CHAPTER 9

QUESTIONS:
1. Who wrote the earliest available arithmetic text that deals with the Hindu
numbers:Kitab al-jam‘waltafriq bi hisab al-Hind (Book on Addition and Subtraction after
the Method of the Indians)?
a. Al-Khwarizmi b. Al-Uqlidisi c. Al-Tusi d. Al-Haytham
2. He began by classifying the cubic equations into several groups. He was interested
in determining conditions on the coefficients that determine the number of solutions.
a. Al-Khwarizmi b. Al-Uqlidisi c. Al-Tusi d. Al-Haytham
3. He first to use the method of proof by mathematical induction to prove his results,
by proving that the first statement in an infinite sequence of statements is true, and
then proving that, if any one statement in the sequence is true, then so is the next one.
a. Ibn al-Haytham b. Abu l-Hasanal-Uqlidisi
c. MuhammadAl-Karaji d. Abu Bakr al-Karaji
4. This word can be translated as “comparing” and refers to the reduction of a positive
term by subtracting equal amounts from both sides of the equation.
a. al-mukabala b.al-jabz c. al-jabar d. al-muqabala
5. This book provided an exhaustive account of solving polynomial equations up to the
second degree.It introduced for the first time the fundamental algebraic methods of
reduction, completion and balancing.
a. Book on Addition and Subtraction after the Method of the Indians
b. The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing
c. The Compendious Book on Reduction, Completion and Balancing
d. The Shining Book of Calculation by Completion and Balancing
6. This term can be translated as “restoring” and refers to the operation of
“transposing” a subtracted quantity on one side of an equation to the other side where
it becomes an added quantity.
a. algorismi b.al-jabr c. al-jabar d. al-muqabala
7. He generalized Indian methods for extracting square and cube roots to include
fourth, fifth and higher roots in the early 12th Century.
a. Omar Khayyam b. Al-Samaw’al
c. Abu KamilibnAslam d. Al-Khwarizmi
8. He introduced negative coefficients. He expressed his rules for dealing with these
coefficients quite clearly in his algebra text Al-Bahirfi’l-hisab (The Shining Book of
Calculation).
a. Omar Khayyam b. Al-Samaw’al
c. Abu KamilibnAslam d. Al-Khwarizmi
9. The word“algebra” is a corrupted form of the Arabic word ________.
a. al-jebra b.al-jabr c. al-jabar d. al-jebr
10. What is the aim of al-Fakhri(The Marvelous), and of algebra in general according to
al-Karaji?
a. The determination of knowns starting from unknows.
b. The determination of known to unknown.
c. The determination of unknowns starting from knowns.
 d. The determination of unknown to known.
11. Mathematicians who always invoke the name of God at the beginning and end of
their works.
a. Chinese b. European c. Indian d. Islamic
12. It is the century wherein the status of math in Islam was changed and Islamic
leaders encourage the study of foreign sciences.
a. 9th century b. 10th century c. 11th century d. 12th century
13. Works that trigonometry is Islam was intimately tied like the situation in both
Greece and India.
a. Microscopic works b. Biblical works
c. Literature works d. Astronomical works
14. This is where Abul-Ray han Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni discuss the tangent,
cotangent, secant and cosecant functions.
a. Almagest
b. Book of the Determination of Coordinates of Localities
c. Exhaustive Treatise on Shadows
d. Treatise on the Complete Quadrilateral
15. The major goal of trigonometry in Islam.
a. To solve astronomical problems b. To translate manuscripts of India
c. Both a and b d. None of the above
16. A theorem which Ptolemy used to derive results in spherical trigonometry including
the four rule quantities and spherical law of sines.
a. Archimedes' Theorem b. Diophatus' Theorem
c. Menelaus' Theorem d. Euclid's Theorem
17. The other name of the ruled of four quatities.
a. Theorem that administer b. Theorem that misallocate
c. Theorem that distribute d. Theorem that dispenses
18. The first treatise approved in Spain written by Abu abd Allah Muhammad ibnMu'adh
al-Jayyani.
a. Treatise in the Complete Quadrilateral
b. Exhaustive Treatise on Shadows
c. Determination of the Magnitudes of Arcs on the Surface of a Sphere
d. None of the above
19. The most comprehensive treatise on both spherical and plane trigonometry written
in the Islamic world.
a. Treatise in the Complete Quadrilateral
b. Exhaustive Treatise on Shadows
c. Determination of the Magnitudes of Arcs on the Surface of a Sphere
d. None of the above
20. It is where the mathematical activity of Islam hfaf resumed.
a. China b. India c. Europe d. Russia
21. In what century can we see the derivation of the basic combinatorial formulas?
a. Twelfth b. Thirteenth c. Fourteenth d. Seventeenth
22. He made use of pompoms to calculate the number of combinations of r things from
a set of n.
a. Ahmad al-AbdaribnMun’eng b. Ahmad al-AbdariibnMun’im
c. Ahmad al-Alin ta Weng d. Ahmad al-AlinibnAlu
23. These are pair of numbers each of which equaled the sum of the proper divisors of
the other.
a. Amiable numbers b. Amicable numbers
c. Liable numbers d. Likable numbers
24. Greek mathematicians discovered only one pair of numbers that equaled the sum of
their proper divisors. These are
a. 120 and 196 b. 220 and 284 c. 340 and 468 d. 428 and 650
25. He was able to derive the standard multiplicative formula for finding combinations?
a. Abu-l-‘Abbas Ahmad al-Mareshkiibn al-Banna
b. Abu-l-‘Abbas Ahmad al-Marrakushiibn al-Banna
c. Abu-l-‘Abbas Ahmad al-Muhammad ibn al-Banna
d. Abu-l-’Abbas Ahmad al-Mumashkiibn al-Danna
26. The earliest extant Arabic geometry, like the earliest algebra, is due to
a. al-Khwarezma b. al-Khwarizmi c. al-Khwarizmu d. al-Khwakwatit
27. He made the “Book on the Geometrical Constructions Necessary to the Artisan” that
shows the correct construction of a square from three squares.
a. Muhammad Abu-alWafa’ al-Buzjana b. Muhammad Abu-al Wafa’ al-Buzjani
c. Muhammad Abu-alWafu’ al-Buzjana d. Muhammad Abu-al Wafu’ al-Buzjani
28. He showed, using algebra, how to construct an equilateral pentagon in a given
square.
a. Abu Kami b. Abu Kamil c. Abu Samal d. Abu Suda
29. He made the “Commentary on the Problematic Postulates of the Book of Euclid” to
prove a series of propositions, culminating in Euclid’s fifth postulate.
a. Al-Khayyada b. Al-Khayyami c. Al-Khayyaki d. Al-Khayyako
30. He was able to prove a result on the “density” of irrational magnitudes, namely,
that between any two rational magnitudes there exist infinitely many rational
magnitudes.
a. Ibn al-Baghdada b. Ibn al-Baghdadi
c. Ibn al-Baghdado d. Ibn al-Baghdadu
1. WHAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT IDEA THEY LEARNED FROM THEIR STUDY OF THESE GREEK
WORKS? NOTION OF PROOF.
2. WHO IS THE FATHER OF ALGEBRA? AL KHAWARIZMI
3. WHAT IS THE TRANSLATION OF THE TERM AL-JABR ?“RESTORING
4. WHAT IS THE TRANSLATION OF THE TERM AL-MUQABALA ?“COMPARING
5. WHO IS THE ISLAMIC MATHEMATICIANS THAT INTERESTED IN WRITING A PRACTICAL MANUAL,
NOT A THEORETICAL ONE? AL-KHWARIZMI
6. WHO WROTE THE QAWL FI TASHIH MASA’IL AL-JABR BI L-BARAHIN AL-HANDASIYA (ON THE
VERIFICATION OF PROBLEMS OF ALGEBRA BY GEOMETRICAL PROOFS? THABIT IBN QURRA 
7. WHO IS THE ISLAMIC MATHEMATICIANS THAT COULD EVEN SOLVE SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS.?
ABU KAMIL
8. WHO IS THE ONE OF AL-KHWARISMI'S SUCCESSORS AND APPLIED ALGEBRAIC METHODS TO
GEOMETRIC PROBLEMS? ABU KAMIL
9. WHO WROTE ABOUT THE WORK OF EARLIER MATHEMATICIANS AND WHO CAN BE REGARDED
AS THE FIRST PERSON TO FREE ALGEBRA FROM GEOMETRICAL OPERATIONS AND REPLACE
THEM WITH THE TYPE OF OPERATIONS WHICH ARE AT THE CORE OF ALGEBRA TODAY.? AL -
KARAJI 
10. WHO IS THE ISLAMIC MATHEMATICIAN THAT EMBRACED ISLAM IN 1163? AL-SAMAW'AL
11. THIS WORD REFERS TO THE ARAB OR MUSLIM CHIEF LEADERS AFTER
MUHAMMAD DIED. CALIPHS
12. A CITY THAT SOON BECAME A FLOURISHING COMMERCIAL AND
INTELLECTUAL CENTER. BAGHDAD
13. TO THIS INSTITURE WERE INVITED SCHOLARS FROM ALL PARTS OF THE
CALIPHATE TO TRANSLATE GREEK AND INDIAN WORKS AS WELL AS TO
CONDUCT ORIGINAL RESEARCH. HOUSE OF WISDOM
14. HOUSE OF WISDOM IS ALSO CALLED ________________. BAYT AL-HIKMA
15. BORN IN BUZJAN, IN THE KHORASAN REGION OF WHAT IS NOW IRAN. HE
LIVED DURING THE TIME OF THE BUYID ISLAMIC DYNASTY IN WESTERN IRAN
AND IRAQ. ABU-AL-WAFA
16. HE PROVED THAT THE VOLUME OF THE SOLID FORMED BY ROTATING THE
PARABOLA X=KY^2 AROUND THE LINE X=KB^2 IN 8/15 OF THE VOLUME OF
CYLINDER OF RAUDIUS KB^2 AND HEIGHT B. (IBN-AL-HAYTHAM)
17. HE SERVED HULAGO AS A SCIENTIFIC ADVISER AND GAINED HIS APPROVAL
TO CONSTRUCT AN OBSERVATORY AT MARAGHA, A TOWN ABOUT FIFTY
MILES SOUTH OF TABRIZ. (NASIR-AL-DIN-AL-TUSI)
18. ANOTHER IMPORTANT IDEA INTRODUCED BY AL-KARAJI AND CONTINUED BY
AL-SAMAW’AL AND OTHERS WAS THAT OF AN ___________ FOR DEALING WITH
CERTAIN ARITHMETIC SEQUENCES. INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT
19. HE DID NOT STATE THIS RESULT IN GENERAL FORM BUT ONLY FOR
PARTICULAR INTEGERS, NAMELY, N = 4 AND K = 1, 2, 3. IBN AL-HAYTHAM
20. TO BUILD THE TRIANGLE, START WITH "1" AT THE FIRST LEFT, THEN CONTINUE
PLACING NUMBERS RIGHT IN A TRIANGULAR PATTERN. EACH NUMBER IS THE
NUMBERS DIRECTLY LEFT IT ADDED TOGETHER. PASCAL TRIANGLE
21. HIS GREATEST WORK IN MATHEMATICS WAS HIS ENUMERATION OF THE
VARIOUS TYPES OF CUBIC EQUATIONS AND HIS SOLUTIONS OF EACH TYPE.
UMAR AL-KHAYYAM OR OMAR KHAYYAM
22. THERE WAS ANOTHER STRAND OF DEVELOPMENT IN ALGEBRA IN THE ISLAMIC
WORLD ALONGSIDE ITS ARITHMETIZATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF
INDUCTIVE IDEAS, NAMELY, THE __________. APPLICATION OF GEOMETRY
23. ONE OF THE OTHER PURE GEOMETRIC IDEAS THAT RECURS IN ISLAMIC
GEOMETRY IS THAT OF PARALLEL LINES AND THE PROBABILITY OF EUCLID'S
FIFTH POSTULATE?-PARALLEL POSTULATE
24. THE EARLIEST EXTANT ARABIC GEOMETRY, LIKE THE EARLIEST ALGEBRA, IS
DUE TO AL-KHWARZMI AND OCCURED AS A SEPARATE SECTION OF HIS
ALGEBRA TEXT? PRACTICAL GEOMETRY
25. HE DID NOT STATE THIS RESULT IN GENERAL FORM BUT ONLY FOR
PARTICULAR INTEGERS, NAMELY, N = 4 AND K = 1, 2, 3? IBN AL-HAYTHAM
26. HE BEGAN HIS WORK, IN THE STYLE OF AL-KHWARIZMI, BY GIVING A
COMPLETE CLASSIFICATION OF EQUATIONS OF DEGREE UP TO THREE? AL-
KHAYYAMI
27. A LEXICOGRAPHER INTERESTED IN CLASSIFYING THE WORDS IN THE ARABIC
LANGUAGE. AL-KHALIL INN
28. HE DISCUSSES THE METHODS FOR SOLVING LARGE SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS.
AL-SAMAW-AL
29. HE WAS BASICALLY EXAMINING THE OLD QUESTIONS OF THE NUMBER OF
POSSIBLE WORDS THAT COULD BE FORMED OUT OF THE LETTERS OF THE
ARABIC ALPHABET. IBN-MUN'IM
30. GREEK MATHEMATICIAN HAD GENERALIZED THIS IDEA AND DEFINE THE
NOTION OF AMICABLE NUMBERS. EUCLID
31. A PAIR OF NUMBERS OF EACH OF WHICH EQUALED THE SUM OF PROPER
DIVISOR FOR EACH OTHER. AMICABLE NUMBERS
32. BRANCH OF MATHEMATICS DEVOTED TO THE SOLUTION OF PROBLEMS OF
CHOOSING AND ARRANGING THE ELEMENTS OF CERTAIN USUALLY FINITE
SETS IN ACCORDANCE WITH PRESCRIBED RULES. COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS
33. A MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUE THAT DETERMINES THE NUMBER OF
POSSIBLE ARRANGEMENTS IN A COLLECTION OF ITEMS WHERE THE ORDER
OF THE SELECTION DOES NOT MATTER. COMBINATION
34. WHO THOUGHT COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS, IN THIS CASE THE
COMBINATIONS OF THE PRIME DIVISORS OF A NUMBER. IT'S THIS
COMBINATION THAT DETERMINE OF ALL THE PROPER DIVISORS OF A
NUMBER.
IBN QURRA’STHEOREM
35. IT BROUGHT TO BAGHDAD LATE IN THE EIGHTH CENTURY AND TRANSLATED
INTO ARABIC. INDIAN SIDDHANTA
36. WHO MADE AWARE OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC KNOWLEDGE OF THE HINDUS,
WHICH HAD EARLIER BEEN ADAPTED FROM THE GREEK VERSION OF
HIPPARCHUS? ISLAMIC SCHOLARS
37. PTOLEMY USED ONLY ONE _______ THE CHORD, IN HIS TRIGONOMETRIC
WORK? TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION
38. WHO MODIFIED THE MORE CONVENIENT SINE? HINDUS
39. WHO USED THE “SINE OF THE COMPLEMENT TO 90◦.?
ABU ‘ABDALLAH MUHAMMAD IBN JABIR AL-BATT
40. WHAT FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS MADE THEIR APPEARANCE IN ISLAMIC WORKS
IN THE NINTH CENTURY?
THE TANGENT, COTANGENT, SECANT, AND COSECANT
41. WHO DEFINED GE IS THE COTANGENT OF ANGLE E AND EB IS THE
COSECANT.? AL-BIRUNI
42. WHO DEFINED GE IS THE TANGENT OF ANGLE B AND BE IS THE SECANT.? .?
AL-BIRUNI
43. WHO BORN IN KHWARIZM, NEAR A TOWN NOW NAMED BIRUNI IN
UZBEKISTAN? AL-BIRUNI
44. WHO FIRST CALCULATED THE SINES OF 1215◦, 1532◦, AND 1832◦ BY THE
APPLICATION OF THE HALF ANGLE FORMULA AND THE SUM FORMULA?
ABUAL-WAFA
45. WHO BEGAN WITH MENELAUS’S THEOREM? AL-JAYYANI
46. WHO CONCLUDED BOOK III BY DEMONSTRATING THE IMPORTANT RESULT
THAT IF THE SUM OR DIFFERENCE OF TWO ARCS IS GIVEN ALONG WITH THE
RATIO OF THEIR SINES, THEN THE ARCS ARE DETERMINED.? AL-TUSI
47. CIPHERED SYSTEM WAS ALSO KNOWN AS "ABJAD" AND "HURUF AL JUMAL"
WHICH MEANT "LETTERS OF CALCULATING". TRUE
48. AT FIRST, THE INDIAN METHODS WERE USED BY THE ARABS WITH A DUST
BOARD. IT WAS A WRITING SURFACE IN WHICH SAND WAS SPREAD. TRUE
49. ISLAMIC MATHEMATICIANS FULLY DEVELOPED THE DECIMAL PLACE VALUE
NUMBER SYSTEM TO INCLUDE DECIMAL FRACTIONS, SYSTEMATIZED THE
STUDY OF ALGEBRA AND BEGAN TO CONSIDER THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
ALGEBRA AND GEOMETRY, BROUGHT THE RULES OF COMBINATORICS FROM
INDIA AND REWORKED THEM INTO AN ABSTRACT SYSTEM, STUDIED AND
MADE ADVANCES ON THE MAJOR GREEK GEOMETRICAL TREATISES. TRUE
50. EUCLID PRESENTED A CONSTRUCTION OF A REGULAR PENTAGON IN BOOK VI
OF THE ELEMENTS. (FALSE)
51. ISLAMIC MATHEMATICS DEALT AT AN EARLY STAGE WITH PRACTICAL
GEOMETRY. (TRUE)
52. BY THE END OF THE TENTH CENTURY, ISLAMIC MATHEMATICIANS, HAVING
READ THE MAJOR GREEK TEXTS, HAD NOTICED THAT CERTAIN GEOMETRIC
PROBLEMS LED TO CUBIC EQUATIONS, EQUATIONS THAT COULD BE SOLVED
THROUGH FINDING THE INTERSECTION OF TWO CONIC SECTIONS. FALSE-
NINTH CENTURY
53. AL-KHAYYAMI BEGAN HIS WORK, IN THE STYLE OF AL-KHWARIZMI, BY GIVING
A COMPLETE CLASSIFICATION OF EQUATIONS OF DEGREE UP TO THREE. TRUE
54. THOUGH HE DID NOT USE OUR SYMBOLIC NOTATION, BUT JUST USED
NUMBERS, THERE IS NO QUESTION THAT AL-KHAYYAMI WAS DOING ALGEBRA,
NOT GEOMETRY. FALSE- USED WORDS
55. THE LATINIZED VERSIONS OF HIS NAME AND OF HIS MOST FAMOUS BOOK
TITLE LIVE ON IN THE TERMS ALGORITHM AND ALGEBRA.
A) AL-KHWARIZMI B) AL- UQLIDISI C) AL- SAMAW'AL D)
56. THABIT IBN HE TREATED DECIMAL FRACTIONS, THE EARLIEST RECORDED
INSTANCE OF THESE FRACTIONS OUTSIDE OF CHINA.
A) AL-KHWARIZMI B) AL- KARAJI C) AL- UQLIDISI D) THABIT IBN
57. THE EARLIEST SURVIVING BOOK ON THE POSITIONAL USE OF THE ARABIC
NUMERALS, AROUND 952.
58. THE MARVELOUS B) BOOK ON ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION AFTER THE
METHOD OF THE INDIANS C) THE ARITHMETIC OF AL-UQLIDISI D) CRUCIAL
STEP
59. HE MADE A BOOK TO PROVE THE FIFTH POSTULATE IN 1250 WHICH IS THE
DISCUSSION WHICH REMOVES DOUBT ABOUT PARALLEL LINES.
NASIR-AL-DIN-AL-TUSI B. IBN- AL- HAYTHAM C. ABU-AL-WAFA D. AL-BIRUNI
HIS BOOK
60. ON WHAT IS NECESSARY FROM THE SCIENCE OF ARITHMETIC SCRIBES AND
BUSINESESMEN PROVIDED AN INTRODUCTION TO VARIOUS PRACTICAL
MATHEMATICAL IDEAS, INCLUDING MENSURATION, TAXES, UNITS OF MONEY
AND PAYMENTS TO SOLDIERS.
A.AL-BIRUNI B. AL-SAMAW’AL C. ABU KAMIL D. ABU-AL-WAFA
61. "ON CONOIDS AND SPHEROIDS" IN WHICH ______ SHOWED HOW TO
CALCULATE THE VOLUME OF THE SOLID FORMED BY REVOLVING A
PARABOLA ABOUT ITS AXIS.
A) A. EUCLID B. ARCHIMEDES C. AL-FARISI

