 3.3.8 Results of Physical Test ................................................................................................ 3-20
Table 3.3.9 Results of Shear Box Test ............................................................................................. 3-21
Table 3.3.10 Results of Triaxial Compression ................................................................................. 3-21
Table 3.3.11 Results of Physical Test .............................................................................................. 3-21
Table 3.3.12 Results of Physical Test .............................................................................................. 3-22
Table 3.3.13 Results of Triaxial Compression ................................................................................. 3-22
Table 3.3.14 List of Laboratory Soil Tests ...................................................................................... 3-22
Table 3.3.15 Results of Physical Test(1) ......................................................................................... 3-23
Table 3.3.16 Results of Physical Test(2) ......................................................................................... 3-23
Table 3.3.17 Results of Physical Test (1) ........................................................................................ 3-24
Table 3.3.18 Results of Physical Test (2) ...................................................................................... 3-24
Table 3.3.19 Ring Shear Test Result................................................................................................ 3-30

xii
Table 3.3.20 Status of Sampling for Water Quality Testing ............................................................ 3-31
Table 3.3.21 Water Quality Test Method ........................................................................................ 3-31
Table 3.4.1 Instruments for the Landslide Monitoring .................................................................... 3-35
Table 3.4.2 Monthly and Maximum Daily Precipitation and Maximum Hourly Precipitation ....... 3-38
Table 3.4.3 Monthly Precipitation, The Maximum Daily Precipitation and The Maximum
Hourly Precipitation .................................................................................................. 3-44
Table 3.5.1 Specifications of the Seismic Exploration .................................................................... 3-50
Table 3.5.2 Extent & Specifications of the Seismic Exploration ..................................................... 3-50
Table 3.5.3 List of Equipment to be Used ....................................................................................... 3-52
Table 3.5.4 Comparison between Peel Off and Tomographic Methods .......................................... 3-54
Table 3.5.5 Summary Table of the Various Strata Identified .......................................................... 3-56
Table 3.5.6 Specifications of Two-dimensional Resistivity Exploration......................................... 3-59
Table 3.5.7 Extent & Specifications of the Resistivity Exploration ................................................ 3-59
Table 3.5.8 Summary Table of the Various Strata Identified .......................................................... 3-64
Table 3.6.1 Field Drilling Schedule (Chitrakoot) ............................................................................ 3-68
Table 3.6.2 Field Drilling Schedule (Quatre Soeurs) ....................................................................... 3-68
Table 3.6.3 Borehole Details ........................................................................................................... 3-69
Table 3.6.4 Borehole Details ........................................................................................................... 3-70
Table 3.6.5 Specifications of the Drilling Machines and Materials ................................................. 3-70
Table 3.6.6 Rock Mass Weathering ................................................................................................. 3-72
Table 3.6.7 Quality Classification of Rocks by RQD Values .......................................................... 3-72
Table 3.6.8 Strength Description of Rock Material ......................................................................... 3-72
Table 3.6.9 Classification of Discontinuity Spacing........................................................................ 3-73
Table 3.6.10 Specifications of the Pipe Strain Gauge .................................................................... 3-74
Table 3.6.11 Specifications of the Special Casing Pipe (Guide Pipe) ............................................. 3-75
Table 3.6.12 Specifications of the Piezometer ............................................................................... 3-77
Table 3.6.13 Standard Penetration Test ........................................................................................... 3-78
Table 3.6.14 Relationship between Strata Classification and Geological Features ......................... 3-78
Table 3.6.15 Standard Penetration Test ........................................................................................... 3-79
Table 3.6.16 Relationship between Strata Classification and Geological Features ......................... 3-79
Table 3.6.17 Soil Strength Description ............................................................................................ 3-79
Table 3.6.18 Standard Penetration Test ........................................................................................... 3-80
Table 3.6.19 Standard Penetration Test ........................................................................................... 3-81
Table 3.7.1 Differentiation of House Deformations and Causes of Damage ................................... 3-84
Table 3.7.2 Monitoring of Damaged Houses ................................................................................... 3-85
Table 3.7.3 Areas with Extensive Damage and Its Characteristics .................................................. 3-89
Table 3.7.4 The Characteristics of Slope Classification ................................................................ 3-104
Table 3.8.1 The 37 Slope Disaster Hazard Areas in the Disasters Scheme ................................... 3-120
Table 3.8.2 The Results of Disaster Inspection for 37 Slope Disaster Areas................................. 3-123
Table 3.9.1 The Warning Stages, Standards for Issuing Warnings and Responses ....................... 3-128
Table 3.9.2 Existing Situation, Issues and Basic Policy for Countermeasure regarding the
Warning/Evacuation System in the Disaster Scheme ........................................... 3-132
Table 3.9.3 Existing Disaster Scheme Article, Draft Proposal of Addition/Modification, Reason
of Addition/Modification and Necessity ................................................................. 3-133
Table 3.9.4 Record of the Meeting/Workshop regarding the Recommendation .......................... 3-147
Table 3.9.5 Points to Remember for the Recommendations .......................................................... 3-148
Table 3.10.1 Summary of the Landslide Disasters Prevention Act ............................................... 3-155
Table 3.10.2 Related Acts regarding Landslide Disaster Prevention ............................................. 3-156
Table 3.10.3 The Existing Mauritian Legal Systems/Schemes for LDRM .................................. 3-157
Table 3.10.4 Interview Survey Results relating to Development Restrictions in Chitrakoot ...... 3-160
Table 3.10.5 Interview Survey Result about the Development Restrictions in Quatre Soeurs .... 3-163
Table 3.10.6 Existing PPG Article, Draft Proposal of Addition/Modification, Reason of
Addition/Modification and Necessity ..................................................................... 3-168
Table 3.10.7 Supplementary Recommendation for Flexible Review of Permitted Area of
Development ........................................................................................................... 3-173
Table 3.10.8 Supplementary Recommendation for the Education/Dissemination and Capacity
Development ........................................................................................................... 3-174
Table 3.10.9 Record of the Meeting/Workshop regarding the Recommendation.......................... 3-175

xiii
Table 3.10.10 Points to Remember for the Recommendations ...................................................... 3-177
Table 3.11.1 The Contents of the Technical Guideline for Initial Survey ..................................... 3-180
Table 3.12.1 The Contents of the Procedure Manual for Landslides ............................................. 3-182
Table 4.3.1 Parameters of Tank Model ............................................................................................ 4-15
Table 4.3.2 Summary of GSMaP Data ............................................................................................ 4-17
Table 4.3.3 Sediment Disaster Record at Chitrakoot ....................................................................... 4-19
Table 4.3.4 SWI and MMS Cumulative Precipitation for Rainfall Event ①~⑫ ........................... 4-20
Table 4.3.5 SWI and GSMaP Cumulative Precipitation for Rainfall Event ⑬~⑳ ........................ 4-22
Table 4.3.6 Sediment Disaster Record at Quatre Souers ................................................................. 4-23
Table 4.3.7 SWI and MMS Cumulative Precipitation for Rainfall Event ㉑~㉚ ........................... 4-24
Table 4.3.8 SWI and GSMaP Cumulative Precipitation for Rainfall Event ㉛~㉟ ........................ 4-25
Table 4.3.9 SWI with Landslide Risk at Chitrakoot and Quatre Soeurs .......................................... 4-26
Table 4.4.1 Definition of Safety Factor for Landslide ..................................................................... 4-29
Table 4.4.2 Landslide Slope Stability Methods and Selected Factors ............................................. 4-31
Table 4.4.3 Definition of Safety Factor for Landslide ..................................................................... 4-33
Table 4.4.4 Current Factor of Safety of the Landslide, Chitrakoot Area ......................................... 4-37
Table 4.4.5 Result of the Laboratory Soil Test, Chitrakoot area ..................................................... 4-37
Table 4.4.6 Existing Result of the Laboratory Soil Test, La Butte Landslide ................................. 4-37
Table 4.4.7 Result of the Stability Analysis, Chitrakoot Area ......................................................... 4-39
Table 4.4.8 Current Factor of Safety of the Landslide, Quatre Soeurs Area ................................... 4-41
Table 4.4.9 Result of the Laboratory Soil Test, Quatre Soeurs Area ............................................... 4-42
Table 4.4.10 Result of the Stability Analysis, Quatre Soeurs Area ................................................. 4-43
Table 4.4.11 Current Factor of Safety of the Landslide, Vallee Pitot Area ..................................... 4-46
Table 4.4.12 Result of the Stability Analysis, Vallee Pitot Area ..................................................... 4-47
Table 4.4.13 Results of Ring Shear Test, Cohesion C and Shear Resistance Angle φ .................... 4-48
Table 4.5.1 Susceptibility Assessment Items ................................................................................... 4-51
Table 4.5.2 Results of Susceptibility Assessment in Chitrakoot Area ............................................. 4-51
Table 4.5.3 Results of Susceptibility Assessment in Quatre Soeurs Area ....................................... 4-52
Table 4.5.4 Results of Susceptibility Assessment in Vallee Pitot Area ........................................... 4-54
Table 5.1.1 Items Considered for Selection of Pilot Project Site....................................................... 5-1
Table 5.2.1 Selection of Target Landslide Block in Chitrakoot Area ................................................ 5-8
Table 5.2.2 Selection of Control Work for Chitrakoot Area .............................................................. 5-9
Table 5.2.3 Comparative Chart of Control Work Selection in Chitrakoot Area .............................. 5-12
Table 5.2.4 Result of Consideration of Effectiveness of Countermeasure Works ........................... 5-16
Table 5.2.5 Proposed Schedule for the Countermeasures ................................................................ 5-22
Table 5.2.6 Background and Progress of the Relocation of the Inhabitants of Quatre Soeurs ...... 5-24
Table 5.3.1 Undertaking Requiring PER and EIA ........................................................................... 5-26
Table 5.3.2 Expected Environmental and Social Consideration and Impact Items and
Mitigation Measures.................................................................................................. 5-29
Table 5.4.1 General Sheet of the Pilot Project ............................................................................... 5-30
Table 5.4.2 Check Sheet of Pre Evaluation in the Pilot Project ....................................................... 5-31
Table 5.4.3 Check Sheet of Interim Review in the Pilot Project ..................................................... 5-33
Table 5.4.4 Check Sheet of Post Evaluation in the Pilot Project ..................................................... 5-34
Table 5.5.1 Breakdown of Budget in 2013 ...................................................................................... 5-36
Table 5.5.2 List of Countermeasures and Budgets in 2014-2016 .................................................... 5-37
Table 5.5.3 List of Countermeasures and Budgets in 2015-2017 .................................................... 5-38
Table 5.6.1 Organizational Structure of MPI and Civil Engineering Section .................................. 5-42
Table 5.6.2 Organizational Structure of MPI and Civil Engineering Section .................................. 5-42
Table 5.6.3 Issues, Goals and Activities in Capacity Development Plan ........................................ 5-44
Table 5.6.4 Full-time Staff Assignment (Long Term Goal) ............................................................ 5-48
Table 5.6.5 Budget for the LMU from 2015 to 2017 ....................................................................... 5-48
Table 5.6.6 Main Responsible Organizations based on Disaster Classification, Objects of
Protection and the Scale of Protection ...................................................................... 5-50
Table 5.6.7 Task Flow for Emergency Situation for All Sites ......................................................... 5-52
Table 5.6.8 Emergency Operational System within the LMU ......................................................... 5-53
Table 6.1.1 Classification of Landslide Countermeasure Works ....................................................... 6-1
Table 6.1.2 Condition of Stability Analysis of Slope behind the Channel for Flood Water .............. 6-3

xiv
Table 6.1.3 Result of the Stability Analysis of the Slope behind the Channel .................................. 6-3
Table 6.1.4 Countermeasure Works (Control Work) for the Block-A Landslide .............................. 6-9
Table 6.1.5 Runoff Coefficient based on Ground Surface Condition, ............................................. 6-11
Table 6.1.6 Intensity of Rainfall ...................................................................................................... 6-12
Table 6.1.7 Water Catchment Area for Each Drainage ................................................................... 6-12
Table 6.1.8 Condition and Result of the Calculation of Runoff Volume......................................... 6-13
Table 6.1.9 Manning's Roughness Coefficient,................................................................................ 6-14
Table 6.1.10 Condition and Result of Calculation of Discharge Volume of Each Horizontal
Drainage Pipe ............................................................................................................ 6-15
Table 6.1.11 Design Discharge Volume of Each Horizontal Drainage Work ................................. 6-15
Table 6.1.12 Condition and Result of the Calculation for the Discharge Capacity of Each
Designed Drainage .................................................................................................... 6-16
Table 6.1.13 Evaluation Result of the Availability of Designed Drainages .................................... 6-16
Table 6.1.14 Plan of Access Road for the Construction Work ........................................................ 6-17
Table 6.1.15 Quantity Survey Result for Countermeasure Works for Block-A Landslide in
Chitrakoot Area ......................................................................................................... 6-18
Table 6.1.16 Quantity and Cost Estimation of Countermeasure Works in Chitrakoot Area ........... 6-19
Table 6.1.17 Major Machinery and Materials for the Works........................................................... 6-22
Table 6.1.18 Outline of the Landslide Countermeasure Works ....................................................... 6-23
Table 6.1.19 Long List of Local Contractors ................................................................................... 6-24
Table 6.1.20 List of Local Contractors Participated in the Site Explanation ................................... 6-26
Table 6.1.21 List of Local Contractor Participants in the Opening of Bid ...................................... 6-26
Table 6.1.22 Result of Bidding Price and Selected Bidder .............................................................. 6-28
Table 6.1.23 List of Changed Design Part ....................................................................................... 6-29
Table 6.1.24 Planned Landslide Countermeasure Works in Chitrakoot Area ................................. 6-31
Table 6.1.25 Reference Value of the Groundwater Level to Achieve the Planned Factor of
Safety ........................................................................................................................ 6-32
Table 6.1.26 Reference Value of the Groundwater Level to Achieve the Planned Factor of
Safety ........................................................................................................................ 6-33
Table 6.1.27 Available Countermeasure Work in Mauritius ........................................................... 6-34
Table 6.1.28 Advisability of the Development Activities in the Landslide Hazard Zone ............... 6-35
Table 6.2.1 Five Stages in Landslide Emergency Scheme ............................................................ 6-37
Table 6.2.2 Proposed Early Warning of Landslide Disaster .......................................................... 6-39
Table 6.2.3 Proposed Thresholds ................................................................................................... 6-44
Table 6.2.4 Estimation of Velocity of Displacement in Accordance with Time to the Extent of
Failure ..................................................................................................................... 6-45
Table 6.2.5 Proposed Threshold .................................................................................................... 6-45
Table 6.2.6 Proposed Early Warning of Landslide Disaster in Chitrakoot, Vallee Pitot and
Quatre Soeurs ............................................................................................................ 6-47
Table 6.2.7 Specifications of the Alarm Operation.......................................................................... 6-48
Table 6.2.8 Quantity of Parts ........................................................................................................... 6-50
Table 6.3.1 IEC Category ................................................................................................................ 6-53
Table 6.3.2 Current Status and Issues of IEC Activity in the Field of Landslide Management in
Mauritius / IEC Activities to be Implemented to Address Issues Identified ............. 6-54
Table 6.3.3 IEC Activities Described in Mauritius Landslide Emergency Scheme (2012-2013).... 6-55
Table 6.3.4 IEC Activities to be Implemented by the Project.......................................................... 6-56
Table 6.3.5 Implementation Plan of Stakeholder Meeting .............................................................. 6-58
Table 6.3.6 Reports of Results of Stakeholder Meetings at Priority Areas...................................... 6-60
Table 7.1.1 Objectives and Inputs on Technical Transfer ................................................................. 7-1
Table 7.1.2 Each Development Stage of the CD ............................................................................... 7-2
Table 7.2.1 The JICA Expert Team Members by Group of Expertise............................................... 7-3
Table 7.4.1 Summary of Landslide Workshop .................................................................................. 7-7
Table 7.4.2 Outline of “Fundamentals and Basics on Landslides” .................................................... 7-7
Table 7.4.3 Outline of “Landslide Reconnaissance” ......................................................................... 7-8
Table 7.4.4 Outline of “Monitoring Device” ..................................................................................... 7-9
Table 7.4.5 Outline of “Land Use Policy for Landslide Disaster” ..................................................... 7-9
Table 7.4.6 Outline of “Interpretation of Aerial Photo for Landslide” ............................................ 7-10
Table 7.4.7 Outline of “Landslide Investigation/Analysis/Monitoring” .......................................... 7-11

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Table 7.4.8 Outline of “Geotechnical Site Characterization and Constant Volume Direct Shear
Test” .......................................................................................................................... 7-11
Table 7.4.9 Outline of “Training of the Landslide Monitoring” ...................................................... 7-12
Table 7.4.10 Outline of “Monitoring Result and Early Warning” ................................................... 7-13
Table 7.4.11 Outline of “Review of Planning Policy Guidance”..................................................... 7-13
Table 7.4.12 Outline of “Stability Analysis and Countermeasures” ................................................ 7-14
Table 7.4.13 Outline of “Monitoring Log for Pilot Site” ................................................................. 7-14
Table 7.4.14 Outline of “Countermeasure Works 1” ....................................................................... 7-15
Table 7.5.1 Contents of Training in Japan ....................................................................................... 7-16
Table 7.5.2 Schedule of the 1st Training in Japan in 2012 ............................................................... 7-17
Table 7.5.3 Schedule of the 2nd Training in Japan in 2013 .............................................................. 7-18
Table 7.6.1 Plan of SC ..................................................................................................................... 7-21
Table 7.6.2 The Contents of the 1st SC ............................................................................................ 7-21
Table 7.6.3 The Contents of the 2nd SC ........................................................................................... 7-22
Table 7.6.4 The Contents of the 3rd SC ............................................................................................ 7-23
Table 7.6.5 The Contents of the 4th SC ............................................................................................ 7-24
Table 7.7.1 Schedule of Contents to Deliberate in the Advisory Committee .................................. 7-26
Table 7.7.2 Contents of 1st Advisory Committee in Japan .............................................................. 7-26
Table 7.7.3 Contents of 2nd Advisory Committee in Japan.............................................................. 7-27
Table 7.7.4 Contents of 3rd Advisory Committee in Japan .............................................................. 7-27
Table 7.7.5 Contents of 4th Advisory Committee in Japan .............................................................. 7-28
Table 7.8.1 Technical Contents to be Transferred to C/P ................................................................ 7-29
Table 7.8.2 Contents of the Project in 2012-2015 ........................................................................... 7-30
Table 7.8.3 Classification of Hazard Areas on the Disaster Scheme ............................................... 7-31
Table 7.9.1 Main Responsible Organizations based on Disaster Classification, Objects of
Protection and the Scale of Protection ...................................................................... 7-35
Table 7.9.2 Task Flow for Emergency Situation for All Sites ......................................................... 7-36
Table 7.9.3 Emergency Operational System within the LMU ......................................................... 7-37
Table 8.3.1 Relevant Programs of Major Development Partners ...................................................... 8-6
Table 8.3.2 Contents of DRR ............................................................................................................. 8-7
Table 8.5.1 Presentation Details ...................................................................................................... 8-14
Table 8.5.2 Discussion Details......................................................................................................... 8-15
Table 8.5.3 Participant List for the Day 1 ...................................................................................... 8-17
Table 9.1.1 The Contents of the Technical Guideline for Initial Survey ........................................... 9-4
Table 9.1.2 The Contents of the Procedure Manual for Landslides ................................................... 9-5
Table 9.2.1 Breakdown of Budget in 2013 ........................................................................................ 9-6
Table 9.2.2 List of Countermeasures and Budgets in 2014-2016 ...................................................... 9-7
Table 9.2.3 List of Countermeasures and Budgets in 2015-2017 ...................................................... 9-8
Table 9.2.4 Full-time Staff Assignment (Long Term Goal) ............................................................ 9-11
Table 9.2.5 Main Responsible Organizations based on Disaster Classification, Objects of
Protection and the Scale of Protection ...................................................................... 9-12
Table 9.2.6 Task Flow for Emergency Situation for All Sites ......................................................... 9-14
Table 9.2.7 Emergency Operational System within the LMU ......................................................... 9-15
Table 9.3.1 Planned Landslide Countermeasure Works in Chitrakoot Area ................................... 9-18
Table 9.3.2 Reference Value of the Groundwater Level to Achieve the Planned Factor of
Safety ........................................................................................................................ 9-19
Table 9.3.3 Reference Value of the Groundwater Level to Achieve the Planned Factor of
Safety ........................................................................................................................ 9-21
Table 9.3.4 Advisability of the Development Activities in the Landslide Hazard Zone ................. 9-23
Table 9.3.5 Proposed Early Warning of Landslide Disaster ............................................................ 9-24
Table 9.4.1 Classification of Hazard Areas ..................................................................................... 9-27
Table 9.4.2 Hazard Evaluation Results of the 6 Landslides ............................................................ 9-27

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 List of Photos
Page:
Photo 2.3.1 Aerial Photograph Interpretation .................................................................................... 2-9
Photo 3.3.1 Full View of Landslide Area .......................................................................................... 3-7
Photo 3.3.2 Scarp in Landslide Area.................................................................................................. 3-8
Photo 3.3.3 Active Area of Landslide ................................................................................................ 3-8
Photo 3.3.4 Full View of Landslide Area ........................................................................................ 3-10
Photo 3.3.5 Road at the Toe of The Landslide................................................................................. 3-10
Photo 3.3.6 Sampling Situation ....................................................................................................... 3-27
Photo 3.3.7 Samples......................................................................................................................... 3-27
Photo 3.6.1 The Drilling Machines and Materials ........................................................................... 3-71
Photo 3.6.2 Installation of the Pipe Strain Gauge ............................................................................ 3-74
Photo 3.6.3 Installation of the Casing Pipe (Guide Pipe) ................................................................ 3-76
Photo 3.6.4 Installation of Water Level Meter................................................................................. 3-77
Photo 3.7.1 Cracks in House 1 ......................................................................................................... 3-86
Photo 3.7.2 Cracks in House 2 ......................................................................................................... 3-86
Photo 3.7.3 Cracks in Houses 3,4,5 ................................................................................................. 3-87
Photo 3.7.4 Cracks in House19 ........................................................................................................ 3-87
Photo 3.7.5 Steps to the School Building Foundation (East Side) ................................................... 3-90
Photo 3.7.6 Floor of the School Building Foundation (West Side) ................................................. 3-90
Photo 3.7.7 Major Damage to the Steps........................................................................................... 3-90
Photo 3.7.8 Intermittent Cracks (East-West) ................................................................................... 3-90
Photo 3.7.9 Vertical Displacement beside Extensometer(5) ............................................................ 3-91
Photo 3.7.10 Direction of Vertical Displacement (East-West) ........................................................ 3-91
Photo 3.7.11 Damage to the Retaining Wall (Roadside) ................................................................. 3-91
Photo 3.7.12 Settling of the Roadside Ditch .................................................................................... 3-91
Photo 3.7.13 Lavatory beside School (House No.9) ........................................................................ 3-91
Photo 3.7.14 An Elementary School in Chitrakoot (House No.18) ................................................. 3-92
Photo 3.7.15 Cracks in the School Wall .......................................................................................... 3-92
Photo 3.7.16 Cracks in the Base of the Wall ................................................................................... 3-92
Photo 3.7.17 Cracks in the corner of the School Building ............................................................... 3-92
Photo 3.7.18 The Wall and Sidewalk facing Main Road ................................................................. 3-92
Photo 3.7.19 Heavily Damaged House ............................................................................................ 3-93
Photo 3.7.20 Heavily Damaged House ............................................................................................ 3-93
Photo 3.7.21 Gaps and Unevenness in the Curb .............................................................................. 3-93
Photo 3.7.22 Cracks in the Retaining Wall of the House in front of the School.............................. 3-93
Photo 3.7.23 Cracks in the Retaining Wall beside House................................................................ 3-94
Photo 3.7.24 Cracks in the Veranda................................................................................................. 3-94
Photo 3.7.25 Deformation of the House in front of the School ....................................................... 3-94
Photo 3.7.26 Deformation of the Concrete Foundation of Suspected House Remains.................... 3-95
Photo 3.7.27 Cracks in the Concrete Structure ................................................................................ 3-95
Photo 3.7.28 Cracks in the Floor ..................................................................................................... 3-95
Photo 3.7.29 Settling in the Middle of House .................................................................................. 3-96
Photo 3.7.30 Cracks in the Wall (Window Frame) .......................................................................... 3-96
Photo 3.7.31 Inclination of the House (Left: Settling) ..................................................................... 3-96
Photo 3.7.32 Penetrating Cracks in the Wall ................................................................................... 3-96
Photo 3.7.33 Road that Leads Down to Houses (Extensometer is Installed up ahead).................... 3-96
Photo 3.7.34 Extensometer E(1) (Shot from below) ........................................................................ 3-97
Photo 3.7.35 Deformation of the Protection Fence Foundation Concrete ....................................... 3-97
Photo 3.7.36 Cracks in the House Wall ........................................................................................... 3-97
Photo 3.7.37 Horizontal Open Cracks ............................................................................................. 3-97
Photo 3.7.38 Extensometer E(2) (Shot from below) ...................................................................... 3-98
Photo 3.7.39 Deformation of the Protection Fence foundation........................................................ 3-98
Photo 3.7.40 Surrounding Slopes of Extensometer E(2) ................................................................. 3-98
Photo 3.7.41 Surrounding slopes of Extensometer E(2) .................................................................. 3-99

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Photo 3.7.42 Farmland between Extensometer E(1) and Stream ..................................................... 3-99
Photo 3.7.43 Advancement of Bank Erosion (Downstream) ........................................................... 3-99
Photo 3.7.44 Advancement of Bank Erosion (Upstream) .............................................................. 3-100
Photo 3.7.45 Heavily Damaged House .......................................................................................... 3-100
Photo 3.7.46 Open Cracks in the House and Retaining Wall ........................................................ 3-100
Photo 3.7.47 Cracks in the Road .................................................................................................... 3-101
Photo 3.7.48 Road in front of House ............................................................................................. 3-101
Photo 3.7.49 Sugarcane Field in front of House ............................................................................ 3-101
Photo 3.7.50 Sugarcane Field (Shot from below) .......................................................................... 3-101
Photo 3.7.51 House No.40 ............................................................................................................. 3-102
Photo 3.7.52 Penetrating Cracks in the Wall ................................................................................. 3-102
Photo 3.7.53 House No.41 ............................................................................................................. 3-103
Photo 3.7.54 Cavity in the Concrete Foundation ........................................................................... 3-103
Photo 3.7.55 Cracks in the Wall .................................................................................................... 3-103
Photo 3.7.56 Cracks in the Wall (Entrance)................................................................................... 3-103
Photo 3.7.57 Full View of the Site ................................................................................................. 3-104
Photo 3.7.58 Upper Slope (Shot from below, Gradient:16～20°) ................................................. 3-105
Photo 3.7.59 Middle Slope (Shot from below, Gradient:5°).......................................................... 3-105
Photo 3.7.60 Lower Slope (Shot from below, Gradient:15～17°) ................................................. 3-105
Photo 3.7.61 Full View of the Upper Slope ................................................................................... 3-106
Photo 3.7.62 Vicinity of the Slope (Elevation: about 50m) ........................................................... 3-106
Photo 3.7.63 Vicinity of the Slope (Elevation: about 70m) ........................................................... 3-106
Photo 3.7.64 Outcrop (Elevation: about 80m) ............................................................................... 3-106
Photo 3.7.65 Past Deformations on Upper Slope (From Past Report) ........................................... 3-107
Photo 3.7.66 Deformations around Borehole BH-1 (Current Condition) ...................................... 3-107
Photo 3.7.67 Deformations around Elevation 45m (Current Condition) ....................................... 3-107
Photo 3.7.68 Cracks in the Farm Road .......................................................................................... 3-107
Photo 3.7.69 Cracks in the Farm Road .......................................................................................... 3-107
Photo 3.7.70 Cracks along the Farm Road..................................................................................... 3-108
Photo 3.7.71 Marshy Land ............................................................................................................. 3-108
Photo 3.7.72 Full View from Borehole BH-1 ................................................................................ 3-109
Photo 3.7.73 Collapse at the Head of a Stream .............................................................................. 3-109
Photo 3.7.74 Road above the Houses............................................................................................. 3-110
Photo 3.7.75 Cracks in the Road .................................................................................................... 3-110
Photo 3.7.76 View of the end of the Road (East Side Slope) ........................................................ 3-110
Photo 3.7.77 View of the Starting Point ........................................................................................ 3-111
Photo 3.7.78 Opening between Road and Boundary Line ............................................................. 3-111
Photo 3.7.79 Horizontal Open Cracks in the Wall ......................................................................... 3-111
Photo 3.7.80 Open Cracks in the Foundation ................................................................................ 3-111
Photo 3.7.81 Middle of the Slope .................................................................................................. 3-112
Photo 3.7.82 Slope above House19 ............................................................................................... 3-112
Photo 3.7.83 Masonry Retaining Wall behind House 19 ............................................................... 3-112
Photo 3.7.84 Steps on the Lower Slope ......................................................................................... 3-113
Photo 3.7.85 Swelling on the Road ................................................................................................ 3-113
Photo 3.7.86 Cracks in the Concrete Wall ..................................................................................... 3-113
Photo 3.7.87 Masonry Retaining Wall in front of the Road .......................................................... 3-114
Photo 3.7.88 View of the Ocean Side from House 19 ................................................................... 3-114
Photo 3.7.89 Damage to House (1) ................................................................................................ 3-115
Photo 3.7.90 Main Scalp and Landslide Toe ................................................................................. 3-116
Photo 3.7.91 Damage to House(2) ................................................................................................. 3-116
Photo 3.7.92 Landslide Plan Map, 2nd Reconnaissance at, 22nd February 2013.......................... 3-117
Photo 3.7.93 Damage on the Outer Wall of House(1), Large Open Crack Grew .......................... 3-117
Photo 3.7.94 House (1) was Tilting as Result of Landslide Activity, Causing a Large Gap with
the Neighboring House ........................................................................................... 3-117
Photo 3.7.95 Open crack in the room of House (1) ....................................................................... 3-118
Photo 3.7.96 The cracks and steps in the room of House (1)......................................................... 3-118
Photo 3.7.97 The Outside Wall of House (1) was Completely Broken ......................................... 3-118

