Power Electronics

EEE-441
DC-DC converters
 Switching Regulators
❖Linear power regulators, whose principle of operation is
based on a voltage or current divider, are limited to output
voltages smaller than the input voltage and their power
density is low.
❖Their main area of application is at low power levels
❖However, at higher power levels switching regulators are
used.
❖Switching regulators use power electronic semiconductor
switches in on and off states.
❖Because there is a small power loss in those states (low
voltage across a switch in the on state, zero current through
a switch in the off state), switching regulators can achieve
high energy conversion efficiencies.
 High Frequency DC-DC Converter
High-frequency electronic power processors are used in dc-dc power
conversion. The functions of dc-dc converters
are:
❖ To convert a dc input voltage VS into a dc output voltage Vo;
❖ To regulate the dc output voltage against load and line variations;
❖ To reduce the ac voltage ripple on the dc output voltage below the
required level;
❖ To provide isolation between the input source and the load
(isolation is not always required);
❖ To protect the supplied system and the input source from
electromagnetic interference (EMI);
 DC-DC Converter Topologies
❖ DC choppers are used primarily in dc drives.
❖ The output voltage of dc choppers is controlled by adjusting the
on time of a switch, which in turn adjusts the width of a voltage
pulse at the output.
❖ This is the so-called pulse width modulation (PWM) control.
❖ The dc choppers with additional filtering components form PWM
dc-dc converters.
❖ Four basic dc-dc converter topologies are-
a)Buck converter,
b)Boost converter,
c) Buck-boost converter,
d)Ćuk converters.
 The Buck Converter
❖ The step-down dc-dc converter, commonly
known as a buck converter
❖ It consists of dc input voltage source Vs,
controlled switch S, diode D, filter inductor L,
filter capacitor C, and load resistance R.
❖ The assumption for this circuit is that the
inductor current is always positive. It is called
the continuous conduction mode (CCM).
❖ It can be seen from the circuit that when the
switch S is commanded to the on state, the
diode D is reverse-biased.
❖ When the switch S is off, the diode conducts to
support an uninterrupted current in the
inductor.
 The Buck Converter
❖ We know, for periodic currents, the average
voltage across an inductor is zero.

This relationship is known as voltage-second

balance of inductor. Eqv. Circuit when switch is on
❖ For the buck converter, this provides

Solving this equation provides

The buck converter produces an output voltage that is

Eqv. Circuit when switch is off
less than or equal to the input.
 The Buck Converter
When Switch is ON When Switch is OFF
The Buck Converter Waveforms
The average inductor current must be the same
as the average current in the load resistor, since
the average capacitor current must be zero for
steady-state operation:

The maximum and minimum values of the inductor

current are computed as
 The Buck Converter Equations
Since the minimum value of inductor current
must be positive for continuous current,
𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0 is the boundary between continuous
and discontinuous current.
Also, assuming zero power loss in
the converter components, the power
supplied by the source must be the
same as the power absorbed by the
load resistor.
Hence,
𝐼𝑠 = 𝐷𝐼𝑜
 The Buck Converter Equations
Practically, the output voltage cannot be kept perfectly
constant with a finite capacitance. The variation in output
voltage, or ripple, is computed from the voltage-current
relationship of the capacitor. The current in the capacitor is
 The Buck Converter Equations

In this equation, ∆Vo is the peak-to-peak ripple voltage at the

output.

The minimum value of capacitance for a limit the

output voltage ripple under given constraints is
 The Boost Converter
❖ The step-up or a PWM boost converter consists of dc
input voltage source VS, boost inductor L, controlled
switch S, diode D, filter capacitor C, and load resistance
R.
❖ It is called aboost converter because the output voltage is isw
larger than the input.
❖ The configuration is shown in the figure.
❖ When the switch S is in the on state, the current in the
boost inductor increases linearly and the diode D is off at
that time.
❖ When the switch S is turned off, the energy stored in the
inductor is released through the diode to the output RC
circuit.
 The Boost Converter

isw

Equivalent ckt when switch is ON

Equivalent ckt when switch is OFF

 The Boost Converter Waveforms

Equivalent ckt when switch is ON

isw
isw

Equivalent ckt when switch is OFF

 The Boost Converter Equations

When switch is closed When switch is open

 The Boost Converter Equations
The average output power, Po

The average input power,

𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝐿
Thus,

The boost converter produces an output voltage

that is greater than or equal to the input voltage.
 The Boost Converter Equations
The condition necessary for continuous inductor Calculation of capacitance,
current is for 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 to be positive. Therefore, the
boundary between continuous and discontinuous
inductor current is determined from

Thus,

A boost converter designed for continuous-current

operation will have an inductor value greater than Lmin.
 Problems
Problem-1:

Problem-2:
 Problems
Problem-3:

Problem-4:
 The Buck-Boost Converter

❖ Another basic switched-mode converter is the

buck-boost converter
❖ The output voltage of the buck-boost converter can
be either higher or lower than the input voltage.
❖ The source is never connected directly to the load
in the buck-boost converter. Energy is stored in the
inductor when the switch is closed and transferred
to the load when the switch is open. Hence, the
buck-boost converter is also referred to as an
indirect converter.
 The Buck-Boost Converter

Equivalent circuit when switch is closed Equivalent circuit when switch is open
The Buck-Boost Converter Waveform

The equation shows that the output voltage has opposite polarity
from the source voltage. Output voltage magnitude of the buck-
boost converter can be less than that of the source or greater
than the source, depending on the duty ratio of the switch. If
D>0.5, the output voltage is larger than the input; and if D <0.5,
the output is smaller than the input. Therefore, this circuit
combines the capabilities of the buck and boost converters.
The Buck-Boost Converter Equations
 The Ćuk Converter
The Ćuk switching topology is shown in Figure. Output voltage magnitude can be either larger
or smaller than that of the input, and there is a polarity reversal on the output.
The inductor on the input acts as a filter for the dc supply to prevent large harmonic content.
Unlike the previous converter topologies where energy transfer is associated with the inductor,
energy transfer for the Ćuk converter depends on the capacitor C1.
 The Ćuk Converter
The average voltage across the inductors is zero for steady state
operation, resulting in

For periodic operation, the average capacitor current is zero.

With the switch on for time DT and off for (1D)T,

Figure: (b) Equivalent circuit for the switch closed; (c)Equivalent circuit
for the switch open; (d) Current in L1 for a large inductance.
 The Ćuk Converter
Therefore, the ripple, or variation in output voltage, is
the same as for the buck converter

For continuous current in the inductors, the average

current must be greater than one-half the change in
current. Minimum inductor sizes for continuous current
are

Figure: (b) Equivalent circuit for the switch closed; (c)Equivalent circuit
for the switch open; (d) Current in L1 for a large inductance.
 The SEPIC Converter
A converter similar to the Ćuk is the single-ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC), as shown in Figure. The
SEPIC can produce an output voltage that is either greater or less than the input but with no polarity reversal.
Instruction for project