CHAPTER 10
 IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING.

1. It is a geometrical figure consisting of all the perpendicular lines drawn over the
base line. In the case of velocities, the base line represented time, while the
perpendiculars represented the velocities at each instant.
Answer: Configuration
2. It is how to determine the distance traveled by a body being uniformly
accelerated.
Answer: Mean Speed Rule
3. A branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of points, objects and
systems of groups of objects without the reference to the causes of motion
Answer: Kinematics
4. An English mathematician, astronomer, horologist, and cleric who made major
contributions to astronomy and horology and he also define what is ratio.
Answer: Richard of Wallingford
5. It is a mutual relation between two quantities of the same kind.
Answer: Ratio
6. What does study of kinematics often called?
Answer: Geometry of Motion
7. Who is the Author of 1328 Tractatus de proportionibus velocitatum in motibus
(Treatise on the Proportions of Velocities in Movements)
Answer: Thomas Bradwardine
8. It is a type of social and political system in which landholders provide land to
tenants in exchange for their loyalty and service.
Answer: Feudal Societies
9. Who is the last Emperor of the Western Roman Empire in Italy?
Answer: Romulus Augustulus
10.Who is the Germanic Barbarian King who overthrown Emperor Romulus
Augustulus?
Answer: Flavius Odoacer
11.His work represents the first appearance in the Christian West of the Hindu-
Arabic Numerals.
Answer: Gerbert of Aurillac
12.An Italian who worked primarily in Toledo and is credited with the translation of
more than 80 works and known as the most prolific of all the translators.
Answer: Gerard of Cremona
13.It is a collection of definitions, postulates, propositions (theorems and
constructions), and mathematical proofs of the propositions.
Answer: The Elements

14.To measure areas of segments of circles, Abraham noted that one must first find
the area of the corresponding sector by multiplying the radius by?
Answer: Half the length of the arc
15.It is used to calculate the length of the arc, assuming one knows the length of
the chord.
Answer: Arc-chord table of Abraham bar Hiyya
16.It is one of the earliest of many practical geometrical works to appear in
medieval Europe.
Answer: Abraham’s Hebrew text
17.It is the sighting device developed by Islamic astronomers from earlier Greek
models and brought through Spain into Western Europe.
Answer: Astrolabe
18.This book is divided into four parts: area measurement, height measurement,
volume,measurement, and calculation with fractions.
Answer: The Perfection of Any Art
19.He better known by his nickname Fibonacci.
Answer: Leonardo Pisano Pisa
20.Leonardo of Pisa created it with the intent of the practice of geometry for use in
real world aspects – the book was split into 8 chapters/theorems based on
Euclidean elements and on divisions.
Answer: Practica geometriae
21.It is a four-part work on the fundamentals of trigonometry, was written while he
was still a student at Oxford, probably around 1320.
Answer: Quadripartitum
22.Richard revised and shortened Quadripartitum in another treatise which he
entitled as _____________?
Answer: De Sectore
23.Levi ben Gerson formed part of an astronomical treatise that in turn formed part
of a major philosophical work which entitled as?
Answer: Sefer Milhamot Adonai (Wars of the Lord)
24.The most important aspects of Levi ben Gerson’s work.
Answer: Combinatorial Theorems
25.A historic 1202 Latin manuscript on arithmetic by Leonardo of Pisa and was
among the first Western books to describe the Hindu–Arabic numeral system.
Answer: Liber Abacci
26.Was a medieval French Jewish philosopher, Talmudist, mathematician,
physician and astronomer/astrologer and also known as Gersonides.
Answer: Levi ben Gerson

27.It is much more theoretical than the Liber abbaci and this book is originated in a
question posed to Leonardo by a Master John of Palermo, a member of the
entourage of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II
Answer: The Liber Quadratorum
28.He was organized as one of the best mathematician of the middle ages and he
also one of the first mathematicians to make some advance over the work of
Leonardo.
Answer: Jordanus de Nemore
29.A French cleric and mathematician associated with the University of Paris,
undertook a very detailed study of ratios in his Algorismus proportionum
(Algorithm of Ratios) and his De proportionibus proportionum (On the Ratios of
Ratios)
Answer: Nicole Oresme

30.
What do you call to the curve line in the figure in terms of velocity?
Answer: Line of Summit
31.What proposition states that ‘’it is probable that two proposed unknown ratios
are incommensurable because if many unknown ratios are proposed it is most
probable that any [one] would be incommensurable to any [other].”
Answer: PROPOSITION III–10
32.Under The arithmetic, this proposition states that “if a given number is divided
into two parts whose difference is given ,then each of the parts is determined.”
Answer: PROPOSITION I-1
33.The lowest social class of the Feudal Society but they are different from slaves.
Answer: Serfs
34.Who is the author of the book “City of God” ?
Answer: St. Augustine
35.The first country that is not a part of Roman Empire to adopt Christianity
Answer: Ireland
36.A calendar consists of 12 months in a year with 29-30 days a month.
Answer: Jewish Lunar Calendar

37.A calendar that consists of 10 months in a year with 304 days.