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Photo 3.7.98 New Open Cracks in the Upper Part of House (1).................................................... 3-118
Photo 3.10.1 Sprawl to Slope Area in Vallée Pitot ........................................................................ 3-165
Photo 5.2.1 Upper Side of the Blockage of the Canal ..................................................................... 5-18
Photo 5.2.2 Lower Side of the Blockage of the Canal ..................................................................... 5-18
Photo 5.2.3 Seen below the Blockage .............................................................................................. 5-19
Photo 5.2.4 Seen above the Blockage .............................................................................................. 5-19
Photo 6.3.1 Scenes of Interview Survey .......................................................................................... 6-67
Photo 6.3.2 Handbook ..................................................................................................................... 6-70
Photo 6.3.3 Awareness Activity for Residents Using the Handbook (Chitrakoot) ........................... 6-70
Photo 7.3.1 1st Technical Transfer Seminar ....................................................................................... 7-4
Photo 7.3.2 2nd Technical Transfer Seminar ...................................................................................... 7-5
Photo 7.3.3 3rd Technical Transfer Seminar ..................................................................................... 7-6
Photo 7.4.1 Photo of “Fundamentals and Basics on Landslides” ...................................................... 7-8
Photo 7.4.2 Photo of “Landslide Reconnaissance” ............................................................................ 7-8
Photo 7.4.3 Photo of “Monitoring device” ........................................................................................ 7-9
Photo 7.4.4 Photo of “Land Use Policy for Landslide Disaster” ..................................................... 7-10
Photo 7.4.5 Photo of “Interpretation of Aerial Photo for Landslide” .............................................. 7-10
Photo 7.4.6 Photo of “Landslide Investigation/Analysis/Monitoring” ............................................ 7-11
Photo 7.4.7 Photo of “Geotechnical Site Characterization and Constant Volume Direct Shear
Test” .......................................................................................................................... 7-12
Photo 7.4.8 Photo of “Training of the Landslide Monitoring” ........................................................ 7-12
Photo 7.4.9 Photo of “Monitoring Result and Early Warning” ....................................................... 7-13
Photo 7.4.10 Photo of “Review of Planning Policy Guidance” ....................................................... 7-14
Photo 7.4.11 Photo of “Stability Analysis and Countermeasures” .................................................. 7-14
Photo 7.4.12 Photo of “Monitoring log for Pilot Site” .................................................................... 7-15
Photo 7.4.13 Photo of “Countermeasure Works 1” ......................................................................... 7-15
Photo 7.5.1 The 2nd Training in Japan in 2013 ................................................................................ 7-20
Photo8.5.1 Participants of the Seminar (5th March 2015) ................................................................ 8-13
Photo8.5.2 Presentation by the Neighbouring Islands (5th March 2015) ......................................... 8-13
Photo8.5.3 Explaining the Monitoring System and Countermeasure Works in Chitrakoot (6th
March 2015) .............................................................................................................. 8-15
Photo8.5.4 Group Photo taken at Grand Sable (6th March 2015) ................................................... 8-15

xix
 Abbreviations

Abbreviation English
AAP Africa Adaptation Programme
AC Advisory Committee
AF Adaptation Fund
AFD Agence Française de Développement
AFP Adaptation Fund Programme
BA Building Act
BLUPG The Building and Land Use Permit Guide
CCIC Climate Change Information Center
C/P Counterpart
CA Capacity Assessment
CADMAC Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Management Committee
CC Crisis Committee
CCD Climate Change Division
CD Capacity Development
CD Consolidated Drained test
CDEMA Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency
CEB The Central Electricity Board
CONDC The Cyclone and Other Natural Disasters Committee
CONDS Cyclone and Other Natural Disasters Scheme
CSO Central Statistics Office
CU (CU-bar) Consolidated Undrained test
CWA The Central Water Authority
DEM Digital Elevation Model
DRR Disaster Risk Reduction
EU European Union
F/S Feasibility Study
FAS First Aid Service
Fs Safety Factor/Factor of Safety
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GIS Government Information Service
GIS Geographic Information System
GL Ground Level
GSMaP Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation
HFA Hyogo Framework for Action
IC/R Inception Report
ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management
IEC Information, Education, and Communication
IOC(COI) Indian Ocean Commission (Commission de l'Océan Indien)
IP Plasticity Index/(Index of Plasticity)
ISO International Organization for Standardization
JET JICA Expert Team
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency

xx
JICE Japan International Corporation Center
LDRM Landslide Disaster Risk Management
LGA Local Government Act, 2003
LL Liquid Limit
LMU Landslide Management Unit
M/M Minutes of Meeting
Mauritius The Republic of Mauritius
MBC Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation
MEHR Ministry of Education and Human Resources
Ministry of Environment, Sustainable Development, Disaster and Beach
MESDDBM
Management
MGCW Ministry of Gender Equality, Child Development and Family Welfare
MHL Ministry of Housing and Lands
MHQL Ministry of Health and Quality of Life
MID Maurice Ile Durable
MLG Ministry of Local Government & Outer Islands
MoESD Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development
MoFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development
MPI Ministry of Public Infrastructure and Land Transport
MMS Mauritius Meteorological Services
MSS Ministry of Social Security, National Solidarity and Reform Institutions
MTEF Medium-Term Expenditure Framework
MTL Ministry of Tourism and Leisure
MTSRT Ministry of Tertiary Education, Science, Research and Technology
NDOCC National Disaster and Operations Coordination Centre
NDRMCC National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Center
NDS National Development Strategy
NDU National Development Unit
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
ODA Official Development Assistance
OPS Outline Planning Schemes
P.Fs Planning/Designed Factor of Safety
P/R Progress Report
PBB Programme-Based Budgeting
PDA Planning and Development Act
PEFA Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability
PFM Public Financial Management
PIU Planning and Implementation Units
PL Plastic Limit
PMO Prime Minister’s Office
PMS Performance Management System
PPG Planning Policy Guidance
PS Permanent Secretary
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
R/D Record of Discussion
RRU Repair and Rehabilitation Unit
SC Steering Committee

xxi
SIDS Small Island Developing States
SPT Standard Penetration Test
SWI Soil Water Index
TAS Treasury Accounting System
TCPA Town and Country Planning Act
The Disasters Scheme The Cyclone and Other Natural Disasters Scheme
The Project The Project of Landslide Management in the Republic of Mauritius
TICAD IV The Fourth Tokyo International Conference on African Development
TRMM Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission
UNDP The United Nations Development Programme
WCDR World Conference on Disaster Reduction

xxii
JICA KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.
The Project of Landslide Management NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD.
in the Republic of Mauritius (Final Report) CENTRAL CONSULTANT INC.
FUTABA INC.

Digest
This report is a Final Report (hereinafter F/R) which covers the results of all activities for the
Project of Landslide Management in the Republic of Mauritius (hereinafter the Project)
according to the Record of Discussion (hereinafter R/D) agreed upon between the Ministry of
Public Infrastructure and Land Transport (hereinafter MPI), of the Republic of Mauritius
(hereinafter Mauritius) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (hereinafter JICA).

As for the introduction in Chapter 1, the background/outcomes/scope/schedule of the Project

and the main activities are described.

JICA has dispatched 14 experts (hereinafter JET, or JICA Expert Team) who specialize in
investigation, analysis, design and countermeasures of landslides. The Project is conducted
with members of the Repair and Rehabilitation Unit/ Landslide Management Unit
(hereinafter RRU/LMU) in MPI as Counterparts (hereinafter the C/P) from May 2012 to
March 2015.

The objectives of the Project are; 1) Formulation of a landslide management plan to establish
a landslide monitoring system, 2) Implementation of the F/S and pilot project to examine,
carry out and learn specific approaches, 3) Improvement of landslide management skills at
RRU/LMU and other related institutions.

For the basic survey in Chapter 2, the topography, the geology, landslide inventory, existing
countermeasures, social survey, organizations and systems and economic survey on the entire
Mauritius area are described.

Mauritius is a volcanic island with a volcanic plateau of 300 - 400m formed by these craters.
The island consists of basaltic flows and the geological history began approximately 10
million years ago and there were two cycles of volcanic activity involved in the formation of
the island. The average annual rainfall amount is about 2,000mm and almost 70% is
concentrated during the rainy season (December - May). Many large-scale cyclones occur
during the rainy season, causing most of the landslide disasters to occur during this season.

Reconnaissance has been conducted for the 32 landslide hazard areas selected in the
"Cyclone and Other Natural Disasters Scheme 2011-2012 (hereinafter the Disaster Scheme)"
and several of the 32 landslide hazard areas were divided, bringing the total to 37 areas. The
37 hazard areas are classified into nine (9) kinds of disasters: landslide, slope failure, rock fall,
debris flow, stream erosion, damage of embankment, wall damage, house damage, and land
subsidence (cave-in). A landslide inventory and a hazard evaluation have been implemented
for the 37 areas based on aerial photo interpretation, site survey and checking for existing
countermeasures.

Social condition such as land use, population, poverty and water resource and economical
condition such as economic indices (GDP, etc.), economic policy and budget have been
organized. The questionnaire for 300 households has revealed the resident consciousness for
landslide disasters, countermeasures and evacuation, which is a fundamental data for the
policy of measures.

Regarding the organizations and systems, the Disaster Scheme mentions the responsibility
and roles of 7 ministries and 11 organizations for emergency situations on natural disasters,
especially that National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Centre (hereinafter

1
JICA KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.
The Project of Landslide Management NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD.
in the Republic of Mauritius (Final Report) CENTRAL CONSULTANT INC.
FUTABA INC.

NDRRMC) in Prime Minister Office undertakes a main role in disaster planning and
coordination for every level on the central/local governments and establishes strategies for
the disasters. RRU/LMU conducts monitoring, investigation, emergency response for
landslides.

Under the landslide management plan 1 (survey and result) in Chapter 3, the identification
of landslide hazard areas, topographic survey, geological survey, monitoring, geophysical
exploration, drilling survey, field reconnaissance, disaster inspection, the review and
recommendation for the Disaster Scheme as well as the Planning Policy Guidance
(hereinafter PPG) and preparation of “Technical Guideline for initial survey” and “Procedure
Manual for landslides” are described.

The targeted landslides in the Project are three (3) sites, Chitrakoot, Quatre Soeurs and Vallee
Pitot by the hazard evaluation and the request form MPI. The following investigations and
analyses have been conducted.

Table List of the Investigations and Analyses in the 3 Priority Areas (source: JET)

Chitrakoot Quatre Soeurs Vallee Pitot

2
1.8 km 0.16 km2 0.005km2
Topographic plan map (1/500)
(1800m×1000m) (400m×400m) (70m×70m)
survey
cross section (1/100) 3 lines 1 line 1 line
Site reconnaissance 1 set 1 set 1 set
physical test 6 samples 2 samples
Laboratory test dynamics test 3 samples
water quality 10 samples 7 samples
rain gauge 1 1
extensometer 4 2 2
inclinometer 2
Monitoring strain gauge 2 2
ground water level meter 2 2
ground water level
6
(manual)
elastic wave exploration 6 lines (1955m)
Geophysical
two-dimensional
exploration 6 lines (1925m)
resistivity exploration
Drilling survey 6 holes (260m) 2 holes (42m)
Survey on damage to houses 1 set 1 set 1 set

In addition to the above mentioned investigations and analyses, a disaster inspection has been
implemented for the 37 hazard areas in the Disaster Scheme so that the areas have been
classified into three (3) ranks (A, B, C) according to their level of risk. The issues and
proposal on the early warning and evaluation protocol in the Disaster Scheme as well as the
development control of landslides in the PPG have been discussed. “Technical Guideline for
initial survey” and “Procedure Manual for landslides” have been published based on these
investigations and analyses.

Under the landslide management plan 2 (analysis and interpretation) in Chapter 4, the
geological interpretation, the interpretation for monitoring, the analysis for soil water index,
stability analysis and susceptibility assessment are described.

The features and the policy of countermeasures have been discussed on the three (3) priority
sites based on the results of the landslide management plan 1 in Chapter 3.

2
JICA KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.
The Project of Landslide Management NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD.
in the Republic of Mauritius (Final Report) CENTRAL CONSULTANT INC.
FUTABA INC.

In Chitrakoot, although the entire block, which was presumably activated in 2005 and 2008,
has already become stable, two small blocks, “A block (L=300m, W=150m)” and “B block
(L=100m, W=200m)”, have been activated. The presumed slip surface is around GL-6m at
the boundary between the base rock (Basalt) and the soft surface/colluvial soil. The landslide
moves downward intermittently by rising of groundwater with rainfall so that the safety
factor Fs is assumed to be 0.98. The rainfall is flooded on the surface due to poor drainage
system, which would become a trigger by penetrating excessively into the ground of the
landslide area. Therefore the establishment of surface and subsurface drainage systems is
urgently needed.

In Quatre Soeurs, there seems to be an entire block by topographical interpretation, which is

unclear and stable now. Although two small blocks, “A block (L=60m, W=50m)” and “B
block (L=150m, W=100m)”, were presumably activated by 230mm accumulative rainfall in
2005 and 2008, they have been stabilized in the Project period. Since the landslides are
stabilized, the safety factor Fs is assumed to be 1.00. The rainfall is flooded on the surface
due to poor drainage system, which would become a trigger by penetrating excessively into
the ground of the landslide area.

In Vallee Pitot, a small block, “A block (L=40m, W=40m)”, has been activated. The entire
block (L=80m, W=100m) started to be activated in February 2013. It is presumed that the
type is a surface landslide in colluvial soil/sand/clay. The landslide moves downward
intermittently by rising of groundwater with rainfall so that the safety factor Fs is assumed to
be 0.98. The rainfall is flooded on the surface due to poor drainage system, which would
become a trigger by penetrating excessively into the ground of the landslide area.

In addition, thresholds of the early warning and evacuation using the Soil Water Index have
been discussed by data in Mauritius Meteorological Service and of the Global Satellite Map
of Precipitation (GSMaP) in Chitrakoot and Quatre Soeurs where there are history records on
landslides.

For the Feasibility Study (hereinafter F/S) in priority areas in Chapter 5, the priority sites
and pilot project sites, policy of countermeasures, Environmental Impact Assessment, the
Pilot Project evaluation, the promotion of fund raising and the organizational reinforcement
plan are described.

JET decided Chitrakoot as a Pilot site based on the landslide investigation, risk assessment,
economic loss, countermeasure cost and request from MPI. For Chitrakoot, especially highest
risk area “A block”, structural countermeasures such as drainage ditches by horizontal
drilling were planned in order to avoid excessive water supply into the landslide area and to
drain water safely away from the area. Environmental Impact Assessment has been
conducted and their mitigation plan was reflected to the countermeasures. The pilot project
evaluations (pre, interim, post) have been implemented from the viewpoints of relevance,
effectiveness, efficiency, impact and sustainability.

In Quatre Soeurs, the Mauritius Government is negotiating with local residents in the
landslide area to relocate them to a safer place and has had meetings with them more than ten
(10) times since 2010. JET has supported MPI regarding the preparation of the explanation
materials and the meetings. Although the Mauritius Government has proposed a place to
relocate the residents, an agreement has not been reached with the residents, therefore the
relocation has not yet been completed.

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In Vallee Pitot, since a landslide block started to activate through February to May in 2013,
the land mass destroyed a channel (20m) and has blocked it completely. JET proposed to C/P
that emergency responses and permanent countermeasures after geological survey and
monitoring and has discussed with MPI regarding this matter. MPI started the geological
surveys and the monitoring there and is planning countermeasures.

Budget allocation after 2014 for the 37 hazard areas (including the three (3) priority sites) in
the Disaster Scheme has been promoted by proposing the policy of investigation and
countermeasures. MPI applied the budget for investigation/analysis/design/supervision for
the 37 areas; 16,500,000Rs in 2014, 55,650,000Rs in 2015, 40,100,000Rs in 2016 and
44,700,000Rs in 2017.

Regarding the organizational reinforcement plan, JET proposed tasks to be conducted by

organizing the current issues and purposes on RRU/LMU and has fulfilled, as mid/long term
objectives, the request of six (6) full-time engineers, the budget application and the
concretization of responsibility/role of related organizations, from standpoints of
technological improvement, personnel securement and improvement of administrative ability.
In addition, some of C/Ps have been dispatched to Japan to study at graduate university (two
(2) years) and to train in disaster management (two (2) months).

For the Pilot Project in Chapter 6, the structural countermeasure in Chitrakoot, the early
warning and evacuation system in the targeted three (3) sites, IEC (Information, Education
and Communication) and stakeholder meetings are described.

As for the structural countermeasures in Chitrakoot, JET and C/P have implemented the basic
design/detailed design/cost estimation/construction plan/bidding/contract/construction/
supervision for a large-scale channel, a horizontal drilling, an open/blind ditch, a surface
ditch, a river improvement (widening and revetment work), a bridge and a collecting channel
for the purposes of limiting the inflow of water into the landslide area and draining of water
away from the landslide area. Since it takes time (around one (1) year) to get an official
approval of land use for construction in Mauritius, JET and C/P prioritize the construction
with consideration of safety and decided that JET would implement the higher prioritized
works as a pilot project before the rainy season (December in 2014) and MPI would
implement the remaining works after the rainy season with their own budget. The contract for
the pilot project was awarded by competitive bidding in June 2014 at MPI office to a local
construction company for 14,045,723Rs (lowest price). The construction was started on
August 2014 and completed in December 2014 (around five (5) month). During the pilot
project, the structure and alignment of the channel and vegetation works were locally
modified and the river improvement at the bottom part (L=47m) was canceled because of a
complaint from a landowner. The canceled works will be conducted by MPI after the rainy
season. The monitoring such that using as groundwater level meters, extensometers and pipe
strain gauges will be continuously conducted to identify the effectiveness of the
countermeasures after the construction.

Regarding the early warning system, JET proposed new thresholds at which to issue warnings
based on extensometer readings and house damage obtained in the monitoring of the Project.
This proposal was the result of investigations looking into issues of the current system in the
Disaster Scheme. The proposed threshold is; “preparation (pre stage)” is 20mm/month in
extensometer or new cracks in houses, “warning (stage 1)” is 5mm/hour in extensometer or
crack opening in houses, “evacuation (stage 2)” is 20mm/hour in extensometer or additional

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cracks in/around houses, “warning lifted (stage 3)” is 0mm/hour in extensometer or no

anomalies in houses. The revolving lights (red and yellow) and sirens have been installed to
enable voluntary evacuation using the thresholds. The yellow light informs “warning (stage
1)” and the red light and siren inform “evacuation (stage 2)”. Liaison members and
communication system as well as evacuation routes/areas for the early warning and
evacuation have been established. MPI will continuously work to raise awareness of local
residents under normal conditions, and check the areas and give advice to NDRRMC in
emergency condition.

For IEC in the Project, JET has supported MPI to transmit the related information such as
disaster, warning, evacuation and land use etc. through various media to residents. One of the
main activities of IEC is stakeholder meetings for the residents in the three (3) priority areas,
which were held five (5) times at the beginning of the Project, at the completion of
implementation plan (draft), at the finalization of the implementation plan, at the beginning
of the pilot project and at the end of the pilot project to get consensus and understanding from
the residents. JET ascertained the level of understanding of the residents of the three (3)
priority areas on how to respond to an early warning or evacuation order by questionnaire,
and proposed measures and activities to be conducted by MPI. Newsletters in English/French
(No.1-5) and “Landslide Disaster Prevention Handbook” were published and distributed to
the local residents as well as the related organizations.

With respect to the technical transfer in Chapter 7, methodology and structure of the
technical transfer, workshop, technical transfer seminar, training in Japan, Steering
Committee and advisory committee in Japan are described.

In order to conduct effective technical transfers, the methodology and structure have been
reconsidered based on the purposes and issues of OJT (On-the-Job Training), the Pilot Project,
and the training in Japan. JET is composed of four (4) technical groups; a management group,
an investigation/analysis group, a design/construction group and a soft countermeasure group
for smooth technical transfer. MPI, as one entire team, has received technical training from
all four (4) groups so that MPI has been able to understand whole knowledge and technology
on the management and countermeasure on landslides.

In addition to the OJT, three (3) technical transfer seminars on the landslide countermeasures
and 13 workshops on certain themes such as aerial photo interpretation and stability analysis
etc. were held through the Project period. The trainings in Japan were held on November 20th
– December 15th in 2012 and August 14th – September 8th in 2013 (both for 26 days) with
participation of five (5) C/P members for each training (total ten (10) members). The Steering
Committees in Mauritius and the Advisory Committee in Japan were held four (4) times for
each committee to confirm the policy/methodology/results/discussion on the Project.

As for environment, climate change adaptation and disaster management in Chapter 8, the
landslide management plan and the climate change adaptation plan have been discussed and
proposed to the Government of Mauritius based on all of the activities in the Project.

As for the proposal for future tasks in Chapter 9, the tasks for each item on landslides in the
Project have been summarized. Proposals on formulation of a landslide management plan in
Mauritius are summarized as follows in consideration of the hypotheses for mechanisms and
countermeasures on landslides.

1. The following basic surveys are necessary to grasp the landslide activities, volumes,

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areas and the relation with circumferences.

2. The Disaster Scheme and the PPG are reviewed to propose the early warnings and
evaluation protocols and other soft countermeasures.
3. The current activities on landslides are determined by the stability analysis using
landslide cross sections based on the basic surveys.
4. The relations among the activities, groundwater level and rainfalls are discussed with
the results of the monitoring.
5. Best countermeasures (hard and soft) are considered from the viewpoint of the
activities, priorities, request form residents, and budgets.
6. For hard countermeasures, suitable drainage works are selected based on the results
of the investigation on surface/ground water conditions. Horizontal drilling is judged
to be effective from the results of the pilot project.
7. For soft countermeasures, early warning/evaluation system using a threshold for each
landslide is operated. The soft countermeasures are useful until the completion of the
construction of hard countermeasures.

6
Chapter 1
Introduction
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The Project of Landslide Management NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD.
in the Republic of Mauritius (Final Report) CENTRAL CONSULTANT INC.
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1 Introduction
1.1 General
This report is a Final Report (hereinafter F/R) which covers the results of all activities for the
Project of Landslide Management in the Republic of Mauritius (hereinafter the Project)
according to the Record of Discussion (hereinafter R/D) agreed upon between the Ministry of
Public Infrastructure and Land Transport (hereinafter MPI), of the Republic of Mauritius
(hereinafter Mauritius) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency.

JICA dispatches 14 experts (hereinafter JET, or JICA Expert Team) who specialize in
investigation, analysis, design and countermeasure on landslide. The Project is conducted
with members of the Repair and Rehabilitation Unit/ Landslide Management Unit
(hereinafter RRU/LMU) in MPI as Counterparts (hereinafter the C/P) from May 2012 to
March 2015.

1.2 Background of the Project

Mauritius is vulnerable to climate change, particularly landslide issues are becoming more
serious due to recent natural disasters resulting from environmental changes and the increase
of structures because of tourism and land development on steep slopes. Mauritius has been
taking disaster prevention measures as shown in Table 1.2.1. Although the country wishes to
draw plans, understand risks and implement measures on scientific and technical grounds in
consideration of environmental burden and safety management, it has not yet found a
fundamental solution due to the lack of experts and engineers, and the lack of publicity of
climate change adaption measures and disaster prevention administration to local
communities.

Table 1.2.1 Overview of Landslide Damage and Countermeasures in Mauritius (source: JET)

Year Landslide Countermeasures

1986 A large scale landslide occurred in the La Butte area (1500 houses were damaged, 4
main water pipes and high voltage power lines were broken).
1989 JICA’s Port Louis City Landslide Countermeasure Planning Study began (1990).
1994 JICA’s Port Louis City Landslide Protection Project was approved (completed in
1998).
2005 A large scale landslide occurred in Chitrakoot (54 houses were damaged).
A landslide occurred in Quatre Soeurs (11 houses were affected).
2006 A landslide reoccurred in Chitrakoot (14 houses were damaged)
2007 An elementary school in the landslide hazard area in Chitrakoot was closed.
2008 Landslides reoccurred in Chitrakoot and Quatre Soeurs (monitoring began).
2009 The Cyclone and Other Natural Disasters Scheme was established.
Landslide Management Unit (LMU) was established in MPI.

Against such background, upon the request for technical assistance in landslide management
from the government of Mauritius to the government of Japan, we have decided to carry out
the Project for Technical Cooperation.

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1.3 Objectives of the Project

1.3.1 Objective

The goal is to have the Feasibility Study (hereinafter F/S) and landslide management plan
approved by the Government of Mauritius, and for the relevant organizations to implement
them.

1.3.2 Desired Outcome

The risk of landslides and other slope disasters is reduced, and the safety for the residents in
the landslide area is secured.

1.3.3 Outcome of the Project

1) Formulation of a landslide management plan to establish a landslide monitoring system.

2) Implementation of the F/S and pilot project to examine, carry out and learn specific
approaches.

3) Improvement of landslide management skills at RRU/LMU and other related

Institutions.

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1.4 Scope of the Project

1.4.1 Project Areas

The project area is the Mauritius Island, and the JICA Expert Team prioritize 37 high risk
areas designated in the Cyclone and Other Natural Disasters Scheme (hereinafter the
Disasters Scheme).

Figure 1.4.1 Location Map of the Project Area (source: JET)

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1.4.2 List of JICA Expert Team and Counterparts

The C/P of the Project is MPI and, the C/P members are mainly composed of RRU/LTU in
Civil Engineering Division in MPI.

The names of the JICA Expert Team (hereinafter JET) members and counterparts are listed
below. Table 1.4.1 indicates the role of each member.

Table 1.4.1 List of JICA Expert Team and Counterparts (source: JET)

JICA Experts Field of Expertise Counterpart (MPI)

1 Kensuke ICHIKAWA Chief adviser
Vice chief adviser/ Landslide
2 Takeshi KUWANO
management
3 Tomoharu IWASAKI Landslide survey and analysis
4 Fumihiko YOKOO Landslide monitoring
5 Yoji KASAHARA Geophysical prospecting
6 Masami SUGITA GIS/Topographic survey Mahmad Reshad JEWON
7 Takashi HARA Design/Cost estimation
Deevarajan CHINASAMY
Water quality management/
8 Takayoshi KURATA environmental and social Vishwahdass RAMDHAN
consideration
Selvanaden Pearia ANADACHEE
Policy and planning of urban
9 Yoshizumi GONAI
development and land use Mohammad Khalid MOSAHEB
Institution/system Rameswurdass RAMDHAN
10 Shingo ICHIKAWA
analysis/capacity development 1
Information, education and Lalitsingh BISSESSUR
11 Yurie KAWABATA
communication Bhoopendra DABYCHARUN
Coordinator/Landslide
12 Yosuke YAMAMOTO
management assistant
Coordinator/Institution/system
13 Haruka YOSHIDA
analysis/capacity development 2
Coordinator/Policy and planning
14 Makoto TOKUDA of urban development and land
use assistant

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1.5 Major Activities

The following components have been conducted from the commencement of the Project in
May 2012 up to now (Figure 1.5.1).

 Component 1 “Basic survey”

 Component 2 “Formulation of a Landslide Management Plan”,
 Component 3 “Implementation of the Feasibility Study (F/S) in Priority Areas”
 Component 4 “Implementation of the Pilot Project”

For the basic survey (Chapter 2), the site reconnaissance results for the 37 landslide areas and
their countermeasures, both structural and non-structural have been summarized based on the
data collection and analysis. Social survey, survey related to institutions/systems and
economic survey were implemented by mainly data collection and interview surveys. As a
part of the social survey, the local resident consciousness on landslide management and
countermeasures were summarized using questionnaire surveys for the local residents.

Under the landslide management plan (Chapter 3-4) a drilling survey and monitoring were
conducted for the three target landslide areas selected by the basic survey. Stability analysis,
susceptibility assessment and establishment of management plan for landslides have been
conducted based on the drilling survey/monitoring analysis/geophysical exploration. The
technical guideline for initial survey and the technical guideline have been established from
the viewpoint of the site survey and the analysis. In addition, an entire landslide management
plan, which includes a proposed early warning/evacuation system, a proposed Planning Policy
Guidance (PPG) and the establishment of an improvement plan of organizations/institutes, has
been prepared based on a review of existing guidelines, policies and systems.

The F/S in priority areas (Chapter 5) consisted of a plan/cost estimation/construction plan of

countermeasures for the three target landslide areas, Pilot Project evaluation, budget
allocation and proposal in MPI, an Environmental Impact Assessment and a sustainable
organization system for landslide countermeasures have been implemented from both
standpoints of “hard” countermeasures (structural countermeasures) and “soft”
countermeasures (early warning system, etc.)

For the Pilot Project (Chapter 6), Chitrakoot has been selected as a target area, and the basic
design, detailed design and cost estimation of the hard countermeasures have been conducted
so that the drainage works and horizontal drilling works have been constructed in the area.
During the construction, effort was made to ensure a sufficient exchange of information,
education and communication (IEC) with respect to the related organizations and
stakeholders (i.e. through meetings) to gain the understanding of the local residents. The early
warning system by installation of monitoring devices has been established in the area, and the
protocol for evacuation was proposed in the “Disaster Scheme”.

As for the technical transfer (Chapter 7), workshops on specific themes and a series of
technical transfer seminars on landslide countermeasures are being conducted as well as the
OJT (on-the-job training) in the Project. The Steering Committees and Advisory Committee
in Japan to validate the procedure of the Project have been conducted with related
organizations. Training in Japan has been successfully completed twice during the Project.

With respect to environment, climate change adaptation and disaster management (Chapter 8),
the landslide management plan and the climate change adaptation plan have been discussed

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and proposed to the Government of Mauritius based on tall of the activities in the Project.

