Chapter 3 Solutions

C H A P T E R 3
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Section 3.1 Exponential Functions and Their Graphs ..........................................236
Section 3.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs .........................................244
Section 3.3 Properties of Logarithms ....................................................................252
Section 3.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations ...........................................262
Section 3.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models ...............................................273
Review Exercises ........................................................................................................287
Problem Solving .........................................................................................................299
Practice Test .............................................................................................................303
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
C H A P T E R 3
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Section 3.1 Exponential Functions and Their Graphs
1. algebraic 15. f ( x) = 2− x
2. transcendental Decreasing
Asymptote: y = 0
3. One-to-One
Intercept: (0, 1)
4. natural exponential; natural
Matches graph (a).
nt
 r
5. A = P 1 +  16. f ( x) = 2 x − 2
 n
Increasing
6. A = Pe rt
Asymptote: y = 0
7. f (1.4) = (0.9)
1.4
≈ 0.863 Intercept: 0, ( 14 )
Matches graph (b).
8. f ( − π ) = 4.7 −π ≈ 0.008
17. f ( x) = 7 x
9. f ()=3
2
5
25
≈ 1.552
x −2 −1 0 1 2
( 3) ( )
5 3
10. f ( 103 ) = 2 10
≈ 0.544 f ( x) 0.020 0.143 1 7 49
y
11. f ( −1.5) = 5000 2−1.5 ( ) 5
≈ 1767.767 4
3
12 ⋅ 24
12. f ( 24) = 200(1.2) 2
25
≈ 1.274 × 10 1
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
13. f ( x) = 2 x −1
Increasing 18. f ( x) = 7− x
Asymptote: y = 0
x −2 −1 0 1 2
Intercept: (0, 1)
f ( x) 49 7 1 0.143 0.020
Matches graph (d).
y
14. f ( x) = 2 x + 1
5
Increasing 4
Asymptote: y = 1
Intercept: (0, 2)
1
Matches graph (c). x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
236 © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 3.1 Exponential Functions and Their Graphs 237
22. f ( x) = 4 x +1
( 14 )
−x
19. f ( x) =
x −2 −1 0 1 2 x −2 −1 0 1 2
f ( x) 0.063 0.25 1 4 16 f ( x) 0.25 1 4 16 64

y
y
5
5
4
4
2
1
1
x
x −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −1
−1
23. f ( x) = 2 x +1 + 3
( 14 )
x
20. f ( x) =
x −3 −2 −1 0 1
x −2 −1 0 1 2 f ( x) 3.25 3.5 4 5 7
f ( x) 16 4 1 0.25 0.063 y
7
y
6
5 5
4
4
3
3
2
1
x
1
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 24. f ( x) = 3x − 2 + 1
21. f ( x) = 4 x −1 x −1 0 1 2 3
x −2 −1 0 1 2 f ( x) 1.037 1.111 1.333 2 4
f ( x) 0.016 0.063 0.25 1 4 y
7
y
6
5 5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1 x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
25. 3x + 1 = 27
3x + 1 = 33
x +1= 3
x = 2
26. 2 x − 2 = 64
2 x − 2 = 26
x − 2 = 6
x = 8
238 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
27. ( 12 )
x
= 32 37. f ( x) = 3e x + 4
( 12 ) ( 12 )
x −5
= x −8 −7 −6 −5 −4
x = −5 f ( x) 0.055 0.149 0.406 1.104 3
1 Asymptote: y = 0
28. 5x − 2 = 125
y
5 x − 2 = 5−3
8
x − 2 = −3 7
6
x = −1 5
4
29. f ( x) = 3x , g ( x) = 3x + 1 3
2
Because g ( x) = f ( x) + 1, the graph of g can be

1
x
−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
obtained by shifting the graph of f one unit upward.
38. f ( x) = 2e−1.5 x
( 72 ) , g ( x) = −( 72 )
x −x
30. f ( x) =
Because g ( x) = − f ( − x), the graph of g can be x −2 −1 0 1 2

obtained by reflecting the graph of f in the x-axis and f ( x) 40.171 8.963 2 0.446 0.100
y-axis (reflect the graph of f in the origin).
Asymptote: y = 0
31. f ( x) = 10 x , g ( x) = 10− x + 3 y
Because g ( x) = f ( − x + 3), the graph of g can be 5
obtained by reflecting the graph of f in the y-axis and

shifting f three units to the right. (Note: This is
equivalent to shifting f three units to the left and then 2
reflecting the graph in the y-axis.) 1
x
32. f ( x) = 0.3x , g ( x) = −0.3x + 5 −3 −2 −1
−1
1 2 3
g ( x) = − f ( x) + 5, so the graph of g can be obtained