Answer: Roman Solar Calendar
38.This proposition states that “It is probable that two proposed unknown ratios are
incommensurable because if many unknown ratios are proposed it is most
probable that any [one] would be incommensurable to any [other]”, what
proposition is this?
Answer: PROPOSITION III–10
39.It is the best-known contribution to astronomy and it is used for centuries to
measure the angular separation between heavenly bodies which is invented by
Levi ben Gerson
Answer: Jacob Staff

TRUE OR FALSE
40.In proposition 41 under basic inductive steps, the square of the sum of the
natural numbers from 1 up to a given number is equal to the sum of the cubes
of the numbers from 1 up to the given number.
Answer: FALSE, it should be Proposition 42

1. Who is the educational adviser of Charlemagne?

A. Alarin B. Euclid C.Plato D. Gerbert Aurillae
2. The Century when the Europeans Revived their interest in Mathematics.
A. 11th B.12th C.13th D. None of the choices
3. This translation contains the first sine tables available in Latin as well as first tanget tables.
A. Tables of Al-Khwarizmi
B. Tables of Trigonometric Functions
C. Algebra of Al-Khwarizmi
D. Liber Abaci
4. The most prolific of all the translators during the 11 th Century.
A. John of Seville
B. Adelard of Bath
C. Gerard of Cremona
D. Plato of Tivoli
5. What are the two stages of translating mathematical books in Europe?
A. Arabic into Spanish, Spanish into Italian
B. Spanish into Arabic, Arabic into Italian
C. Italian into Spanish, Spanish into Arabic
D. Arabic into Spanish, Spanish into Latin.
6. This is a work that contained the Islamic rules for solving quadratic equations by Abraham barr
Hiyya.
A. Book of Areas B. Book of Volumes C. Liber Emperatorum D. A or C.
7. What is the most important mathematical translation of John Seville and Domingo Gundisalvo?
A. Al-Khwarizmi’s work on trigonometry
B. Al-Khwarizmi’s work on arithmetic
C. Al-Khwarizmi’s work on geometry
D. Al-Khwarizmi’s work on algebra
8. The title of a collection of problems which contains 53 arithmetical problems from Alarin’s time.
A. Propositions and acuindos juvenes
B. Liber embadorum
C. Hibbur Ha-Meshisha
D. Artis Consumatio
9. He taught basic arithmetic, geometry as well as counting board. He became Pope Sylvester II in
999.
A. Aurillac B. Gundisalvo C. Charlemagne D. Solomon
10. Most of the European mathematics works, during the 10 th-12th Century were translating
mathematical sources coming from the Greeks as their heritage because.
A. They had inaccessible sources
B. They had no mathematical sources
C. They had limited sources
D. All of the above.
11. His work was the first in Europe to give the Islamic procedures for solving such equations.
A. Euclid B. Euler C. Abraham D. Abraham
12. What is the most original contribution of Abraham?
A. Measurement in circles
B. Measurement in right triangles.
C. Measurement in polygons
D. Measurement in pentagon
13. In what century does trigonometry and knowledge of Euclid reached Paris?
A. 12th century B. 15th Century C. 13th Century D. 14th Century
14. The following are the parts of Geometry book except:
A. Area measurement C. Volume Measurement
B. Height Measurement D. Diagonal measurement
15. It is the work of Leonardo of Pisa
A. Geometry B. Practical Geometry C. Trigonometry D. Algebra
16. He was a monk who spent the final nine years of his life as the abbot of St. Albans Monastery.
A. Leonardo B. Richard of Wallingford C. Gerson D. Hiyya
17. It is the work of Richard Wallingford.
A. Liber Embadorum B. Quadripartitum C. Artis Cuiuslibet D. Practica Geomtrae
18. The earliest Jewish source on the combinatorics seems to be the mystical work of _________.
A. Sefer Yetsirah B. Artis Consumatio C. Geometrae D.Vetsirah
19. He is the Spanish-Jewish philosopher that de3scribes the number of Possible conjunctions of
the seven planets (including the sun and the moon)
A. Hiyya B. Ezra C. Abraham D. Leonardo
th
20. Early in the 14 Century, who gave careful, rigorous proofs of various combinatorial formulas in
a major work. The Maasi Hoshev?
A. Gerson B. Abraham C. Leonardo D. Hiyya
21. It is the book written by Leonardo of Pisa in Mathematics of Medieval Europe.
A. The Elements B. Maasi Hoshev C. Liber Abacci D. Nom de Plume

22. How to buy 30 birds for 30coins, if partridges cost 3coins each, pigeons2 coins each and
sparrows 2 for 1 coin?
A. 22sparrows, 5 pigeons, 3partridges
B. 21sparrows, 3 pigeons, 12partridges
C. 20sparrows, 5 pigeons, 3partridges
D. 22sparrows, 6 pigeons, 2partridges
23. Find a smallest number that when divided by 2 had remainder 1, by 3 had remainder 2, by 4 had
remainder 3, by 5 had remainder 4, by 6 had remainder 5, and by 7 had remainder 0.
A. 168 B. 203 C. 119 D. 273
24. Leonardo credited the _____ with what he called the “direct method” of solution, a method that
involves setting up an equation and then simplifying it according to standard rules.
A. Arab b. Islam C. Hindu D. Greek
25. Suppose there are four men such that the first, second and third together have 27 denarii, the
second, third and fourth together have 31, the third, fourth, and first have 34, while the fourth,
first, and second have 37. How much denarii did each man have?
A. 13, 9, 6, 5 B. 12, 9, 6, 16 C. 12, 8, 7, 16 D. 11, 9, 6, 17
26. How many pairs of rabbits are created by one pair in one year? A certain man had one pair of
rabbits together in a certain enclosed place, and one wishes to know how many are created
 from the pair in one year when it is the nature of them in a single month to bear another pair
and in the second month those born to bear also?
A. 377 B. 233 C. 144 D. 24
27. This is a book on number theory, in which Leonardo discussed the solving in rational numbers of
various equations involving squares.
B. LIber Abbaci B. Liber Quadraturom C. Maasi Hoshev D. Nom de Plume
28. One of the first mathematicians to make some advance over the work of Leonardo.
A. Jordanus de Nemore B. Levi ben Gerson C. Plato D. Buzjan
29. It is the book Written by Jordanus de Nemore.
A. Jordanus’ Arithmetica
B. Jordanus’ Nom de Plume
C. Jordanus’ Maasi Hoshev
D. .Jordanus’ Liber Abacci
30. It is the other Term of the book LIber Abacci.
A. Book of Computation
B. Book of Calculation
C. Book of Arithmetic
D. Book of Abacists

CHAPTER 11 (MATHEMATICS AROUND THE WORLD)

1. In the 14th century, European algebra did not consider negative numbers at all. ______
and _______were very fluent in the use of negative quantities in calculations, even if
they were still hesitant about using them as answers to mathematical problems.
a. India and Islam
b. India and China
c. Greek and Islam
d. China and Islam
2. He also introduced a form of symbolism in his algebraic work, something missing
entirely in Islamic algebra but also present, in different form, in India and China.
a. Jordanus de Amore
b. Jordan de More
c. Jordanus de Nemore
d. Jordan de Amore
3. They developed in great detail the methods for manipulating algebraic expressions,
especially those involving surds, and thereby began the process of negating the classical
Greek separation of number and magnitude.
a. Islamic Algebraists
b. Greek Algebraists
c. European Algebraists
d. Chinese Algebraists
4. Indian scholars developed techniques for solving for solving the quadratic indeterminate
equations known today as the _________.
a. Linear Congruence
b. Euclidean Algorithm
c. Eudoxo
d. Pellequations
5. In certain aspects of algebra,the ______were the first to develop techniques that were
later used elsewhere. For example, solving systems of linear equations and developed
their early root finding techniques, which involved the use of the Pascal triangle, into a
detailed procedure for solving polynomial equations of any degree.
a. Chinese b. European c. Islam d. India
6. It is a procedure for solving simultaneous linear congruence.
a. Euclidean Algorithm
b. Chinese remainder theorem
c. reductio ab surdum
d. Pellequations
7. They developed a solution method involving conic sections and gained some
understanding of the relationship of the roots to the coefficients of these equations. In
addition, they knew a method of solving polynomial equations numerically, similar to
the Chinese method, ultimately based on the Pascal triangle.
a. Islamic mathematicians
b. European mathematicians
c. Chinese mathematicians
d. Indian mathematicians
8. The first tabulation of the tangent function was in _______ in the early eighth century, where Yi
Xing developed this idea probably with the aid of Indian computations of the sine.
a. India b. Islam c. China d. Europe
9. In what civilizations did the level of mathematics was mentioned to be comparable at the turn of
the fourteenth century?
a. China, India, the Islamic world, and Europe
b. Islamic world, Europe, North American Indian and Afghanistan
c. North American Indian, Europe, China and the Islamic world
d. None of the above
10. The earliest documented appearance of the basic method of two sightings is in China in what
century?
a. Third b. Fifth c. Sixth D. Twelfth
11. Modern mathematics (and modern science in general) was developed in
a. Islamic world
b. Western Europe
c. China
d. India
12. What is TRUE about India?
a. The areas of mathematics more advanced than basic arithmetic were classified as “foreign
sciences,” in contrast to the “religious sciences”.
b. They have their corporate bodies that are having legally defined autonomy.
 c. There was essentially only one “university,” and this was a bureaucratic subdivision of the
imperial administration.
d. There was no central government over the entire subcontinent, and thus no central system
of education.
13. Why did Modern Mathematics developed in Europe?
a. Because Europe is richer and more developed than the other civilizations during that time
b. Because there were corporate bodies and if the faculty decided to develop new
mathematical ideas surrounding them, it was in general not easy for church leaders to ban
such work.
c. Because almost all the contributions in modern mathematics came from them
d. None of the given choices
14. In Islam, these tended to concentrate on the teaching of Islamic law
a. The Madrasas
b. The Mudrasos
c. The Damrasas
d. The Dumrasos
15. In Mayan Numerals, zero is represented as
a. dot b. bar c. shell d. none of the above
16. What kind of numeral system does the Mayan used?
a. Base-10 number system
b. Base-60 number system
c. Base-50 number system
d. Base-20 number system
17. The civilizations of the American Mathematics?
a. Mayan, Inca, Sub-African
b. Mayan, Inca, North American Indian
c. Inca, Mayan, Mesopotamian
d. Inca, Mayan, South American Indian
18. It is a device involving knots in strings.
a. yupana b. quipu c. abacus d. none of the above
19. All the fingers is equal to
a. 10 b. 20 c. 100 d. 1000
20. Geometric figures was used by North American Indian in
a. Ornamentation and Agriculture
b. Ornamentation and Construction
c. Agriculture and Construction
d. For practical purposes
21. It is the civilization that had no written records
a. Mayan b. Incas c. North American Indian d. Indian
22. A massive stone complex 17 miles South of Nyanda, Waich was probably built in the 1200
a. Great Zimbabwe b. Cuneiform c. Hieroglypics d. Code of Hammurabi
23. This culture was the first who showed the Tshokwe Graphs
a. Tshokwe Culture
b. Bushoong Culture
c. BalineseCulture
d. Madagascar Culture
24. Which of the following is not a mathematical idea in American Cultures?
a. Geometric Pattern
 b. Mathematical Games and Puzzles
c. Manipulations of the seeds of favo tree
d. none of the above
25. What do you call the wooden board in Bali on which an array of seven rows and thirty columns
is carved or painted?
a. quipu b. madagascar c. tika d. omweso
26. In Marshall Islands, _________ are the element of the Navigation Tradition
a. Stick Charts b. Group Theory c. Tika d. Quipu
27. Many African cultures used this as cloth weaving or decorative metal work
a. Stick Charts
b. Geometry Theory
c. Strips of Cloth
d. Both B and C
28. The board game was known variously in Africa as
a. wari, omweso and mankala
b. quipu, omweso and wari
c. omweso, wari and tika
d. yupana, wari and mankala
29. They used Tshokwe Graphs in their storytelling in African Cultures
a. Bushoong Culture in Zaike
b. Tshokwe Culture of North Eastern Angola
c. Mayan Culture in America
d. Both A and B
30. The man who used manipulations of the seeds of favo tree
a. Fanner
b. Manipulator
c. Diviner
d. none of the above

MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE.