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Year 2012 2013 2014 2015

Contract Year First Year Second Year
Japanese Fiscal Year FY2012 FY2013 FY2014
Calendar Month 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
Rainy season Rainy season Rainy season

1‐1 Collection, organization and analysis of existing materials and information
1‐2 Landslide inventory survey
Component 1 1‐3 Survey on structural/non‐structural measures
Basic Survey
1‐4 Social survey (questionnaires, etc.)
1‐5 Survey Related to organizations/systems
1‐6 Economic survey

2‐1 Identification of landslide hazard areas based on the landslide database
2‐2 Monitoring analysis of landslide activities
2‐3 Stability analysis
2‐4 Susceptibility assessment
2‐5 Formulation of a landslide countermeasure plan
2‐6 Formulation of a monitoring plans
Component 2
Formulation of a  2‐7 Review of the current warning/evacuation procedures, and recommendations
Landslide 
2‐8 Formulation of a technical guideline for the initial survey
Management Plan
2‐9 Review of the Planning Policy Guidance and Recommendations

2‐10 Formulation of a procedure manual including the technical guideline
2‐11 Formulation of an organizational reinforcement plan for RRU/LMU

2‐12 Formulation of a project implementation plan
2‐13 Stakeholder meetings
2‐14 Technology transfer Seminars

3‐1 Selection of priority areas

3‐2 Implementation of the F/S in priority areas
Component 3
Implementation of 
3‐3 Project evaluation (technical, economic and social aspects)
the Feasibility 
Study (F/S) in  3‐4 Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
Priority Areas 
3‐5 Technology transfer seminars
3‐6 Promotion of fund raising

4‐1 Selection of project areas and design
Component 4 4‐2 Stakeholder meetings
Implementation of 
the Pilot Project 4‐3 Implementation of the pilot project 

4‐4 Feedback to the landslide management plan and F/S

Workshop

Seminar Seminar
Component  5
Technology 
Transfer
Training in Japan Training in Japan
Technology exchanges with southwest Indian Ocean countries

IC/R writing
Component 5
Report  P/R writing
Writing/Explanation/ DF/R explanation/discussion
Discussion P/R explanation/discussion  IT/R writing IT/R explanation/discussion  DF/writing F/R submisson
IC/Rexplanation/discussion 

Report ▲IC/R ▲P/R ▲IT/R ▲DF/R F/R▲

SC ▲SC ▲SC ▲SC ▲SC

Figure 1.5.1 Flowchart of Project Activity (source: JET)

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Chapter 2
Basic Survey
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2 Basic Survey
2.1 Topography
Figure 2.1.1 indicates the full view map of Mauritius. It is a volcanic island with craters
distributed continuously from north to south of the island. A volcanic plateau of 300 - 400m
is formed by these craters, with the highest peak being Mt. La Petite Riviere Noire (828m) in
the southwest of the island. The outer rim of the craters is characterized by steep slopes while
the coast side is generally flat. Also, faults of NNE-SSW and NW-SW directions are
distributed along the outer rim of the craters, and are believed to be caused by volcanic
activity.

Figure 2.1.1 Full View Map of Mauritius1

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2.2 Geology and Rainfall

Figure 2.2.1 indicates the geological map of Mauritius. The island is a volcanic island and the
basaltic flows are classified into 3 groups which are ancient lava series, intermediate lava
series and recent lava series. The geological history began approximately 10 million years
ago and there were two cycles of volcanic activity involved in the formation of the island.
First cycle took part mostly at the south of the island, consisting basaltic and breccias of
ancient lava series and formed a lava plateau. The second cycle took part mostly at the north
of the island consisting basaltic and tuff from intermediate and recent lava series and
deposited above the layer of ancient lava layer. Later, weathered colluvial and pyroclastic
materials from the steep slope of mountain collapsed and deposited at the foot of the
mountain, creating landslides within the tuff and colluvial deposits. Figure 2.2.2 indicates a
cross section of a typical landslide (colluvial landslide): La Butte landslide.

Figure 2.2.1 Geological Map of Mauritius2

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Colluvium is supplied from mountains made of basalt, and, with pyroclastic materials,
deposits at the foot of such mountains. Colluvium and pyroclastic materials are weak, and as
a result landslides can be triggered by heavy rain and development activity - residential land
development or road construction.

Mt Signal

Landslide area

Mt Signal

Earth removal work

Dense housing School Trace of reservoir

Sea
Road

Mosque

Estimated slip surface

Basalt
Colluvium
Pyroclastic material
Clay of Pyroclastic material

Figure 2.2.2 Cross Section of the Typical Landslide (Colluvial Landslide): La Butte Landslide3
Figure 2.2.3 indicates the annual rainfall amount in Mauritius (1971~2000). The average
annual rainfall amount is about 2000mm and almost 70% is concentrated during the rainy
season (December ~ May). Many large-scale cyclones occur during the rainy season, causing
most of the landslide disasters to occur during this season. Also, the annual rainfall amount at
the mountain area in the center of the island is more than 4000mm, which, in addition to the
expansion of development in the mountain area, is causing more landslide disasters.

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Isohyetal Map of Mauritius (1971-2000)

Long Term Average Rainfall Over Mauritius

Period 1971 – 2000
Figure 2.2.3 Annual Rainfall Amount in Mauritius (1971~2000)4

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2.3 Landslide Inventory Survey

To consolidate landslide information, the characteristics of landslides, evaluation results, and
types and scale of countermeasures will be listed in a chart and compiled into a database.
This database will allow us to promote the understanding of landslides and efficient disaster
management in Mauritius.

In the landslide inventory survey, a reconnaissance will be conducted for the 32 landslide
hazard areas selected in the "Cyclone and Other Natural Disasters Scheme 2011-2012" (Table
2.3.1). However, as a result of having investigated the sites, several of the 32 landslide hazard
areas were divided, bringing the total to 37 areas. Table 2.3.2 lists the 37 landslide hazard
areas after having reviewed the landslide hazard areas.

Table 2.3.1 32 Landslide Hazard Areas Selected in the Disasters Scheme5

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Table 2.3.2 Revised 37 Landslide Hazard Areas (source: JET)

No. Area name

Pamplemousses/Riviere du Rempart District Council
1 Temple Road, Creve Coeur
2 Congomah Village Council (Ramlakhan)
3 Congomah Village Council (Leekraj)
4 Congomah Village Council (Frederick)
5 Congomah Village Council (Blackburn Lanes)
6 Les Mariannes Community Centre (Road area)
7 Les Mariannes Community Centre (Resident area)
8 L'Eau Bouillie
Municipality of Port Louis
9 Chitrakoot, Vallee des Pretres
10 Vallee Pitot (near Eidgah)
11 LePouce Street
12 Justice Street (near Kalimata Mandir)
13 Mgr. Leen Street and nearby vicinity, La Butte
14 Pouce Stream
15 Old Moka Road, Camp Chapelon
16 Boulevard Victria, Montague Coupe
Black River District Council
17 Pailles : (i) access road to Les Guibies and along motorway, near flyover bridge
18 Pailles : (ii) access road Morcellement des Aloes from Avenue M.Leal (on hillside)
19 Pailles : (iii) soreze regin
20 Plaine Champagne Road, opposite "Musee Touche Dubois"
21 Chamarel : (i) near Reataurant Le Chamarel
22 Chamarel : (ii) Roadside
23 Gremde Riviere Noire Village Hall
24 Baie du Cap : (i) Near St Francois d'Assise Church
25 Baie du Cap :(ii) Maconde Region
GRAND PORT/SAVANNE DISTRICT COUNDIL
26 Riviere des Anguilles, near the bridge
27 Quatre Soeurs, Marie Jeanne, Jhummah Streert, Old Grand Port
28 Bambous Virieux, Rajiv Gandhi Street (near Bhavauy House), Impasse Bholoa
29 Cave in at Union Park, Rose Belle
MUNICIPALITY OF CUREPIPE
30 Trou-AUX-Cerfs
31 River Bank at Cite L'Oiseau
32 Louis de Rochecouste (Riviere Seche)
33 Piper Morcellement Piat
MUNICIPALITY OF QUATRE BORNES
34 Candos Hill at LallBahadoor Shastri and Mahatma Gandhi Avenues
35 Cavernous Area at Mgr Leen Avenue and Bassin
MUNICIPALITY OF BEAU BASSIN/ROSE HILL
36 Morcellement Hermitage, Coromandel
37 Montee S, GRNW

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2.3.1 Classification of Hazard Area

The 37 landslide hazard areas, selected based on the "Cyclone and Other Natural Disasters
Scheme 2011-2012", includes several disaster forms besides landslides (the object of this
project). Therefore the 37 hazard areas are classified 9 kinds of disasters, given in Table 2.3.3,
while Table 2.3.4 gives a description of the nine kinds of disasters.

General classification：At first, the 37 hazard areas selected based on the "Cyclone and
Other Natural Disasters Scheme 2011-2012" are classified into two kinds of disaster, Slope
disasters and Other disasters.

Sub classification：Then, Slope disasters are classified into Landslide, Slope failure, Rock
fall, and Debris flow. Other disasters are classified into Stream erosion, Damage of
embankment, Damage of wall, Damage of house, and Cavern.

Table 2.3.3 Classification of Hazard Area (source: JET)

General classification Sub classification Summary

Can be classified as a
Landslide 6 areas
Landslide Hazard Area
Slope 15 areas Slope failure 7 areas
Rock fall 1 areas
Debris flow 1 areas
Because it is not a
Disaster Stream erosion 10 areas
"Landslide", it cannot be
Damage of
4 areas classified as a Landslide
Embankment
Other 22 areas Hazard Area
Damage of wall 5 areas
Damage of house 1 areas
Cavern 2 areas

Total 37 areas

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Table 2.3.4 Description of the Disaster Type (source: JET)

Slope disaster Other disaster

A landslide is a phenomenon where the soil
mass on failure surfaces deep in the ground
gradually shifts downward, triggered by heavy
rain, an earthquake, river erosion or
earthworks. Compared to slope failure,
landslides are generally on a larger scale and
occur on gentler slopes (about 5-30 degrees).
Stream
Landslide
erosion
Stream erosion is the phenomenon where the
soil of the bank is removed by the flow of the
river. It occurs in riverbanks where the flow of
the river hits with the most force.Water might
overflow when the level of the stream
increases.
water colliding front
Past riverbed
Present riverbed

A slope failure is a mass becoming detached The collapse of the road embankment is
from a steep slope/cliff along surface with little often triggered by rainfall, infiltration of
or no shear displacement. Compared to underground water, erosion by surface water,
landslides, the failure is rapid and on a or a partial catchment. It can be caused by
small-scale, the inclination angle is a weak embankment material or by lack of soil
relatively high (over 30 degrees). compaction. Concentration of
Slope Damage of Surface surface water
Rainfall water
failure embankment
Surface
water

Cross section Signs of stream

A rock fall is a phenomenon where foliated The disaster of a retaining wall doesn't occur
rocks and gravel start to fall down a slope as a suddenly as with a rockfall etc., rather the
result of enlarged cracks in the bedrock or deformation occurs over a comparatively long
outcropped rocks. time. The survey should investigate:
・ condition around the retaining wall
Damage of ・ main body of the retaining wall
Rock fall ・ history of the retaining wall
wall

A debris flow is a phenomenon where soil A crack that occurs on the wall of a house
and boulders are liquefied by surface water or may be caused by:
groundwater and tend to flow downward ・ Lack of bearing capacity
rapidly through a mountain torrent. ・ Subsidence of foundation ground
・ Shoddy workmanship, etc.
Damage of
Debris flow
house

settling
A cavern may be caused by:
・Infiltration of water from soak away
・Infiltration of water from improved pit, etc.

Soak away
improved pit
Cavern

Cavern

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2.3.2 Site Reconnaissance

The site reconnaissance will be conducted for 37 landslide hazard areas selected in the
Disasters Scheme, and hazard evaluation will be conducted by checking disaster focus points.
In addition, for landslides and slope failures, aerial photograph interpretation is carried out to
confirm distribution of the landslide topography.

a. Aerial Photographic Interpretation

Most active landslides are characterized by certain landslide landforms. Aerial photograph
interpretation is effective for observing landforms over a wide area and the chronology of
those landforms, and then for considering the relations between those features and landslides.

A stereoscope can be used to view images in stereo using stereo-pair aerial photographs.
From the stereo image, landforms caused by landslide movement and geomorphological
features can be identified.

Photo 2.3.1 Aerial Photograph Interpretation (source: JET)

Some typical characteristics of landslides are:

・ Cross-section profiles show steep (main scarp) to gentle (middle part of landslide) and
steep (toe part of landslide) from upper part to lower part.
・ Contour lines of topographic maps are not parallel but winding and irregular.
・ Main scarps, steps, cracks, depressions, ponds and swamps can be seen on the gentle
slope.
・ Clear steam lines sometimes appear on side of the landslide.

The legends of aerial photograph interpretation are shown in Table 2.3.5. Table 2.3.6
indicates a list of aerial photographs obtained from Ministry of Housing and Lands
(hereinafter MHL). The scale of aerial photograph is about 1:10,000.

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Table 2.3.5 Legends of Aerial Photograph Interpretation (source: JET)

A. Main and/or lateral scarp of which crown is fresh

and dissected

B. Mostly dissected crown

C. Definite and probable margin of landslide mass with

a main scarp at the backward or upper slope
D. Landslide body margin without main scarp and
crown symbols

E. Crack with steps

F. Spring water

G. River system and bleeding channel

Table 2.3.6 List of Aerial Photographs (source: JET)

Index Number of
Region Year Aerial photo No.
No. photos
1998 R 717 - R 728
1 LES MARIANNES 1998 R 748 - R 752
1999 1926 - 1929 16
1998 R 741 - R 747
2 CREVE COEUR 1999 1920 - 1925
1991 53 - 55 16
1997 0501 - 0503
3 G.R.N.W - PORT LOUIS 1999 1911 - 1915
1999 1916 - 1919 12
1997 608 - 613
4 QUATRE - BORNES 1998 507 - 510
1999 1776 - 1782 18
1998 R 534 - R 538
5 CUREPIPE 1997 1340 - 1343
1997 1393 - 1396 13
6 UNION PARK 1999 1718 - 1719 2
1997 0139 - 0242
7 RIVIERE DES ANGUILLES 1997 1513 - 1515
1997 1527 - 1529 10
1991 180 - 182
8 LA MIVOIE
1991 199 - 200 5
1999 2072 - 2074
9 CHAMAREL
1998 R 650 - R 659 13
10 BAIE DU CAP 1998 R 297 - R 300 4
1991 R 243 - R 244
11 GRANDE RIVIERE SUD EST
1991 1568 - 1569 4
Total 113

The aerial photograph interpretation for landslides was carried out for 13 hazard areas, out of
a total of 37, that were classified as a landslide or a slope failure. However, the aerial

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photograph interpretation was not carried out when the scale of the disaster was too small to
make it out properly, or when the disaster has occurred more recently than the aerial photo.

The results of aerial photograph interpretation are summarized in Figure 2.3.1 below, with a
sample photo-map and landslide distribution map of Chitrakoot area. Table 2.3.7 indicates
the result of aerial photograph interpretation.

Figure 2.3.1 Example of the Result of Aerial Photograph interpretation - Chitrakoot area
(Left: Photo Map, Right: Landslide Distribution Map) (source: JET)

Table 2.3.7 Summary of the Aerial Photograph Interpretation (source: JET)

Classifica- Interpreted Aerial photo

No Area name Summary
tion or Not No.(Year)
Les Behind the slope failure at the roadside, a landslide body margin
Mariannes Slope R720-R721 without main scarp has been confirmed.
6 Interpreted
Community failure (1998)
Centre
1922-1923 A clear main landslide was confirmed, and the definite margin of
9 Chitrakoot, Landslide Interpreted
(1999) the several landslides were interpreted around it.
Because a target area is small, the aerial photo cannot identify
Not 1919-1920
10 Vallee Pitot Landslide it. Around a target area, the certain landslide landforms were not
interpreted (1999)
confirmed.
The landslide of La Butte occurred in 1986, and the definite
1917-1918
13 La Butte Landslide Interpreted margin of a landslide was confirmed by aerial photograph
(1999)
interpretation.
Old Moka 1916-1917 A landslide body margin without main scarp has been
15 Landslide Interpreted
Road (1999) confirmed, and the landslide topography is not clear.
Pailles: (i) Because a target area is small, the aerial photo cannot identify
access road Slope Not 1913-1914 it. Around a target area, the certain landslide landforms were not
17
to Les failure interpreted (1999) confirmed.
Guibies
Because it is later than the photography year, as for the disaster
Pailles : (iii) Slope Not 0502-0503 occurrence of the target area, the aerial photograph cannot
19
soreze regin failure interpreted (1997) confirm it. Around a target area, the certain landslide landforms
were not confirmed.
Plaine It was confirmed that the colluvium distributed around slope
Slope R656,R657
20 Champagne Interpreted failure area. The cause of the slope failure is thought to be weak
failure (1998)
Road colluvium.
Quatre R243,R244 The definite margin of several landslides was interpreted around
27 Landslide Interpreted
Soeurs (1991) the disaster area.
Bambous Slope Not 1568-1569 The target area could not be identified on the aerial photo
28
Virieux failure interpreted (1991) because it is too small.
It could not be confirmed on the aerial photo because the slope
Trou-AUX-Ce Slope Not 1395-1396 failure occurred after the photo was taken. No clearly
30
rfs failure interpreted (1997) distinguishable landslide landforms could be confirmed in the
target area.
Candos Hill at Not 1780-1781 The target area could not be identified on the aerial photo
34 Landslide
Lall Bahadoor interpreted (1991) because it is too small. No clearly distinguishable landslide

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Shastri landforms could be confirmed in the target area.

Morcellement The target area could not be identified on the aerial photo
Slope Not 1914-1915
36 Hermitage, because it is too small. No clearly distinguishable landslide
failure interpreted (1999)
Coromande landforms could be confirmed in the target area.

b. Process of landslide hazard evaluation of site reconnaissance

In the site reconnaissance the disaster focus points were checked and the hazard of each was
evaluated. Table 2.3.8 indicates the disaster focus points for landslide hazard evaluation.

Most active landslides are characterized by certain landslide landforms. The site
reconnaissance is carried out to check the landslide micro landforms. Another purpose is to
find out what kind of landslide countermeasures have been undertaken and damage to houses
that has occurred.

Table 2.3.8 The Disaster Focus Points for Landslide Hazard Evaluation (source: JET)

Category Check points

Scarp (Main or Minor, Horse shoe shape)
Transverse Cracks (Tension or Compression)
Pond, Swamp
Spring Water
Phenomenon on the Topography of Steps
Site Embankment at upper part
Cut Slope at the toe
Wash out by river
Damage to buildings, houses
Monitoring Equipment
Existing record of Landslide
History
(documents or oral communication)
No Existing Countermeasures
Countermeasure
Effectiveness of Countermeasure

Figure 2.3.2 Schematic Diagram of Landslide Landforms (source: JET)

c. Result of Site Reconnaissance

The results of the site reconnaissance are recorded in a landslide recording sheet, including

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the disaster focus point, its location, scale, on-site photographs, and description of the site.

Landslide recording sheet consists of general information sheet, evaluation sheet, and
photograph sheet. The contents of each sheet are as follows;

General information sheet: In the general information sheet the address, position coordinate,
schematic sketch, and location map (Scale: 1:25,000) are recorded.
Evaluation sheet: In the evaluation sheet the disaster focus points and a description of a site
are recorded.
Photo sheet: In the photo sheet photographs such as the damage situation and the landslide
landforms are recorded.

The landslide recording sheet of 37 areas is attached at the end of the report, and Figure 2.3.3
- Figure 2.3.5 are examples of the landslide recording sheet.

In addition, Table 2.3.9 indicates an item and the score of the landslide hazard evaluation by
the site reconnaissance. The landslide hazard evaluation by site reconnaissance found three
areas with high scores (6 points in total), Chitrakoot area, Vallee Pitot area, and Quatre
Soeurs area (Table 2.3.10).

Table 2.3.9 Description of Scoring Sheet for Evaluating Landslide Hazard (source: JET)

Category Score Description

Obvious 2 Definite landslide
Phenomenon

Landslide landforms and

on the Site

Slight 1 Undefined landslide, or slope failure

characteristics
None 0 Not a landslide
Obvious 2 Heavy damage, situation is urgent
Damage to buildings,
Slight 1 Light damage, not urgent
houses
None 0 No damage
Obvious 2 Definite document and oral record exists
History

Existing record of
Landslide Slight 1 Undefined document and oral record exists
(documents or oral record) None 0 No existing record

Table 2.3.10 Result of Landslide Hazard Evaluation (source: JET)

Kind of the disaster Score of landslide hazard evaluation

Landslide
Damage to Existing
No. Area name General Sub landforms
buildings, record of Total
classification classification and
houses landslides
characteristic
Chitrakoot, Vallee
9 Slope Landslide 2 2 2 6
des Pretres
Vallee Pitot (near
10 Slope Landslide 2 2 2 6
Eidgah)
Mgr. Leen Street
13 and nearby vicinity, Slope Landslide 2 1 2 5
La Butte
Old Moka Road,
15 Slope Landslide 2 1 0 3
Camp Chapelon
27 Quatre Soeurs, Slope Landslide 2 2 2 6
34 Candos Hill Slope Landslide 2 1 0 3

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Figure 2.3.3 Example of the Landslide Recording Sheet, Chitrakoot Area (source: JET)

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Figure 2.3.4 Example of the Landslide Recording Sheet, Vallee Pitot Area (source: JET)

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Figure 2.3.5 Example of the Landslide Recording Sheet, Quatre Soeurs (source: JET)

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2.3.3 Inventory and Location Map

As a result of site reconnaissance, the characteristics and evaluation of the landslides were
compiled and made into a landslide inventory (Table 2.3.11) and a landslide location map
(Figure 2.3.6).

Figure 2.3.6 Landslide Location Map (source: JET)

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Table 2.3.11 Landslide Inventory (source: JET)

(1):Landslide landforms and characteristic, (2):Damage on construction and houses, (3):Existing record of Landslide
Score of landslide
Kind of the disaster
Summary of the field investigation and hazard evaluation
no. Area name
interview General Sub
(1) (2) (3) Total
classification classification
Deformation on the concrete block wall
and house caused by embankment
deformation at the front yard (parking
Temple Road, Creve Damage of
1 Coeur area) was confirmed. Another problem Other wall － － － －
was inadequate surface drainage
causing surface water from mountains to
flow directly at houses during heavy rain.
A small stream flows under the road
Congomah Village through a concrete pipe culvert, Stream
2 however, because it is too small it Other － － － －
Council (Ramlakhan) causes flooding and bank erosion during erosion
heavy rain.
A 1m high retaining wall that was
Congomah Village constructed to build the road was Damage of
3 reported to be leaning but it was found to Other － － － －
Council (Leekraj) be stable and no slope failure was wall
observed.
The 1m high retaining wall along the
4 Congomah Village road was found to have collapsed due to Other Damage of － － － －
Council (Frederick) erosion by surface water flow during wall
rainy season.
Congomah Village
5 Council (Blackburn A slope failure was confirmed on the side Other Damage of － － － －
of the road. Embankment
Lanes)
There are a few slope failures and a
lanslide in this site. The slope at the
Les Mariannes roadside collapsed during heavy rain in
6 Community Centre (Road 2010 and a section of road was washed Slope Slope － － － －
failure
area) away. Since then, a retaining wall has
been constructed and the site is currently
stable.
Les Mariannes
7 Community Centre There appeared to be bank erosion on Other Stream － － － －
the left bank above the bridge. erosion
(Resident area)
The cracks have been spotted on the
8 L'Eau Bouillie road surface due to the deterioration of Other Damage of － － － －
bearing capacity of the roadbed. Embankment
However, the cracks have been repaired.
A clear landslide was confirmed. A
landslide was reported to have damaged
houses and a school after heavy rain in
2005. Drilling investigation and
Chitrakoot, Vallee des monitoring have been carried out, but not
9
Pretres sufficiently. No countermeasures have
Slope Landslide 2 2 2 6
been implemented. Therefore, a detailed
investigation and monitoring are
necessary while the countermeasures
are expected in future.
Lately, housing developments are
growing rapidly in this area. A landslide
boundary of 35m x 20m was clearly
10 Vallee Pitot (near Eidgah) detected. Several houses have been Slope Landslide 2 2 2 6
damaged and some cracks were
observed. The situation of the damage
was also reported in the newspaper.
Insufficient surface drainage means rain
water concentrates in low area and
erodes roads and houses in its path. Stream
11 LePouce Street Damage is negligible at present, Other erosion － － － －
although the maintenance of the surface
drainage will be necessary.
An embankment has been constructed to
build up the road, which caused an
adjacent retaining wall to be pushed out
Justice Street (near Damage of
12 Kalimata Mandir) and deformed. Insufficient surface Other wall － － － －
drainage causing accumulation of
groundwater could also be a factor
causing this deformation.
The landslide of La Butte occurred in
1986, and many houses and a school
were damaged. As for this landslide,
Mgr. Leen Street and countermeasures were carried out in
13
nearby vicinity, La Butte 1998, therefore further investigation of
Slope Landslide 2 1 2 5
the landslide is unnecessary. However,
Port Louis City wants to continue the
monitoring on this landslide in the future.

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Every side of the channel is covered by

concrete. The water level rises until the
upper edge of the channel and erode
beyond this point in the rainy season.
The gabion has been set up at the lower
14 Pouce Stream part of slope at the channel and no Other Stream － － － －
damage has been reported yet. erosion
However, the deteriotion of the concrete
wall is remarkable and the extention of
the wall height will be necessary.
Therefore, further investigation and
countermeasures are advisable.
The landslide topography is not clear,
but five houses and two retaining walls
were damaged while the spring water
was spotted in two places. There are two
15 Old Moka Road, Camp possible causes of this, creep Slope Landslide 2 1 0 3
Chapelon transformation of weak surface soil or a
shallow landslide. Therefore, landslide
investigation and monitoring are
necessary while the countermeasures
are expected in future.
The gabion was installed on the
cut-slope when the road was
16 Boulevard Victria, constructed. There is no record of Other Damage of － － － －
Montague Coupe damage for this site but the angle of the wall
wall is steep.Therefore, the observation
of this wall is advisable.
The slope failure has been spotted along
Pailles : (i) access road to
Les Guibies and along the cut-slope (5m height) at the roadside Slope
17 of highway. The surface of the cut-slope Slope － － － －
motorway, near flyover has been weathered, and it is eroded by failure
bridge
rain.
Pailles : (ii) access road
Insufficient drainage is causing erosion
18 Morcellement des Aloes at the base of the water tank. Immediate Other Stream － － － －
from Avenue M.Leal (on erosion
hillside) remedial work is needed.
Falling rocks at the upper slope and
shallow slope failure at the middle and
19 Pailles : (iii) soreze regin lower slope occurred in an area of Slope Slope － － － －
housing. There is only slight damage for failure
now, although shallow slope failure and
cracks have been confirmed.
Retaining walls have been constructed
as countermeasures where the slope
Plaine Champagne Road, failure has been confirmed. It is currently
20 opposite "Musee Touche stable, although there were a few cracks Slope Slope － － － －
failure
Dubois" spotted in the retaining walls which are
believed to be due to substandard
construction.
Cracks in the road shoulder have
Chamarel : (i) near occurred due to a lack of bearing Damage of
21 Other － － － －
Reataurant Le Chamarel capacity . It is caused by insufficient soil Embankment
compaction.
Deformation of the road has been
confirmed at the shoulder of the road
due to a lack of bearing capacity. The Damage of
22 Chamarel : (ii) Roadside Other － － － －
embankment of stone masonry wall and Embankment
retaining wall were constructed but it is
insufficient.
The crack at the base of village hall area
and edge of concrete basketball court
has been confirmed. However, the
surrounding structures are not affected,
23 Gremde Riviere Noire therefore it is considered unlikely this Other Damage of － － － －
Village Hall house
damaged was caused by landslides.
Rather it is likely to be caused by lack of
bearing capacity of the ground or a
problem with the structure itself.
A debris flow has occurred in the past
Baie du Cap : (i) Near St and a block wall has since been
24 constructed. Also, small surface failures Slope Debris flow － － － －
Francois d'Assise Church have been observed frequently in this
area.
A new road was built to reduce the
damage from rock falls. However, rock
Baie du Cap :(ii) falls and small rock failures are also a
25 Maconde Region frequent occurance along the new road. Slope Rock fall － － － －
The rocks are weathered, and there is a
high possibility of rock fall in future.
There are many houses built on the cliff
here. The cliff is weathered severly and
26 Riviere des Anguilles, stream erosion occurs frequently. Other Stream － － － －
near the bridge erosion
Therefore, the house will need to be
relocated.

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Landslide activity has been confirmed at

the Quatre Soeurs area where many
houses have been damaged. The
groundwater level at the lower part of the
Quatre Soeurs, Marie landslide is high and is causing instability
27 Jeanne, Jhummah
in the landslide. Drilling investigation and
Slope Landslide 2 2 2 6
Streert, Old Grand Port
monitoring have been carried out, but not
sufficiently. Further investigation and
monitoring are necessary while the
countermeasures are expected in future.
Slope failure was confirmed at the
Bambous Virieux, Rajiv backyard of the house. No damge on the
Gandhi Street (near house was reported although the soil of Slope
28 Slope － － － －
Bhavauy House), the slope approached near the house. A failure
Impasse Bholoa retaining wall has been constructed
independently.
A cavity (4m x 4m x 3m depth) due to
land subsidence was observed in the
29 Cave in at Union Park, residential area. No damage was caused Other cavern － － － －
Rose Belle to the houses and the cavity was filled in
with soil. Similar situation was confirmed
nearby.
The slope failure in the crater of the
volcano occurred during heavy rainfall in Slope
30 Trou-AUX-Cerfs 2005. The possibility of slope failure on Slope － － － －
the rear side is low. However, the slope failure
failure on both sides can be expected.
Bank erosion and flooding is common in
the rainy season when the river water
level rises. There are more damage on
31 River Bank at Cite the left side of the riverbank due to the Other Stream － － － －
L'Oiseau erosion
strong collision of water. However, past
damage has been restored by
constructing a retaining wall.
The bank erosion and flood are common
Louis de Rochecouste in the rainy season. The base of the Stream
32 Other － － － －
(Riviere Seche) houses have been eroded and the erosion
retaining wall of the houses are inclined.
The bank erosion and flood are
remarkable in the rainy season.
33 Piper Morcellement Piat However, the past damage has been Other Stream － － － －
erosion
restored by constructing the retaining
wall.
A clear landslide site was confirmed at
the backyard of the house. The landslide
Candos Hill at topography and slope are clear while the
34 LallBahadoor Shastri and spring water has been observed. The Slope Landslide 2 1 0 3
Mahatma Gandhi scale of this lanslide is small (40m x
Avenues 35m) and no house on the lanslide area.
Only slight crack has been confirmed on
the retaining wall.
A cavity was reported during the house
Cavernous Area at Mgr construction but it was filled with
35 Leen Avenue and Bassin concrete. There is no further danger at Other cavern － － － －
this site.
At this slope, slope failure occurred in
2010, and a road was destroyed. After a
retaining wall was made as a
countermeasure, large-scale slope
36 Morcellement Hermitage, failures have not been found. However, Slope Slope － － － －
Coromandel the stone blocks from on top of the failure
retaining wall have fallen down. This is
likely caused by the ground behind the
retaining wall sinking due to lack of
compaction of the backfilling soil.
Weathered outcrops were detected on
37 Montee S, GRNW both sides of the bank. The erosion is Other Stream － － － －
erosion
remarkable in the rainy season.