39. f ( x) = 2e x − 2 + 4
by reflecting the graph of f in the x-axis and shifting the
resulting graph five units upward. x −2 −1 0 1 2
33. f ( x) = e x
f ( x) 4.037 4.100 4.271 4.736 6
f (1.9) = e 1.9
≈ 6.686 Asymptote: y = 4
y
34. f ( x) = 1.5e(1 2)x 9

8
= 1.5e120 ≈ 1.956 × 1052 7
6
5
35. f (6) = 5000e0.06(6) ≈ 7166.647
3
2
36. f ( x) = 250e0.05 x 1
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
= 250e0.05(20) ≈ 679.570
40. f ( x) = 2 + e x − 5 44. h( x ) = e x − 2
4
x 0 2 4 5 6
f ( x) 2.007 2.050 2.368 3 4.718
Asymptote: y = 2 −2 4
0
y
8
7 45. e 3 x + 2 = e3
6
5 3x + 2 = 3
4
3
3x = 1
1
x = 3
1
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
46. e 2 x −1 = e 4
2x − 1 = 4
41. s(t ) = 2e0.5t
2x = 5
5
5
x = 2
2 −3
47. ex = e2 x
−4 4
−1
x2 − 3 = 2x
x2 − 2x − 3 = 0
42. s(t ) = 3e−0.2t
(x − 3)( x + 1) = 0
20
x = 3 or x = −1
2 +6
48. ex = e5 x
− 16 17
x2 + 6 = 5x
−2
x2 − 5x + 6 = 0
43. g ( x) = 1 + e − x (x − 3)( x − 2) = 0
4 x = 3 or x = 2
−3 3
0
49. P = $1500, r = 2%, t = 10 years

nt 10 n
 r  0.02 
Compounded n times per year: A = P 1 +  = 15001 + 
 n   n 
Compounded continuously: A = Pe rt = 1500e 0.02(10)
n 1 2 4 12 365 Continuous
A $1828.49 $1830.29 $1831.19 $1831.80 $1832.09 $1832.10
50. P = $2500, r = 3.5%, t = 10 years

nt 10 n
 r  0.035 
 n   n 
A $3526.50 $3536.95 $3542.27 $3545.86 $3547.61 $3547.67
51. P = $2500, r = 4%, t = 20 years

nt 20 n
 r  0.04 
 n  n 
A $5477.81 $5520.10 $5541.79 $5556.46 $5563.61 $5563.85
52. P = $1000, r = 6%, t = 40 years

40 n
 0.06 
Compounded n times per year: A = 10001 + 
 n 
Compounded continuously: A = 1000e 0.06(40)
A $10,285.72 $10,640.89 $10,828.46 $10,957.45 $11,021.00 $11,023.18
53. A = Pe rt = 12,000e0.04t
t 10 20 30 40 50
A $17,901.90 $26,706.49 $39,841.40 $59,436.39 $88,668.67
54. A = Pe rt = 12,000e0.06t
t 10 20 30 40 50
A $21,865.43 $39,841.40 $72,595.77 $132,278.12 $241,026.44
55. A = Pe rt = 12,000e0.065t
t 10 20 30 40 50
A $22,986.49 $44,031.56 $84,344.25 $161,564.86 $309,484.08
56. A = Pe rt = 12,000e0.035t
t 10 20 30 40 50
A $17,028.81 $24,165.03 $34,291.81 $48,662.40 $69,055.23
57. A = 30,000e(0.05)(25) ≈ $104,710.29
58. A = 5000e(0.075)(50) ≈ $212,605.41
C (t ) = 29.88(1.04)
t
59.
Ten years from today, t = 10: C (10) = 29.88(1.04)

