Electrical Engineering, VIII-Semester

EE 804 SIMULATION LAB

Experiment 8

Simulation Objective:
Simulation model development for IPFC and UPFC in power transmission line

System Description:
The interline power flow controller (IPFC) is a voltage-source-converter (VSC)-based flexible
AC transmission system (FACTS) controller which can inject a voltage with controllable
magnitude and phase angle at the line-frequency thereby providing compensation among
multiple transmission lines. Thus, in addition to serially compensate the reactive power, each
SSSC can provide real power to the common DC link from its own line. This capability allows
the IPFC to provide both reactive and real power compensation for some of the lines and thereby
optimize the utilization of the overall transmission systems. The main objective of an IPFC is to
optimize both real and reactive power flow among multiline, and transfer power from overloaded
to under loaded lines. Structure of interline power controller (IPFC) is consists of a set of
converters that are connected in series with different transmission lines. The converters are
connected through a common DC link to exchange active power. Each series converter can
supply independent reactive compensation of own transmission line.

Fig. 1 Schematic of General IPFC

UPFC is a combination of STATCOM and SSSC coupled via a common DC voltage link.

The UPFC is the most versatile FACTS controller developed so far, with all-encompassing
capabilities of voltage regulation, series compensation, and phase shifting.It can independently
and very rapidly control both real- and reactive power flows in a transmission. It is configured as
shown in Fig. and comprises two VSCs coupled through a common dc terminal. The
implementation of the UPFC using two “back – to –back” VSCs with a common DC-terminal
capacitor
One VSC converter 1 is connected in shunt with the line through a coupling transformer; the
other VSC converter 2 is inserted in series with the transmission line through an interface
transformer. The dc voltage for both converters is provided by a common capacitor bank. The
series converter is controlled to inject a voltage phasor, Vpq, in series with the line, which can be
varied from 0 to Vpq max. Moreover, the phase angle of Vpq can be independently varied from
00 to 3600. In this process, the series converter exchanges both real and reactive power with the
transmission line. Although the reactive power is internally generated/ absorbed by the series
converter, the real-power generation/ absorption is made feasible by the dc-energy–storage
device that is, the capacitor. The shunt-connected converter 1 is used mainly to supply the real-
power demand of converter 2, which it derives from the transmission line itself. The shunt
converter maintains constant voltage of the dc bus.Thus the net real power drawn from the ac
system is equal to the losses of the two converters and their coupling transformers. In addition,
the shunt converter functions like a STATCOM and independently regulates the terminal voltage
of the interconnected bus by generating/ absorbing a requisite amount of reactive power.

Fig. 2 Schematic of UPFC

System Model Development:

 1. Connect programming voltage source as shown in Fig. The neutral must be connect to the
ground.
2. Add three phase transmission line and configure it as per calculation.
3. Add VI measurement unit so that voltage and current of the line can be observed
4. Take UPFC & IPFC block from Simscape Electrical > Specialized Power
Systems > Power Electronics FACTS
5. Connect all the block as shown in Fig. 3 & 4

Model Description UPFC:

1. A UPFC is used to control the power flow in a 500 kV /230 kV transmission system. The
system, connected in a loop configuration, consists essentially of five buses (B1 to B5)
interconnected through transmission lines (L1, L2, L3) and two 500 kV/230 kV
transformer banks Tr1 and Tr2. Two power plants located on the 230-kV system generate
a total of 1500 MW which is transmitted to a 500-kV 15000-MVA equivalent and to a
200-MW load connected at bus B3. The plant models include a speed regulator, an
excitation system as well as a power system stabilizer (PSS). In normal operation, most
of the 1200-MW generation capacity of power plant #2 is exported to the 500-kV
equivalent through three 400-MVA transformers connected between buses B4 and B5.
We are considering a contingency case where only two transformers out of three are
available (Tr2= 2*400 MVA = 800 MVA).
2. Using the load flow option of the powergui block, the model has been initialized with
plants #1 and #2 generating respectively 500 MW and 1000 MW and the UPFC out of
service (Bypass breaker closed). The resulting power flow obtained at buses B1 to B5 is
indicated by red numbers on the circuit diagram. The load flow shows that most of the
power generated by plant #2 is transmitted through the 800-MVA transformer bank (899
MW out of 1000 MW), the rest (101 MW), circulating in the loop. Transformer Tr2 is
therefore overloaded by 99 MVA. The example illustrates how the UPFC can relieve this
power congestion.
3. The UPFC located at the right end of line L2 is used to control the active and reactive
powers at the 500-kV bus B3, as well as the voltage at bus B_UPFC. It consists of a
phasor model of two 100-MVA, IGBT-based, converters (one connected in shunt and one
connected in series and both interconnected through a DC bus on the DC side and to the
AC power system, through coupling reactors and transformers). Parameters of
the UPFC power components are given in the dialog box. The series converter can inject
a maximum of 10% of nominal line-to-ground voltage (28.87 kV) in series with line L2.
The blue numbers on the diagram show the power flow with the UPFCin service and
controlling the B3 active and reactive powers respectively at 687 MW and -27 Mvar.
 Fig. 3 MATLAB Model of UPFC

Simulation Result & Analysis for UPFC:

 The UPFC reference active and reactive powers are set in the blocks labeled "Pref(pu)"
and "Qref(pu)". Initially the Bypass breaker is closed and the resulting natural power
flow at bus B3 is 587 MW and -27 Mvar. The Pref block is programmed with an initial
active power of 5.87 pu corresponding to the natural flow. Then, at t=10s, Pref is
increased by 1 pu (100 MW), from 5.87 pu to 6.87 pu, while Qref is kept constant at -
0.27 pu.
 Run the simulation and look on the UPFC Scope how P and Q measured at bus B3 follow
the reference values. At t=5 s, when the Bypass breaker is opened the natural power is
diverted from the Bypass breaker to the UPFCseries branch without noticeable transient.
At t=10 s, the power increases at a rate of 1 pu/s. It takes one second for the power to
increase to 687 MW. This 100 MW increase of active power at bus B3 is achieved by
injecting a series voltage of 0.089 pu with an angle of 94 degrees. This results in an
approximate 100 MW decrease in the active power flowing through Tr2 (from 899 MW
to 796 MW), which now carries an acceptable load. See the variations of active powers at
buses B1 to B5 on the VPQ Lines Scope.

Fig. 4 MATLAB Simulation Result for UPFC parameters measurement

 Fig. 5 MATLAB Simulation Result for VPQ measurement in UPFC.

Questions:
1. Out of UPFC & IPFC which is the best compensator?
2. What is the need of Ipfc instead of separate controllers?
3. What type of a FACTS device is a interline power flow controller Ipfc?
4. What are the operating modes of UPFC ?
5. Which are the power flow controller?
6. Which of the two devices characteristics are combined in UPFC?
7. What are the parameters of the transmission line can be controlled by UPFC?