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2.3.4 GIS Database

As a result of landslide survey, it turned out that long-term maintenance and control of spatial
information of topography and geographical features and all kinds of information obtained by
works such as survey, plan and design are requested in a series of operations like
countermeasure plan and construction.

So GIS (Geographic Information System) is thought to be the best system for maintenance
and control of these information.

In this project, GIS database is created by using ArcGIS because it is in heavy usage in
related other project (ex. Development of a DDR Strategic Framework and action Plan) and
in Mauritius and ArcGIS software is compatible with other GIS softwares such as MapInfo,
AutoCAD, Quantum GIS, etc.

In addition, on coordinate system of map information, it was decided that following system
was used.

Coordinate System： Projection Universal Transverse Mercator

UTM40S zone

Geographic Coordinate System GCS_WGS_1984

Next, Use of GIS data created by field survey, existing GIS data and Excel data/reports to
create a new GIS data is shown in Figure 2.3.7.

Existing (same) New GIS data from field Excel/Book,

GIS Data survey Reports

Analysis/Edit

Use existing GIS data

to create a GIS
database of the target

Figure 2.3.7 Flow to Create A Database Using the ArcGIS (source: JET)

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a. Graphic Information

Graphic information can be classified into following two types.

Table 2.3.12 Existing GIS Data Collected in Mauritius (source: JET)

No Thematic Map Data style Data type Source

Topographic Map(1:25,000)、Aerial MoESD
1 Raster Tiff/Jpeg
photo、Satellite Image(:0.15Pixcel) MHL
2 Roads, River, contour line Vector Line MoESD
Geology, National Boundary,
3 Vector Polygon MoESD
Province Boundary

Table 2.3.13 New GIS Data Obtained from Field Surveys, etc. (source: JET)

No Thematic Map Data style Data type Source

1 Landslide Location Map Vector Point The data
were
made by
3 Landslide distribution Map Vector Polygon
this
project

b. Attribute Data

Attribute information is written in the DBF file form of characters, numeric and quantities as
information related to graphic information. In a single administrative field attribute
information such as the name and population has been entered, for example. And in
geological map, geology name, geology code, large classification name, code and small
classification name, code are entered as attribute information. Other than these, a number of
individual information is added as attribute information. By using these attribute information,
data search function or graphic display function or change of display color, thickness, and
size are available.

Next, links of graphic information and attribute information by using political boundary data
are explained in Figure 2.3.8. On the right side of Figure, political boundary map consists of
small administrative boundaries is shown. Many small areas can be seen in map information
and area information (Name, Latitude, Longitude, and Area) is entered in each area as
attribute data. This attribute data is shown on the left side of Figure. It is possible to control
map information from an item in attribute data and also to search for attributes data and
political boundary map data to each other. In this sample, if click on No3 in the attribute data,
color of one area of political boundary map changes. This is an example of search and display
of No3 position in the map.

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Figure 2.3.8 Sample of Link of Political Boundary Map and Attribute Data (source: JET)

c. Various Functions

Using a database, it is possible to create and view the inventory recording sheet and
landslides recording sheet by utilizing functions of GIS software. Other functions of GIS
software are as follows;
・View of landslide recording sheet
・View of landslide location
・Landslide distribution map
・Landslide distribution map at pilot site
・Landslide locations in the range of the number of specific
・The area of the landslide block in specific range
・GIS data converting to CAD files
・Editing tasks, such as revision and update of the database

d. Creation of a New Thematic Map

By combining following three information (field survey information, existing information

and new created information), new thematic mapping is possible. Landslide location diagram
and landslide distribution map are included under this new thematic map. The following is an
example of new thematic map that can be utilized to manage landslide survey from
information had been obtained so far.

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Figure 2.3.9 Landslide Survey location Map Figure 2.3.10 Landslide Survey location Map
(Base Map: Topographic (Base Map: Roads, River, contour line,
Map(1:25,000))(source: JET) Province Boundary)(source: JET)

Figure 2.3.11 Landslide Distribution Map, Figure 2.3.12 Landslide Distribution Map,
Chitrakoot Area (source: JET) Quatre Soeurs Area (source: JET)

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2.4 Existing Countermeasures

Information will be collected for structural and non-structural measures required for landslide
management planning as described below.

Table 2.4.1 Survey on Structural/Non-structural Measures (source: JET)

Item Survey Method

Existing landslide Study of design documents and interviews with related parties on past
countermeasures countermeasures, their locations, effects and problems
Landslide monitoring, Interviews with related parties on the types, numbers and specifications of
warning threshold, existing monitoring devices, measurement methods, systems and methods
communication of analysis. In addition, threshold for giving and transmitting warning and
means, evacuation evacuation support systems will be clarified.
support
Past damage, and residents’ recognition of warnings, of landslide
precursors, and of hazard and evacuation areas were surveyed to
Residents’ awareness
understand their awareness of slope disasters. Detailed information on the
and relocation
relocation of residents such as background information and problems will
also be collected.
Documents/drawings on land/structure use, landslide legislation,
Land use restrictions
development regulations, upper level/related plans will be collected and
in hazard areas
interviews with relevant institutions will be held as necessary.

2.4.1 Structural Countermeasures

The Survey of structural countermeasures was carried out by studying design documents and
interviewing related parties on past countermeasures, their locations, effects and problems.

The only landslide for which structural countermeasures have been carried out is that in La
Butte area (Table2.4.2). The landslide of La Butte occurred in 1986, and many houses and a
school were damaged. Countermeasures were undertaken in 1998 by help of Japan (Figure
2.4.1), and it has been stable since. However, Port Louis City wants to continue the
monitoring on this landslide in the future.

Table 2.4.2 The Structural Countermeasures of Landslide Hazard Area (6 Areas) (source:
JET)

Manage Kind of the

Area name Structural countermeasures
-ment no. disaster
9 Chitrakoot, Vallee des Pretres Landslide Non
10 Vallee Pitot (near Eidgah) Landslide Non
Pile works: 6 lines
Mgr. Leen Street and nearby vicinity,
13 Landslide Drainage wells: 4 wells
La Butte
horizontal drain works: 42 pipes
15 Old Moka Road, Camp Chapelon Landslide Non
Quatre Soeurs, Marie Jeanne,
27 Landslide Non
Jhummah Streert, Old Grand Port
Candos Hill at LallBahadoor Shastri
34 Landslide Non
and Mahatma Gandhi Avenues

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CONSTRUCTION SITE FOR LONG

TERM PROTECTION MEASURS

Drainage well Horizontal drain Work

Document GOVERNMENT OF MAURITIUS LANDSLIDE COUNTERMEASURES PLAN

AND INVESTIGATION IN PORT LOUIS, FINAL REPORT, ABSTRACT: JICA,
1990
Project GOVERNMENT OF MAURITIUS LANDSLIDE PROTECTION PROJECT IN
PORT LOUIS: JICA
Number of structural Pile works: 6 lines, Drainage wells: 4 wells, horizontal drain works: 42 pipes
measures

Figure 2.4.1 The Landslide Structural Countermeasures in La Butte Area6

2.4.2 Non-Structural Countermeasures

Existing non-structural countermeasures such as landslide monitoring equipment, warning

standards, information communication methods, evacuation support, awareness of residents
and land use restrictions were investigated as part of a survey of landslide hazard areas,

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which are listed in the Cyclone and Other Natural Disasters Scheme.

Landslide monitoring equipment was confirmed in Chitrakoot, Quatre Soeurs and La Butte.
The following table shows the contents of monitoring equipment and their condition.

Table 2.4.3 Current Condition of Landslide Monitoring in Mauritius (source: JET)

District Contents of Landslide Monitoring

Chitrakoot Three extensometers were confirmed to exist. Two of them are working. The data is
measured by a Mauritian construction company.
Quatre Six boreholes for groundwater monitoring were confirmed to exist. These were installed
Soeurs in March 2011, and were used for monitoring until May 2011. It is able to use those
boreholes, but the monitoring has not been implemented.7
La Butte Sixteen extensometers were installed and had been used for monitoring, but the
monitoring and maintenance have not been implemented from 2011. Two of sixteen
extensometers, three of seven tiltmeters and two of ten groundwater piezometers are
8
functional.

The survey for making landslide inventory by this project could not confirm any original
warning standards, communication methods or evacuation assistance in the landslide hazard
areas selected by the Cyclone and Other Natural Disasters Scheme.

Details of warning systems, communication methods and evacuation assistance at the

national level are covered in the section of The Landslide Emergency Scheme in the Cyclone
and Other Natural Disasters Scheme. These are reported in this report’s Chapter 5.3 Early
Warning and Evacuation. And awareness of residents and land use restrictions of high-risk
areas are also reported in chapters 2.5 Social Survey and 3.10 Review and recommendation
for the Planning Policy Guidance.

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2.5 Social Survey

2.5.1 Basic Information Survey

This survey was implemented to collect the basic information for the review of the PPG, IEC
(Information Education Communication) activities (such as enhancement of awareness of the
disaster mitigation and evacuation drill/exercises), the feasibility study and the pilot project.
The data collection results are shown as below.

a. Land Use

Figure 2.5.1 shows the land use map of Mauritius. Table 2.5.1 shows land use changes per
category in Mauritius during the period 1986 to 2010.

Figure 2.5.1 Land Use Map9

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Over the last 25 years (1986 to 2010), changes within each land use category have ranged
from slight to extensive. About 14% of agricultural land (excluding abandoned sugar cane
land), and 5% of forest, shrub, range and grazing land, have been lost. On the other hand,
built-up areas have increased by 12% and road infrastructure by 127%. However, the
horizontal sprawl of built-up areas has been less obvious, due to the tendency to build
vertically as compared to the horizontal expansion of the road network. Enlarging and
upgrading of existing roads such as the conversion of highway to dual carriageway and the
addition of new roads have also been important during this period of 1986 to 2010.

Expansion has been at the expense of agriculture. Loss of agricultural lands concerned mainly
sugar cane lands, which were for instance released for property development and other
housing projects. In addition, some agricultural land had been acquired for road development
projects.

Table 2.5.1 Land Use Changes as Per Category in Mauritius During the Period 1986 to 20109

Area (ha) Change

Land use category
1986 2010 Difference [%]
Agriculture (sugar cane and other) 90,000 77,418 -12,582 -14
Abandoned sugar cane lands n/a 1,468 1,468 n/a
Forest, shrub, and grazing land 65,400 68,946 3,546 5
Built-up area 25,000 28,070 3,070 12
Infrastructure (roads, footpaths) 3,465 7,879 4,414 127
Inland water resource system 2,610 2,719 109 4
Total 186,475 186,500

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b. Distribution of the Population

Figure 2.5.2 shows the population distribution map. In Mauritius, all the towns starting
from the capital city of Port Louis to the town of Curepipe, are situated along a corridor/main
motorway. All these urban areas have many services and amenities ranging from government
offices to libraries. As can be seen from the map, the rest of the settlements consist of villages.
Some are big with a population of 10,000 to 30,000. These big rural areas are fast developing
into dynamic economic centres, e.g. Flacq, Mahébourg and Goodlands.

57°30'0"E
540000 550000 560000 570000 580000

Roads
´
7800000

7800000
Motorway
Population
- 3000
3000 - 6000
6000 - 12000
12000 - 24000
24000 -
7790000

7790000
Pereybère Pointe aux
20°0'0"S

20°0'0"S
Roches
Mon Grand
Choisy Grand Gaube
Baie
Goodlands

Triolet
7780000

7780000
Rivière du Roches
Pamplemousses Rempart Noires

PORT
LOUIS
Poste de
Pointe aux
Bon Flacq
7770000

7770000
Sables
Accueil
Centre
de Flacq

Beau Moka Trou

Bassin Rose d'Eau
Hill Douce
7760000

7760000
Quatre Belair
Flic en
Flac Bornes
Phoenix
Vacoas

Floreal Curepipe
Petit
Tamarin
Sable
7750000

7750000

Baie de
la Grande Vieux
Riviere Noire Grand
Port

Ville
Rose Noire Mahebourg
Grand Belle
Bois
7740000

7740000

Chemin
Grenier Savannah
20°30'0"S

20°30'0"S

Souillac
7730000

7730000

0 2.5 5 10
km
540000 550000 560000 570000 580000
57°30'0"E

Figure 2.5.2 Population Distribution Map10

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c. Distribution of Poverty

Figure 2.5.3 shows the poverty distribution map by the Central Statistical Office of Mauritius.
A poverty distribution map is a spatial representation of poverty indicators at disaggregated
geographical regions. It gives an overview of the disparities that exist in poverty level within
a country. The maps depict the poverty rate in each of the administrative regions.

Proportion of poor persons [%]

■15-35
■10-15
■5-10
■0-5

Survey result of 2001-2002 Survey result of 2006 - 2007

Figure 2.5.3 Poverty Distribution Map11

A comparative analysis of the poverty rates for 2001/02 and 2006/07 indicates that:

・ Among the 5 Municipal Wards with the lowest poverty rates in 2001/02, 4 remained in
the same position in 2006/07. These are Wards 1 & 2 of Quatre Bornes, Ward 4 of Beau
Bassin / Rose Hill and Ward 3 of Vacoas-Phoenix. However, Ward 1 of Vacoas-Phoenix
which ranked 4th in 2001/02 (poverty rate of 2.6%) dropped to rank 18 in 2006/07
(poverty rate of 4.7%).
・ There were 48 Municipal Village Council Areas where poverty was not highly prevalent
(with a rate below 5%) in 2001/02. In 2006/07 the number decreased to 20. In 2001/02
there were 4 Municipal Village Council Areas with high poverty rate (above 15%). In
2006/07, the number increased to 15.
・ Out of the 145 Municipal Village Council Areas, 26 areas, located mostly in the district
of Rivière du Rempart, witnessed major improvements in their poverty rank (rank
difference of 20 or more between 2001/02 & 2006/07). On the other hand, 24 Municipal
Village Council Areas located mostly in the eastern and southern part, witnessed a major
deterioration in their poverty rank.

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d. Water Resources

Figure 2.5.4 shows the distribution map of principal water resources in Mauritius. In
Mauritius, water is obtained from springs, reservoirs, rivers and boreholes. There is an
increasing demand for water for domestic, agricultural and industrial uses. It is obtained of
domestic water supply from reservoirs built on the Central Plateau. As can be seen from the
map, boreholes situated mostly on the western part of the Central Plateau and the Northern
Plains provide us with domestic water supply. Some rivers have been dammed to provide
water for domestic use. The reservoirs of La Ferme and La Nicoliere and part of the Midlands
Dam are used for irrigating agricultural land.

Figure 2.5.4 Distribution Map of Principal Water Resources in Mauritius12

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The whole population of Mauritius has access to piped potable water. The Housing and
Population Census 2000 survey reveals that 98.7% of the population had access to piped
potable water within their premises, with 85.5% having piped water inside their house as
compared to 75% in 1990. The remaining 1.3% of the population relied on public fountains,
CWA (Central Water Authority) mobile tanker service and other sources for their daily supply
of potable water. The CWA estimates that the average demands for potable water from
households is 170 L/h/d and non-domestic demand is equivalent to 441 L/h/d. Water is used
for different purposes as shown in Table 2.5.2.

Table 2.5.2 Water Utilization13

Surface Water
Purpose Groundwater Total
River-run Off-takes Storage
Domestic, Industrial and
38 48 113 199
Tourism
Industrial (private boreholes) - - 10 10
Agricultural 370 76 22 468
Hydropower 131 174 - 305
Overall Utilization 539 298 145 982
(Unit: million cubic meter per year)

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2.5.2 Attitude Survey about Landslide Disasters

The attitude survey was implemented to collect the basic information for the review of the
PPG and IEC (Information Education Communication) activities (such as enhancement of
awareness of the disaster mitigation and evacuation drill/exercises). The following table
shows the summary of the survey.

Table 2.5.3 Summary of Attitude Survey about Landslide Disasters (source:JET)

Item Content
Period From beginning of August to middle of September
Respondent
/ Number of Whole of Mauritius: about 300 households
responses
Schedule <Middle of July>
・ Arrangement and meeting with related ministries to obtain
cooperation, gathering the survey staff.
・ MPI: consultation about the contents/logistics of the survey,
arrangement with the related ministries and agencies
・ MHL: consultation about the contents/logistics of the survey
・ MLG (Ministry of Local Government & Outer Islands): arrangement
with the local authorities
・ CSO (The Central Statistics Office): consultation about the
contents/logistics of the survey
・ Local Authorities: Arrangement for the survey, consultation about
the logistics of the survey
< End of July >
・ Explanatory meeting for the interviewer
・ Discussion with MPI, MHL and Local Authorities regarding the
survey contents during the workshop of the land use policy for landslide
disaster management
< From beginning of August to middle of September >
・ Explanatory meeting for the interviewer
・ Implementation of the survey
Method Interview to the respondent by interviewer (face to face)
Remarks *1: Survey sheets were eliminated that: had most questions left
unanswered, had inconsistent answers, or had other problems
*2: In the simple tabulation work, effort was made to collect opinions as
much as possible. Therefore, the total number of responses to each
question might be less than the total number of the respondents
*3: The survey was publicized to the residents, councilors, police, mass
media through MLG and Local Authorities before the start of the survey

< About the setting the respondents >

A representative sample of respondents was selected impartially from the nine local
authorities.

Social workers who know the existing situation of their own region and are aware of the local
residents were recommended as respondents by MPI, MHL, MLG and Local Authorities.
Social workers are not affected by politics, religion and ethnic group, and can tell residents’
opinions to the Local Authorities. Based on the above, the survey tried to find social workers
as respondents, but when it was difficult to find them, a randomly selected resident was set as
a respondent.

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The following table shows the items and content of the survey sheet.

Table 2.5.4 Items and Content of the Survey Sheet (source: JET)

Item Content
Age, Sex, Length of residence, Land ownership of the
Basic Information
residence, House ownership
Awareness about landslide Recognition about landslide, Experience of landslide damage,
disaster and experience Worry of landslide damage
Recognition about the early Recognition of the warning system of Mauritius, Needs of the
warning system warning system, Necessary information for warning system
Recognition about the Recognition of the existing development/building restrictions,
development/building Recognition of development restriction in slope area.
restrictions
Establishment of the Establishment of the landslide caution zone, Need of
landslide caution zone explanation about the landslide caution zone by government.
Hazard map Needs of publicity of the hazard map
Needs of development/building restriction, Needs of advice for
Restriction in the landslide
building by Local Authority, Needs of relocation, Assistance for
caution zone
relocation by government, Motivation for relocation
Evacuation action in landslide occurrence, Participation
experience of evacuation drill/exercise, Intentions to join
Evacuation exercise
evacuation drill/exercise, Motivation for participation in
evacuation drill/exercise
Free comment Free comment for landslide disaster

The following simple tabulation results are reported in this report because of space
constraints. The detailed result of each question is shown in the Supporting Report.

(a) Summary of simple tabulation results of all respondents

(b) Comparison of simple tabulation results of the 3 pilot sites (Chitrakoot, Quatre Soeurs,
Vallée Pitot)

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JICA
The Project of Landslide Management
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a. Summary of Simple Tabulation Results of All Respondents
Main points obtained by the simple tabulation are shown in the following table as a summary
of simple tabulation results.
Table 2.5.5 Summary of Simple Tabulation Results of All Respondents (source:JET)
Item
Basic Information
Awareness about
landslide disaster and
experience
Recognition about the
early warning system
Recognition about the
development/building
restrictions
Establishment of the
landslide caution zone
Hazard map
Restriction in the
landslide caution zone
Evacuation exercise
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Content
・ Impartial responses were obtained from whole Mauritius.
・ Impartial responses were obtained from each age and sex.
・ Length of residence: 30% were 11-30 years and 31-50
years
・ Land ownership of the residents: Over 85% of respondents
own land and house
・ Recognition of landslide: 70% of respondents knew of
landslides
・ Method of information acquisition about landslides: main
responses were TV, radio, newspaper, word of mouth
・ About 60% of respondents do not know about the existing
early warning system.
・ Needs of warning system: 97% of respondents need the
warning system
・ Necessary information for warning system: Evacuation
sites, Hazardous spot around your residence, Timing of
evacuation, Evacuation route
・ 86% of respondents know the existing
development/building restrictions
・ Method of information acquisition about restrictions: Word
of mouth, TV, radio, newspaper
・ Recognition of development restriction in slope area: About
75% of respondents know the restrictions.
・ About 97％ of respondents agree to the establishment of
the landslide caution zone
・ About 97% of respondents agree to publicity of hazard map
・ Needs of development/building restriction and advice for
building by Local Authority: About 95％ of respondents
agree to the restriction and regulation
・ Relocation from the caution zone to safe area: About 90%
of respondents agree to the relocation.
・ Assistance for relocation by government: Main responses
were financial assistance, to secure alternative land and to
secure alternative house
・ Evacuation action in landslide occurrence: Main responses
were to report the situation to the Authority, evacuate
voluntarily, evacuate with family/neighbors at
recommendation of Authority
・ About 90% of respondents are aware of participation to the
evacuation drill/exercise
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b. Comparison of Simple Tabulation Result of the 3 Pilot Sites (Chitrakoot, Quatre

Soeurs, Vallée Pitot)

The following table shows the summary of simple tabulation results of questions about
development restrictions and relocation.

The respondents at all pilot sites approve of the development restrictions and relocation. The
three districts are positive regarding development restrictions and relocation, but different
levels of positive awareness about the development restrictions and relocation are confirmed
as shown in the following table.

Table 2.5.6 Comparison of Awareness in the Three Pilot Sites (source:JET)

Development restrictions Relocation

・ The majority have opinion of ・ The majority have opinion of
Chitrakoot “Agree” “Agree”/“Strongly agree” with or
without assistance by government
・ The majority have opinion of ・ The majority have opinion of “Strongly
Quatre
“Strongly Agree” agree” with or without assistance by
Soeurs
government
・ Generally “Agree” ・ Generally “Agree”
・ The residents have the lowest ・ 10-20% residents have opinion of
percentage of “Strongly “Disagree”/“Strongly Disagree”
Agree” of the three pilot sites ・ The percentage of “Agree”/ “Strongly
Vallée Pitot Agree” is increased by government
assistance
・ The residents have the lowest
percentage of “Strongly Agree” of the
three pilot sites

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2.6 Organizations and Systems

2.6.1 Organizational and Institutional Formation

The Government of Mauritius designates the responsibilities of the natural disaster

management to the several ministries and organizations. In terms of landslide disaster
management, seven ministries and 11 organizations share the roles and responsibilities
according to the ‘National Disasters Scheme 2014’.

a. Main Authorities of the Disaster Management

The Cyclone and Other Natural Disasters Committee, which is composed of 21 ministries,
nine local authorities and 14 public-private organizations, had functioned as the main body of
the general disaster management for over thirty years14. However, it was replaced by a
National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council in October 2013. According to
the National Disasters Scheme 2014, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Council is responsible for coordination of all stakeholders in order to implement the disaster
risk reduction policies and strategies, and to promote effective disaster risk management.
Together with the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council, a National
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Centre (NDRRMC) has been set up under the
Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) to develop a disaster risk reduction strategy and plan at all
levels. While the NDRRMC is a permanent body, an Emergency Operations Command
(EOC) will be activated under the NDRRMC when a serious disaster occurs. A Crisis
Committee will also be operated depending on the magnitude and severity of the disaster and
will supervise the disaster response operations, decide the disaster response measures and
issue evacuation orders. In addition, Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Centres
(LDRRMC) have been established to coordinate all disaster risk reduction and management
activities in their respective areas as well as to conduct an annual simulation exercise for
tsunami/high waves, torrential rain and landslides15. (Table 2.6.1)

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Table 2.6.1 Main Authorities of Disaster Management (source: JET)

Organization Type and members General missions for disaster

management
National Disaster Risk Reduction  Permanent  Replacing the responsibilities of the
and Management Council (Council)  The Council consists of: CONDC in October 2013
- The Secretary to Cabinet and Head of the Civil Service  The Council is responsible for
- The Financial Secretary; coordinating the implementation of:-
- The Supervising Officer of the Prime Minister’s Office; (1) The National Risk Reduction and
- The Commissioner of Police; Management Policy approved by
- The Supervising Officer of the Ministry responsible for the subject of public utilities; the Minister.
- The Supervising Officer of the Ministry responsible for the subject of Environment; (2) The National Disaster Risk
- The Supervising Officer of the Ministry responsible for the subject of local Reduction and Management
government; Strategic Framework and Plan
- The Supervising Officer of the Ministry responsible for the subject of public developed by the National Disaster
infrastructure; Risk Reduction and Management
- The Supervising Officer of the Ministry responsible for the subject of social security; Centre (NRDDMC);
- The Supervising Officer of the Ministry responsible for the subject of social welfare  Promoting safety and resilience at all
centres; levels by utilizing knowledge,
- The Island Chief Executive, Rodrigues; innovation and education; and
- The General Manager, Outer Islands Development Corporation;  Coordinating the implementation of the
- The Chief Fire Officer, Mauritius Fire and Rescue Service; obligations of the State of Mauritius
- The Director, Mauritius Meteorological Services; under disaster management treaties.
- A representative of the Mauritius Employers’ Federation;
- A representative of the Joint Economic Council;
- A representative of the Mauritius Red Cross Society; and
- 2 representatives from other non-governmental organisations, to be appointed by
the Minister.
Prime Minister’s Office (PMO)
National Disaster Risk  Permanent  Planning, organizing, coordinating and
Reduction and Management monitoring of disaster risk reduction and
Centre (NDRRMC) management activities at all levels
 Developing a disaster risk reduction and
management strategy
Emergency Operation  Occasional  Being responsible for coordination
Command (EOC  The EOC consists of the representatives from the following organisations: during the preparedness, response and
- Ministries/Departments; recovery phases of any disaster;
- Other emergency services;
- NGOs
- Private sector companies
Crisis Committee  Occasional (depending on the magnitude and severity of a disaster)  Supervising the organisations which
 The Crisis Committee consists of: undertake disaster response

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- The Secretary to Cabinet and Head of the Civil Service, who shall be the operations;
chairperson;  Taking appropriate measures in order
- The Commissioner of Police to provide effective relief assistance;
- The Director-General of the NDRRMC; and and
- Such other person as the chairperson of the Crisis Committee may determine.  Issuing evacuation order.
Government Information  Permanent  Being a communications hub of the
Service (GIS) Government;
 Disseminating accurate information in a
timely manner, with a view to stimulate
public support;
 Providing information to the
government in order to facilitate
decision making; and
 Acting as the interface between the
government and the local/international
media.
Local Disaster Risk Reduction and  Permanent  Coordinating all disaster risk reduction
Management Committee  The LDRRMC consists of: and management activities within their
(LDRRMC) - The Lord Mayor of a Municipal City Council, Mayor of a Municipal Town Council or respective areas of jurisdiction;
Chairperson of a District Council;  Conducting an annual simulation
- A representative of the Ministry responsible for the subject of public infrastructure; exercise for tsunami/high waves,
- A representative of the Ministry responsible for the subject of social security; torrential rain and landslide in their area
- A representative of the Ministry responsible for the subject of environment and of jurisdiction;
sustainable development;
- A representative of the Ministry responsible for the subject of education;
- A representative of the Ministry responsible for the subject of local government;
- A representative of the Ministry responsible for the subject of social welfare
centres;
- A representative of the Mauritius Meteorological Services;
- A representative of the Mauritius Police Force;
- A representative of the Mauritius Fire and Rescue Service;
- The Chief Executive of the Municipal City Council, Municipal Town Council or
District Council;
- The assistant Chief Executive of the Village Council;
- A representative of the Central Electricity Board;
- A representative of the Central Water Authority;
- A representative of the Road Development Authority;
- A representative of the Wastewater Management Authority;
- A representative of the Water Resources Unit of the Ministry responsible for the
subject of public utilities;
- A representative of the Mauritius Red Cross Society.
Reference: Prime Minister’s Office (2014) ‘National Disasters Scheme 2014’.

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b. Organizations of Landslide Disaster Management15

The task of landslide monitoring was previously undertaken by the National Development
Unit (NDU). It has been transferred to the Landslide Management Unit (LMU) which was
established in the Civil Engineering Section in the Ministry of Public Infrastructure (MPI) in
September 2009.

In line with the LMU, the table below shows the other main organizations which are
responsible for landslide disaster management.

Table 2.6.2 Main Ministries and Organizations in Charge of Landslide Disaster Management
(source: JET)

Organization Organizational General missions relating to landslide disaster

type management
Ministry of Public permanent  National Development Unit (NDU)
Infrastructure, and Land - Conducting site survey
Transport (MPI) - Responsible for large scale river disasters
 Landslide Management Unit (LMU)
- Enhancing capacity of landslide monitoring
- Conducting site survey
- Responsible for large scale landslide disasters
 Road Development Authority (RDA)
- Conducting site survey
- Responsible for large scale disasters on the
road
National Disaster Risk permanent  Gathering information relating to landslide
Reduction and disasters
Management Centre  Coordinating all related stakeholders when
NDRRMC) landslide disaster occurs
 Issuing national disaster scheme
Police permanent  Provides warning to all inhabitants based on
information from NDRRMC
 Supporting evacuation of inhabitants
Mauritius Meteorological permanent  Providing rainfall data
Service (MMS)
Local Authorities permanent  Conducting site survey with MPI/LMU, MPI/NDU
and MPI/RDA
 monitoring
Ministry of Housing and permanent  Updating the Planning Policy Guidance (PPG)
Land (MHL)
Ministry of Health and permanent  Preparing medical and para-medical staff, special
Quality of Life (MHQL) ward and ambulances
Ministry of Social permanent  Providing emergency shelters
Security, National
Solidarity and Reform
Institutions
Ministry of Gender permanent  Providing emergency shelters
Equality, Child
Development and Family
Welfare
Ministry of Education permanent  Closing all educational institutions in the affected
and Human Resources areas
Ministry of Information permanent  Establishing the effective ways to disseminate
and Communication information to the public with the collaboration of
Technology Mauritius Telecom and other mobile operators
Government Information permanent  Preparing illustrated posters and film strips to
Service (GIS) inform the dangers of landslide to the public
Mauritius Fire and permanent  Assisting evacuation if requested by the NDRRMC
Rescue Service

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Central Water Authority
(CWA)
Central Electricity Board
Mauritius Broadcasting
Corporation (MBC)
Mauritius Red Cross
St. John Ambulance
permanent  Closing the valves on the pipelines in the landslide
affected areas
 Supplying water to the emergency shelters
 Reopening the valves in the reconstruction phase
permanent  Cutting off the power supply in the landslide
affected areas
 Resupplying electricity in the reconstruction phase
permanent  Broadcasting the warning in emergency situations
Permanent  Assisting evacuation if requested by the NDRRMC
Permanent  Assisting evacuation if requested by the NDRRMC

Reference: Prime Minister’s Office (2014) ‘National Disasters Scheme 2014’

Table 2.6.3 Main Ministries and Organizations in Charge of Landslide Disaster Management
for Ordinary and Emergency Situations (source: JET)
MPI
NDRRMC
Police
MMS
Local Authorities
MHL
MHQL
Institutions
Ministry of Social Security, National Solidarity and Reform
Family Welfare
Ministry of Gender Equality, Child Development and

Ministry of Education and Human Resources

Ministry of Information and Communication Technology

GIS
Mauritius Fire and Rescue Service
Central Water Authority (CWA)
Central Electricity Board
MBC
Mauritius Red Cross
St. John Ambulance
Monitoring and
General Preparedness
Stage I
Emergency
Stage II
situation
Stage III
* ■: The organizations with the responsibilities in the ordinary and emergency situations
Reference: Prime Minister’s Office (2014) ‘National Disasters Scheme 2014’

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2.7 Economic Survey

2.7.1 National Economic Indicators

The population of the Republic of Mauritius was estimated to be 1,296,303 in 2013, showing
a growing rate of 0.4 % since 2012. In 2013, the population aged 0 to 14 years comprised
20 % of the total population. The population aged 15 to 64 years and that aged over 65 years
comprised 71 % and 9 %, respectively of the total population16.