10
≈ $44.23
60. V (t ) = 100e 4.6052t

(a) V (1) ≈ 10,000 computers
(b) V (1.5) ≈ 100,004 computers
(c) V ( 2) ≈ 1,000,060 computers
61. (a) 425
25 55
350
(b)
t 25 26 27 28
P (in millions) 350.281 352.107 353.943 355.788
t 29 30 31 32
P (in millions) 357.643 359.508 361.382 363.266
t 33 34 35 36
P (in millions) 365.160 367.064 368.977 370.901
t 37 38 39 40
P (in millions) 372.835 374.779 376.732 378.697
t 41 42 43 44
P (in millions) 380.671 382.656 384.651 386.656
t 45 46 47 48
P (in millions) 388.672 390.698 392.735 394.783
t 49 50 51 52
P (in millions) 396.841 398.910 400.989 403.080
t 53 54 55
P (in millions) 405.182 407.294 409.417
(c) Using the model and extending the table beyond the year 2055, the population will exceed 430 million in 2064.
t 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
P (in millions) 409.417 411.552 413.698 415.854 418.022 420.202 422.393 424.595 426.808 429.034 431.270
62. (a) Because the coefficient of the model P = 57.59e 0.0051t is positive, the population is increasing.
(b) 2003: Let t = 3: P = 57.59e 0.0051(3) ≈ 58.478
The population of Italy in 2000 was 58,478,000 people.
2015: Let t = 15: P = 57.59e 0.0051(15) ≈ 62.169
The population of Italy in 2012 was about 62,169,000 people.
(c) 2020: Let t = 20: P = 57.59e 0.0051(20) ≈ 63.774
The population of Italy in 2020 will be about 63,774,000 people.
2025: Let t = 25: P = 57.59e0.0051(25) ≈ 65.421
The population of Italy in 2025 will be about 65,421,000 people.
67. True. The line y = −2 is a horizontal asymptote for the

( 12 )
t 24,100
63. Q = 16
graph of f ( x) = 10 x − 2. As x → −∞, f ( x) → − 2
(a) Q(0) = 16 grams but never reaches − 2.
(b) Q(75,000) ≈ 1.85 grams
271,801
68. False, e ≠ . e is an irrational number.
(c) 20
99,990
69. f ( x) = 3x − 2
0 150,000
= 3x3−2
0
1
= 3x  2 
3 
( 12 )
t 5715
64. Q = 10
1
= (3 x )
( 12 )
0 5715
(a) When t = 0: Q = 10 9
= h( x )
= 10(1) = 10 grams
So, f ( x) ≠ g ( x), but f ( x) = h( x).
( 12 )
2000 5715
(b) When t = 2000: Q = 10
≈ 7.85 grams 70. g ( x) = 2 2 x + 6
(c) Q = 2 2 x ⋅ 26
= 64( 2 2 x )
Mass of 14C (in grams)
12
10
= 64( 2 2 )
x
8
= 64( 4 x )
6
4
= h( x )
2
t
4000 8000
Time (in years) So, g ( x) = h( x) but g ( x) ≠ f ( x).
65. (a) V (t ) = 49,810 ( 78 )

t
where t is the number of years 71. f ( x) = 16( 4− x ) and f ( x) = 16 4− x( )
= 42 ( 4 − x ) = 16( 22 )
−x
since it was purchased.
( 78 )
4
(b) V ( 4) = 49,810 ≈ 29, 197.71 = 42 − x = 16( 2−2 x )
−( 2 − x)
After 4 years, the value of the van is about $29,198. = ( 14 ) = h( x)
= ( 14 )
x−2
66. (a) C (t ) = 300(0.75)
t
= g ( x)
(b) C (8) ≈ 30 milligrams per milliliter
So, f ( x) = g ( x) = h( x).
72. f ( x ) = e − x + 3 75. 7
x
g ( x ) = e 3 − x = e3 ⋅ e − x (
y1 = 1 + 1
x (
(
h( x ) = −e x − 3 = − e x ⋅ e −3 ) −6
y2 = e
6
So, none are equal. −1
As x increases, the graph of y1 approaches e, which

73. y = 3x and y = 4 x is y2 .
y
x
 0.5 
76. f ( x ) = 1 +  and g ( x) = e (Horizontal line)
0.5
3
y = 3x
y = 4x  x 
2 4
1 f
x
−2 −1 1 2 g
−1 −3 3
0
x –2 −1 0 1 2 As x → ∞, f ( x) → g ( x).
As x → −∞, f ( x) → g ( x).
1 1
3x 9 3 1 3 9
1 1
4x 16 4 1 4 16
77. (a) y2 = x 2 y1 = 2 x
3
(a) 4 x < 3 x when x < 0.
(b) 4 x > 3 x when x > 0.
−3 3
74. (a) f ( x) = x 2e− x

−1
5
At x = 2, both functions have a value of 4. The
function y1 increases for all values of x. The
function y2 is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
−2 7
−1
(b) y1 = 3 x y2 = x 3
3
Decreasing: ( −∞, 0), ( 2, ∞)
Increasing: (0, 2) −3 3
Relative maximum: 2, 4e ( −2
) −1
Both functions are increasing for all values of x. For