___________1. Trecena is a day number 1 to 13 in the Tzolk'in Calendar.
ANSWER: TRUE
___________ 2. Sexagesimal system is a system that is based on 20 rather than 10 and it is used
by the Mayans for their calculations.
ANSWER: VIGESIMAL SYSTEM
___________ 3. The knots are clustered together in groups separated by spaces and represent
numbers using a base-10 place value system.
ANSWER: TRUE
___________ 4. 5-day month in the Haab Calendar is called Wayeb.
ANSWER: TRUE
___________5. Euclidean Parallel Postulate states that if A + B = 360⸰ then line 1 and line 2 are
parallel.
ANSWER: 180⸰
___________6. Anasazi set up viewing areas in many of their structure to determine occurrences
of certain important astronomical events.
ANSWER: TRUE
___________ 7. Top Cord is a cord placed near the center of several pendant cords and tied so
that when the quipu lies flat it falls in a direction opposite the pendant cords.
ANSWER: TRUE
___________ 8. Male figure is a figure of the first mathematician identified as such on a glyph.
ANSWER: FEMALE FIGURE
___________ 9. Wari, omweso, mankala are examples of card games of Africa.
ANSWER: BOARD GAMES
___________ 10. India and China did not consider negative numbers at all.
ANSWER: EUROPE

IDENTIFICATION.
1. It is a convenient tool in analyzing the Kin relationship in Melakula.
ANSWER: GROUP THEORY

2. These are generally clustered in groups, sometimes with each group consisting of the same
set of distinct colors, whereas each color refers to a particular class of data that is being
recorded.
ANSWER: PENDANT CHORDS

3. It is a system to represent numbers and calendar dates in the Maya civilization.

ANSWER: MAYAN NUMERATION SYSTEM

4. Mathematics of a group of people.

ANSWER: ETHNOMATHEMATICS

5. This is an instrument for navigation used by the people who lived in Marshall Islands.
ANSWER: STICK CHARTS

6. It is a representation of the number one (1) in Mayan Numeration System.

ANSWER: DOTS

7. It is a major civilization of about four million people that did not have a written language
system.
ANSWER: INCA
8. They constructed elaborate pueblos and ceremonial structures at various sites at Mesa Verde
and Chaco Canyon.
ANSWER: ANASAZI

9. It is the time by which the cycle of the Long Count Calendar ends.
ANSWER: DECEMBER 21, 2012

10. A main cord, thicker than others, to which other cords are attached.
ANSWER: PENDANT CORD

11. A collection of colored knotted cords, in which the colors, the placement of the cords, the
knots on the individual cords, the placement of the knots, and the spaces between the knots
all contribute to the meaning of the recorded data.
ANSWER: QUIPU

12. A cord attached to the pendant cord.

ANSWER: SUBSIDIARY CORD

13. It is the name for the stone remains of a medieval city in southeastern Africa.
ANSWER: GREAT ZIMBAWE

14. Probably constructed by Plains Indians to determine the summer solstice.

ANSWER: MOOSE MOUNTAIN MEDICINE WHEEL

15. It is one of twenty-day names of the Tzolk'in Calendar.

ANSWER: VIENTENA

16. Who coined the term quadrivium to describe the study of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy,
and music?
ANSWER: BOETHIUS

17. It is a measure of fields, the determination of unknown distances and heights, the calculation
of volumes, and so on, was performed by much the same techniques in the four societies
studied.
ANSWER: PRACTICAL GEOMETRY

18. Displays not only alignments to important celestial events but also evidence of detailed city
planning.
ANSWER: CAHOKIAN MOUNDS

19. It is the era where we can find the idea of tracing figures continuously in the sand also in
Malekula in the Republic of Vanuatu.
ANSWER: SOUTH PACIFIC

20. A procedure for solving simultaneous linear congruences.

ANSWER: CHINESE REMAINDER THEOREM
MULTIPLE CHOICE.
1. This symbol represents the value of 5 in the Mayan numeration system.
a. line bar b. shell
b. stone d. dot

2. This is one of the sacred number of the Mayans that represents the number of years in a
"bundle", a unit similar in concept to our century.
a. 50 c. 52
b. 51 d. 53

3. This number had sacred meaning as it is the number of Maya gods of the night.
a. 100 c. 300
b. 200 d. 400

4. It is a nineteen-month calendar that approximates the solar year which composed of 365
days.
a. haab calendar c. tzolk'in calendar
b. long count calendar d. chinese calendar

5. It is recorded on the cords by a system of knots.

a. values c. algorithm
b. data d. proofs

6. It is the last day of Pop, a name of a month in the Haab Calendar, which means the sitting of
Wo or the sitting of next month.
a. chum wo c. chum yo
b. chun yo d. chun wo
7. It is associated with a group of cords on which is recorded the sum of the numbers on the
individual cords of the group or sometimes certain pendant cords record sums of the numbers
on other such cords.
a. bottom cord c. subsidiary cord
b. pendant cord d. top cord

8. A diverse group of indigenous people in the Americas who developed the science of
astronomy, calendar systems and hieroglyphic writing
a. islams c. americans
b. mayans d. africans

9. This is one of the longest cycles found in the Maya calendar system that is developed to
chronologically date mythical and historical events.
a. haab calendar c. tzolk'in calendar
b. long count calendar d. chinese calendar

10. It is a Maya sacred calendar which is not divided into months but composed of 260 days.
 a. haab calendar c. tzolk'in calendar
b. long count calendar d. chinese calendar

11. These are the contributions of Chinese in 14th century except one:
a. solving for linear equation c. trigonometry
b. finding roots d. algebra

12. Who is greatly exposed in classical Greek geometry?

a. Indians c. European
b. Islams d. Chinese

13. Studied heavily the linear congruences

a. Indians c. European
b. Islams d. Chinese

14. 14. The beginnings of a renewed interest in Euclid and other Greek geometers, stimulated
by the appearance of a mass of translations of
this material in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
a. India c. Europe
b. Islam d. China

15. It is one of the Mayan special numbers as it referred as the sacred number of original Maya
Gods.
a. 10 c. 12
b. 11 d. 13

CHAPTER 12

1. The Italian merchants of the Middle Ages generally were what today we might call________.
They traveled themselves to distant places in the East, bought goods that were wanted back
home, and returned to Italy to sell them in the hope of making a profit.
A. Abacist B. Rennaisance C. Venture Capitalist D. Quadrivium

2. A new class of “professional” mathematicians in Italy who wrote the texts from which they
taught the necessary mathematics to the sons of the merchants in new schools.
A. Italian Merchants B. Hindu C. Venture Capitalist D. Maestrid Abbaco

3. The Italian abacists of the fourteenth century were instrumental in teaching the merchants the
“new” ___________ decimal place value system and the algorithms for using it.
A. Roman Numeral B. Hindu Arabic C. Base 10 D. Base 100

4. The gold florin is worth 5 lire, 12 soldi, 6 denarii in Lucca. How much (in terms of gold florins) are
13 soldi, 9 denarii worth? (One needs to know that 20 soldi make up 1 lira and 12 denarii make 1
soldo.)
A. 0.0122 B. 0.122 C. 1.22 D. 12.2
5. The old counting board system required accountants to carry around not only a board but also a
bag of counters, while the new system required only ________ and could be used anywhere.
A. Abacus B. Stones C. Paper and Pencil D. Denarii

6. It is the Basic Part of the curriculum taught to the sons of the Italian Merchants.
A. Islamic Algebra B. Roman Algebra C. Italian Algebra D. Merchants Algebra
7. He was a French physician who wrote his mathematical treatise in Lyon near the end of his life.
A. Nicolas Chuquet B. Hiyya C. Pisa D. Abraham
8. The work of Nicolas Chuquet.
A. Biparty B. Treparty C. Triparty D. None
9. The triparty is concern in three parts, EXCEPT in __.
A. Arithmetic B. Calculation of square roots C. Algebra D. Geometry
10. In what century the algebra appeared in Germany?
A. Late in the 15th century B. 16th century C. 13th century D. 14th century
11. The very name given to algebra in Germany is ___________.
A. The art of life B. The art of Coss C. The art of cost D. The art of creation
12. He wrote his Coss, the first comprehensive German algebra in Vienna in the early 1520s.
A. Michael Stifel B. Christoff Rudolf C. Scheubel D. Recorde
13. Professor at the University of Bologna, discovered an algebraic method of solving the cubic
equation x3 + cx = d.s` (a)
a. Scipione del Ferro b. Cardano c. , Lodovico Ferrari d. AntNiccol`o Tartaglia

14. Cardano then began to work on the problem himself, probably assisted by his servant and
student, (b)
a. Cardano b. Lodovico Ferrari c. Scipione del Ferro d. AntNiccol`o Tartaglia
15. He declared the winner in their battle against fiero, in this case of 30 banquets prepared by the
loser for the winner and his friends. (d)
a. Cardano
b. Lodovico Ferrari
c. Scipione del Ferro
d. AntNiccol`o Tartaglia

16. Cardano published his most important mathematicalwork, the ,

chiefly devoted to the solution of cubic and quartic equations. (a)
a. Ars magna, sive de regulis algebraicis
b. Ars magma, sive de regulis algebraicis
c. Ars magna, sive de regulis algebrasias
d. Ars magna, sive de religious algebraicis
17. He write a more systematic text of Ars magna in Italian to enable students to master the
material on their own. (b)
a. Cardano
b. Rafael Bombelli
c. Scipione del Ferro
d. AntNiccol`o Tartaglia
18. Cardano was quite proud of his work. At the end of the text there appears in large type,
a. “WRITTEN IN TEN YEARS, MAY IT LAST AS TWENTY THOUSANDS.”
b. “WRITTEN IN FIVE YEARS, MAY IT LAST AS MANY THOUSANDS.”
c. “WRITTEN IN TEN YEARS, MAY IT LAST AS MANY THOUSANDS.”
 d. “WRITTEN IN FIVE YEARS, MAY IT LAST AS FIVE THOUSANDS.”
19. Who prepared singlehandedly Latin translations of virtually all of the known works of
Archimedes, Apollonius, Pappus, Aristarchus, Autolycus, Heron, and others?
a. Federigo Commandino c. Luca Pacioli
b. Rafael Bombelli d. Gerolamo Cardano
20. Who is this mathematician considered as one of the first “men of talent” who attempted to
identify the Greek analysis with the new algebra, and who tried to display this new algebra with
“clearness and simplicity?