According to the Statistics Mauritius under the Ministry of Finance and Economic
Development (MoFED), Mauritius marked unemployment ratio of 9.6 % in 2006 which was
the highest over the past 30 years. Although the ratio decreased to 7.2 % in 2008, it has
increased since then and reached 8.1 % in 201217.

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP), GDP per capita and GDP growth in Mauritius are
summarized in the following table.

Table 2.7.1 GDP, GDP Per Capita and GDP Growth18

Item 2010 2011 2012 2013

GDP (current 9,718,331,363 11,252,405,860 11,442,063,228 11,938,403,909
US$)
GDP per capita 7,587 8,750 8,862 9,210
(current US$)
GDP growth 4.1 3.9 3.2 3.2
(annual %)

According to the World Bank, Mauritius has shown steady improvement in economic growth
in which annual GDP growth ratio is over 3 %. The World Bank also states that Mauritius has
solid economic fundamentals: open to Foreign Direct Investment (USD 360 million and
3.4 % of GDP in 2012), export oriented (USD 6 billion and 55 % of GDP in 2012), high
standards of governance (52nd in the 2013 Transparency International Corruption
Perceptions Index) and business friendly (the top-ranked African country in business climate,
ranked 20th globally in the 2014 World Bank Doing Business report).

The economy of Mauritius is known as a ‘four-pillar’ economy: sugar, textiles, tourism and
financial services. The four-pillar economy makes the country less vulnerable to economic
volatility and accelerates economic growth by competitiveness and strong measures. The
significant factors of each sector are as follows. Sugar cane plantation remains as an
important sector in terms of its share in exports in which exporting sugar in 2012 increased
by 3.5 per cent compared to 201119. In terms of tourism, the growth rates of its industry are
11.5 per cent in August 2013. As financial services are the most productive sector in
Mauritius, a Special Fund of 50 million rupees is provided in order to enlarge the business
market and to enhance reputation of Mauritius as an international financial center20.

Inflation rate in Mauritius kept almost less than 10 % for the period of 1992-2013. The rate
from 2006 to 2008 was approximately 9 % which was relatively high over the past 30 years21.
However the recent rates between 2010 and 2013 vary from around 3 % to 6.5 %: inflation
rate of 2.9 % in 2010, 6.5 % in 2011, 3.9 % in 2012 and 3.5 % in 201322.

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Revenue and expenditure of the Government of Mauritius has been increasing: revenue in
2010 was 65 billion Mauritius rupees whereas 78 billion Mauritius rupees in 2013. On the
other hand, expenditure in 2010 was 75 billion Mauritius rupees and 91 billion Mauritius
rupees in 201322.

The budget deficit in 2013 is estimated at 3.7 % of GDP and 97 % of deficit is because of
investment expenditure. Public sector debt is 54.8 % to GDP ratio and the Government of
Mauritius targets 50 % of debt to GDP ratio by 201823.

2.7.2 National Economic Policies in Mauritius

Mauritius embarked on a multi-sector reform agenda in 2006 with the objective of improving
the competitiveness of the economy. This reform had a considerable success in accelerating
the rate of growth, reducing unemployment and speeding up the pace of diversification of the
economy through the development of new sectors. The reform created fiscal space to allow
the authorities to perform a comprehensive, well-targeted, and temporary counter-cyclical
policy in early 2009 to mitigate the negative impacts of the global financial crisis. The fiscal
stimulus contributed to absorb the shock of the 2007/08 global crisis, which was reinforced in
August 2010, with a second four per cent of GDP stimulus package to cushion the impact of a
weaker euro.

Since 2010, the Government of Mauritius embarked on a second generation reform

programme to continue improving the country’s competitiveness as it transits to more
diversified export markets, and ensures the inclusive growth for the entire population. The
key elements of this reform are the improvement of (i) delivery of public services, including
the civil service and public enterprises; (ii) infrastructure development, to overcome critical
bottlenecks, particularly on transportation; (iii) skills enhanced through the improved
productivity; (iv) social protection to provide opportunities for vulnerable population; and (v)
further liberalization of non-tariff measures to improve trade competitiveness.

The introduction of Programme-Based Budgeting (PBB) by the Ministry of Finance and

Economic Development (MoFED) has been a major step forward in modernizing the budget
management and improving the budget process in Mauritius. While the general architecture
of the PBB reforms is largely in place, the focus now is to gradually consolidate and deepen
the reforms in order to reap the benefits of aligning the resource allocation with the policy
priorities.

As a result of introducing the PBB, greater transparency and accountability has been
engendered in the use and control of public funds. Indeed, it is expected that the PBB will
increasingly be used in the public sector as a strategic management and decision-making tool
to ensure more efficient and effective delivery of the public services.

In the short term, as a part of the efforts to improve the budgeting process and the general
public finance framework, work in the following areas will be undertaken:

(i) the development and drafting of two major pieces of new legislation, for example, (a) the
Public Finance Management Bill and (b) the Public Audit Bill which will further entrench
accountability and transparency in the use of Public Funds;

(ii) Strengthening the link between planning and budgeting by encouraging Ministries to set

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up Planning and Implementation Units (PIU) wherever applicable. The basic objective is to
inculcate and enhance a culture of planning in a strategic manner which also means taking
into account available financial and human resources at the disposal of a
Ministry/Department while elaborating a plan for the delivery of public services. The key
here is to ensure that whatever is planned will actually have a good chance of being
implemented;

(iii) Further improvements in programme designs and performance indicators;

(iv) designing and implementing a PBB and related capacity building program that will
provide for ongoing in-service training for public sector stakeholders, so as to broaden the
understanding of PBB knowledge and as well as increase awareness of the benefits of its use
as a strategic management tool;

(v) The implementation of a project to automate the budget process that will enhance budget
preparation and expenditure analysis;

(vi) Further refinements to our procurement system as necessary complementary reforms to

support the PBB and to ensure that blockages and bottlenecks in the procurement process are
addressed so that the right balance between speed and transparency is achieved in project
implementation;

(vii) Setting up of a Project Design and Monitoring Unit at MoFED to ensure value for
money in project development and implementation;

(viii) developing further the Treasury Accounting System (TAS) to include reporting of
nonfinancial data so as to improve monitoring and reporting in government; and

(ix) Linking the PBB framework with the on-going implementation of the Performance
Management System (PMS).

Also at another length, the process of linking fiscal policy and the medium-term expenditure
framework (MTEF) to strategic planning with credible expenditure ceilings that have a
bearing on budget estimates will be further improved. The front-end of the overall budget
process will be progressively strengthened to:

(i) Produce a full fiscal framework that integrates revenue, debt, deficit and expenditure
policies with the fiscal strategy driving the determination of expenditure ceilings and

(ii) Enhance the linkages between policy priorities and resource allocation by ensuring early
policy prioritization.

It is also envisaged that an assessment will be undertaken of the Public Financial

Management (PFM) systems, processes and institutions using the Public Expenditure and
Financial Accountability (PEFA) methodology. The assessment will: i) provide an up-to-date
quantitative and qualitative assessment of the PFM framework; ii) inform a government
review of its performance, which is ongoing.

PFM reform programme through comparison with a baseline PEFA assessment undertaken in
2007; iii) be a key input to the design of further PFM reform activities and iv) provide the
fiduciary and procurement review necessary for Government to discuss with developing

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partners further cooperation for PFM reform.

There will be considerable efforts to improve ministry-wide strategic planning processes

including plans that are aligned with the annual budget process. Whilst there are no reasons to
duplicate the planning function in cases where they exist, the added purpose of revamping
planning is to facilitate cross Ministry planning processes and support management so that
plans and budgets are better linked in order to deliver on services. Moreover, as the quality of
the plans improves over time, management will be in a better position to evaluate competing
policies and programmes and their financial implications (investment, recurrent, manpower,
etc) and allow for appropriate analyses to assist decision making by policy makers.

In addition to the PBB, new approaches have been introduced in order to improve the public
expenditure management since 2013. For instance, the ministries prepare three year budget
plan based on the long term outcomes and indicators as well as medium term action plans, the
legislative framework for public expenditure management has been enhanced, a risk
management strategy has been developed and a monitoring/evaluation system for budget
execution has been established24.

2.7.3 Fiscal Policy for 2014

The Government of Mauritius sets the economic and social policies for Budget 2014 in order
to achieve its goal of pursuing economic prosperity as well as social well-being.

a.1 Policies to enhance further investment and economic growth

The Government of Mauritius aims at strengthening the following in order to enhance further
investment and economic growth.

 Stabilization of macro economy and promotion of economic development.

 Public investment: Investing in infrastructure of airports and seaports which enables

to increase the movement of goods, services and people, and widen the economic
activities.

 Supporting the traditional economic sectors and developing the new economic
architecture: Together with continuous support for the traditional sectors of tourism,
financial services and agro industry, new economic pillars such as ocean and
renewable energy are enhanced.

 Supporting the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): The Government provides
the favorable measures including introduction of SMS financial schemes and loans to
SMEs without guarantee.

 Human resource development: As human capital is recognised as a high-impact

accelerator to economic growth and social well-being, 14.8 billion Mauritius rupees
are allocated to the education sector to support pre-primary schools, primary schools,
secondary and tertiary education, and lifelong learning.

 Improvement of working environment: The Government provides the comfortable

working environment with consideration of wages, safety and health of the domestic
and foreign workers.

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 Enhancement of public sector: The Government of Mauritius aims at improving

accountability and performance management of the public institutions in order to seek
the most effective and efficient manners to deliver public services to the citizens.

a.2 Policies to further enhance modern, inclusive and caring society

The policies focusing on social security in 2014 are as follows:

 Modernizing health care system: The Government of Mauritius provides 9.2 billion
Mauritius rupees for the public health care in 2014 which will be used for training and
recruiting health care personnel, reducing two major killer diseases of diabetes and
cancer, and building the hospitals.

 Natural disaster risk reduction: Based on the fact that the greater impact of natural
disasters have occurred recently, the Government allocates budget for developing
institutions such as a fully staffed National Risk Reduction and Management Centre,
providing IT based early warning and emergency alert system, funding for emergency
work and recruiting human resources.

 Consolidating the social safety nets: The Government of Mauritius strengthens the social
safety nets to support the vulnerable people, for example, increasing pensions for elderly
people as well as social and benefits for children, and providing budget for vulnerable
families living below the Poverty Intervention Line, people with disabilities and women
at risk including domestic violence.

 Promoting sports and culture: sports and cultural facilities are constructed and upgraded,
and musical instruments are provided.

 Improvement of living conditions: The Government provides budget for housing

programmes for improving living conditions, changes the conditions on loans, and
provides social housing.

 Improvement of public services: As government’s rapid and efficient services for the
public are required, the Government allocates 200 million rupees for improving the
procedures with maximum use of technology.

 Increase of consumption: The Government of Mauritius stimulates the economy through

increasing consumers’ purchasing power with the improvement of their earning
capacities, creation of higher productivity jobs and VAT refund for certain products.

 Maximizing the development potential of Rodrigues and Agalega: Investment on tourism

and social economic development are enhanced.

2.7.4 Fiscal Policy of the Ministry of Public Infrastructure (MPI) 2014-2016

Based on the Programme Based Budgeting (PBB), the Ministry of Public Infrastructure and
Land Transport (MPI) set a strategic direction for the next three years as follows (quoted
from the ‘Budget Speech 2014’25):

 Adoption of an Improved Road Maintenance Programme on a performance based

approach to ensure preservation of the road network and to improve road safety,

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mobility and connectivity.

 Introduce the Light Rail Transit System to provide an alternative mode of public
transport, and to support a more efficient and modern inland transportation service.

 Incorporation of sustainable design and construction principles, practices and norms to

ensure alignment with the Maurice Ile Durable strategy.

 Improve road safety through introduction of appropriate road safety devices and regular
Road Safety Audits.

 Decentralise and privatise vehicles examination service.

 Integrate and harmonise the functions of drain construction, maintenance and cleaning
through creation of a National Drainage Agency.

 Improve community facilities by constructing and upgrading social and sports

infrastructure in line with the Maurice Ile Durable strategy.

The financial resources by programmes and sub-programmes for MPI for 2014-2016 are
shown in the table below.

Table 2.7.2 Budget for the MPI25

2014 2015 2016

Code Programmes and Sub Programmes
estimates planned planned
321 Policy and Strategy Development for 146,790,000 149,090,000 151,875,000
Public Infrastructure ,Land Transport
and Maritime Services

322 Construction and Maintenance of 561,694,000 529,310,000 529,277,000

Government Buildings and Other
Assets

32202 Design and supervision of the 156,616,000 165,641,000 168,991,000

construction of Building and related
Infrastructure

32203 Maintenance, Repairs and 300,848,000 254,259,000 248,945,000

Rehabilitation of Buildings and
Other Assets.

32204 Design, Construction and 109,410,000 104,230,000 111,341,000

Maintenance of Electrical Systems
in Public Buildings (ESD)

323 Construction and Maintenance 912,000,000 1,197,200,000 1,372,400,000

of Roads and Bridges

32301 Construction and Rehabilitation of - - -

Roads and Bridges

32302 Maintenance of Roads and - - -

Bridges

324 Land Transport Management 1,464,989,000 1,404,934,000 1,413,838,000

32401 Road Transport Management 1,258569,000 1,257,364,000 1,250,730,000

32402 Traffic Management and Road Safety 207,420,000 147,570,000 153,108,000

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325 Maritime Safety and 91,376,000 72,681,000 71,426,000

Development

404 Community-Based 441,702,000 341,594,000 334,257,000

Infrastructure and Public
Empowerment

405 Land Drainage and Watershed 430,217,000 317,001,000 242,213,000

Management
Total 4,049,768,000 4,011,810,000 4,115,286,000

2.7.5 Budget for LMU

The annual budget for the LMU from 2015 to 2017 is shown in the following table.

Table 2.7.3 Budget for the LMU from 2015 to 2017 (source: JET)

Classificati
Item on of 2015 2016 2017
Disaster
Vat component for Countermeasure
Construction Works
Chitrakoot (Block A) - Section 1 Landslide 2,250,000
Consultancy Services for
Countermeasure Construction Works
Chitrakoot (Block A) - Section 2 landslide 400,000
Vallee Pitot (near Eidgah) landslide 450,000
Morcellement Hermitage, Coromandel Slope failure 250,000
Damage of
L'Eau Bouillie 250,000
embankment
Pailles access road to Les Guibies and
Slope failure 350,000
along motorway, near flyover bridge
Pailles Soreze region Slope failure 500,000
Stream
Riviere des Anguilles, near the bridge 450,000
erosion
Post Relocation Works at Quatre Soeurs,
Marie Jeanne, Jhummah Streert, Old landslide 250,000
Grand Port
Stream
Piper Morcellement Piat 150,000
erosion
Damage of
Temple Road, Creve Coeur 100,000
wall
Stream
Congomah Village Council (Ramlakhan) 100,000
erosion
Damage of
Congomah Village Council (Leekraj) 100,000
wall
Damage of
Congomah Village Council (Frederick) 100,000
wall
Congomah Village Council (Blackburn Damage of
100,000
Lanes) embankment
Les Mariannes Community Centre (Road
Slope failure 100,000
area)
Les Mariannes Community Centre Stream
100,000
(Resident area) erosion
Stream
Le Pouce Street 100,000
erosion
Damage of
Justice Street (near Kalimata Mandir) 400,000
wall
Stream
Pouce Stream 300,000
erosion

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Pailles access road Morcellement des Stream

150,000
Aloes from Avenue M.Leal (on hillside) erosion
Plaine Champagne Road, opposite
Slope failure 100,000
"Musee Touche Dubois"
Chamarel near Restaurant Le Chamarel Damage of
100,000
and Road Side embankment
Baie du Cap: (i) Near St Francois
Debris flow 100,000
d'Assise Church
Bambous Virieux, Rajiv Gandhi Street
Slope failure 100,000
(near Bhavauy House), Impasse Bholoa
Trou-Aux-Cerfs Slope failure 100,000
Stream
River Bank at Cite L'Oiseau 100,000
erosion
Stream
Louis de Rochecouste (Riviere Seche) 100,000
erosion
Stream
Montee S, GRNW 100,000
erosion
Chitrakoot (Block B) Landslide 400,000
Construction on countermeasures
Chitrakoot (Block A) - Section 2 Landslide 8,000,000
Vallee Pitot (near Eidgah landslide 9,000,000
Maconde Region Baie du Cap - Phase 2 Rock fall 10,000,000
Damage of
Boulevard Victoria, Montagne Coupe 7,000,000
wall
Chitrakoot (Block B) Landslide 6,000,000
Damage of
L'Eau Bouillie 5,000,000
embankment
Pailles: (i) access road to Les Guibies Slope failure 7,000,000
Pailles: (iii) Soreze region Slope failure 3,000,000
Stream
Riviere des Anguilles, near the bridge 9,000,000
erosion
Stream
Piper Morcellement Piat 3,000,000
erosion
Will be
decided
Damage of
Temple Road, Creve Coeur based on
wall
the detail
survey
Remote Monitoring System
Chitrakoot, Vallee Pitot, Quatre- Soeurs
and Landslide 7,000,000
La Butte
Consultancy Services for Investigation
Old Moka Road, Camp Chapelon Landslide 575,000
Candos Hill, LallBahadoor Shastri and
Landslide 125,000
Mahatma Gandhi Avenues
Consultancy Services for Preparation of
1,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000
Hazard Maps
Consultancy Fees for Expert on Retainer
2,500,000 2,500,000 1,000,000
Basis
Overtime Work for LMU 1,200,000 1,200,000 1,200,000
Maintenance and Repairs of Equipments 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000
TOTAL 55,650,000 40,100,000 44,700,000

Reference: interview survey with MPI/LMU

Among the programmes and sub-programmes mentioned above, budget for Programme 322
“Construction and Maintenance of Government Building and Other Assets” has been secured
in connection with the Repair and Rehabilitation Unit (RRU) in the Civil Engineering Section.
The Repair and Rehabilitation Unit is attached to the Landslide Management Unit.

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Sub-Programme 32203: Maintenance, Repairs and Rehabilitation of Buildings and

Other Assets

Priority Objectives:
• Ensure the useful life of government buildings and other assets is enhanced through proper
rehabilitation and regular maintenance
Major Services:
• Maintenance of Government buildings is carried out according to standards25

Reference for Chapter 2

1
Wikimedia Commons
2
Directorate of overseas surveys (UK) (1962): Soil Map of Mauritius, Public Works and Survey
Department, Port Louis Mauritius
3
Foundation of Technical Center of Landslide and Sabo, Vol.64 P.5
4
Dep. of Energy HP
5
Cyclone and Other Natural Disasters Scheme, 2010-2011
6
Port Louis City, Plan and Investigation for Landslide countermeasures , Finals report - summary,
JICA, 1990
7
Ministry of Public Infrastructure Land Transport and Shipping (2011): Geotechnical Report for
Suspected Landslide at Quatre Soeurs
8
Dr. A. Chan Chim Yuk, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mauritius (2006): Monitoring of
Geotechnical Works at the Site of the La Butte Landslide
9
2010 Land use map of Mauritius, 2010, Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute
10
Housing and Population Census, 2000, Central Statistical Office (under the aegis of the Ministry of
Finance & Economic Development), Mauritius
11
Poverty statistics, 2006, Central Statistical Office (under the aegis of the Ministry of Finance &
Economic Development), Mauritius
12
The School Atlas of Mauritius, 2012, A. Cader Kalla, Osman Publishing
13
V. Proag, Water resources management in Mauritius, 2006, European Water 15/16
14
Prime Minister’s Office (2011) ‘Cyclone and Other Natural Disasters Scheme 2010-2011’,
Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development (MoESD) (2012) ‘Disaster Risk Reduction
Strategic Framework and Action Plan for the Republic of Mauritius’
MoESD (2009) ‘Report on The Status of Laws and Institutions to Protect Environmentally Sensitive
Areas in Mauritius’
Interview survey by JICA Expert Team
15
Prime Minister’s Office (2014) ‘National Disasters Scheme 2014’
16
World Bank (2014) ‘Population data’ <http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL>.
17
Statistics Mauritius (2014) ‘Unemployment Rate 1992-2012’ <http://mauritius.africadata.org/
18
World Bank (2014) ‘GDP’ <http://data.worldbank.org/indicator>.
19
MFED (2013) ‘Digest of Agricultural Statistics 2012’
<http://statsmauritius.gov.mu/English/Publications/Documents/Regular%20Reports/annual%20digest/
annualdig12.pdf>.
20
MFED (2013) ‘Budget Speech 2014’
<http://mof.gov.mu/English/Documents/Budget2014/BudgetSpeech2014.pdf>.
21
Statistics Mauritius (2014) ‘Inflation Rate 1992-2013’ <http://mauritius.africadata.org/>.
22
IMF (2014) ‘World Economy Outlook Database’
<http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/index.aspx>.
23
Statistics Mauritius (2014) ‘Inflation Rate 1992-2013’ <http://mauritius.africadata.org/>.
24
MFED (2013) ‘Budget Speech 2014 Foreword’
<http://mof.gov.mu/English/Documents/Budget2014/PBB2014/Foreword.pdf>.
25
Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (2014) ‘Budget Speech 2014: budget for MPI’,
<http://mof.gov.mu/English/Documents/Budget2014/PBB2014/VPMMPI.pdf>.

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 Chapter 3
Landslide Management Plan 1
(Survey and Results)
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3 Landslide Management Plan 1 (Survey and Results)

3.1 Landslide Hazard Area
In consideration of requests from Mauritius, three high priority landslide hazard areas were
selected through consultations with C/P, along with the results of the basic survey and the
landslide management plan. The following was taken into consideration when selecting the
priority areas:

・Areas that scored highest in the site reconnaissance landslide hazard evaluation are to be
prioritized,

・MPI’s requests are given consideration, and

・From the viewpoint of technology transfer, several different landslide sizes are to be chosen
where possible (recommendation from advisory committee in Japan).

The high priority landslide hazard areas chosen are: Chitrakoot, Quatre Soeurs, Vallee Pitot

Chitrakoot area: Active large-scale landslide (L=1,500m, W=700m). Because more than 10
houses have been damaged, immediate measures are expected. MPI has requested an
investigation and measures.

Quatre Soeurs area: Active middle-scale landslide (L=350m, W=400m), because several
houses have been damaged, immediate measures are expected. MPI has requested an
investigation and measures.

Vallee Pitot area: Active small-scale landslide (L=35m, W=20m). Because three houses have
been damaged and were reported in a newspaper, immediate measures are expected. This is a
typical example of a landslide that is affecting urban development.

3-1
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Table 3.1.1 Results of Landslide Hazard Area Selection (source: JET)

Selection criteria
Score of
Area name landslide Request Result Summary
Landslide
hazard from
size
evaluatio MPI
n
Landslide Hazard Area
Large Active large-scale landslide
scale (L=1,500m, W=700m). Because more
Chitrakoot, Vallee
des Pretres
6 Request (L=1500 ○ than 10 houses have been damaged,
m, immediate measures are expected.
W=700m) MPI has requested an investigation
and measures.
Landslide Hazard Area
Active small-scale landslide (L=35m,
Small W=20m). Because three houses have
Vallee Pitot (near No- scale been damaged and were reported in
Eidgah)
6
request (L=35m,
○ a newspaper, immediate measures
W=20m) are expected. This is a typical
example of a landslide that is
affecting urban development.
Excluded
Middle
Mgr. Leen Street The countermeasure was done with
No- scale
and vicinity, La 5 the support of Japan. Because it is
request (L=350m,
Butte now quite stable, the urgency of
W=600m)
measures is low.
Excluded
Deformation by landslide was
Middle confirmed but the movement is
Old Moka Road, No- scale slower than in Chitrakoot and Quatre
3
Camp Chapelon request (L=200m, Soeurs and is not affecting
W=100m) surrounding houses. Further
observation is necessary although
the urgency of measures is low.
Landslide Hazard Area
Middle Active middle-scale landslide
Quatre Soeurs,
scale (L=350m,W=400m), Because several
Marie Jeanne,
Jhummah Streert,
6 Request (L=350m ○ houses have been damaged,
,W=400m immediate measures are expected.
Old Grand Port
) MPI has requested an investigation
and measures.
Excluded
Candos Hill at
Small Small scale. There are no houses
Lallbahadoor
No- scale that need protecting within the
Shastri and 3
request (L=40m, landslide area. Further observation is
Mahatma Gandhi
W=35m) necessary, although the urgency of
Avenues
measures is low.

3-2
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3.2 Topographic Survey

In order to conduct landslide investigation and analysis, small scale plan maps and
cross-section-surveying data are needed. In the main investigation, cross-section surveying
and creation of plan maps were performed in (approximately) the following three areas. The
location maps and survey areas of the three areas are shown in Figure 3.2.1 to Figure 3.2.6.

Table 3.2.1 Table of Quantities of Survey Areas (source: JET)

No. Name Plan map (Area) Cross section Profile

1 Chitrakoot 1.8km2 (1,800m X 1000m) Cross section profile of three directions.
2 Quatre Soeurs 0.16km2 (400m X 400m) Cross section profile of one direction.
3 Vallee Pitot 0.005km2 (70m X 70m) Cross section profile of one direction.

3.2.1 Specifications

Cross-section surveying and plan map are created according to the following specifications.

a. Cross-Section Surveying

Vertical direction: Scale (1:100)

Level direction: Scale (1:100)

Equipment used: Total Station equipment

Coordinate system and standard of height: UTM40S Zone. The control point of Mauritius
nearest to a survey area is used.

Measurement: measurements are taken at 5 m intervals on a section line (X,Y,Z) and also
turning point position is measured.

b. Plan Map

Scale: 1:500

Contour interval: 1 m, a cross section line and benchmark are shown on the plan map.

3.2.2 Deliverables

Cross section maps and plan maps are to be created in DXF or DWG format of AutoCAD.
The deliverables are as follows.

1) All the observational data and calculation result data

2) Cross section maps

3) Plan maps

4) Reports

3-3
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Figure 3.2.1 Chitrakoot, Plan Map (source: JET)

Figure 3.2.2 Chitrakoot, Cross Section (source: JET)

3-4
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Figure 3.2.3 Quatre Soeurs, Plan Map (source: JET)

Figure 3.2.4 Quatre Soeurs, Cross Section (source: JET)

3-5
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Figure 3.2.5 Vallee Pitot, Plan Map (source: JET)

Figure 3.2.6 Vallee Pitot, Cross Section (source: JET)

3-6
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3.3 Geological Survey

3.3.1 Geology of the Landslide Area

a. Chitrakoot

Chitrakoot district is situated on a low slope at the foot of the steep bedrock. The bedrock is
mainly composed of basaltic lava and also other volcanic products, while it develops joints
parallel to the lower slope. Furthermore, plastic to liquid state of soils are found at the foot of
the lower slope where multiple springs are observed.

Photo 3.3.1 Full View of Landslide Area (source: JET)

Figure 3.3.1 shows the topography and Figure 3.3.2 an aerial photograph of the target area.

Figure 3.3.1 Topographic Map of the Site Figure 3.3.2 Aerial Photograph of the Site

(source: JET)

Chitrakoot district displays distinctive morphological properties of a landslide consisted of

multiple sliding blocks whose boundaries are vaguely defined. The red dashed line shown in
Figure 3.3.2 is the boundary of the landslides delineated from a topographic map while the
red solid line shows the extent of active sliding confirmed from the field survey.

Within the active landslide boundary, deformation appears on houses and cracks have
developed on retaining walls. Scarp and small vertical displacements are also observed at the

3-7
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head of a block.

Photo 3.3.2 Scarp in Landslide Area Photo 3.3.3 Active Area of Landslide
(source: JET)

The outline of geological features at Chitrakoot by the past investigation is shown below.

・ Topsoil is very thin clayey layer varying from 30 to 70cm in thickness.

・ The second layer mainly consists of brownish highly weathered silt and clay mass
containing stones and gravels: this colluvial soil develops alternating layers with frequent
plastic and wet clayey layers. The thickness varies from one to several meters.
・ The following layer is a succession of brownish to light brown highly weathered basalt,
with interstratified plastic clayey layers caused by weathering of old basalt. These layers
may persist on 3 to 4 meters with various weathering degrees and colors. Note that
yellow to brown weathered tuff with fine volcanic ash particles were occasionally found
in some of the boreholes.
・ In some boreholes, 1 to 2 m thick interstratified alluvial sand and gravels were
occasionally found in the colluvia and hard basaltic rocks.
・ Finally, slightly weathered and fractured basalt develops at the bottom of each borehole,
which solidifies in the underneath layer. The solidified basalt can be grouped into two
different types: hard and compacted basaltic conglomerate with grey to red color
containing zeolithes and fine grained fractured basalts with grey to black color.