Relative minimum: (0, 0)
x > 0, both functions have a similar shape. The
(b) g ( x) = x 23 − x function y2 is symmetric with respect to the origin.
6 In both viewing windows, the constant raised to a
variable power increases more rapidly than the variable
raised to a constant power.
−2 10
−2
Decreasing: (1.44, ∞)
Increasing: ( −∞, 1.44)
Relative maximum: (1.44, 4.25)
78. The graph of y = a x is increasing, so graphs (d), (e), and (f) represent y = 2x , y = e x , and y = 10 x.
The greater the value of a, the quicker the graph increases. Because 10 > e > 2, y = 10x matches graph (d),
y = e x matches graph (e), and y = 2 x matches graph (f).
Graph (c) is a reflection in the y-axis of graph (d), so y = 10− x matches graph (c).
Graph (b) is a reflection in the y-axis of graph (e), so y = e− x matches graph (b).
Graph (a) is a reflection in the y-axis of graph (f), so y = 2− x matches graph (a)
79. The functions (c) h ( x ) = 3 x and (d) k ( x ) = 2 − x are exponential.
80. P = $3000, r = 6%, t = 10 years

nt 10 n
 r  0.06 
A = P 1 +  = 30001 + 
 n  n 
(a) n = 365
A ≈ $5466.09
(b) n = 365( 24) = 8760
A ≈ $5466.35
(c) n = 365( 24)(60) = 525,600
A ≈ $5466.36
(d) n = 365( 24)(60)(60) = 31,536,000
A ≈ $5466.38
Increasing the number of compoundings does not result in unlimited growth because the balance increases slowly from
compounding by the day to compounding by the second.
Section 3.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs

1. logarithmic 13. 4−3 = 1
 log 4 1
= −3
64 64
2. 10
14. 240 = 1  log 24 1 = 0
3. natural; e
15. f ( x) = log 2 x
4. a log a x = x
f (64) = log 2 64 = 6 because 2 6 = 64
5. x = y
6. positive real numbers 16. f ( x) = log 25 x
f (5) = log 25 5 = 1
because 251 2 = 5
7. log 4 16 = 2  42 = 16 2
1 1 17. f ( x) = log8 x
8. log 9 81
= −2  9−2 = 81
f (1) = log8 1 = 0 because 8 0 = 1
9. log12 12 = 1  12 = 12 1
18. f ( x) = log x
2
10. log32 4 =  322 5 = 4
5 f (10) = log 10 = 1 because 101 = 10
11. 53 = 125  log5 125 = 3 19. g ( x) = log a x
12. 93 2 = 27  log 9 27 = 3 g ( a 2 ) = log a a − 2

2
= −2
Section 3.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs 245
20. g ( x) = log b x 33. x −2 −1 0 1 2

g (b −3
) = log b b = log b b 12
= 1
f ( x) = 7 x 1 1
2
49 7 1 7 49
21. f ( x) = log x 1 1
x 49 7 1 7 49
f ( 78 ) = log( 78 ) ≈ −0.058 g ( x) = log7 x −2 −1 0 1 2
22. f ( x) = log x
y
f ( 5001 ) = log 5001 ≈ −2.699
5 f(x) = 7 x
4
23. f ( x ) = log x 3
f (12.5) = log 12.5 ≈ 1.097 2 g(x) = log 7 x
24. f ( x ) = log x −1 1 2 3 4 5
x
f (96.75) = log 96.75 ≈ 1.986

−1
25. log8 8 = 1 because 81 = 8 34.

x −2 −1 0 1 2
26. logπ π 2 = 2 because π 2 = π 2 f ( x) = 5 x 1

25
1
5 1 5 25
27. log7.5 1 = 0 because 7.50 = 1 x 1

25
1
5 1 5 25
g ( x) = log5 x −2 −1 0 1 2
28. 5log5 3 = 3 because aloga x = x, 5log5 3 = 3
29. log5 ( x + 1) = log 5 6

y
x +1 = 6 f(x) = 5 x
2
x = 5 g(x) = log 5 x
1
30. log 2 ( x − 3) = log 2 9
x
−2 −1
x −3 = 9 1 2
−1
x = 12
−2
31. log 11 = log x 2 + 7 ( )