a. Federigo Commandino c. Luca Pacioli

b. Rafael Bombelli d. Fran¸cois Vi`ete
21. Vi`ete began his program in his In artem analyticem isagoge which means?
a. Inroducing the Analytic Art
b. Introduction to the Analytic Art
c. Exploring the World of Analytic Art
d. Explore the World of Analytic Art
22. The procedure by which one transforms a problem into an equation linking the unknown and
the various knowns is what kind of analysis?
a. poristic analysis b. exegetics c. zetetic analysis d. thematics
23. What is the translation of A cubus + C plano in A aequetus D solido in modern notation?
a. x³ + cx = d b. x³ + c/x = d c. x³ + cx d. x³ + xc = d
d
24. In what book did Vi`ete use his symbolic methods of calculation to deal with a large number of
algebraic problems drawn from a variety of sources, both ancient and contemporary?
a. Prior Notes on Symbolic Logistic
b. Five Books of Zetetics
c. Introduction to the Analytic Art
d. Two Treatises on the Recognition and Emendation of Equations
25. His major mathematical contribution was the creation of a well-thought-out notation for
decimal numbers.
a. Gerolamo Cardano b. Francois Viete c. Simon Steven d. Rafael Bombelli
26. It is the most important mathematical work of Stevin.
a. De Thiende b. 'l'Arithmetique c. Viete Equation d. All of the above.
27. Using Hindu-Arabic numerals, whole numbers are also known as
a. Ones b. Commencement c. Second d. Third
28. This are numbers that are written according to the rule: "There were only single digits to the left of
the signs".
a. Fraction b. Arithmetic c. Prime d. Decimal
29. Which of the following is true about 'l'Arithmetique according to Steven?
a. Arithmetic is the science of numbers.
b. Number is that which explains the quality of each thing.
c. Arithmetic are written capitals.
d. Arithmetic was a generator of a line.
30. He presented this particular idea that "Number is not discontinuous quantity".
a. Aristotle b. Euclid c. Stevin d. Bombelli

Lesson 1: The Italian Abacists

1. They are the one who wrote the texts from which they taught the necessary
mathematics to the sons of merchants in schools created for just this purpose.
a) Abacists
b) Al-kwarizmi
c) France mathematicians
d) None of the above
2. It is their extension of the Islamic quadratic solving techniques to higher order
equations.
a) Cubic Equation
b) Volumes
c) Arithmetic
d) Higher Degree Equation
3. He was one of the last of the abacists, who was ordained as a Franciscan friar in the
1470s and taught mathematics at various places in Italy during the remainder of his
career.
a) Chuquet
b) Pacioli
c) Rudolff
d) Stiffel
4. Teaching only those problems young merchants would need in carrying out daily
transactions. Problems and their solutions were described in detail, with all steps fully
described. It also known as mostly practical.
a) Higher Degree Equation
b) Abbreviations
c) Mathematical texts
d) Symbolisms
5. In what centuries did abacist extended the Islamic methods by introducing
abbreviations and symbolisms, developing new methods for dealing with complex
algebraic problems?
a) 13 and 14
b) 14 and 15
c) 16 and 17
d) 18 and 19
6.He is known for his cleverness in solving algebraic problems
a) Maestro Dardi of Pisa
b) Al-Khwarizmi
c) Luca Pacioli
d) Antonio deí Mazzinhi
7. Unlike Islamic algebra, which was entirely rhetorical, the abacists allowed the use of
symbols for unknowns and it is called_____
a) The Italian abacist
b) Higher Degree Equation
c) New Algebraic Techniques
d) All of the above
8. Who is not an Italian abacist?
a) Al-Khwarizmi
b) Luca Pacioli
c) Antonio deí Mazzinhi
d) None of the above

Lesson 2: Algebra in France, Germany, England, and Portugal

1. He was a French physician who wrote his mathematical treatise in Lyon near the end
of his life.
a) Simon Stevin
b) Luca Pacioli
c) Nicolas Chuquet
d) Francois Viete
2. He wrote his Coss, the first comprehensive German Algebra in Vienna in the early
1520’s.
a) Luca Pacioli
b) Nicolas Chuquet
c) Antonio dei Mazzinhi
d) Christoff Rudolff
3. He was ordained as a priest and became an early follower of Martin Luther.
a) Michael Stifel
b) Simon Stevin
c) Francois Viete
d) Christoff Rudolff
4. He displayed the triangle in his De numeris et diversis rationibus of 1545 with the
standard instructions for calculating its entries.
a) Francois Viete
b) Johannes Scheubel
c) Michael Stifel
d) Luca Pacioli
5. He wrote several mathematics textbooks and graduated from Oxford in 1531 and was
licensed in medicine.
a) Johannes Scheubel
b) Michael Stifel
c) Robert Recorde
d) Nicolas Chuquet
6. He made several contributions to the science of navigation and studied at the
University of Salamanca.
a) Robert Recorde
b) Johannes Scheubel
c) Antonio dei Mazzinhi
d) Pedro Nunes
7. He composed his Triparty in 1484, a work on arithmetic and algebra in three parts.
a) Chuquet
b) Nunes
c) Recorde
d) Rudolff
8. Michael Stifel called calculus in german as _______.
a) Deutsche
b) Wortrechnung
c) Strasbourg
d) Arithmetica integra

Lesson 3: The Solution of the Cubic Equation

1. He published his book Ars Magna, also known as the “Great Art.”
a. Michael Stifel
b. Luca Pacioli
c. Girolamo Cardano
d. Scipione del Ferro

2. He brought up the question and laid out a challenge to the Italian mathematical
community to find a solution.
a. Luca Pacioli
b. Niccolo Fontana Tartaglia
c. Rafael Bombelli
d. Scipione del Ferro

3. He became one of the most famous doctors in all Europe, having treated the Pope.
a. Scipione del Ferro
b. Luca Pacioli
c. Rafael Bombelli
d. Girolamo Cardano

4. He worked furiously trying to find a solution to these depressed cubics and on the
night of February 13, 1535, he discovered the solution.
a. Rafael Bombelli
b. Niccolo Fontana Tartaglia
c. Scipione del Ferro
d. Luca Pacioli

5. He was educated as an engineer and spent much of his adult life working on
engineering projects in the service of his patron.
a. Rafael Bombelli
b. Cardano
c. Luca Pacioli

6. The largest project in which Rafael Bombelli was involved.

a. the reclamation of the marshes
b. wrote the book on Game of Chance
c. wrote the whetstone of witte

7. What is the meaning of pi’u di meno?

a. Plus of minus
b. Minus of plus
c. Minus of minus

8. What is the meaning of meno di meno?

a. Plus of minus
b. Minus of minus
c. Plus of plus

Lesson 4: Viete, Algebraic Symbolism, and Analysis

1.) In what rule did Rene Descartes express his best feelings of his Rules for the
Direction of the Mind?
A. Rule IV
B. Rule V
C. Rule VII
D. Rule X

2.) Who was an Italian geometer who singlehandedly prepared Latin translations of
virtually all of the known works of Archimedes, Apollonius, Pappus, Aristarchus,
Autolycus, Heron, and others?
A. Gerolamo Cardano
B. Francois Viete
C. Federigo Comandino
D. Rene Descartes
3.) It states that all all terms in a given equation must be of the same degree.
A. Law of the Lever
B. Law of Homogeneity
C. Principle of Hydrostatics
D. Principle of Insufficient Reason

4.) Who was the one of the first “men of talent” who attempted to identify the Greek
analysis with the new algebra, and who tried to display this new algebra with “clearness
and simplicity”?
A. Rafael Bombelli
B. Francois Viete
C. Gerolamo Cardano
D. Rene Descartes

5.) Division: Fraction Bar :: Multiplication:________

A. times
B. in
C. duplicate
D. multiply

6.) According to Viete, what do l.25 means in modern notation?

A. square root of 25
B. cube root of 25
C. factors of 25
D. multiple of 25

7.) What is the historic work of Viete consists of several treatises that developed the first
consistent, coherent, and systematic conception of algebraic equations?
A. Direction of the Mind
B. The Ground of Arts
C. The Analytic Art
D. Two Treatises on the Recognition

8.) What do you call the art of transforming the equation found by zetetics to find a value
for the unknown?
A. Exegetics
B. Problematic
C. Poristic
D. Theorematic

Lesson 5: Simon Stevin and Decimal Fractions

1. He was a Dutch Mathematician, physicist, and engineer who was born into a wealthy
family in Bruges, in what is now Belgium.
a) Francois Viete
b) Simon Stevin
c) Federigo Commandino
d) Archimedes

2. Which of the following in NOT a contribution of Simon Stevin?

a) regular polyhedra with physics
b) determining stable and unstable equilibria
c) theory of equations
d) textbooks in dutch

3. What was Simon Stevin’s most noted mathematical work?

a) Decimal Arithmetic
b) Regular Polyhedra
c) Equilibria
d) Decimal Fractions

4. It is the idea of using decimals instead of fractions.

a) Decimal Fractions
b) De Thiende
c) Decimal Arithmetic
d) Stevin’s Fractions
5. What is De Thiende?
a) Whole Numbers
b) Decimal Arithmetic
c) Decimal Fractions
d) Decimal Places

6. Simon Stevin also worked with this for better understanding of Decimal Fractions.
a) Geometry
b) Physics
c) Quadratics
d) Polynomials

7. Simon Stevin believed that these are continuum.

a) Decimals
b) Zeroes
c) Absolute Value
d) Real Numbers

8. It is the shape used in Simon Stevin’s Notation.

a) Circle
b) Square
c) Triangle
d) Polygon
Chapter 13
1. The Elements of Euclid originally written in what language

A.Latin B.Greek C.French D.English

2. He was the one who did the Italian version of The Elements during 16th century.

A. John Dee B. Rodrigo Camorano C. Tartaglia D. Pierre Forcadel

3. During Renaissance period, geometry considered as

A. science of figures B. science of magnitude C. science of number D.science of theorem

4. It was the study of numerical values of words during the time of John Dee.

A. alchemy B. arithmetic C. gematria D. zography

5. It is an Art Mathematical which demonstates the manner and properties of all radiations.

A.stereometry B. Zography C. Vulgar Geometry D. Perspectives

6. Vernacular versions of the elements was produced during

A. 14th century B.15th century C.16th century D.17th century

7.The main focus of Mathematical Methods of Renaissance

A. History B. Art C.Science D. Literature

8. During Renaissance, it was the central aspect of Math

A.algebra B.geometry C.history D.trigonometry

9.In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries while the Europeans were exploring the rest of
the world, what was at the central of importance?
a. conquering the world
b. methods of navigation
c. transportation
 d. source of living
10.What was the major question of navigation on the seas in the sixteenth century?
a. How to determine the ship’s altitude?
b. How to determine the ship’s latitude and longitude?
c. How to determine the ship’s dimension?
d. How to determine the ship’s captain?

