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Bayambang Campus
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Written Report in
CHAPTER 16:
NEWTON and LEIBNIZ
Prepared for:
Mr. Armando C. Manzano

Prepared by:
Kenneth Ventura
Mathew Castañeda
Sharrah Mae Austria
Daniel Ballesteros
Renylene Simeon
Nhel Jake Montemayor

Jhess Aldrean Alguno

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 Chapter 16: Newton and Leibniz

Two of the greatest mathematical geniuses of all time, Isaac Newton, and Gottfried
Leibniz, were contemporaries in the last half of the seventeenth century. They
developed concepts that were related to the two basic problems of calculus, extrema,
and area. They used these concepts in the solution of many difficult and previously
unsolvable problems.

Isaac Newton
 Newton was born on December 25, 1642, at Wools Thorpe, near Grantham,
some 100 miles north of London, to a mother already widowed in October.
 Sir Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer,
theologian, and author (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who
is widely recognized as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a
key figure in the scientific revolution.
 Calculus was only one of the many areas in which he made major contributions
to our understanding of the world around us, and because his collected
mathematical papers.
 Newton clearly believed that his methods had greatly expanded the power of the
"new analysis" that he had found in his readings.
 He was especially struck by the analogy between the infinite decimals of
arithmetic and the infinite degree "polynomials" that we call power series.
 Newton's discovery of power series came out of his reading of Wallis's
Arithmetica infinitorum, especially the section on determining the area of a circle.
 To find these values, he rediscovered Pascal's formula for positive integer
values and decided to use the same formula even when n was not a positive
integer.
 Newton could now fill in the table for columns corresponding to n=k/2 for any
positive integral k. In his table with extra columns interpolated, he revised that
rule slightly to read that each entry should be the sum of the number two
 columns to its left and the one above that, the new entries found by the binomial
coefficient formula satisfied that rule as well.
 Newton's interpolation for calculating the area under y =(1−x2)n from 0 to x.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
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• The second inventor of the calculus
• He was born in Leipzig
• “The development of an alphabet of human thought, a way of representing all
fundamental concepts symbolically and a method of combining these symbols to
represent more complex thoughts.” was his most original contribution to
philosophy and it is contained in his Dissertatio de arte combinatoria (Dissertation
on the Combinatorial Art) of 1666, in which he worked out for himself Pascal’s
arithmetic triangle as well as the various relations among the quantities included.
• This interest in finding appropriate symbols to represent thoughts and ways of
combining these, however, ultimately led him to the invention of the symbols for
calculus we use today.
• Leibniz’s idea, out of which his calculus grew, was the inverse relationship of sums
and differences in the case of sequences of numbers.
• The differential triangle, the infinitesimal right triangle whose hypotenuse ds
connects two neighboring vertices of the infinite-sided polygon representing a
given curve, is similar to the triangle composed of the ordinate y, the tangent τ,
and the sub tangent t, so ds:dy:dx=τ:y:t

In 1684, Leibniz presented an example of one of the most difficult and most
beautiful problems of applied mathematics, which without our differential calculus no
one could attack with such ease. This is the problem posed by Debeaunne to
Descartes in 1639 to find a curve whose subtangent is a given constant a. If y is the
ordinate of proposed curve, the differential equation of the curve is y (dx/dy) or
ady=ydx.

L’Hospital’s Analyse des Infiniment Petits

Guillaume Francois l’Hospital was born into a family of the nobility and served in
his youth as an army officer. In about 1690, he became interested in the new analysis
that was just then beginning to appear in journal articles by Leibniz as well as the
Bernoulli brothers. Because Johann Bernoulli was spending time in Paris in 1691,
l’Hospital asked him to provide, for a good fee, lectures on the new subject. Bernoulli
agreed and some of the lectures were given.

After about a year, Bernoulli left Paris to become a professor at the University of
Groningen in the Netherlands. Because l’Hospital wanted the instruction to continue,
they PANGASINAN
came to anSTATE UNIVERSITY
agreement that for a large monthly salary, Bernoulli would not only 3

continue sending l’Hospital material on the calculus, including any new discoveries he
might make, but also give no one else access to them. In effect, Bernoulli was working
for l’Hospital. By 1696, l’Hospital decided that he understood differential calculus well
enough to publish a text on it, and since he had paid well for Bernoulli’s work, he felt no
compunction about using much of the latter’s organization and discoveries in the new
mathematics.

The Works of Ditton and Hayes

Charles Hayes (1678–1760)

 English mathematician and chronologist, In 1704 he published Treatise of
Fluxions, or An Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy
 The book is the first English text on Newton's method of fluxions, or, to phrase it
in more modern terms, the first English calculus text. The book is a very full
treatise, about three times the size of de l'Hôpital's famous calculus book. It
contains 315 closely printed folio pages on fluxions as well as a twelve-page
introduction to conic sections at the beginning of the book.
Humphry Ditton (1675–1715)
 published An Institution of Fluxions
 Ditton wrote that quantities are not to be imagined as “the aggregates or sums
total of an infinite number of little constituent elements but as the result of a
regular flux, proceeding incessantly, from the first moment of its beginning to that
of perfect rest. A line is described not by the apposition of little lines or parts, but
by the continual motion of a point
 Ditton treated other aspects of the integral calculus in detail, including rectification of
curves, areas of curved surfaces, volumes of solids, and centers of gravity. But his text,
like those of Hayes and l’Hospital, had no treatment of the calculus of the sine or
cosine. There was an occasional mention of these trigonometric relations as part of
certain problems, but there is nowhere at the turn of the eighteenth century any
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treatment of the calculus of these functions. This was not to come until the work of
Leonhard Euler in the 1730s.

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