3-8
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Table 3.3.1 Outline of Stratum1

Thickness of
Type Stratum features
layer (m)
0.3～0.7 Topsoil and brown silt with clay
Topsoil
1.0～ Brown and extremely wet plastic clay
&
Colluvia several
Colluvia: Brown silt changing to silt with gravel and plastic clay
meters
Weak, highly weathered multicolored basalts
Weak, highly weathered basalts with red to brown in color
Weathered Weak, highly weathered yellow to brown basaltic conglomerate
Rock with thin brown clay layers
3.0～4.0
& Weak, highly fractured basalts with small olivines
other Highly fractured basalts with olivines
Weak ,highly weathered brown or red old burned topsoil
Yellow to brown weathered tuff with ashes
Grey to black, fine grained fractured basalts
Strong, grey fractured basalt comprised of small pieces of 4 to
5cm
Fine-grained, grey basalt
Rock － Strong, fine-grained grey basalt moderately fractured
Alluviums made up of 0.2-3cm fine-grained, brown to grey
gravel
Hard and compact grey basaltic conglomerate with zeolithes

b. Quatre Soeurs

According to the Geological Map of Mauritius (Figure 3.3.3), the area at the foot of the
mountain are located on superficial colluvium constituted mainly of pebbles and gravels that
result from the dismantling of the upper slope old basaltic lavas of the Beau Champ Mountain.
The ancient formations of the Beau Champ Mountains are marked by high slopes (sloping at
48°towards the sea on the site) and relieves generated from the presence of dykes or intrusive
plugs which have been cleared and shaped by weathering and erosion. The gradient of the
hills is flatter on the seaward side, while on the inland side there are steep cliffs.

Figure 3.3.3 Location of the Site on Geological Map2

In the coastal region of Quatre Soeurs, beaches are composed of sand, silt and pebbly mud
which originate from the mouths of multiple streams in the region. Saddul labeled the area
from the estuary of Grand River located about 1km north of the site to Mahebourg as being of

3-9
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a type D (or Old Series) coastline. The basic features of the Type D coastline include a wide
continental shelf of more than 5km and the weathered mountains of Old Series that are
situated in close proximity of the coastline providing an abundant load of sediments of all
sizes to the coastal zone.

According to the Soil Map of Mauritius, the dominant soil type of the area is the Mountain
Slope Complexes that are dark brown to reddish brown silty clays or clays. The upper slopes
are covered by lithosols, which constitute the unique terrains such as rough mountains,
gorges and unweathered rockland in this area.

Photo 3.3.4 Full View of Landslide Area (source: JET)

Photo 3.3.5 Road at the Toe of The Landslide (source: JET)

Geology of the project site consists of Breccias originating from old basaltic lavas and
colluvial deposits with varying thickness according to depositional sequence and
topographical locations.

The feature of the stratum is shown below.

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Table 3.3.2 Features of Stratum2

Type Thickness of layer Stratum features

Topsoil is generally described as firm brown gravelly medium
plasticity clay with occasional roots and cobbles. This stratum
Topsoil and
Average 0.5m is described as very soft to firm gravelly / high to medium
Fill material
plasticity clay with occasional fragments of coral or roots and
plastic bags.
Upper Slope 1.0m The layer is generally described as soft to firm brown gravelly
Colluvium
Lower Slope 4.8m / high to medium plasticity clay with occasional cobbles.
The layer is generally described as soft to stiff gravelly high
Colluvium of
0.71～9.0m plasticity clay. Color is brown with purple, yellow, orange and
Breccia
grey mottles.
Alluvium is generally dense, grey clayey gravel with yellowish
discolorations and occasional cobbles originating from
Alluvium and
0.85～2.44m moderately weathered basalt. Marine deposit is described as
Marine Deposit
brown with black mottles, very soft gravelly clay with high
plasticity containing occasional fragments of coral.
Completely to This layer is generally purple, grey or brown with yellow or
Highly Weathered Average 3.0m orange mottles, soft to stiff gravelly clay with high to medium
Breccias plasticity.
Completely to highly weathered basalt layer is comprised of
firm grey clay with high plasticity and weak to moderately
weak grey or yellowish cream-colored medium-grained
basalt.
Highly to moderately weathered basalt is comprised of
Weathered
Average 4.0m moderately weak to moderately strong grey medium-grained
Basalt
basalt with joints in-filled with yellowish brown clay.
Moderately weathered basalt is described as moderately
weak to moderately strong grey fine-grained basalt.
Slightly weathered basalt is described as moderately strong
to strong grey fine-grained basalt.
Weathered breccia is described as moderately weak purplish
grey medium-grained breccia with yellowish cream
Weathered discolorations.
0.2～4.0m
Breccia Slightly weathered breccia is described as moderately strong
to strong medium-grained olivine basalt having purplish grey
color with white dots.

3.3.2 Laboratory Test

Laboratory soil tests will be conducted when the ground investigation is conducted if
required. There are basically two major laboratory soil tests for determining stability of
landslide, namely: 1) mechanical tests, and 2) physical tests. While mechanical testing is used
to understand the strength property of slip surface which affects the result of stability
evaluation, physical testing is used to review the test results and grasp the general
characteristics of the ground.

Shear strength (of ground materials) decreases from its maximum state to residual state as
shear deformation progresses (Figure 3.3.4). The shear strength of the slip surface in certain
landslides are considered to be close to residual state because the slip surface has experienced
large displacement in the past specifically for those landslides with distinctive sliding
topographies and/or those that are active and have already moved extensively. Several
conditions of shear strength are believed to exist such as close to the fully softened strength
or intermediate strength between fully softened and residual strength according to the history
of landslide movement.

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The repeated single shear and/or ring shear strength tests are conducted for measuring the
value of resistance shear strength of the slip surface (Table 3.3.3). The original status of the
soil shall be maintained for the proper soil sampling.

For the purpose of mechanical test, 1) fixed piston sampler, and 2) multi-rod rotary sampler
shall be used when test samples are taken from the drilling core so that the sample cores stay
undisturbed. The block samples from the surface of cut surface or large diameter wells are
also considered as good sampling sites.

Figure 3.3.4 An Explanatory Drawing of Peak Strength and Residual Strength3

Table 3.3.3 Application for Soil Strength and Mechanical Property Test3

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a. Physical Test

a.1 Particle Size Analysis

Particle size distribution（ISO 17892-4）analysis is conducted to grasp the particle size

distribution of the soil at slip surface. For smaller particles, in addition to screen analysis,
sedimentation analysis, density analysis (density of fine-grained soils and solid particles: ISO
17892-2, ISO 17892-3), and water content analysis（ISO 17892-1）are also conducted.

Figure 3.3.5 shows the particle size distributions of soils taken from the slip surfaces of
multiple landslides in Japan’s major geological zones. Higher content of clay materials are
predominant in the tertiary and thermal landslides whereas higher content of sand and gravels
are typically observed in crystalline schist landslides. The test samples shall be properly taken
from the exact area of the slip surface. Targeting the slip surface can be difficult in some
cases as the sliding layer can be extremely thin and the particle size composition may vary
depending on the distance from the slip surface.

When residual strength is tested using disturbed samples, the samples are often screened
using a screen with 425 microns of mesh size beforehand to compare the result with
consistency properties such as liquid limit and plastic index. Hence, particle size distribution
should reflect that of slip surface for the result of strength testing to be legitimate.

The information of particle size distribution is required to evaluate the adequacy of processes
for choosing samples and of testing conditions such as grain size adjustment, in addition to
understanding mechanical properties of slip surface based on the result of mechanical tests.

Figure 3.3.5 Typical Particle Size Distribution of Slip Surface Soil for Each Geological Zone in
Japan4
a.2 Atterberg Limits

Liquid limit and plastic limit of the soil (ISO 17892-12) are tested to grasp the characteristics
of consistency at the slip surface. Figure 3.3.6 shows the relation between the plastic index
(IP) of slip surface clay at various geological zones and residual shear resistance angle (φr').
Although the figure only represents datasets with particle sizes smaller than 425 microns,
clays containing high IP values tend to have smaller φr' value while relation with φr'
distribution or IP varies by geology. The activity of soil sample (below IP/2μm particle size
content) indicates the content of swelling clay minerals.

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The test results are used along with grain particle size distribution to understand mechanical
properties of layers comprising the slip surface.

Figure 3.3.6 Relation of Plasticity Index and Residual Shear Stress Angle for Various
Geological Zones5

b. Test for Mechanical Properties

Mechanical testing is implemeted to grasp the shear strength which changes from peak to
fully softened and residual strength according to the soil’s stress history. When conducting
stability analysis, he/she needs to choose one of the status of shear strength as a parameter.
Although studies have been done into which strength should be adopted for stability analysis,
a clear answer has not been provided. Furtheremore, the strength of soils can also vary within
the slip surface. Therefore, the results of the physical test are only regarded as references in
Japan, and instead, reverse calculation method is mostly employed in practice.

Table 3.3.4 shows the testing methods appropriate for each type of shear strength. The peak
strength is determined by unconsolidated tri-axial test/cyclic shear test/ring shear test of
undisturbed sample. The fully softened strength is determined by mainly unconsolidated
tri-axial of undisturbed sample and by minor cyclic shear test/ring shear test of slurry
sample/undisturbed sample. The residual strength is measured not by unconsolidated tri-axial
test but by cyclic shear test/ring shear test.

Although the sample of slip surface can realistically reproduce the strength condition of the
site, it is quite difficult to set it on test device.

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Table 3.3.4 Selection of Test Method for Type of Sample and Characteristics of Strength
Obtained by Test6

b.1 Cyclic Direct Shear Test

The test is performed on three or four specimens from a relatively undisturbed soil sample. A
specimen is placed in a shear box which has two stacked rings to hold the sample; the contact
between the two rings is at approximately the mid-height of the sample. A confining stress is
applied vertically to the specimen, and the upper ring is pulled laterally until the sample fails,
or through a specified strain. The load applied and the strain induced is recorded at frequent
intervals to determine a stress-strain curve for the confining stress.

Cyclic direct shear tests can be performed under several conditions. The sample is normally
saturated before the test is run, but can be run at the in-situ moisture content. The rate of
strain can be varied to create a test of undrained or drained conditions, depending on whether
the strain is applied slowly enough for water in the sample to prevent pore-water pressure
buildup.

Several specimens are tested at varying confining stresses to determine the shear strength
parameters, the soil cohesion (c) and the angle of internal friction (commonly friction angle)
(ϕ). The results of the tests on each specimen are plotted on a graph with the peak (or
residual) stress on the x-axis and the confining stress on the y-axis. The y-intercept of the
curve which fits the test results is the cohesion, and the slope of the line or curve is the
friction angle.

Figure 3.3.7 and Figure 3.3.8 show the structure of a cyclic shear test device, and relation
between shear stress and accumulative shear displacement. Figure 3.3.9 shows a schematic
figure of a shear box that is able to measure the friction force.

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Figure 3.3.7 Structure of Cyclic Shear Test Device7

（a）undisturbed soil （b）disturbed soil

Figure 3.3.8 Relation between Shear Stress and Accumulative Shear Displacement7

Figure 3.3.9 Measuring the Friction Force between Two Shear Boxes8

Mitachi et al.(1999) proposed a method which strength values for countermeasure design are
determined on c-tanφ graph based on a peak strength, a fully softened strength and a residual
strength with cyclic shear test (Figure 3.3.10). Point A is a peak strength, Point B is a fully
softened strength and point C is a residual strength in the figure. Point D crossing between
the line A, B, C and c-tanφ line should be adopted for design in this method.

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Figure 3.3.10 Method of Determining Strength Factor for Design Using C-Tanφ Diagram9
Figure 3.3.11 shows a schematic figure of direct shear test for slip surface, which can
measure the shear strength on the slip surface. The shear line in the machine is accorded
along the actual slip surface.

Figure 3.3.12 shows the procedure of the sample for the direct shear test for slip surface.

Figure 3.3.11 Structure of Shear-Test Device10

Figure 3.3.12 Method of Making Test Piece That Includes Slip Surface10

b.2 Tri-Axial Shear Test

The principle behind a triaxial shear test is that the stress applied in the vertical direction
(along the axis of the cylindrical sample) can be different from the stresses applied in the
horizontal directions perpendicular to the sides of the cylinder, i.e. the confining pressure.

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A solid is defined as a material that can support shear stress without moving. However, every
solid has an upper limit to how much shear stress it can support. The triaxial test is designed
to measure that limit. The stress on the platens is increased until the material in the cylinder
fails and forms sliding regions within itself, known as shear bands. A motion where a
material is deformed under shear stress is known as shearing. The geometry of the shearing in
a triaxial test typically causes the sample to become shorter while bulging out along the sides.
The stress on the platen is then reduced and the water pressure pushes the sides back in,
causing the sample to grow taller again. This cycle is usually repeated several times while
collecting stress and strain data about the sample.

During the shearing, a granular material will typically have a net gain or loss of volume. If it
had originally been in a dense state, then it typically gains volume, a characteristic known as
Reynolds' dilatancy. If it had originally been in a very loose state, then contraction may occur
before the shearing begins or in conjunction with the shearing.

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Figure 3.3.13 Structure of Triaxial Shear Test Device3

c. Results of Past Laboratory Soil Tests

The tests shown in Table 3.3.5 below were conducted in Chitrakoot and Quatre Soeurs in the
past, and soil tests as shown in Table 3.3.6 were carried out.

Table 3.3.5 Previous Survey Report (source: JET)

No Report Company
GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION AT CHITRAKOOT
1 SOTRAMON LIMITEE
VALLEE DES PRETRES
GEOTECHNICAL REPORT FOR SUSPECTED LANDSLIDE WATER RESEARCH
2
AT QUATRE SOEURS CO.LTD

Table 3.3.6 List of Laboratory Soil Tests Conducted (source: JET)

Item No Description of Test Chitrakoot Quatre Soeurs

1 Specific gravity ○ ○
2 Natural moisture content ○ ○
3 Atterberg limits ○ ○
4 Particle size distribution ○ ○
5 Unconfined compression ○ ○
6 Shear box ○ －
7 Triaxial ○ ○
8 Bulk density ○ ○

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c.1 Chitrakoot

The laboratory soil test results of the past investigation are shown below.

Table 3.3.7 Results of Physical Test (source: JET)

Specific Moisture Atterberg Bulk

Drilling Limits (%)
Depth (m) Geology gravity content Unit Wt
No. 3
(g/cm ) (%) LL PL (kN/m3)
2.00～2.50 Colluvium 2.790 42.0 89.0 34.0 17.84
BPP5 Highly weathered
7.00～8.00 2.780 38.0 65.0 35.0 18.20
basalt
Highly weathered
BPP6 7.25～7.80 2.810 52.0 58.0 39.0 16.69
basalt
4.50～5.00 Colluvium 2.780 50.0 61.0 31.0 17.37
Highly weathered
8.00～8.50 31.0 49.0 29.0 18.91
BPP8 basalt
Highly weathered
12.00～12.75 2.670 52.0 54.0 30.0 17.22
basalt
Highly weathered
2.60～2.93 2.640 42.6 74.0 30.0 16.61
basalt
BPP9 4.10～4.54 Weathered basalt 2.780 38.0 60.0 32.0 17.48
Highly weathered
7.30～7.85 2.750 26.0 56.0 35.0 17.76
basalt
1.53～2.20 Colluvium 2.780 38.0 60.0 32.0 18.88
3.30～3.66 Colluvium 2.780 36.0 71.0 31.0 18.81
BPP13
Highly weathered
5.50～6.00 34.0
basalt
BPP14 4.85～5.40 Colluvium 42.0 72.0 44.0
7.50～8.00 Colluvium 35.0 55..0 32.0
BPP15
9.00～9.50 Colluvium 27.0 59.0 30.0
3.15～3.65 Wet plastic clay 40.0 64.0 33.0 17.98
BPP16 5.00～5.50 Wet plastic clay 33.0 57.0 25.0 18.83
7.00～7.50 Weathered tuff 51.0
3.00～3.50 Colluvium 35.0 57.0 34.0
BPP18
5.50～6.00 Weathered tuff 34.0 77.0 46.0 17.88

Table 3.3.8 Results of Physical Test (source: JET)

Specific Moisture Atterberg Bulk

Drilling Limits(%)
Depth (m) Geology gravity content Unit Wt
No. 3
(g/cm ) (%) LL PL (kN/m3)
8.00～8.40 Colluvium 2.820 30.0 75.0 34.0
BPI2 Highly
12.05～12.70 29.0 67.0 38.0
weathered basalt
Highly
BPI4 5.40～6.00 54.0 66.0 34.0 17.06
weathered basalt
3.10～3.65 Colluvium 2.800 41.0 66.0 39.0
6.00～6.50 Weathered tuff 44.0 73.0 37.0
BPI9 Highly
8.40～9.00 47.0 73.0 37.0
weathered basalt
10.00～10.56 Weathered tuff 55.0 73.0 37.0
3.00～3.50 Colluvium 29.0 63.0 35.0
Highly
4.50～5.00 45.0 70.0 45.0
weathered basalt
Highly
5.50～6.00 49.0 75.0 50.0
weathered basalt
BPI10 Highly
6.50～7.00 39.0 75.0 48.0
weathered basalt
8.00～8.40 Weathered tuff 2.780 36.0 82.0 46.0 17.33
9.00～9.50 Weathered tuff 38.0 65.0 46.0
Highly
10.00～10.50 27.0 58.0 38.0
weathered basalt

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Table 3.3.9 Results of Shear Box Test (source: JET)

Shear strength parameters

Moisture Bulk.U.
Drilling Peak Values Residual Values
Depth (m) Geology content Wt
No. C1 φ1 C1r φ1r
(%) (kN/m3)
(kN/m2) (°) (kN/m2) (°)
BPI-4 5.40～6.00 Clay and silt 39.6 17.06 11 22 14 21
BPI-10 8.00～8.40 Weathered tuff 36.9 17.33 27 25 19.5 23
Highly
BPP-6 7.25～7.80 52.0 16.63 12 28
weathered basalt
BPP-8 4.50～5.00 Colluvium 50.0 17.24 28.5 29
12.00～ Highly
BPP-8 52.0 17.08 26 30
12.75 weathered basalt

Table 3.3.10 Results of Triaxial Compression (source: JET)

Before
Moisture content Shear strength
consolidation
Drilling (%) parameters
Depth (m) Geology Bulk.U. Dry.U.
No.
Wt Wt C1 φ1
Before After
(kN/m3) (kN/m3) 2
(kN/m ) (°)
Highly weathered
BPP5 8.35～8.85 38.3 39.6 19.2 13.9 38.7 30.5
basalt
11.00～ Highly weathered
BPP8 55.2 53.4 17.8 11.5 94.0 14.3
11.50 basalt

c.2 Quatre Soeurs

The laboratory soil test results of the previous investigation are shown below.

Table 3.3.11 Results of Physical Test (source: JET)

Natural Atterberg Limits Bulk

Drilling
Depth (m) Geology Moisture LL PL Unit Wt
No. PI 3
content (%) (%) (%) (kN/m )
1.00～1.50 CHW Breccia 42.0 76.0 38.0 17
BH1
3.00～3.50 CHW Breccia 44.0 68.0 42.0 16
1.00～1.50 Colluvium 59.0 90.0 37.0
BH3
2.50～3.00 Colluvium 63.0 95.0 33.0
3.00～3.50 Colluvium 38.0 68.0 36.0
BH4 4.00～4.50 CHW Breccia 43.0 65.0 31.0
12.56～15.00 Alluvium 16.0 79.0 40.0
3.00～3.50 Colluvium 59.2 16.24
BH5 5.00～5.50 Colluvium 68.7 16.02
5.50～6.00 Colluvium 58.0 94.0 32.0
2.50～3.00 Colluvium 42.0 72.0 28.0 18
BH6
4.50～5.00 Colluvium 56.0 102.0 33.0 21 16.88

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Table 3.3.12 Results of Physical Test (source: JET)

Natural Atterberg Limits

Trial Linear
Depth (m) Geology Moisture LL PL
Pit PI Shrinkage
content (%) (%) (%)
Tp1 1.40 C/HWB 46.6 96.1 37.0 22.5 59.1
Tp3 2.00 HWB 38.4 62.5 33.1 16.4 29.4
Tp4 1.50 Clay 49.2 91.8 47.4 20.7 44.4
Tp5 3.00 Clay/Colluvium 37.2 69.3 34.3 19.6 35.0
1.00～1.50 Clay/Colluvium 56.1 75.0 46.2 18.6 28.8
Tp6
1.50～1.80 Clay/Colluvium 24.8 102.4 64.5 23.2 37.9

Table 3.3.13 Results of Triaxial Compression (source: JET)

Moisture Before consolidation Shear strength

Drilling Depth content (%) Bulk.U. Dry.U. parameters
Geology
No. (m) Wt Wt C1 φ1
Before After 3
(kN/m ) (kN/m3) 2
(kN/m ) (°)

3.0～
BH5 Colluvium 50.2 49.7 18.7 12.5 0.4 1.4
3.5

d. Results of the Laboratory Soil Test

The laboratory soil test results of this investigation are shown in Table 3.3.14.

Test items were to target physical testing, and the target layer of the tests was mainly surface
layer colluvium. Mechanical tests could not be conducted because the soil contained too
much gravel.

Table 3.3.14 List of Laboratory Soil Tests (source: JET)

Quantity
Item No Description of Test
Chitrakoot Quatre Soeurs
1 Specific gravity 6 2
2 Natural moisture content 6 2
3 Atterberg limits 4 2
4 Particle size distribution 6 2
5 Bulk density 2 1

d.1 Chitrakoot

The particle size distribution in colluvial soil was highest for fines, followed by gravel and
sand. If the soil is common inorganic matter, the soil particle density will measure 2.6～
2.8g/cm3. Past soil test results were also mainly in this value range. The values of the test
conducted this time were in the 2.0 ～3.0g/cm3 range, a somewhat large variation.

Natural moisture content tends to be higher in fines and lower in course-grained soil. Test
values were largely around 50% and correspond to those of soft clay, affected by the high
degree of fine particle fraction content. Values are a slightly high compared to past soil test
results.

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The Atterberg limit is the collective term for the liquid limit, plastic limit and shrinkage limit.
The deformation characteristics of clay change depending on its water content, and the water
content standards are divided into 4 classifications as shown in Figure 3.3.14. The liquid limit
for samples BH-C5 and BH-C4 was high and plasticity index large compared to other
samples.

Figure 3.3.14 Atterberg Limits11

The density test was for only 2 samples, and the results were 1.60g/cm3 and 1.80g/cm3. These
were almost the same values as in past soil tests, and the sample with high density had a high
content of gravel.

The test results are charted below.

Table 3.3.15 Results of Physical Test(1) (source: JET)

Particle size distribution (%) Sample

Borehole Depth (m) Geology
Fines Sand Gravel Cobbles Type

BH-C1 3.00～3.45 Colluvia 43.0 15.0 42.0 0 STP20

BH-C2 4.80～5.25 Colluvia 52.7 10.3 37.0 0 U2

BH-C3 6.60～7.05 Colluvia 70.0 29.0 1.0 0 U2

BH-C4 6.35～6.80 Colluvia 65.0 10.0 25.0 0 SPT28

BH-C5 4.25～4.70 Colluvia 97.0 4.0 3.0 0 SPT56

BH-C6 5.30～5.75 Colluvia 77.6 18.9 3.5 0 SPT25

Table 3.3.16 Results of Physical Test(2) (source: JET)

Particle Atterberg Limits Bulk

Moisture
Borehole Depth (m) density LL PL density
content (%) PI
(g/cm3) (%) (%)
3
(g/m )
BH-C1 3.00～3.45 1.94 50.0

BH-C2 4.80～5.25 2.98 51.2 78.0 42.9 35.1 1.80

BH-C3 6.60～7.05 2.57 43.8 73.0 45.1 27.9 1.60

BH-C4 6.35～6.80 2.98 61.8 89.5 45.0 44.5

BH-C5 4.25～4.70 2.67 47.7 110.5 41.7 68.8

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BH-C6 5.30～5.75 2.10 41.3

d.2 Quatre Soeurs

The tests targeted colluvium and hard silty clay.

Particle size characteristics of the colluvial soil indicated that fines content was highest
followed by gravel content. On the other hand, silty clay had a high content of gravel
followed by fines.

If the soil is common inorganic matter, the soil particle density will measure 2.6～2.8g/cm3.
Test results for both samples were around 2.90g/cm3, indicating the possibility they contain a
high-density mineral.

Natural moisture content tends to be higher in fines and lower in course-grained soil. Natural
moisture content in colluvium was 56% and over 100% in silty clay, affected by the high
degree of fine particle fraction content. It was particularly high for silty clay because the
sampling depth was deep and it was in a saturated state.

No major differences could be seen in the Atterberg limits for samples BH-Q1 and BH-Q2.

A density test was only conducted for one sample of silty clay, and its result was 1.58g/cm3.
This is a slightly lower value than for cohesive soil.

Test results are shown below.

Table 3.3.17 Results of Physical Test (1) (source: JET)

Particle size distribution (%) Sample

Borehole Depth (m) Geology
Fines Sand Gravel Cobbles Type

BH-Q1 1.00～1.45 Colluvia 70.0 10.0 20.0 0 STP10

BH-Q2 9.00～9.40 Silty Clay 35.5 8.5 52.0 0 U2

Table 3.3.18 Results of Physical Test (2) (source: JET)

Particle Atterberg Limits Bulk

Moisture
Borehole Depth (m) density LL PL density
content (%) PI
(g/cm3) (%) (%) (g/m3)
BH-Q1 1.00～1.45 2.98 55.8 88.0 34.17 53.83 －

BH-Q2 9.00～9.40 2.83 105.6 86.5 35.0 51.5 1.58

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e. Ring Shear Test Result by this Project

e.1 Outline of ring shear test

The soil sample supplied for the ring shear test was sampled while disturbed from 0.5-2.0m
under the ground with a shovel and a pick for the colluvial deposit in each landslide.

After sampling, the soil samples were sealed in heat resistant polyethylene bag, and
transported to Japan by airmail.

Moreover, the high-pressure sterilization processing was executed in Yokohama Plant

Quarantine Stations when importing it, and transported to the laboratory.

The location where the soil samples taken and the situation photograph of the sampling are
shown below.

Sampling location

Figure 3.3.15 Sampling Location (Chitrakoot) (source:JET)

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Sampling location

Figure 3.3.16 Sampling Location (Quatre Soeurs) (source:JET)

Sampling location

Figure 3.3.17 Sampling Location (Vallee Pitot) (source:JET)

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Photo 3.3.6 Sampling Situation Photo 3.3.7 Samples

e.2 Outline of ring shear test

Ring shear apparatus is classified as direct shear type as well as the direct shear testing
apparatus.

However, the ring shear apparatus is a testing machine that can infinitely measure the shear
displacement while giving the same strain doing rotational shear by differing from direct
shearing apparatus.
Normal
垂 直 応stress
力Ｎ N
As a result, it is possible to obtain the
せん断
residual strength of clay as shown in the Shear stress S
応力Ｓ
Figure 3.3.18.
σ
τ
Figure 3.3.19(a) shows stress-strain curve τ
in the drain shearing test by some vertical σ

stress σ'.
(a)（
Shear
ａ）一 mechanism
面 せ ん 断 試of験One
の せshearing
ん 断 機 構test
Moreover, Figure 3.3.19(b) shows that the
peak strength and the residual strength are Normal垂 直 応 力NＮ
stress
estimated by using the linear regression of
shear stress under the different vertical
load. ﾄ ﾞDoughnut
ｰ ﾅﾂ 型 type
供試体
test piece
In a word, the shearing test of the past was
limited to the measurement of peak strength
(overconsolidated clay) and complete
softening strength (normally-consolidated
clay) by restricting the shear displacement.

However, the ring shear test enabled the 回 転 せ shear

Rotational ん断
measurement of the residual strength that (b)（Shear mechanism
ｂ）リ ン グ せ ん 断of試Ring
験 の shearing
せん断機構 test
was not able to be measured by canceling
displacement shortage so far.

Figure 3.3.18 Difference between Direct Shearing Test and Ring Shear Test (source:JET)

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Overconsolidation Overconsolidation
peak strength
過圧密ピーク強度 peak 過圧密ピーク強度
strength

Shear
stress σ' constant 正規圧密ピーク強度
Nomal consolidation
完全軟化強度
Fully softened strength
peak strength
Residual
残留強度 strengt

Residual
残 留 強strength
度
Nomal consolidation
正規圧密ピーク強度
peak strength c'
・
0 0 σ'
Displacement Effective pressure on shear plane
(a) (b)

Figure 3.3.19 Shearing Characteristic of Normally-Consolidated Clay and Overconsolidated

Clay12
e.3 Test equipment

Figure3.3.20 shows structural drawing of the ring shear apparatus (main body part), Figure
3.3.21shows rough sketch of the test specimen.

Jack-up of upper shear ring

Vertical pressure meter

Load cell for wall friction

measurement

Vertical pressure adjustment valve

Spherical coordinates joint

Vertical displacement sensor

Equilibrium pressure meter

Load cell for shearing torque

measurement
Equilibrium pressure regulator

Shearing box

Detector sensor of angle

Change gear Shear

Shearing manual operation surface
Control box

Vertical load beroff lamb cylinder

Figure 3.3.20 Structural Drawing of the Figure 3.3.21 Test Specimen Rough Sketch13
Ring Shear Apparatus (source:JET)

e.4 Test method

The process of the ring shear test (the grain diameter sample of 0.425mm or less) is shown in
Figure 3.3.22.

A vertical stress is changed to 300→250→200→150→100→50kPa after the residual

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strength was confirmed, and strength parameter (cr', φr’) of the residual strength was
determined.

Sampling Sampling of disturbed soil

The coarse-grained fraction is removed using 0.425mm bolter sieve after the
sample is dissolved in water.
Sample
The sample is dried to remove the water content so that remixing is possible
adjustment
using a constant temperature drying oven (60°).
Pre-consolidation is conducted for the 80 percent of the test load.
When a set time passes, consolidation is ended.

Preload 240kPa (7days)

Sample A disk shaped sample that completed pre- consolidation is set into the apparatus.
molding After setting, it hollows to the doughnut shape and is molded into this shape.

The test load is loaded and consolidation is commenced.

Consolidation is completed by 3t method.

Consolidation 300kPa

Shearing Sample is sheared 360° or more.

After the residual status is confirmed, unload the test load by 50kPa step-by-step.