11.One’s latitude, in the northern hemisphere, was equal to the altitude of the north
celestial pole, and this was marked, approximately, by
a. Rigel
b. Polaris
c. Betelgeuse
d. Orion’s belt

12.An alternate method of finding latitude, especially when sailing close to or south of the
equator, was by observation of the
a. Polaris
b. Sun
c. Moon
d. Big dipper

13.A sphere on a rhumb line is also called

a. Exodrome
b. Loxodrome
c. Laxodrome
d. Syndrome

14. One of the first renaissance mathematicians to attempt to apply mathematicians to the
improvement of mapmaking methods was
a. Pedro Bukaneg
b. Pedro Nunes
c. Pedro Lunes
d. Pedro Mercator

15.He made the book ”On Certain Errors in Navigation” that explained Mercator’s methods.
a. Edward Cullen
b. Edward Wright
c. Edward Warner
d. Edward Selarom
16.Mercator’s map was the prime sea chart during the age of European exploration because
of its
a. creativity
b. simplicity of use
c. neatness
d. variety

17.He is the man generally considered to be the founder of modern physics and responsible
in large measure for reformulating the laws of motion considered first by the Greeks and
later by certain medieval scholars.
a.Isaan Newton
b.Albert Einstein
c.Galileo Galilei
d.None of the above

18.The most important new ideas, dealing with the “natural” accelerated motion of free fall
and the “violent” motion of a projectile, were published in ________ in Discourses and
Mathematical Demonstrations Concerning Two New Sciences.
a. 1638 b. 1683 c. 1637 d. 1863

19.It is an art mathematical which demonstrates the causes of heaviness and lightness of all
things and of motions and properties to heaviness and lightness belonging.
a. Kinemantics
b. Statistics
c. Mathematics
d. None of the above

20.It is equably or uniformly accelerated which, abandoning rest, adds on to itself equal
momenta of swiftness in equal times.
a. Accelerated motion
b. Motion of the projectiles
c. Motion
d. Both a and b
21. This theorem says that, “The time in which a certain space is traversed by a moveable in
uniformly accelerated movement from rest is equal to the time in which the same space
would be traversed by the same moveable carried in uniform motion whose degree of
speed is one-half the maximum and final degree of speed of the previous, uniformly
accelerated, motion.”
a. Speed Mean Theorem
b. The motion of projectiles motion
c. Accelerated motion Theorem
d. None of the above
22.He made these two major advances, Accelerated Motion and Motion of the Projectiles
a. Galileo Galilei
b. Isaac Newton
c. Albert Einstein
d. None of the above

23. The motions that are compounded from two movements, the horizontal one being of
constant velocity and the vertical one being naturally accelerated.
a. Accelerated Motion
b. Motion of the projectiles
c. Motion
d. All of the abaove

24. When did Galileo discovered the theorem about the Motion of Projectiles?
a. 1605
b. 1606
c. 1607
d. 1608

25. Who are these two men that work independently, around the turn of the seventeenth
century, came up with the idea of producing an extensive table that would allow one to
multiply any desired numbers together (not just powers of 2) by performing additions?
a. Adrian Vlacq b. Scot John Nap c. Swiss JobstBurgi d. Both b & c

26.This work contained only a brief introduction showing how the tables were to be used.
a. Logarithms
b. Mirificilogarithmorumcanonisdescription
c. Law of Tangent
d. Mirificilogarithmorumcanonisconstructio

27.It is the work on logarithmsdescribing the theory behind the construction of the tables.
a. Logarithms
b. Mirificilogarithmorumcanonisdescription
c. Law of Tangent
d. Mirificilogarithmorumcanonisconstructio

28.He was able to derive important properties of logarithms analogous to those of our
modern logarithm as well as to show how to construct a table of logarithms of sines.
a. Adrian Vlacq b. John Dee c. Galileo Galilei d. Scot John Napier

29.He completed Briggs’s table in 1628 that became the basis for nearly all logarithm tables
intothe twentieth century.
a. Adrian Vlacq b. John Dee c. Galileo Galilei d. Scot John Napier
30.How many years did Napier took him in actual construction of his table of logarithm?
a. Two years b. Five years c. Twenty years d. Fifteen years

31.He is a French mathematician who was able to assert that the invention of logarithms,
“by shortening the labors, doubled the life of the astronomer” in eighteenth-century.
a.Adrian Vlacq b. John Dee c. Galileo Galilei d. Pierre-Simon de Laplace

32.He was able to build up atable of logarithms of closely spaced numbers using the laws of
logarithms.
a.Adrian Vlacq b. John Dee c. Galileo Galilei d. Henry Briggs

QUESTIONNAIRE OF CHAPTER 13

Introduction of the Mathematical Methods in the Renaissance

1. What is the central aspect of mathematics in Renaissance? – Geometry
2. Who translated Euclid’s Elements to Italian? – Niccolo Tartaglia
3. Who translated Euclid’s Elements to French? – Pierre Forcadel
4. What vernacular version of Euclid’s Elements is considered to be the most
impressive? – English
5. It is considered to be the science of number. – Arithmetic
6. It is known as the study of the measurement of solids.– Stereometry
7. It is the framework introduced by John Dee which offered an overview of applied
mathematics. – Groundplat

Perspective
1. He served as a court astrologer to Queen Elizabeth. – John Dee
2. It is an Art Mathematical which demonstrates the manner and properties of all
radiations direct, broken, and reflected. – Perspective
3. Who is the first Italian artist to make a serious study of the geometry of perspective?
– Filippo Brunelleschi
4. He was an Italian painter of the Early Renaissance. – Pierrodella Francesca
5. Who wrote the first text on the subject “The Della Pittura” of 1435?
– Leon Battista Alberti
6. He was a German painter, printmaker, and theorist of the German Renaissance.
– Albrecht Dürer
7. He was a German astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer. – Johannes Kepler

Navigation and Geography

1. It is a field of study that focuses on the process of monitoring and controlling the
movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another? – Navigation
2. It teaches ways by which in sundry forms (as spherical, plane, or other) the situation
of cities, towns, villages, forts, castles, mountains, woods, havens, rivers, creeks, and
such other things, upon the outface of the earthly globe... may be described and
 designed in commensurations analogical to nature and verity, and most aptly to our
view, may be represented. – Geography
3. One of the first Renaissance mathematicians to attempt to apply mathematics to the
improvement of mapmaking methods. – Pedro Nunes
4. 1 hour is equivalent into how degrees of longitude? – 15°
5. It can be calculated by calculus techniques as ln(sec φ + tan φ) or ln(tan (φ/2 + π/4 ))
– D(φ)
6-7. Two related aspects of mathematics discussed by Dee and extremely important to
the world of the sixteenth century. – Navigation & Geography

Astronomy and Trigonometry

1. What is the Latinized version of Johannes Müller von Königsberg?
a. Joannas de Regiomonte
b. Joannus de Regiomonte
c. Joannes de Regiomonte
d. Joannos de Regiomonte
2. “You who wish to study great and wonderful things, who wonder about the
movement of the stars, must read these theorems about triangles. Knowing these ideas
will open the door to all of astronomy and to certain geometric problems.”
a. The statement is never false.
b. The statement is always false.
c. The statement is somewhat true, somewhat false.
d. The statement is sometimes true, sometimes false.
3. Actual or apparent motion of a body in a direction opposite to that of the (direct)
motions of most members of the solar system or of other astronomical systems with a
preferred direction of motion.
a. Orthograde motion
b. Retrograde motion
c. Tardigrade motion
d. Centigrade motion
4. Polish astronomer who proposed that the planets have the Sun as the fixed point to
which their motions are to be referred; that Earth is a planet which, besides orbiting
the Sun annually, also turns once daily on its own axis; and that very slow long-term
changes in the direction of this axis account for the precession of the equinoxes.
a. Ptolemy
b. Bartholomew Pitiscus
c. Thomas Finck
d. Nicolaus Copernicus
5. Shows how to determine the angles of a right triangle if two sides are known.
a. Theorem I–27
b. Theorem I–29
c. Theorem I–49
d. Theorem II–1
 6. A book that represented the work of a lifetime but that was only published in 1543,
the year of Nicolaus Copernicus’ death.
a. Trigonometriae Sive, de Dimensione Triangulis
b. Geometria Rotundi Libra XIV
c. De Revolutionibus Orbium Celestium
d. De Triangulis Omnimodus
7. This representation of the heavens is usually called the _________, or “Sun-centred,”
system—derived from the Greek helios, meaning “Sun.”
a. Heliocentric
b. Geocentric
c. Metacentric
d. Psychocentric
8. Who was the astronomer devoted much of his life to making these observations?
– Tycho Brache
9. One of astronomer who used Copernicus’s work as the basis for astronomical
calculations. Who is he? – Erasmus Reinhold
10. It is known to be revolving object moves around another object in an oval shaped
path? – Elliptical Orbits
11. What was the idea of Kepler transformed this initial two dimensional into three-
dimensional geometry? – Mysterium Cosmographicum
12. It is the three laws had great consequences in the development of astronomical as well
as physical theory? – Planetary Motion
13. Who were the German astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer in the 17th-century
and known for his laws of planetary motion? – Johannes Kepler
14. It is the study of everything in the universe beyond Earth's atmosphere?
–Astronomy

Logarithms
1. It is the inverse function to exponentiation? – Logarithm
2. Who introduced the logarithm in 1614? – John Napier
3. How many decimal points that Napier’s logarithms calculated in 1614? – 14
4. When was the algorithm invented? – 1614
5. Log5 of 75? – 3
6. Log3 of 81? – 4
7. Log8 of 64? – 2

Kinematics
1. It is the study of the geometry that deals with motion. – Kinematics
2. He was responsible in large measure for reformulating the laws of motion considered
first by the Greeks and later by certain medieval scholars. – Galileo Galilei
3. It is a dialogue that concerns the comparison of the Copernican system with the
traditional Ptolemaic system which presented by Galileo Galilei. – Two Chief World
Systems
4. Galileo’s most fundamental contribution to the mutual development of mathematics
and physics. – Mathematical Modelling
 5. A treatise on physics in the form of a dialogue that deals with how solid bodies resist
fracturing, the behavior of bodies in motion, the nature of acceleration, and projectile
motion. – Two New Sciences
6. The phenomenon in which an object changes its position over time. – Motion
7. It is the discovering of the path by which an object moves in shortest time from one
point to another point at a lower level. – Brachistochrone problem

Chapter 14

1. He began his own project of using Pappus’s annotations and lemmas in the Domain
of Analysis to restore the Plane Loci of Apollonius.
a. Rene Descartes b. Jan de Witt c. Diophantus d. Pierre de Fermat

2. He wrote the book of Discourse.

a. Rene Descartes b. Jan de Witt c. Diophantus d. Pierre de
Fermat

3. Descartes uses these two words to distinct positive sign over negative sign.
a. true and false b. fact and bluff c. yes and no d. right and wrong

4. He was convinced that a curve for which any point could be constructed could also
be generated by continuous motion.
a. Rene Descartes b. Jan de Witt c. Diophantus d. Pierre
de Fermat

5. At the age of 23, he composed the Elementa curvarum linearum (Elements of

Curves).
a. Rene Descartes b. Jan de Witt c. Diophantus d. Pierre de
Fermat

6. He evidently was not convinced that an algebraic equation was the best way to
define a curve.
a. Rene Descartes b. Jan de Witt c. Diophantus d.
Pierre de Fermat

7. He sketched a method of reducing any quadratic equation to one of his seven

canonical forms, by showing how to change variables.
a. Rene Descartes b. Jan de Witt c. Diophantus d. Pierre
de Fermat

8. It is written that “If all three dice are alike there is only one way for each number, if
two are alike and one are different there are three ways, and if all are different there
are six ways.”
a. Liber de ludo aleae c. Traite du triangle arithmetique
b. De Vetula d. Generale trattato

9. This is also known as “Book on Games of Chance.”

a. Liber de ludo aleae c. Traite du triangle arithmetique
b. De Vetula d. Generale trattato

10. He was born in Clermont Ferrand, France, and showed his mathematical precocity
very early. He began his own mathematical and scientific researches before he was 20.
a. Christian Huyges c. Albert Girard
b. Thomas Harriot d. Blaise Pascal

11. He wrote a brief book on the subject, the De ratiociniis in aleae ludo (On the
Calculations in Games of Chance), which appeared in print in 1657.
a. Christian Huyges c. Albert Girard
b. Thomas Harriot d. Blaise Pascal

12. It modern terms, the “value” of chance is the _____.

a. outcomes c. expectation
b. ordinance d. guess

13. In what proposition can you find this Huygens generalization, “To have p chances
to win a and q chances to win b , the chances being equivalent is worth (pa+qb) /
(p+q).”
a. First Proposition c. Third Proposition
b. Second Proposition d. Fourth Proposition

14. In what proposition can you find this Huygens generalization, “To have equal
chances of winning (amounts) a or b is worth (a + b)/2.”
a. First Proposition c. Third Proposition
b. Second Proposition d. Fourth Proposition

15. This is the triangle of numbers that had been used in various parts of the world
already for more than 500 years.
a. Factor Tree c. Pascal’s Triangle
b. Mersenne Primes d. Arithmetical Triangle

16. He is a French engineer and architect whose most original contributions to

mathematics were in the field of projective geometry.
a. Girard Desargues c. Fermat
b. Mersenne d. Christian Huygens

17. Fermat’s favorite correspondent.

a. Girard Desargues c. Fermat
b. Mersenne d. Christian Huygens
18. Theorem that states that if p is any prime and a any positive integer, then p divides
ap.
a. Fermat’s Little Theorem c. Probability Theory
b. Fermat’s Last Theorem d. Method of Infinite Descent

19. This method demonstrates the nonexistence of positive integers having certain
properties by showing that the assumption that one integer has such a property implies
that a smaller one has the same property.
a. Mathematical Induction c. Method of Infinite Descent
b. Pascal Triangle d. Method of Expectation

20. This theorem states “one cannot split a cube into two cubes, nor a fourth power
into two fourth powers, nor in general any power beyond the square in infinitum into
two powers of the same name.”
a. Fermat’s Little Theorem c. Probability Theory
b. Fermat’s Last Theorem d. Method of Infinite Descent

21. Desargues proposed to unify the various methods, not by algebraicizing them
as did Fermat, but by subsuming them under new synthetic techniques of __________.
a. projection c. exhaustion
b. expectation d. division

22. When did Desargues attempted in his Brouillon projet d’une atteinte aux ´ev
´enemens des rencontres d’un cone avec un plan (Rough Draft of an Attempt to Deal
with the Outcomes of the Meetings of a Cone with a Plane) to unify the study
of conics by use of his projective techniques.
a. 1369 b. 1639 c. 1936 d. 1963

23. Desargues’ most famous result, however, occurs not in the Rough Draft but in the
appendix to a practical work by a friend.
a. Blaise Pascal c. Rene Descartes
b. Bernard Frenicle de Bessy d. Abraham Bosse

ALGEBRA, GEOMETRY, AN PROBABILITY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

QUESTIONNAIRES
1. Thomas Harriot at William Oughtred

Who are these two English Mathematician had studies Viete’s works and
converted to a method of reasonable reasoning?

