INTEL 8051

MICROCONTROLLERS

Computer Architecture &

Organization
Microprocessor vs Microcontroller

• Execute instructions.
• Memory access. • Task specific
• I/O interfacing.
Intel CPU
Trends
Moore’s Law

• The number of Transistor per chip double every

two years.

• Silicon electronics faces a challenge: the latest

circuits measure just 7nm wide – between a
red blood cell (7,500nm) and a single strand of
DNA (2.5nm).

• The size of individual Silicon atoms (around

0.2nm) would be a hard physical limit (with
circuits one atom wide).
8 – Bit microcontrollers

• MOTOROLA 6811  INTEL (ORIGINAL)

 ATMEL (Microchip)
• INTEL 8051
 PHILIPS
• ZILOG Z8  AMD
• MICROCHIP PIC  INFINEON o SIEMENS
 DALLAS
SEMICONDUCTOR/MAXIM
8051 CPU
architecture
AT89C51 ATMEL
Assembly &
Execution
• Keil uVision
https://www.keil.com/demo/eval/c51.htm
• Assembler: Converts instructions to
machine code. The resulting file is called an
object file.
• Linker: an object file will be linked with
other object files and libraries to produce a
program.
• OH Program (Object to Hex Converter):
imported by a programmer to "burn" the
machine code into a ROM.
8051 Memory map
Addressing modes
8051 Connections
• ATMEL AT89C51RB2*-3CSUM IC 8051 MCU 16K
FLASH 40-DIP

• o 2 Ceramic capacitors: 33pF

• o 11.0592 MHz Crystal oscillator
• o 1 Electrolytic capacitor: 10uF
• o 1 push button
• o 10K Resistor
Crystal oscillator
• The oscillator provides the basic clock of a
microcontroller to be able to execute the instructions
in a stable, periodic way.
• Piezoelectricity means electricity resulting from
pressure…
• All objects have natural resonant frequencies of
vibration.
• When using an 8051, the most common crystal frequencies
are 12MHz and 11.0592MHz.
Machine cycle
• In the original 8051, one machine cycle lasts 12
oscillator periods.

1
1 𝑀𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝐶𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
12
Machine cycle
and
instructions
• 11.0592MHz oscillator

11.0592 𝑀𝐻𝑧
𝑓𝑚𝑐 = = 921.6 𝑘𝐻𝑧
12

1
𝑇𝑚𝑐 = = 1.085𝜇𝑆
921.6𝑘𝐻𝑧