Figure 3.3.22 Examination Process of Ring Shear Test (source: JET)

e.5 Test condition

Number of ring shear tests ･････Three samples (for each test specimen)
Size of test specimen ･････150mm in outside diameter, 100mm in inside
diameter, and 20mm in thickness
Shear velocity ･････0.02 mm/min
Amount of the final displacement ･････360° or more
Test load ･････300kPa [After confirming the residual
strength,300→250→200→150→100→50kPa]
Consolidation condition ･････Normal consolidation（OCR=1.0）
Drain condition ･････Consolidated-drained test (CD test)

e.6 Test outcome and observations

Data of test and diagram of stress path where strength parameter is decided are included in
the data sheet. Stress path diagram, which is determined the test data and strength parameters
are also included in the data sheet. Table 3.3.19 shows ring shear test.

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Table 3.3.19 Ring Shear Test Result (source:JET)

Residual shearing
Sample Residual cohesion
Location of sample resistance angle
name Cr’（kPa）
Φr’(°)

Chitrakoot S-1 18.7 11.8

Quatre Soeurs S-2 5.7 12.2

Vallee Pitot S-3 3.5 6.4

Residual shear resistance angle φr 'of Chitrakoot and Quatre Soeurs was 11.8°, and 12.2°.
φr 'of Vallee Pitot was 6.4°.

The type of soil of Vallee Pitot is clayey compared with Chitrakoot and Quatre Soeur, and
has the possibility of including clay minerals etc.

Residual cohesion Cr ' values have the possibility of being too high due to the test condition
and influence of friction with the apparatus.

In an actual landslide stability analysis, estimation error of the slip surface shape and
groundwater conditions and the influence of the resistance of the landslide periphery (edge
effect) etc., and various uncertain data can exist.
Therefore, it is preferable to adopt shear resistance angle φ' and to adopt c' according to back
calculation.

Apparently, it is proposed to add the effects of these uncertainties in to the backcalculated c '.

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3.3.3 Water Quality Analysis

The purpose of the water quality analysis is to identify the distribution of groundwater in the
survey area and to define the groundwater system (streaklines) as part of the landslide survey.

a. Survey Method

A total of 17 water quality analysis samples were collected from the following sites in two
districts (Chitrakoot and Quatre Soeurs) in the survey area. The samplings were carried out at
Chitrakoot on the end of March 2013 and at Quatre Soeurs. Table 3.3.20 shows the status of
sampling for water quality analysis.

Table 3.3.20 Status of Sampling for Water Quality Testing (source: JET)

Location of the water sample Water temperature Situation

(℃)
BH-C1 23 Borehole
BH-C3 25 Borehole
BH-C4 26 Borehole
BH-C5 27 Borehole
Chtrakoot

BBP(13) 24 Existing Borehole

BBP(6) 25 Existing Borehole
BBP(11) 24 Existing Borehole
P-C1 28 Surface Water (pond)
R-C1 24 Surface Water (stream)
R-C2 23 Surface Water (stream)
BH-Q1 29 Borehole
Quatre Soeurs

BH-Q2 27 Borehole
BH-2 27 Existing Borehole
BH-3 28 Existing Borehole
BH-4 29 Existing Borehole
BH-5 26 Existing Borehole
RQ-1 28 Surface Water (stream)

The borehole samples will be collected using a water trap (bailer) lowered into the borehole.
The existing water source (mountain runoff) samples will be collected using a plastic bucket.
The samples will be immediately transferred to polyethylene bottles and taken back to the
laboratory.

b. Water Quality Analysis

The water quality analysis items are the major dissolved components of ordinary groundwater
and surface water. Table 3.3.21 shows the analysis method for each item.

Table 3.3.21 Water Quality Test Method (source: JET)

Item Unit Method

Water Temperature - ℃ Thermometer
Total Hardness - mg/l Titration
Calcium Hardness mg/l Titration

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Magnesium Hardness mg/l Titration

Phenolphthalein alkalinity mg/l Titration
Methyl Orange Alkalinity mg/l Titration
Chloride ion Cl mg/l Titration/Ion chromatography
Sulfate ion SO4 mg/l Spectrophotometry/Ion chromatography
Silicic acid (Silica) SiO2 mg/l Spectrophotometry
Sodium Na mg/l Atomic absorption spectrophotometry
Potassium K mg/l Atomic absorption spectrophotometry

c. Groundwater Analysis Method by Water Quality Analysis

To ascertain the groundwater system (streaklines) by water quality analysis, the analysis
results for the major dissolved components will be arranged by graphic representation of the
analysis values. More precisely, the water types will be classified using the trilinear diagram
and then plotted on the geological cross-section and a hexadiagram created, and changes in
the water composition will be analyzed.

c.1 Hexadiagram

Taking the meq/L concentrations provided on each side of the vertical axis as the axis, the
cations will be plotted on the left side and anions on the right side, and the points will be
joined with straight lines to describe a hexagonal-shaped diagram (see Figure. 3.3.23). The
groundwater system categories and changes in water quality accompanying groundwater
motion will be analyzed according to the shape of the diagram. The broad shape on each side
of the hexadiagram shows a high concentration of the component while the narrower shape
represents a lower concentration. Thus the fact that there are many dissolved components in
the groundwater means that the groundwater has been flowing for a long time.

(meq/1)

Figure 3.3.23 Example of Hexadiagram (source: JET)

c.2 Results of analysis

The results of analysis by hexadiagram are as follows.

Chitrakoot

 The amounts of major dissolved components in the groundwater were low at all sites.
The component composition in the groundwater is about the same as that in surface
water. The water temperature in the groundwater was high more than 23 ºC at all sites.

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Quatre Soeurs

 The amounts of major dissolved components in the groundwater were low at these sites
except for BH-4. The component composition in the groundwater is about the same as
that in surface water. The water temperature in the groundwater was high more than 28
ºC at all sites. The water quality at BH-4 was high with sodium and chloride ions. It was
indicated that the groundwater was contaminated with the sea water.

From these results, it was considered that the groundwater associated with the landslide
action was the shallow groundwater and interlocked with rainfall.

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Figure 3.3.24 Hexadiagram in the Groundwater at Chitrakoot (source: JET)

Figure 3.3.25 Hexadiagram in the Groundwater at Quatre Soeurs (source: JET)

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3.4 Monitoring

3.4.1 Installation of Monitoring Devices

Landslide monitoring using various instruments is ongoing in order to monitor movements of

the landslides and surrounding environment such as groundwater and precipitation.

Main purposes of the monitoring works are;-

- To estimate the landslide properties such as size, depth, activity and cause.
- Early warning

The monitoring works are in the following areas.

Chitrakoot
Quatre Soeurs
Vallee Pitot

The instruments for the landslide monitoring are shown in the table below.

Table 3.4.1 Instruments for the Landslide Monitoring (source: JET)

Instrument Purpose Sensor Logger Manufacturer Location of

installation
Displacement of the (Installed in the Chitrakoot,
Extensometer Osashi
ground surface (distance SLG-100 sensor, 1 hour Quatre Soeurs,
Technos
between two points), interval) Vallee Pitot
Displacement of the (Manual
Laser distance DIST
ground surface (distance operation, once Leica Quatre Soeurs
meter D3aBT
between two points) a month)
Displacement of the
subsurface (lateral TC-32K Tokyo Sokki
Inclinometer KB-10HC Chitrakoot
displacement from the (once a month) Kenkyujo
deepest point)
Deformation of the earth TCR-25 Chitrakoot,
Strain gauge SKF-6070 Tokyo Denki
(distortion in the ground) (once a month) Quatre Soeurs
Fluctuation of the
Automatic groundwater level WLG-01 Osashi Chitrakoot,
DS-1
Piezomete (variation of water (1 hour interval) Technos Quatre Soeurs
pressure)
Groundwater level
(Manual
Water level (distance between the
Operation, once Quatre Soeurs
meter surface and the ground
a month)
water level)
Net LG-201E Osashi Chitrakoot,
Rain gauge Precipitation RS-2
(1 hour interval) Technos Quatre Soeurs

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Extensometer Laser distance meter (manual operation)

To Monitor expansion and contraction of a wire To monitor a fixed point and a target (structure such as
house wall)
Inclinometer, Strain Gauges Piezometer

To monitor deformation of vertical pipes installed in the To monitor the water pressure in a borehole
ground

Figure 3.4.1 Basic Landslide Monitoring Techniques (source: JET)

Boreholes Piezometer BH-C1 Extensometer E-C1

Inclinometer BH-C2 Extensometer E-1
Piezometer BH-C3 Extensometer E-2
Strain Gauges BH-C4 Extensometer E-5
Strain Gauges BH-C5 total 4
Inclinometer BH-C6 Rain Gauge R-C1
total 6 total 1

Figure 3.4.2 Plan of Instrument Installation – Chitrakoot (source: JET)

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Boreholes Strain Gauges BH-Q1 Extensometer (laser) E-Q1

Strain Gauges BH-Q2 Extensometer (laser) E-Q2
Piezometer BH-5 (existing) Total 2
Groundwater level BH-2 (existing) Rain Gauge R-Q1
Groundwater level BH-3 (existing) Total 1
Groundwater level BH-4 (existing)
total 6
- One rain gauge is installed out of the map
Figure 3.4.3 Plan of Instrument Installation – Quatre Soeurs (source: JET)

Extensometer E-V1
Extensometer E-V2
Total 2

Figure 3.4.4 Plan of Instrument Installation – Vallee Pitot (source: JET)

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3.4.2 Monitoring Results

a. Chitrakoot

a.1 Rain gauge

A rain gauge is installed at south west of the landslide area in Chitrakoot.

During the monitoring period (26th February 2013 to 4th March 2015), much precipitation was
recorded in rainy season (November to April). 450.0mm/month as the maximum monthly
rainfall in the monitoring period was recorded in December 2014, and the minimum monthly
rainfall in the monitoring period was 8.5mm/month recorded in September 2013. There were
ten days when daily precipitation exceeded 50mm in the monitoring period.

There were three days when daily precipitation exceeded 100mm/day in the monitoring
period, 30th March 2013, 21st March 2014 and 16th December 2014. On 16th December 2014,
133.0mm of rainfall within six hours and 77mm of maximum hourly precipitation were
recorded. On 21st March 2014, 132.0mm/day and 50.0mm/hour were recorded.

The daily precipitation on 20th March 2013 was 106.5mm, and total precipitation of 30th and
31st March was 152.5mm. The maximum hourly precipitation in 30th to 31st was 25.5mm.

Total yearly precipitation of 2014 was 1881.5mm.

Figure 3.4.5 Result of Rain Gauge (source: JET)

Table 3.4.2 Monthly and Maximum Daily Precipitation and Maximum Hourly Precipitation
(source: JET)
2013
Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Monthly
- - 244.5 115.0 35.0 47.5 23.5 65.5 8.5 97.0 233.5 41.0
precipitation

Maximum daily
- - 106.5 40.5 12.0 15.0 8.5 21.5 4.0 76.0 59.0 18.5
precipitation

Maximum hourly
- - 26.0 4.5 4.0 7.5 3.0 8.5 1.0 21.0 25.0 9.5
precipitation

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2014
Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Monthly
422.5 115.0 234.5 175.5 95.0 26.0 69.0 102.0 57.0 46.5 88.5 450.0
precipitation

Maximum daily
83.0 26.5 132.0 74.5 38.0 7.0 17.5 22.0 23.0 23.0 46.0 133.0
precipitation

Maximum hourly
29.0 8.5 50.0 25.0 8.5 3.5 14.0 10.0 3.5 8.0 26.0 77.0
precipitation

2015
Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Monthly
367.0 116.0 - - - - - - - - - -
precipitation

Maximum daily
56.5 28.5 - - - - - - - - - -
precipitation

Maximum hourly
30.0 7.0 - - - - - - - - - -
precipitation

a.2 Extensometer

E(1) is installed at the foot of Chitrakoot landslide area. Compression displacement has
continued. This may represent a shallow slide at the location.

Since no deformation on the ground and the house around the location can be found but only
small deformation can be seen at the base of the protection cage, the extensometer shows
surface creep.

E(2) is installed at the foot of Chitrakoot landslide area. The result shows small compression
and small tension alternately.

Since no deformation on the ground can be found and the ground is almost level below the
location of the extensometer, the extensometer does not show big landslide. The complicated
movement may show two shallow ground movements which move separately as shown
Figure 3.4.7. “A” may always move continuously and “B” may move with heavy rain.

E(5) is installed near Chitrakoot Government School in the head of the Chitrakoot landslide
area. The result shows small displacement with heavy rain in February, March and April.
After May, the displacement was slow. In January 2015, over 100mm of compression
deformation was recorded. This was caused by human work during the data collection, not by
landslide activities. In January 2015, about 20mm of tension deformation was recorded.

EC-1 is installed in the premises of Chitrakoot Government School. It shows 3mm tension
displacement immediately after installation in February, however no deformation can be seen
after March. In January 2015, about 15mm of tension are recorded.

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Figure 3.4.6 Results of Extensometer (source: JET)

a.3 Inclinometer

BH-C2 is installed at the head of Chitrakoot landslide area. Some deviation can be seen
below 13m on the inclinometer graph below. This may be caused by axial compressive stress.
This axial compressive stress may show vertical stress in the ground. This phenomenon is
often seen at the head of landslide where the vertical stress is distinguished as shown in
Figure 3.4.9. The graph variations (showing slope angle changes) may be large at the depths
where grouting (sand fill) is not perfect. The slip surface of the landslide at BH-C2 may be at
about 15m.

BH-C6 is installed near Chitrakoot Government School. The monitoring could be done only 2
times (January and February 2014), since the bend of the pipe at the depth of 6 m is in excess
of permissive range for the sensor to pass through. This shows that the landslide with a 7m
deep slip surface is very active.

BH-C2 BH-C6

Figure 3.4.7 Results of Inclinometer (source: JET)

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Figure 3.4.8 Vertical Stress at Head of Landslide (source: JET)

a.4 Strain gauges

BH-C4 is installed at left of center of Chitrakoot landslide area. Small deformations can be
seen at 13m, 21m and above 6m deep. These small deformations may not be caused by
landslide movement. It must be continued to be watched carefully.

BH-C5 is installed at the foot of Chitrakoot landslide area. There is nothing worthy of special
mention in this monitoring.

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Figure 3.4.9 Results of Strain Gauges (source: JET)

a.5 Piezometer

Piezometers were installed at BH-C1 and BH-C3. Piezometer at BH-C3 which is the center
of Chitrakoot landslide area was shifted to BPP(11) since over 40 m deep of groundwater
level at BH-C3 cannot affect a landslide in Chitrakoot.

BH-C1 is located at the head of Chitrakoot landslide. The groundwater level at BH-C1shows
a clear tendency to rise in December or January and to drop in June. This seasonal variation
in the groundwater level is 2 month behind the rainy season which is around from November
to April. This may be because of slow movement of the groundwater in low permeable
ground in the area.

The data lost from August to November in 2013 is due to malfunction of the piezometer
controller.

BH-(11) is located near Chitrakoot Government School. The groundwater level data were not
obtained from the middle of February 2013 to February 2014 because of malfunction of the
piezometer sensor which was soaked in the high level groundwater. In February 2013, the
groundwater level at BH-(11) rose above the ground surface. After resumption of the
monitoring in February 2014, the groundwater level was almost the same level as the ground
surface until June 2014. The groundwater level was dropping gradually after June 2014 until
November 2014. The groundwater at BH-(11) would have been under enough pressure to
force it to the surface in rainy season, since the groundwater was seen gushing out from the

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mouth of the observation hole. The artesian pressure of the groundwater was not able to be
confirmed by the piezometer since the water flows out from the mouth of the observation
pipe. The groundwater level was probably higher than the ground surface between February
to June 2014.

Similarly, there are some other boreholes of which the groundwater level is very high in rainy
season in Chitrakoot landslide area.

The groundwater level at BH-C3 was confirmed at about 40m deep in November 2012.

Figure 3.4.10 Results of Piezometer (source: JET)

b. Quatre Soeurs

b.1 Rain gauges

A rain gauge is installed at about 0.5km to the south of Quatre Soeurs landslide.

During the monitoring period (2nd April 2013 to 4th March 2015), much precipitation was
recorded in rainy season (November to April). A maximum monthly rainfall of
392.0mm/month in the monitoring period was recorded in January 2015, and the minimum
monthly rainfall in the monitoring period was 13.5mm/month recorded in May 2013.

There were seven days when the daily precipitation exceeded 50mm/day in the monitoring
period. Daily precipitation exceeding 100mm/day was recorded on only 17th December 2014.

118.5mm of daily precipitation and 58.0mm of hourly precipitation were recorded on 17th
December 2014.

98.0mm of daily precipitation was recorded on 21st March 2014, and total continuous
precipitation was 117.5mm including the precipitation on 22nd March. It was high intensity
rainfall recoding 39.0mm of hourly precipitation.

94.5mm of daily precipitation were recorded on 14th November 2013. It is second heaviest
precipitation in the monitoring period. The rainfall was started on 13th November, and total
continuous precipitation was 121.5mm. However it was not so high intensity rainfall recoding
an hourly precipitation of 19.0mm.

Total yearly precipitation in 2014 was 1541.0mm.

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Figure 3.4.11 Result of Rain Gauge (source: JET)

Table 3.4.3 Monthly Precipitation, The Maximum Daily Precipitation and The Maximum
Hourly Precipitation (source: JET)
2013
Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Monthly
- - - 111.0 13.0 38.0 47.5 67.0 25.0 81.5 210.0 92.0
precipitation

Maximum daily
- - - 26.0 3.5 10.0 15.5 21.0 10.0 48.5 94.5 53.5
precipitation

Maximum hourly
- - - 7.5 1.5 5.5 6.0 6.0 6.5 12.0 19.0 23.0
precipitation

2014
Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Monthly
304.0 118.0 275.0 116.5 72.0 35.0 54.0 43.0 40.0 98.5 42.5 342.5
precipitation

Maximum daily
72.5 21.5 98.0 30.0 17.0 11.0 8.0 8.5 12.0 50.5 16.0 118.5
precipitation

Maximum hourly
18.0 4.5 39.0 8.0 9.0 5.0 4.5 4.5 5.0 37.0 10.0 58.0
precipitation

2015
Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Monthly
392.0 116.0 - - - - - - - - - -
precipitation

Maximum daily
65.0 28.5 - - - - - - - - - -
precipitation

Maximum hourly
12.0 7.0 - - - - - - - - - -
precipitation

b.2 Extensometer (laser distance meter)

This extensometer monitoring is manual monitoring measuring distance between two points
by a laser distance meter. It was expected that E-Q1 located on the head of the landslide
block could be tension and E-Q2 located on the toe of the landslide block could be

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compression.

Both E-Q1 and E-Q2 of which variations were within 10mm do not show remarkable
movement. E-Q1 shows tendency of tension in winter and compression in summer. E-Q2
shows similar tendencies but behind E-Q1. These tendencies may be due to deformation of
the ground or structures by the variation in temperature.

Figure 3.4.12 Result of Laser Distance Meter (source: JET)

b.3 Strain gauges

BH-Q1 is installed in upper landslide block (Block B). There is nothing worthy of special
mention on this monitoring.

BH-Q2 is installed in upper landslide block (Block A). Small deformation can be seen at 2m,
7m and 11m deep. These deformations are not big enough to be determined to be due to
landslide activities.

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Figure 3.4.13 Results of Strain Gauges (source: JET)

b.4 Piezometers

Piezometer at BH-Q2 which is the center of Block A was shifted to BH5 since the
groundwater level is almost equal to the sea level following the tide level and over 13 m deep
of the groundwater level at BH-Q2 cannot affect the landslide.

8m deep BH5 which was drilled before the project is located beside BH-Q2 (3m away from
BH-Q2). The groundwater level follows the amount of the precipitation. In a day with much
precipitation, the groundwater level rises to 0.5m below the ground surface. The base level of
the groundwater was around 3.5m deep in rainy season, around 4.0m deep in non-rainy
season. The groundwater level recorded by the piezometer at BH-Q2 must be shallow
groundwater flowing in shallow permeable layer.

Figure 3.4.14 Groundwater at BH-Q2 (source: JET)

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Figure 3.4.15 Results of Piezometer (source: JET)

b.5 Groundwater monitoring (manual operation)

The groundwater has been monitored once a month with manually operated water level
meters at 6 boreholes including two boreholes of strain gauges, BH-Q1 and BH-Q2.

The results are shown in Figure 3.4.16. Some data are missing because the water levels in the
boreholes were lower than the borehole bottoms. The groundwater levels are stable at all
boreholes except BH-Q1 and BH-3. The water in the boreholes except BH-Q1 and BH3 may
be isolated from the groundwater because strainers in the boreholes might be choked with soil.
The water level in the borehole of BH-Q1 which may follows actual groundwater level, rose
to about 1m deep in February 2013 from 14m deep in dry season.

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Figure 3.4.16 Water Level in The Boreholes (source: JET)

c. Vallee Pitot

Two wire extensometers are installed at the head of the landslide area (EV1) and at the toe of
the landslide area(EV-2).

EV1 which is installed at the head of the landslide area shows 55 mm of tension movement
immediately after the installation. After that, some small tension movements are seen with
over 10mm continuous precipitation. After January 2014, the variation in displacement
became small within 10mm. The large displacement in December 2013 was because an
operator who touched the wire of the extensometer. In January 2015, 60mm of big tension
deformation was recorded. This deformation showed the landslide activities which affected
on the surrounding houses.

EV2 which is installed at the toe of the landslide area shows compression movement
immediately after the installation. However, it changes to tension movement in May and the
tension movement continues all the time until September. The tension movement may be
caused by partial deformation of the canal which EV2 straddles as shown in Figure 3.4.19.
Even a big deformation was recorded at EV1 in January 2015, EV2 did not record big
deformation.

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Figure 3.4.17 Location of Extensometers (source: JET)

(rain gauge R-C1 is in Chitrakoot)

Figure 3.4.18 Results of Extensometer (source: JET)

Figure 3.4.19 Tension Movement at EV2 (source: JET)

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3.5 Geophysical Exploration

3.5.1 Elastic Wave Exploration

a. Purpose of Investigation
Elastic wave exploration is generally referred to as seismic exploration. Through generation
of elastic wave into the ground and measurement of the propagation velocity at the surface, it
helps understand properties of geological layers close to the surface. In the landslide
investigation, this method is used to estimate the locations of weathered rock layer and the
weathering degree, and to obtain the information about strata sequence and the distribution of
fault and fracture zone. The exploration results can also be used as the fundamental
information for groundwater draining work design. Generally, the measuring lines for elastic
wave exploration are set parallel to the motion direction of the landslide, and the dip direction
of the strata. The length of the measuring line should be longer than 6-7 times of the
exploration depth, and be controlled in 15 times of the designed exploration depth.

b. Quantity and Specifications

Table 3.5.1 shows the specifications of the seismic exploration method and Table 3.5.2
outlines the technical requirements for the survey.

Because the survey area was a residential area, the stacking method by means of hammering
was adopted as a survey method. The vibration-receiving point and vibration source point
interval were based on the generic value.

The traverse lines in the longitudinal direction of the landslide were designated A-line and
those in the transverse direction were designated as B-line and C-line. Due to obstacles and
private land along the traverse line, A-line and B-line were subdivided and set. It was
possible to set C-line on an almost straight line.

Table 3.5.1 Specifications of the Seismic Exploration (source: JET)

Seismic exploration according to seismic

Survey method
refraction method (P wave)
Specification Stacking method
Shaking method Hammering
Vibration-receiving point interval 5m
Vibration source point interval About 30 m

Table 3.5.2 Extent & Specifications of the Seismic Exploration (source: JET)

Traverse Traverse line

Description Methodology
line length (m)
8 consecutive seismic lines of 115m each (lines A1-1 to A1-8)
A1-line 920
The seismic profile crosses next to boreholes BH C1&BH C4
2 overlapping seismic lines of 115m each (lines A2-1 & A2-2)
A2-line 230
The seismic profile crosses next to borehole BH C5
B1-line 2 consecutive seismic lines of 115m each (lines B1-1 & B1-2) 230
B2A-line 2 overlapping seismic lines of 115m each (lines B2A-1 & B2A-2) 230
B2B-line 1 seismic line of 115m (line B2B) 115
C-line 2 consecutive seismic lines of 115m each (lines C-1 & C-2) 230
Total 1,955

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GEOPHYICAL INVESTIGATION AT CHITRAKOOT

LOCATION OF SEISMIC SURVEY LINES

B1

A1
A2
B2A
C

B2B

－ SEISMIC SURVEY LINE

○ Geophone

Figure 3.5.1 Location of Seismic Survey Lines at Chitrakoot (source: JET)

c. Exploration Method

c.1 Principles
In general, the elastic wave velocity is closely associated with geotechnical conditions such as the
following factors:

 generation age
 components
 degree of alteration
 cracks
 moisture content

Its velocity value is high in the well-consolidated base rock, however, even though the degree
of consolidation is the same, the more cracks and alterations in the base rock, the slower the
elastic wave velocity gets.

Based on the principle of the seismic refraction method, a method of elastic wave exploration,
observations were made above the ground of how primary wave (P wave) and secondary
wave (S wave) of “elastic undulation” travels through the geological stratum either directly or
refracted at different boundaries. By understanding the behavior of the waves, it allows us to
determine the subsurface structures. Here, elastic undulation or earthquake motions are
generated artificially through hammering, crushing powder, etc.

Figure 3.2.1 shows an example of a seismic waveform observed with 24 geophones. The
focus of the earthquake was at 28.7m on the traverse line, and geophones are set at 2.5m

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intervals. The traverse line length is 57.5m.

Figure 3.5.3 is a conceptual diagram of both the seismic wave travel time of each geophone
and the seismic wave path passing through the surface layer. The seismic wave arrives earlier
in the geophone closer to the focus, and the difference in travel time of the seismic wave
depending upon the stratum can be seen.

Figure 3.5.2 The Seismic Wave Figure 3.5.3 Travel Time Curves and Seismic
Paths

(source:JET)
c.2 Equipment and analysis software specifications

The equipment and analysis software to be used in the seismic exploration are listed below.

Table 3.5.3 List of Equipment to be Used (source: JET)

Name Type Specifications Quantity Maker

DAQ INK High-resolution 24-Bit Seismic Source
Digital recorder 1unit
System ∆-Σ A/D Converter Company, USA
Integrated GPS receiver Seismic Source
Geophone GSR 24 Pieces
2.4GHz Wireless communication Company, USA
Analysis software Measurement facility for reflection method DAQ VScope-PC

Other Big hammer

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Figure 3.5.4 DAQ LINK ⅡSystem and Measured Image14

c.3 Observation procedure

Observation procedure is as follows:

Choose position and bearing of traverse line on which exploration is carried

Selecting the
traverse line out based on the results of reconnaissance on landslide area

Install the geophones on each survey point while wiring the “takeout cable”
from the end of traverse line to connect them with “takeout cable”.
Spread work (install
the geophones) Install 6 to 7 shot points for each traverse line at predefined points. In the
case of hammering, produce vibration by hitting the iron plate placed on the
ground with a hammer and the time will be transmitted to the body of
Installing the shot recorder from the hammer switch attached to the hammer.
points
Adjust the noise with amplifier so as to minimize the noise due to the traffic
vibration, wind and the like by means of elastic wave survey instrument.
Instructions will be given from the measurement headquarter on a timely
Measuring
basis to produce vibration in each shot point to record its vibration-receiving
waveform.

Repeat these tasks (Spread→Producing vibration→Measurement) in sequence as described

above to complete the measurement of one spread. Perform the same series of tasks on other
traverse lines as well to complete the measuring of all traverse lines.

Extension cable
shot mark

Digital data
Junction line

Hammer switch
recorder

Hammering
Takeout cable
Iron plate

Geophone

Figure 3.5.5 Observation Procedure and Diagram of Observation (source: JET)

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d. Analysis Method
Analysis is conducted with a method using travel-time curve. Arrival time (travel-time) of
initial motion of the elastic wave from shot point to each vibration-receiving point (sample
rate / sampling interval 500 μs) is read from measurement records in units of 1/1000 seconds
to create the travel-time curve.

Shape of travel-time curve reflects the velocity structures, equivalent of velocity distributions
of the underground. Gradient of travel-time curve represents the amplitude of apparent elastic
wave velocity (the smaller the gradient of curve is, the bigger the velocity value is). The
range of same layers that appear on the travel-time velocity varies corresponding to the layer
thickness of said velocity layer. This change in the travel-time curve allows the velocity
structure to be estimated by means of analysis.

Major analysis methods of travel-time curve include two methods: Hagiwara’s peel off
method (Peel off method) most-commonly used in a conventional civil engineering
geological survey and a tomographic analysis method (hereinafter referred to as
“tomographic method”) developed in recent years. While the peel off method reflects layered
subsurface structures well, the tomographic method is suitable for block-like structures
(matrix structure) and structures where the velocity varies gradually and the like. Table 3.5.4
shows major differences and characteristics of two analysis methods.

Our analysis used “Hagiwara’s peel off method” to seek the velocity structure.

Table 3.5.4 Comparison between Peel Off and Tomographic Methods (source: JET)

Peel 0ff Method

Item Tomographic Method
(Hagiwara’s Method)
Class of elastic Direct wave + Refracted wave +
Direct wave + Refracted wave
wave Transparent wave
Assuming that the greater the Essentially, same as the “peel off
Constraints of

depth is, the bigger the velocity method”. Stereological measurement

structure
velocity

Structure
value becomes. enables the detection of
velocity-inversion layer as well.
Velocity
Same velocity in one layer Same velocity in one lattice
value
Elastic wave propagates at the Elastic wave propagates while
How the elastic
velocity of lower layer along layer transmitting in each lattice at the unique
wave propagates
boundary (critical refracted wave) velocity in each lattice.
Effects attributable Great
to the terrain and Apparent high velocity at convex
irregularity at portion Small
velocity boundary Apparent low velocity at concave
surface portion
• Suitable for block-like and pulse-like
• Suitable for layer structures structures including eruptive rock and
including sedimentary layers. faults in addition to hard-and-soft
Features • Suitable for the zoning (large alternate layers.
classification) of weathered • Since it is easy to capture slight
zones. changes in velocity, detailed
interpretation is available.

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e. Results of Exploration

e.1 Interpretation

The velocity is read from the data obtained in the measurements, and a travel-time curve is
created and analyzed with the peel off method. An elastic wave velocity structure diagram is
then created. When the travel-time curve is being made, care must be taken that there is
parallelism of the travel-time curve as well as congruity between 2-way velocities and
between intercept times. With the peel off method, the elastic wave velocity and velocity
boundaries are found based on the travel-time curve.

Below is a typical example (A1-1 Line) of a travel-time curve and velocity structure diagram
created according to seismic exploration.