2. Multiplying and Substituting

Equations could generate their roots by?

3. Albert Girard

He studies the fundamental theorem of algebra and had a work named A

discovery in Algebra in 1629.

4. Factions

In the 17th century , what do you call the elementary symmetric function of
n variables?

5. William Oughtred

He is known for Slide rule and multiplication sign, and his work Key of
Mathematics, he is an English Mathematician.

6. Thomas HHarriot

It is known for his work Treatise of Equations.

7. Fractional exponent

In this work, the numerator is the power and the denominator is the root.

8. Analytic Geometry
 It is also called coordinate geometry, mathematical subject in which
algebraic symbolism and methods are used to represent and solve
problems in geometry.
9. 1637

Analytic geometry was Born in what year?

10.Rene Descartes and Pierré de Fermat

French mathematicians, independently developed the foundations for

analytical geometry.

11.Introduction to Plane and Solid Loci

It refers to the ancient classification of curves as plane (straight lines, and

circles), solid (ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas), or linear (curves defined
kinematically or by a locus condition).

12.Discourse on the Method for Rightly Directing One’s Reason and

Searching for Truth in the Sciences

Philosophical and autobiographical treatise published by René Descartes in

1637, with its three accompanying essays.

13.The Geometry

A technical treatise understandable independently of philosophy. It was

destined to become one of the most influential books in the history of
mathematics.

14.Pierre de Fermat

Was born into a moderately wealthy family in Beaumont-de-Lomagne in

the south of France, where his father was a leather merchant and minor
local official.
 15. Rene Descartes
Founder of Modern Philosophy?

16. Rene Descartes

Who was invented analytical geometry and introduced skepticism as an
essential part of the scientific method?

17.Third Book
What book that Descartes discussed the solution of algebraic equations?

18.Descartes and Fermat

They founded analytic geometry in the 1630s by adapting Viète’s algebra to
study of geometric loci.
19.Fermat

Who was a mathematician that never published his work?

20.Descartes and Fermat

Mathematicians that emphasized the two different aspects of the

relationship between equations and curves?

21.Descartes’ Rule of Sign

Descartes stated without proof the result today known as __________?

22.Jan de Witt
In 1646, at the age of 23, he composed the Elementa curvarum linearum
(Elements of Curves) in which he treated the subject of conic sections from both
asynthetic and an analytic point of view.

23.Second Book of the Element

The first systematic treatise on conic sections using the new method, de Witt
extended Fermat’s ideas into a complete algebraic treatment of the conics
beginning with equations in two variables.
24.Blaise Pascal

He described his solution to the division problem in several letters to Fermat in

1654 and then in more detail a few years later at the end of his Trait’e du triangle
arithm’etique (Treatise on the Arithmetical Triangle).

25.Pascal’s Treatise on the Arithmetical Triangle

Is famous also for its explicit statement of the principle of mathematical

induction, began with his construction of the triangle starting with a 1 in the
upper left-hand corner and then using the rule that each number is found by
adding together the number above it and the number to its left.

26.De vetula

“If all three [dice] are alike there is only one way for each number; if two are alike
and one different there are three ways; and if all are different there are six ways.”

27.Christian Huygens

He is a student of van Schooten became interested in the question of probability

during a visit to Paris in 1655 and wrote a brief book on the subject, the De
ratiociniis in aleae ludo (On the Calculations in Games of Chance), which appeared
in print in 1657.

28.First Proposition

“To have equal chances of winning [amounts] a or b is worth (a + b)/2 to me.”

 29.De ratiociniis in aleae ludo (On the Calculations in Games of Chance)

This work contained only 14 propositions and concluded with five exercises for
the reader.

30.Expectation

Is equal to the “value” of a chance.

31.The Talmud

The Jewish work recording the discussions of the rabbis in their interpretations of
Jewish law, contains applications of, for example, the laws of addition and
multiplication for determining the probability of events compounded of events of
known probability.

32. PIERRE DE FERMAT

French lawyer at the Parlement of Toulouse, France, and a mathematician
who is given credit for early developments that led to infinitesimal calculus,
including his technique of adequality.
33.6, 28, 496, and 8128
What are the four perfect numbers?
34.FERMAT
He discovered three propositions that could help in this regard,
propositions he communicated to Mersenne in a letter in June of 1640.
35.1st proposition
If n is not itself prime, then 2n – 1 cannot be prime.
36.2nd proposition
If p is an odd prime, then 2p divides 2p – 2, or p divides 2p−1 – 1.
37.3rd proposition
With the same hypothesis, the only possible divisors of 2p – 1 are of the
form 2pk + 1.
38.TRUE
Desargues was a French mathematician and engineer, who is considered
one of the founders of projective geometry.
39.TRUE
Projective geometry is a branch of mathematics that deals with the
relationship between geometric figures and the images, or mappings, that
result from projecting them onto another surface.
 40.FALSE
Number theory is a branch of mathematics that deals with the relationship
between geometric figures and the images, or mappings, that result from
projecting them onto another surface.
41.TRUE
A theorem from Euclid’s Elements (c.300 BC) states that if a line is drawn
through a triangle such that it is parallel to one side, then the line will
divide the other two sides proportionately.
42.TRUE
Common examples of projections are the shadows cast by opaque objects
and motion pictures displayed on a screen.
43.TRUE
If two triangles are in perspective, then the meets of corresponding sides
are collinear.

QUESTIONS IN CHAPTER 15

1. This is where Kepler calculated the area of a circle of radius AB by first noting
that “ the circumference… has many parts as points , namely , an infinite
number ; each of the those can be regarded as the base of an isosceles triangle
with equal sides AB so that there are an infinite number of triangles in the area
of the circle, all having their vertices at the center A.(a)
a. a. Nova Stereomatria
b. c.Nova steriomatty
c. b.Nova Steriomatia
d. d. Nova Stomata
2. Kepler’s use of very thin disks or very small triangles illustrate what came to be
called the ?(b)
a. a. method of infinity
b. c. method of infinitesiamals
c. b. method of Samal
d. d. method of negative infinity
3. Method used by Galileo in which a given geometric object is considered to be
made up of objects of dimension one less.(a)
a. a.method of indivisibles
b. c. method of invisible line
c. b.method of visible lines
d. d.method of infinity
4. She developed the first complete theory of indivisibles.(c)
a. a. Vona pintura
b. c.Bona bantura
 c. b.Bonaventura
d. d.Bona steriomata
5. A two dimensional version of the principle of Galileo used in soup bowl
calculation.(b)
a. a.Calamaris Principle
b. c.Cavalieri’s principle
c. b.caballero’s principle
d. d.camansi’s principle
6. He practically communicated with no one from his rooms at Cambridge, so he could already use
his intense powers of concentration to consolidate and extend the work of all his predecessors
into the subject we today call the calculus. (b)
a. a.Hendrick Van Heuraet
b. c.Isaac Barrow
c. b.Isaac Newton
d. d.James Gregory
7. He stated a more general version of part of the fundamental theorem than Gregory had
constructed. (c)
a. Hendrick Van Heuraet
b. Isaac Newton
c. Isaac Barrow
d. James Gregory
8. careful reading of the early parts of the shows that Barrow often thought of
curves as being generated by the motion of a moving point. (a)
a. Geometrical Lectures
b. Universal Part of Geometry
c. On the Transformation of Curves into Straight Lines
d. Geometriae pars universalis
9. He suggested a few improvements to Barrow’s book, in particular, that Barrow include an
algebraic method of calculating tangents based on the differential triangle. (b)
a. Hendrick Van Heuraet
b. Isaac Newton
c. Isaac Barrow
d. James Gregory
10. He showed that the problem of constructing a line-segment equal in length to a given arc is
equivalent to finding the area under a certain curve. (a)
a. Hendrick Van Heuraet
b. Isaac Newton
c. Isaac Barrow
d. James Gregory
11. This paper showed that the problem of constructing a line-segment equal in length to a given arc
is equivalent to finding the area under a certain curve. (d)
a. Lectiones geometricae
b. Geometriae pars universalis
c. Geometrical Lectures
d. De transmutation curvarum linearum in rectas
12. 12.She cautional that the uncritical use of indivisible could lead to paradoxes.(a)
a. a.Evangelista torriceli
b. b.evamgeline toriko
 c. c.eva toknining
d. d.evangelista Toricles
13. on September 22, 1636 he claimed that he had been able to square infinitely many figures
composed of curvesd lines.(a)
a. Fermat
b. b.Eva toknining
c. c.tamy evangelista
d. d.eva torriceli
14. the first mathematician to explain functional exponents and used them consistently.(a)
a) john wallis
b) jan wallis
c) john wollis
d) jan wollis
15. a rechenmeister from Ulm, who had developed explicit formulas for the suns of kth powers of
integers through k=17.(b)
a) Ja-an pool
b) Johann Faulhaber
c) Jogan faulwater
d) Han willis
16.He/She determined the area under a cyloid the curve traced by a point attached to the rim of a
wheel rolling along a line.(b)

a) Robertal
b) Roberal
c) Raberal
d) Robbytal

17He wrote to Roberval on September 22, 1636.