Figure 3.5.6 Travel-time Curve of A1-1 Line (source: JET)

Figure 3.5.7 Analytical Diagram of Velocity Profile of A1-1 Line (source: JET)

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e.2 Conclusion

Table 3.5.5 shows the elastic wave velocity obtained from the seismic exploration and its
relation to presumed stratum and thickness. In addition, the velocity structure diagrams for
each traverse line are shown in Figure 3.5.8～Figure 3.5.13.

The velocity structure is generally categorized into 2～3 strata, and the surface stratum is
presumed to be colluvium with an elastic wave velocity of less than about 500m/s. The
stratum thickness is less than about 20m and distributed uniformly throughout the entire
survey area.

The elastic wave velocity of the base rock shows a value of 1700m/s～3900m/s, more than
three times the surface stratum velocity. The variation in velocity in hard base rock composed
of basalt is attributed to the prevalence of fractures and cracks inherent in basalt.

The state and hardness of the core of the colluvium and basalt clearly differ, resulting in a
difference between the elastic wave velocities for the two.

Table 3.5.5 Summary Table of the Various Strata Identified (source: JET)

Traverse Thickness Seismic velocity

line (m) (m/s)
-Gravelly silty clay/ colluvium &
310 to 790
Highly to completely weathered basalt/ agglomerate: 3 to 15m
A1-line
-Moderately to slightly weathered basalt/ agglomerate: from
1742 to 2343
12m deep
-Gravelly silty clay/ colluvium:0 to 7m 346 to 463
A2-line -Highly to moderate weathered basalt/ agglomerate: 4 to 12m 878 to 1320
-Slightly weathered basalt/ agglomerate: 7 to 10m 3722 to 3843
-Gravelly silty clay/ colluvium &
442 to 484
B1-line Highly to completely weathered basalt/ agglomerate: 5 to 15m
-Slightly weathered basalt/ agglomerate: from 15m deep 2283 to 2285
-Gravelly silty clay/ colluvium: 5 to 8m 389 to 393
B2A-line -Highly to moderate weathered basalt/ agglomerate: 7 to 20m 1033 to 1201
-Slightly weathered basalt/ agglomerate: from 20m deep, 2568 to 3630
-Gravelly silty clay/ colluvium &
472
Highly to completely weathered basalt/ agglomerate: 9 to 19m
B2B-line
-Moderately to slightly weathered basalt/ agglomerate: from
1998
15m deep
-Gravelly silty clay/ colluvium &
443 to 492
Highly to completely weathered basalt/ agglomerate: 4 to 15m
C-line
-Moderately to slightly weathered basalt/ agglomerate: 10 to
2154 to 2174
15m

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Figure 3.5.8 Seismic Velocity Section (A1-line) (source: JET)

Figure 3.5.9 Seismic Velocity Section (A2-line) (source: JET)

Figure 3.5.10 Seismic Velocity Section (B1-line) (source: JET)

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Figure 3.5.11 Seismic Velocity Section (B2A-line) (source: JET)

Figure 3.5.12 Seismic Velocity Section (B2B-line) (source: JET)

Figure 3.5.13 Seismic Velocity Section (C-line) (source: JET)

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3.5.2 Two-Dimensional Resistivity Exploration

a. Purpose of Investigation
In an electrical resistivity, direct current is applied to the ground. Resistivity exploration is to
measure generated electrical potential and to estimate the resistivity distribution under the
ground. Because the electrical behavior varies by rock composition, type and geological
condition, groundwater properties and geological structures can be estimated through the
measurement of the electrical resistivity under the ground.

During landslide investigation, based on the two dimensional distribution of the electrical
resistivity, the weathered layer, bedrock, permeable layers and their continuity, existing
situation of the faults and their continuity under the landslide slope can be estimated. The
results can be used as fundamental information for the design of groundwater drainage.

In the two dimensional resistivity exploration, high density electrical potential is measured
by placing electrodes at 5m intervals. Then through inverse analysis on a computer using the
obtained electrical potential data, resistivity distribution is determined.

b. Quantity and Specifications

Figure 3.5.6 outlines the technical requirements for the survey.

The commonly used pole-pole array was adopted as the exploration method. Setting of the
traverse lines is basically the same as for the seismic exploration, however the length of the
fully extended traverse lines is slightly shorter than that for the seismic exploration.

Table 3.5.6 Specifications of Two-dimensional Resistivity Exploration (source: JET)

Survey method Technical requirements for the survey

Electrode interval 5m
Maximum depth measured 40m

Table 3.5.7 Extent & Specifications of the Resistivity Exploration (source: JET)

Traverse Traverse line

Description Methodology
line length (m)
Strings of 72 electrodes, spaged5m+6roll-along of 18 electrodes.
A1-line Sequence of measurement of 3,598 quadripoles 900
Typical depth of investigation: 40m
Strings of 36 electrodes, spaced 5m
A2-line Sequence of measurement of 306 quadripoles 175
Typical depth of investigation: 30m
Strings of 60 electrodes, spaced 5m
B1-line Sequence of measurement of 8,528 quadripoles 295
Typical depth of investigation: 40m
Strings of 36 electrodes, spaced 5m
B2A-line Sequence of measurement of 306 quadripoles 175
Typical depth of investigation: 35m
Strings of 30 electrodes, spaced 5m
B2B-line Sequence of measure of 207 quadripoles 145
Typical depth of investigation: 30m
Strings of 48 electrodes, spaced 5m
C-line Sequence of measurement of 562 quadripoles 235
Typical depth of investigation: 40m
Total 1,925

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GEOPHYICAL INVESTIGATION AT CHITRAKOOT

LOCATION OF RESISTIVITY SURVEY LINES

B1

A1
A2
B2A
C

B2B

－ SEISMIC SURVEY LINE

○ Electrode

Figure 3.5.14 Location of Resistivity Survey Lines in Chitrakoot (source: JET)

c. Exploration Method

c.1 Principles
In general, the ground resistivity shows the following trends.

 The resistivity value of pelitic rocks is small while the value of coarse-grained
aggregates of minerals such as granite is large.
 The resistivity value of weathered and altered rocks is smaller than that of unweathered
rocks with the same geological properties.
 The resistivity value decreases as water content increases.
 The resistivity value of fault and crush zone or altered area is smaller than that of their
peripheries.
 The resistivity value of gravel layer is larger than that of clay layer.

Although these trends are commonly observed, the ground resistivity generally depends on
many factors such as content of conductive minerals (including clay mineral), porosity, water
content and saturation, water quality of pore water (resistivity), and temperature. Furthermore,
the resistivity simply indicates lithofacies changes in the same geological layer/rock, degree
of weathering/hydrothermal alteration, and water content status in many cases in addition to
differences in geological layers and rocks.

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c.2 Equipment and analysis software used

The equipment and analysis software used in two-dimensional resistivity exploration is listed
below.

・ SYSCAL R1 PLUS Switch-72

・ RES2DINV or RESIX-2DI(PC) for pseudo-section inversion to true resistivity (and
IP) 2D section
・ Pole bolt（Stainless-round bar）
・ Electrode cable, battery

Figure 3.5.15 Measuring Equipment (SYSCAL R1 PLUS Switch-72) and Pole Bolt15

c.3 Measurement method

The method is manual measurement by 2-pole method. Figure 3.5.16 shows a circuit where
current I is passed through current electrodes C and C∞ to measure the voltage difference V
between P and P∞. The apparent resistivity  can be obtained from the following equation
using the potential theory of semi-infinite medium.

 = 2a  V / I (m)
I V

C C∞ P P∞
a

Figure 3.5.16 Electrode Arrays for 2-Pole Method (source: JET)

As shown in Figure 3.5.17, the apparent resistivity is measured with an earth resistivity meter
from electrodes installed at predetermined intervals of measurement points through
non-inductive cables and an electrode scanner.

However, we will manually measure by moving and applying a pair of electrodes C1 and P1
along the survey lines instead of using an electrode scanner.

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PC

C∞ P∞ Electrode scanner
Earth resistivity
meter

C1 P1

Figure 3.5.17 High-Density Electrical Resistivity Exploration Measuring Method (source: JET)

d. Analysis Method
An inverse analysis (inversion) is made using the nonlinear least-squares method to draw a
colored sectional view of ground resistivity based on the dataset of measure potential.

Figure 3.5.18 shows a resistivity inversion analysis flow. Procedures for analysis and
calculation are as follows.

1) Create an initial model of resistivity distribution using the measured data.

2) Obtain a logical potential based on the resistivity distribution using the finite element
method.
3) Calculate the difference (residual) between the measured potential and the logical
potential.
4) Calculate the logical potential while modifying the initial model so that the residual
becomes minimal.
5) Repeat steps 2) to 4) until the residual converges to gain a final resistivity model.

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Measured data Surveyed data

Edit data Create mesh using finite element method

(1) Create initial model

(2) Calculate logical potential

(3) Calculate residual between (Repeated calculation)

measured value and
logical value

(4)
Residual has Modify model
converged?
No
(Nonlinear least-squares method)
Yes

(5) Gain final resistivity model

Plot sectional
view

Figure 3.5.18 Resistivity Inversion Analysis Flow (source: JET)

e. Results of Exploration
e.1 Interpretation

Using the potential decay curve and others, abnormal data is extracted and excluded from the
data obtained from measurements. Dividing the ground into the elements of small domains, a
resistivity model is then created. Analysis utilizes the nonlinear least squares method, and the
resistivity value of each block is decided upon through inverse analysis that sequentially
modifies the resistivity of each block.

Below is an example of analysis model classification (A1-1 Line) by two-dimensional

resistivity exploration.

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Figure 3.5.19 Resistivity Sequence of A1-1 Line (source: JET)

e.2 Conclusion

The resistivity values obtained from the two-dimensional resistivity exploration and their
relation to the estimated strata and stratum thickness is shown in Table 3.5.8. The resistivity
cross sections for each of the traverse lines are shown in Figure 3.5.20～Figure 3.5.24.

The resistivity distribution is generally divided over 2～3 strata, and the surface layer is
estimated to be colluvium of less than about 50ohm.m. The stratum thickness is less than
about 20m and distributed uniformly over the entire survey area. Also, a fall in resistivity is
observed in 3 places on the A1-line, indicating a weathered zone or groundwater flow.

Compared to the resistivity of the surface layer, that of the base rock was high at a value of
50～1000ohm.m or more than 1000ohm.m. The hard rock base is made up of basalt, and the
basalt is presumed to have an effect on the resistivity value.

As with the seismic exploration results, there was a clear difference between colluvium and
basalt in the results. The fall in resistivity observed on the A1-line should also be verified
from observation data such as groundwater levels.

Table 3.5.8 Summary Table of the Various Strata Identified (source: JET)

Traverse Thickness Resistivity

line (m) (ohm.m)
-Gravelly silty clay/ colluvium &
0 to 50
Highly to completely weathered basalt/ agglomerate: 3 to 15m
A1-line
-Moderately to slightly weathered basalt/ agglomerate: from 12m
50 to 1000
deep, encountered on a depth of 35m
-Gravelly silty clay/ colluvium:0 to 7m with pockets at 15m at the end 0 to 10
of the survey line
A2-line -Highly to moderate weathered basalt/ agglomerate: 4 to 12m 10 to 150
-Slightly weathered basalt/ agglomerate: 7 to 10m 150 to 1000
-Fractured basalt: from 22m deep, encountered on a depth of 15m >1000
-Gravelly silty clay/ colluvium &
B1-line 0 to 50
Highly to completely weathered basalt/ agglomerate: 5 to 15m

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-Slightly weathered basalt/ agglomerate: from 15m deep,

150 to 1000
encountered on a depth of 15m
-Gravelly silty clay/ colluvium: 5 to 8m 0 to 10
-Highly to moderate weathered basalt/ agglomerate: 7 to 20m 10 to 50
B2A-line
-Slightly weathered basalt/ agglomerate: from 20m deep,
150 to 1000
encountered on a depth of 17m
-Gravelly silty clay/ colluvium &
0 to 50
Highly to completely weathered basalt/ agglomerate: 9 to 19m
B2B-line
-Moderately to slightly weathered basalt/ agglomerate: from 15m
50 to 1000
deep, encountered on a depth of 15m
-Gravelly silty clay/ colluvium &
0 to 50
Highly to completely weathered basalt/ agglomerate: 4 to 15m
C-line -Moderately to slightly weathered basalt/ agglomerate: 10 to 15m 50 to 1000
-Fractured basalt: from 27m deep, encountered on a depth of 15m to
>1000
20m

Figure 3.5.20 Resistivity Pseudosection (A1-line) according to Inverse Analysis (source: JET)

Figure 3.5.21 Resistivity Pseudosection (A2-line) according to Inverse Analysis (source: JET)

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Figure 3.5.22 Resistivity Pseudosection (B1-line) according to Inverse Analysis (source: JET)

Figure 3.5.23 Resistivity Pseudosection (B2A-line) according to Inverse Analysis (source:

JET)

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Figure 3.5.24 Resistivity Pseudosection (B2B-line) according to Inverse Analysis(source:JET)

Figure 3.5.25 Resistivity Pseudosection (C-line) according to Inverse Analysis (source: JET)

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3.6 Drilling Survey

3.6.1 Drilling Plan

A drilling survey is conducted by extracting direct core from the ground in order to ascertain
the slip plane surface, geological features, and geological structure. For this project all core
sampling was conducted with a core diameter of 76～101mm.

a. Field Drilling Schedule

The drilling process in Chitrakoot and Quatre Soeurs is explained below.

a.1 Chitrakoot

The drilling of boreholes BH-C3～BH-C6 commenced at the end of October and was
completed in mid-November. Because it took time to verify the landowners, drilling on
boreholes BH-C1 and BH-C2 commenced in the beginning of December and was completed
in mid-December. The drilling process ended up finishing 2.5 months behind schedule.

The duration of each drilling survey was less than one week.

Table 3.6.1 Field Drilling Schedule (Chitrakoot) (source: JET)

Depth October November December

Borehole Installation
(m) 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30
BH-C1 48.86 12 15 Piezometer
BH-C2 50.0 4 9 Inclinometer
BH-C3 50.0 5 8 -
BH-C4 30.0 30 1 Pipe strain gauge
BH-C5 30.0 23 26 Pipe strain gauge
BH-C6 50.0 12 16 Inclinometer

a.2 Quatre Soeurs

Work commenced in the beginning of October 2012 and was completed mid-October.
Drilling took 4 days.

Table 3.6.2 Field Drilling Schedule (Quatre Soeurs) (source: JET)

Depth October November December

Borehole Installation
(m) 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30
BH-Q1 21.0 10 13 Pipe strain gauge
BH-Q2 21.0 2 5 Pipe strain gauge

b. Quantity and Location

b.1 Chitrakoot

Details of the drilling survey can be seen in Table 3.6.3. Survey and monitoring locations are

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shown in Figure 3.6.1.

Table 3.6.3 Borehole Details (source: JET)

Borehole
Borehole Depth
Borehole Diameter In Situ Test Installation
Location (m)
(mm)
BH-C1 76 48.86 SPT Piezometer

BH-C2 101 50.0 SPT Inclinometer

BH-C3 76 50.0 SPT －

Chitrakoot
BH-C4 76 30.0 SPT Pipe strain gauge

BH-C5 76 30.0 SPT Pipe strain gauge

BH-C6 101 50.0 SPT Inclinometer

BH-C3 BH-C1
BH-C5 BH-C4 BH-C2

BH-C6

Figure 3.6.1 Survey Locations in Chitrakoot (source: JET)

b.2 Quatre Soeurs

Drilling survey details are listed in Table 3.6.4. Survey and monitoring locations are shown in
Figure 3.6.2.

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Table 3.6.4 Borehole Details (source: JET)

Borehole
Borehole Depth
Borehole Diameter In Situ Test Installation
Location (m)
(mm)
BH-Q1 76 21.0 SPT Pipe strain gauge

Quatre Soeurs BH-Q2 76 21.0 SPT Pipe strain gauge

BH-5(existing) 76 NA NA Piezometer

BH-Q1

BH-Q2

Figure 3.6.2 Survey locations in Quatre Soeurs (source:JET)

3.6.2 Core Drilling

a. Specifications

The specifications of the drilling machines and materials are as follows.

Table 3.6.5 Specifications of the Drilling Machines and Materials (source: JET)

Drilling equipment APAFOR38 and APAFOR48

Drilling method Rotary coring-T2-101
Core Barrel NMCL Triple Tube
Casing 89mm and 114mm

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Drilling machine Tank/ Tank car

Lorry Material storage

Standard penetration test materials Core tube/ Rod

Photo 3.6.1 The Drilling Machines and Materials (source: JET)

b. Evaluation Standards

The evaluation standards of the drilling core are as follows.

b.1 Degree of weathering

The chart below serves as a guide to the degree of base rock weathering. Using it as a
reference, stratum classification was carried out for the borehole log.

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Table 3.6.6 Rock Mass Weathering16

Original texture/Grain
Descriptive term Fracture condition Surface characteristics
condition
Fresh Basalt Closed Unchanged Preserved/tight
Slightly weathered Discolored and may Partial discoloration/not
Preserved/tight
Basalt contain thin filling friable
Partial to complete
Moderately Discolored and may discoloration/not friable Preserved/partial
Weathered Basalt contain thin filling except poorly cemented opening
samples
Discolored and may Mainly
Highly weathered
contain thin to medium Friable preserved/partial
Basalt
thick filling opening
Partly
Completely
－ Resembles soil Preserved/complete
Weathered Basalt
separation

b.2 TCR・SCR・RQD

TCR (Total Core Recovery), SCR (Solid Core Recovery), and RQD (Rock Quality
Designation) are used as an index to determine the quality of the rock mass. The relation
between RQD and degree of base rock quality is as follows.

RQD=（Total length of cores>100mm／Total length of drilling）×100%

Table 3.6.7 Quality Classification of Rocks by RQD Values16

RQD（％） Quality classification of rocks

0 to 25 Very poor
25 to 50 Poor
50 to 75 Fair
75 to 90 Good
90 to 100 Excellent

b.3 Rock Strength・Joint Spacing

The following chart is a guide to the relation between core hardness and core strength.

Table 3.6.8 Strength Description of Rock Material16

Indicative unconfined
Term Field description
compressive strength (Mpa)
Gravel-size lumps can be crushed between finger
Very weak <1.25
and thumb.
Gravel-size lumps can be broken in half by
Weak 1.25 to 5
heavy hand pressure.
Only thin slabs, corners or edges can be broken
Moderately weak 5 to 12.5
off with heavy hand pressure.
When held in the hand, rock can be broken by
Moderately strong 12.5 to 50
hammer blows.
When resting on a solid surface, rock can be
Strong 50 to 100
broken by hammer blows.
Very strong Rock chipped by heavy hammer blows. 100 to 200
Extremely strong Rock rings on hammer blows. >200

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The following is a reference for classification of joint discontinuity and spacing.

Table 3.6.9 Classification of Discontinuity Spacing17

Description Joint spacing (m)

Extremely closely spaced <0.02
Very closely spaced 0.02 to 0.06
Closely spaced 0.06 to 0.2
Moderately spaced 0.2 to 0.6
Widely spaced 0.6 to 2
Very widely spaced 2 to 6
Extremely widely spaced >6

3.6.3 Installation of Observation Equipment

Three types of observation equipment were installed at the boreholes: pipe strain gauges,
inclinometers, and water level meters.

a. Installation of Pipe Strain Gauge

The pipe strain gauge was installed according to the following procedures.

・ Excavate a borehole to the specified depth and insert pipe strain gauge while
connecting it. At that time, match the alignment mark on the surface of the pipe with
the direction of landslide movement, being careful the direction doesn’t shift.

・ Thoroughly embed the pipe strain gauge in the bedrock. The depth is specified as 3～
5m, but in cases where a base rock slide is conceivable, at least one hole should be
excavated and gauge installed more than 10～20m inside the base rock.

・ Strain gauges are generally placed at 1～2m intervals, but if the presence of a slip
surface is ascertained with certainty, intervals are less than 1m. Strain gauges in this
project were all placed at 1m intervals.

・ The annular space between the borehole walls and the pipes were filled with sand.

・ After pipe strain gauges were embedded, the leads were connected to the data logger.

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Table 3.6.10 Specifications of the Pipe Strain Gauge (source: JET)

Materials Type Capability

Body of the pipe strain gauge System：two gauges in one direction,
Strain gauge system
-6
Measurement range：±25,000×10 strain
-6
Strain limit：1×10 strain
VP40
Code edge Accuracy：0.5%
(length: 20m)
Operational temperature：-20°～60°C
-6
VP40 Adjustment value：±700×10 Strain
(length: 30m) Effective length 1m, filter roll, processed
strainer
Surplus length of cable 2m, height from the
land surface 1m

Installation of the pipe strain gauge Setting of the pipe strain gauge complete

Connection of the data logger Connection of the data logger complete

Setting of the data logger Setting of the protection box

Photo 3.6.2 Installation of the Pipe Strain Gauge (source: JET)

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b. Installation of Borehole Inclinometer

The borehole inclinometer was installed according to the following procedures.

・ Excavate a borehole to the specified depth, and verify the depth of the bedrock.

・ Thoroughly embed the guide pipe in the bedrock. The concept is the same as for the
pipe strain gauge.

・ One side of the guide pipe’s guide groove is aligned in the anticipated direction of
landslide movement, and the guide pipe is hooked up so that the guide grooves connect
smoothly.

・ To avoid occurrence of initial deflection, don’t push with excessive force when
inserting the guide pipe. Insert the pipe so that it will extend straight and fix the bottom
edge of the guide pipe securely to the bedrock. Gradually fill the space around the
guide pipe with sand, and install while compacting,

Below is a description of the equipment used and photos of the installation process.

Table 3.6.11 Specifications of the Special Casing Pipe (Guide Pipe) (source: JET)

Materials Type Materials Type

ABS Pipe
ABS Pipe
Sockets
KBF-51-2
KBF-52

ABS Guide Pipe

ABS Guide Pipe Socket
Length 2m

ABS ABS
KBF-54-1 KBF-54-2

ABS Guide Pipe cap ABS Guide pipe cap

Bottom cap Top cap

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Special casing pipe (guide pipe) Insertion of the casing pipe

Positioning of the casing pipe Connection of the casing pipe

Setting of the casing pipe completed Setting of the protection box

Photo 3.6.3 Installation of the Casing Pipe (Guide Pipe) (source: JET)

c. Installation of Water Level Meters

Water level meters were installed according to the following procedures.

・ Excavate a borehole to the specified depth, and verify the depth of the groundwater
level.

・ Insert screen-processed PVC pipe, and fill the gap between it and the borehole wall
with sand.

・ Taking into consideration the expected margin of fluctuation in the groundwater level,
determine the installation depth of the hydraulic water level detector.

・ Raise and lower the fixed depth of the piezometer in the water, checking that the
change in water pressure corresponding to the changes in depth is being measured.

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Below is a description of the equipment used and photos of the installation process.

Table 3.6.12 Specifications of the Piezometer (source: JET)

Materials Type Capability

Measurement range：0～10m
Accuracy of measurement：0.1%FS
DS-1 Temperature characteristic：±0.09%FS/10°C
(Cable Coverage of temperature：0～30°C
length:20m)
Material of body：SUS316L
DS-1
Cable Material of cable：Polyurethane (open air
length:30m) pipe built in)
Material of pressure receiver：Hastelloy
Size, Weight：φ25×130mm、about 120g

PVC pipe Installation of PVC pipe completed

Installation of water level meter Setting of the data logger

Photo 3.6.4 Installation of Water Level Meter (source: JET)

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3.6.4 Drilling Results

a. Chitrakoot

Drilling results are summarized in the boring logs and core sample photographs and included
in the Supporting Report.

The chart below shows the core recovery, solid core recovery and RQD obtained by means of
drilling. The strata can be broadly classified into 3 types.

Table 3.6.13 Standard Penetration Test (source: JET)

Total core Solid core

Depth Depth Thickness RQD
Borehole Type Recovery Recovery
(m) (m) (m) (%)
(%) (%)
1 5.00 5.00 100 0 0
BH-C1 48.86 2 10.15 5.15 100 0-50 0-45
3 48.86 38.71 100 45-100 12-100
1 8.00 8.00 100 0 0
BH-C2 50.00 2 9.70 1.70 100 0 0
3 50.00 40.30 100 14-100 0-100
1 6.00 6.00 100 0 0
BH-C3 50.00 2 15.00 9.00 100 0-43 0-30
3 50.00 35.00 100 80-100 65-100
1 7.55 7.55 100 0 0
BH-C4 30.00 2 15.00 7.45 100 0-77 0-77
3 30.00 15.00 100 82-100 60-100
1 5.75 5.75 100 0 0
BH-C5 30.00 2 16.00 10.25 100 0-56 0-35
3 30.00 14.00 100 65-100 60-100
1 7.00 7.00 100 0 0
BH-C 50.00 2 13.00 6.00 100 0 0
3 50.00 37.00 100 10-100 0-100

Table 3.6.14 Relationship between Strata Classification and Geological Features (source:
JET)

Type Geology
TOP SOIL, COLLUVIUM, ALLUVIUM:
Silty-Clay with occasional Cobbles and Boulders
1 Brown to Dark Brown, Dark Grey
Soft to Stiff
HIGHLY/HIGHLY TO MODERATELY/HIGHLY TO COMPLETELY
WEATHERED BASALT/AGGLOMERATE
2
Brown to Light Brown, Grey
Weak/Weak to moderate
SLIGHTLY WEATHERED BASALT/AGGLOMERATE
3 Grey/Grey to purplish Grey
Strong to Very strong

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b. Quatre Soeurs

Drilling results are summarized in the boring logs and core sample photographs and included
in the Supporting Report.

The chart below shows the core recovery, solid core recovery and RQD obtained by means of
drilling. The strata can be broadly classified into 5 types.

Table 3.6.15 Standard Penetration Test (source: JET)

Total core Solid core

Depth Depth Thickness RQD
Borehole Type Recovery Recovery
(m) (m) (m) (%)
(%) (%)
2 2.00 2.00 100 0 0
BH-Q1 21.00 3 7.80 5.80 100 0-33 0-33
5 21.00 13.20 100 44-100 30-100
2 18.75 18.75 100 0 0
BH-Q2 21.00 2.25
3 21.00 100 0-18 0

Table 3.6.16 Relationship between Strata Classification and Geological Features (source:
JET)

Type Geology
1 Fill
2 Colluvium
3 HIGHLY WEATHERED BRECCIA/BASALT
4 MODERATELY WEATHERED BRECCIA/BASALT
5 SLIGHTLY WEATHERED BASALT/BRECCIA

3.6.5 Standard Penetration Test

The standard penetration test is conducted to seek the N value in order to determine the
hardness, firmness, and soil layer structure of the ground in situ. Test methods are carried out
in accordance with BS 1377.

Standards for soil stiffness and consistency are as follows.

Table 3.6.17 Soil Strength Description (source: JET)

Consistency Identification
Very soft Easily molded fingers
Soft Easily penetrated with thumb
Firm Indent by thumb/molded with strong pressure
Stiff Indent by thumb
Very Stiff Penetrated by thumbnail
Hard Penetration by thumbnail difficult

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a. Chitrakoot

The results of the standard penetration tests conducted on each borehole are shown in Table
3.6.18.

Most of the geology tested was colluvium. Almost all had a consistency of “very stiff”, and a
small portion was “stiff” or “firm”. A great deal of gravel was contained in the colluvium,
and there is a possibility that the gravel blows may have caused an exaggerated N value.

The N value of the surface layer of boreholes BH-C3 and BH-C6 is relatively soft at less than
10. The mixture of gravel is irregular, but shows a tendency to become more prevalent in
the deeper parts of the colluvium. Based on the soil test results, the matrix of this stratum is
mainly composed of fines, and therefore the N value is expected to decline in regard to
cohesive soil containing no gravel.

Table 3.6.18 Standard Penetration Test (source: JET)

Depth SPT SPT Estimated UCS,kpa Estimated

Borehole Consistency
(m) level N value (Jennings and Al,1973) Cu,kpa
BH-C1 48.86 3.00 20 150-300 75-150 Very stiff
2.20 33 150-300 75-150 Very stiff
3.35 23 150-300 75-150 Very stiff
BH-C2 50.00
6.55 21 150-300 75-150 Very stiff
8.00 19 150-300 75-150 Very stiff
1.00 8 40-80 20-40 Firm
2.55 14 75-150 37-75 Stiff
4.10 16 150-300 75-150 Very stiff
BH-C3 50.00 5.45 19 150-300 75-150 Very stiff
8.10 33 150-300 75-150 Very stiff
9.65 41 150-300 75-150 Very stiff
11.51 >51 Possibly cobbles/boulders
2.55 26 150-300 75-150 Very stiff
5.00 10 75-150 37-75 Stiff
BH-C4 30.00 6.35 28 150-300 75-150 Very stiff
8.00 36 150-300 75-150 Very stiff
9.35 34 150-300 75-150 Very stiff
1.25 >51 Possibly cobbles/boulders
2.80 31 150-300 75-150 Very stiff
BH-C5 30.00 4.25 >51 150-300 75-150 Very stiff
Penetration
5.75 Possibly cobbles/boulders
not possible
2.00 8 40-80 20-40 Firm
3.85 5 40-80 20-40 Firm
5.30 23 150-300 75-150 Very stiff
BH-C6 50.00
7.00 14 75-150 37-75 Stiff
8.80 32 150-300 75-150 Very stiff
10.65 26 150-300 75-150 Very stiff

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b. Quatre Soeurs

The results of the standard penetration tests conducted on each borehole are shown in Table
3.6.19.

The geology tested was colluvium and the consistency was “stiff” or “firm”. Excluding
borehole BH-Q1, the N values were almost uniform for the boreholes at a range of 10-20. As
in Chitrakoot, the colluvium contained an abundance of gravel, which affected the N value.
In addition, because the matrix is composed mainly of fines, the N value is expected to
decline in regard to cohesive soil containing no gravel.

Table 3.6.19 Standard Penetration Test (source: JET)

Depth SPT SPT Estimated UCS,kpa Estimated

Borehole Consistency
(m) level N value (Jennings and Al,1973) Cu,kpa
BH-Q1 21.00 1.00 6 40-80 20-40 Firm
1.13 12 75-150 37-75 Stiff
2.20 17 75-150 37-75 Stiff
3.55 15 75-150 37-75 Stiff

BH-Q2 21.00 5.00 15 75-150 37-75 Stiff

6.75 14 75-150 37-75 Stiff
10.35 16 75-150 37-75 Stiff
Penetration
13.45 Possibly cobbles/boulders
not possible

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