A. Fermat B. Kepler C. Descartes D. Beaugrand
18.1615, He wrote his Nova stereometria doliorum vinariorum (New Solid
Geometry of Wine Bottles), in which he showed that Austrian wine merchants had
a rather accurate way of determining how much wine remained in a given barrel.
A. Fermat B. Kepler C. Descartes D. Beaugrand
19. He was one of van Schooten’s students, who, like de Witt, became active in
political life in the Netherlands.
A. Fermat B. Hudde C. Descartes D. Beaugrand
20. Fermat showed how the method of can be adapted to determine
a tangent to a curve, in particular to a parabola
A. Adequality B.Inequality C.Balance D.Algorithm.
21.He derived his idea for drawing a normal from the realization that a radius of a
circle is always normal to the circumference.
A. Fermat B. Hudde C. Descartes D. Beaugrand
22.By the late 1630s, He (1602–1675) had discovered a kinematic method of
determining tangents by considering a curve to be generated by a moving point.
A. Gilles Persone de Roberval B.Fermat C. Kepler D. Descartes
Group 7- The beginnings of calculus questionnaire
Questions
1. One of the greatest mathematicians and most influential scientists of all time and as a
key figure in true scientific revolution. Isaac Newton
2. Who died on November 14, 1716? Gottfried Leibniz
3. Who wrote Nova stereometria doliorum vinariorum? Kepler
4. What year did Isaac Newton born? 1642
5. Gottfried Leibniz is known as the? Universal genius
6. What Nova stereometria doliorum vinariorum in english? New Solid Geometry of
Wine Bottles
7. A branch of mathematics that involves the study of rates and change? Calculus
8. What year Kepler wrote the New Solid Geometry of Wine Bottles? 1615
9. Kepler was stimulated to consider the question by a study of? Viete’s Method
10. Who are the two mathematicians who introduced calculus? Isaac Newton and
Gottfried Leibniz
11. It is the original Scottish spelling of Gregory - gregorie
12.This book contains the first known proof that the method of tangents was inverse to
the method of quadratures - geometriae pars universalis
13.He is the author of the famous work geometriae par universalis - James gregory
14.They discovered the fundamental theorem - Gregory and Barrow
15. He developed a method of determining tangents that closely approached the
methods of calculus - Isaac barrow
16. Isaac barrow was first recognised that integration and differentation are__________
- Inverse operation
17. Is the basic mathematical science, for it includes arithmetic, and mathematical
numbers are simply the signs of geometrical magnitude. -Geometry
18. Contains the important work on tangents which was to form the starting point of
Newton's work on the calculus. - lectiones geometricae
19. Father of Analytical Geometry. Rene Descartes
20. His contributions to mathematics were made in the late 1650s, when two o BNf his
papers appeared in Van Schooten's 1659 edition of Descartes Geometry. Johann
Hudde
21. He discovered a kinematic method of determining tangents by considering a curve
to be generated by a moving point. Gilles Persone de Roberval
22. He was born and spent most of his life in Liège in what is now Belgium, like Hudde,
he had little time for mathematics. René François de Sluse
23. A technique invented by Descartes for finding normal and tangent lines to curves. It
represented one of the earliest methods for constructing tangents to curves. The
Method of Normals
24. It was Descartes' only published mathematical work. The Geometry
25. Who is the mathematician who derived the same "integration" formulas as Fermat? -
John Wallis
26. What is the original name of Gilles Personne de Roberval? - Gilles Personne or
Gilles Persioner
27. It is the curve traced by a point on a circle as it rolls along a straight line without
slipping. -Cycloid
28. He is the first mathematician to explain fractional exponents. -John Wallis
29. He was a French mathematician, physicist, philosopher,wrtiter and catholic
theologian. -Blaise Pascal
30. When was Blaise Pascal was born. - June 19,1623
31. Date of the death of Blaise Pascal. -August 19,1662.
32. What is the english sentence for "Trait' e des sinus du quart de cercle"? - Treatise
on the sines of quadrant of a circle
33. A Dutch mathematician who made some contributions to integration. Hendrik van
Heuraet 
34. Scottish mathematician and astronomer who discovered infinite
series representations for a number of trigonometry functions. James Gregory
35. He computed the area under a rectangular hyperbola. Saint-Vincent 
36. Understood the relation between the rectangular hyperbola and the logarithm.
Huygens
37. He was a Flemish Jesuit and mathematician. Gregory St. Vincent
38. Famous work of Gregory St. Vincent. Opus geometricum quadraturae circuli et
sectionum coni 
39. Probably the first rectification of a curve. semicubical parabola
40. A special case of the hyperbola was first studied by?  Menaechmus
41. The two branches of the hyperbola. focus and directrix 

CHAPTER 16
Possible Questions( raymart, Sheila, mylene,
WILTHONE,
I. IDENTIFICATION

1. What is the first scientific journal of the German-speaking lands of Europe, published from 1682
to 1782?
Answer: ACTA ERUDITORUM
2. French mathematician who wrote the very first textbook on calculus Analyse des infiniments
petits, pour l’inteligence des lignes courbes.
Answer: Marquis de l’Hospital / Guillaume Fran¸cois l’Hospital
3. He is recognized as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the
scientific revolution.
Answer: Sir Isaac Newton
4. Ditton treated other aspects of the ____________ in detail, including rectification of curves,
areas of curved surfaces, volumes of solids, and centers of gravity.
Answer: integral calculus
5. Who are the two founder Acta Eruditorum?
Answer: LEIBNIZ AND MENCKE
6. L’Hospital also developed the formula r =¿ ¿ for determining the __________________ by a
method similar to Newton’s.
Answer: radius of curvature of a given curve
7. What term did Leibniz defined his differentials dx ?
Answer: INFINITESIMALS
8. It was only one of the many areas in which he made major contributions to our understanding of
the world around us.
 Answer: Calculus
9. He was a mathematician, astronomer, physicist and natural philosopher.
Answer: Sir Isaac Newton
1
10. To find the maximum of y−a=a 3 ¿ , L’Hospital calculated __________.
−2 √3 a dx
Answer: dy =
3 √ a−x
3

11. He is a Swiss mathematician and was one of the many prominent mathematicians in

the Bernoulli family.
Answer: JOHANN BERNOULLI
12. He published An Institution of Fluxions.
Answer: Humphry Ditton
13. It is the paper published by Johann Bernoulli, which he generalized Leibniz’s results to find
relationships of the differentials.
Answer: PRINCIPLES OF THE EXPONENTIAL CALCULUS
14. It is the analogy between the infinite decimals of arithmetic and the infinite degree
“polynomials”
Answer: Power series
15. Hayes’s conclusion was that the area under the logarithmic curve between any two abscissas is
____________ to the difference between the corresponding ordinates.
Answer: proportional
16. He clearly believed that his methods had greatly expanded the power of the “new analysis” that
he had found in his readings.
Answer: Sir Isaac Newton
17. Leibniz and Newton discovered the same rules and procedures.
Answer: CALCULUS
18. In 1704 he published Treatise of Fluxions,
Answer: Charles Hayes
19. He attempted to convince the reader that the discarding of certain terms because they are
“nothing” in the differential calculus was not as valid as the removal of terms in the fluxional
calculus because they were multiplied by a quantity that “does at last really vanish.”
Answer: Ditton
20. They are the two greatest mathematical geniuses of all time, were contemporaries in the last
half of the seventeenth century.
Answer: Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz
21. If any continuous transition is proposed terminating in a certain limit, then it is possible to form
a general reasoning, which also covers the final limit.
Answer: LAW OF CONTINUITY
22. Analyse des infiniment petits pour l’intelligence des lignes courbes is translated as?
Answer: Analysis of Infinitely Small Quantities for the Understanding of Curves
23. According to him “one of the tiny handful of supreme geniuses who have shaped the categories
of the human intellect, a man not finally reducible to the criteria by which we comprehend our
fellow beings.”
Answer: Richard Westfall
24. The infinitely small part by which a variable quantity increases or decreases continually is called
the ____________ of that quantity.
Answer: differential
25. Newton used the____________ to solve various problems.
 Answer: calculation of fluxions
26. Newton found _________________ by setting the relevant fluxion equal to zero. he
used the equation x³ − ax² + axy − y³ = 0 as his example for determining the greatest
value of x.
Answer: maxima and minima
27. To find the _______, one sets y˙ = 0 and uses the resulting equation 3x²− 2ax + ay = 0.
Answer: maximum value of y
28. To draw tangents, Newton used ____________
Answer: Barrow’s differential triangle.
29. A final example of Newton’s use of fluxions is his _______________
Answer: calculation of the curvature of a curve.
30. Newton defined curvature in terms of a __________
Answer: circle.
31. In modern terminology, the curvature of a circle of radius r is defined to be_________
Answer: κ = 1/r.
32. For an _________ Newton defined the curvature at a point to be the curvature of the
circle tangent to the curve.
Answer: arbitrary curve,
33. Newton’s first method of attack was to reverse the procedure for finding the ________
Answer: fluxion.
34. In order to find the values in the column corresponding to n=1/2, what formula did Newton
discovered?
Answer: pascal's formula
35. Using his knowledge that the area under y =1/(1+x) was the logarithm of 1+x and the area under
y =xn was xn+1/(n+1), what did Newton found?
Answer: Power series for log(1+x)
36. In considering areas, what did Wallis had always looked for?
Answer:Specific numerical value
37. What formula to be use in calculating the coefficients of the power series for (a+bx)n for any
value of n?
Answer: Formula for the binomial coefficients.
38. Newton power of series, is the same series that _______ had found.
Answer: Mecator
39. He used them in dealing with every algebraic or transcendental relation not expressible as a
finite polynomial in one variable.
Answer: Series
40. For Newton, the basic ideas of calculus had to do with?
Answer: Motion
41. Newton’s approach to the modern chain rule was A similar approach works in dealing with
________.
Answer: Quotients
42. Newton justified his rule for calculating fluxions, in effect, via _________.
Answer: Infinitesimals
43. A fluent quantity to be the amount by which it increases in an “infinitely small” period of time.
Answer: Moment
44. He had been studying the ancient Greek texts and believed that mathematical “truth” must be
based on the tenets of proof that had been developed in Greece?
Answer: Isaac Newton
 45. The young English astronomer (1656–1741) traveled to Cambridge to pose a critical question to
Newton?
Answer: Edmond Halley

46. what year does the Publication of Principia Mathematica occurs?

Answer:1687

47. How many pagetreatise does Halley Received from newton?

Answer:10

48. The ____________, arguably the most important text of the Scientific Revolution, was the work
that defined the study of physics for the next 200 years.
Answer: Principia

49. some eight to ten years after Newton’s own discoveries that constituted the basis of the first
publication of the ideas of the calculus, work done by the co-inventor of the calculus (1646–
1716). who is the ci inventor of the calculus?
Answer: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

50. The proofs here assumed “the quadratures of curvilinear figures,” such as those provided in his
integral table in the_________________?
Answer: Treatise on Methods.

II. TRUE OR FALSE

1. “A New Method for Maxima and Minima as well as Tangents, which is neither impeded by
fractional nor irrational Quantities, and a remarkable Type of Calculus for them,” does not
appear in the Acta Eruditorum.
Answer: FALSE
2. Leibniz discovered his transmutation theorem and the arithmetical quadrature of the circle
in 1674.
Answer: TRUE
3. The ordinate will be maximum if the curve is concave down or a minimum if it is concave up.
Answer: TRUE
4. Leibniz noted that dv will be positive when v is decreasing and negative when v is
increasing decreasing, since the ratio of dv to the always positive dx gives the slope of the
tangent line.
Answer: FALSE
5. L’Hospital’s treatment of maxima and minima was slightly more general than that of Leibniz.
Answer: TRUE
6. Leibniz concluded that the desired curve will be an exponential curve. It is now called a
logarithmic curve.
Answer: FALSE
7. Leibniz began his research into what became his calculus with the idea that sums and
differences are inverse operations.
Answer: TRUE
 8. By the early 1690s, Leibniz discovered most of the ideas present in current calculus text, and
written out a complete, coherent treatment of the material.
Answer: FALSE
9. The subtangent of any curve y is given by y ( ẋ / ẏ ) , and because the subtangent of the curve
ẋ 1
y=a is given by. ( y =
x
).
y ẋ l ( a ) l ( a )
Answer: TRUE
10. The Approach of Newton is through the ideas of velocity and distance while Leibniz is
through differences and sums.
Answer: TRUE

III. MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. He was a German philosopher, mathematician, scientist, diplomat, and polymath; also a

prominent figure in both the history of philosophy and mathematics.
a. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
b. Isaac Newton
c. Euclid.
d. Rene Descartes

2. “The development of an alphabet of human thought, a way of representing all fundamental

concepts symbolically and a method of combining these symbols to represent more complex
thoughts.” was Leibniz's most original contribution to philosophy and it is contained in his
_______?
A. Dissertatio de arte combinatoria
B. Arithmetica combinatoria
C. Dissertio de arte calculia
D. The elements

3. What was Leibniz’s idea about sequence?

A. The difference of last and first term of a given sequence is equivalent to the sum of the
difference of a given sequence
B. The succeeding terms in a sequence is will obtain by adding or subtracting and/or multiplying a
constant
C. Both A and B
D. All sequence has patterns

4. Relative to question 3. What formula generalizes that idea?

A. E-A=L+M+N+P
B. An -A₁= (A₂-A₁) + (A₃-A₂) +…[A(n+₁) - An]
C. Both A & B
D. E = mc²

5. Today, first and last term in a sequence is called _____?

A. Extremes
B. Sheila (Endpoint of a sequence)
C. Mylene (An-₁ and An, where n > or < 2)
D. Jerico ( All of the above)

6. The Leibniz harmonic triangle is a triangular arrangement of unit fractions in which the
outermost diagonals consist of the reciprocals of the row numbers and each inner cell is the cell
diagonally above and to the left minus the cell to the left. To put it algebraically, L = 1/r and L = L
− L. 
A. Pascal's triangle
B. Azcal's triangle
C. Harmony triangle
D. Harmonic triangle