11 = x 2 + 7 35.
x −2 −1 0 1 2
2
x = 4
f ( x) = 6 x 1
36
1
6 1 6 36
x = ±2
1 1
log( x 2 + 6 x) = log 27
x 1 6 36
32. 36 6
x 2 + 6 x = 27 g ( x) = log6 x −2 −1 0 1 2
x 2 + 6 x − 27 = 0
y
(x + 9)( x − 3) = 0
4 f(x) = 6 x
x + 9 = 0 → x = −9
3
x −3 = 0 → x = 3
2 g(x) = log 6 x
x
−1 1 2 3 4
−1
y
36.
x −2 −1 0 1 2 41. f ( x) = log 4 x
2
f ( x) = 10 x 1 1
1 10 100 Domain: (0, ∞)
100 10 1
x-intercept: (1, 0)
x
1 1
x 1 10 100 −1 1 2 3
100 10 Vertical asymptote: x = 0 −1
g ( x) = log10 x −2 −1 0 1 2 y = log 4 x  4 y = x −2
1
y x 4 1 4 2
2
f(x) = 10 x f ( x) −1 0 1 1
2
g(x) = log 10 x
1
y
42. g ( x) = log6 x
x
−2 −1 1 2 2
−1 Domain: (0, ∞)
1
−2 x-intercept: (1, 0) x
−1 1 2 3
Vertical asymptote: x = 0 −1
37. f ( x) = log3 x + 2
y = log6 x  6 = x y
−2
Asymptote: x = 0
1
Point on graph: (1, 2) x 6 1 6 6
Matches graph (a). g ( x) −1 0 1

2 1
The graph of f ( x) is obtained from g ( x) by shifting the

43. y = log 3 x + 1
graph two units upward.
Domain: (0, ∞)
38. f ( x) = log3 ( x − 1)
x-intercept:
Asymptote: x = 1
log 3 x + 1 = 0
Point on graph: ( 2, 0) log 3 x = −1
Matches graph (d). 3−1 = x
f ( x) shifts g ( x) one unit to the right. 1
= x
3
39. f ( x) = log3 (1 − x) = log3 −( x − 1) The x-intercept is ( 13 , 0).

Asymptote: x = 1 Vertical asymptote: x = 0
Point on graph: (0, 0) y = log 3 x + 1

log3 x = y − 1  3y −1 = x
Matches graph (b).
The graph of f ( x) is obtained by reflecting the graph x 1 1
0 3 9
9 3
of g ( x) in the y-axis and shifting the graph one unit to y −1 0 1 2 3
the right.
y
40. f ( x) = − log3 x
2
Asymptote: x = 0
1
Point on graph: (1, 0)
x
−1 1 2 3
Matches graph (c).
−1
f ( x) reflects g ( x) in the x-axis.
−2
44. h( x) = log 4 ( x − 3) 46. y = log5 ( x − 1) + 4

Domain: x − 3 > 0  x > 3 Domain: x − 1 > 0  x > 1
The domain is (3, ∞). y The domain is (1, ∞).
y
x-intercept: 6
x-intercept:
log 4 ( x − 3) = 0
4
log 5 ( x − 1) + 4 = 0 6
2 5
40 = x − 3 log 5 ( x − 1) = −4 4
x
1= x −3 2 4 6 8 10
5−4 = x − 1 3
−2
4 = x 1 = x −1
2
−4 625
The x-intercept is ( 4, 0).
1
626
625
= x x
2 3 4 5 6
Vertical asymptote: x − 3 = 0  x = 3
y = log 4 ( x − 3)  4 y + 3 = x
The x-intercept is ( 626
625 )
,0.
x 3 14 4 7 19 y = log5 ( x − 1) + 4  5 y − 4 + 1 = x
h( x ) −1 0 1 2
x 1.00032 1.0016 1.008 1.04 1.2
45. f ( x) = −log6 ( x + 2) y −1 0 1 2 3
Domain: x + 2 > 0  x > −2

 x
The domain is ( −2, ∞). y 47. y = log 
7
x-intercept: 4
x
Domain: > 0  x > 0
0 = −log 6 ( x + 2) 2 7
0 = log 6 ( x + 2) x The domain is (0, ∞). y
6
0
6 = x + 2 −2  x 6
x-intercept: log  = 0
1 = x + 2 7 4
−4
−1 = x x 2
= 100 x
The x-intercept is ( −1, 0). 7 −2 4 6 8 10
−2
Vertical asymptote: x + 2 = 0  x = −2 x
=1 −4
7
y = −log 6 ( x + 2) −6
x = 7
− y = log 6 ( x + 2)
The x-intercept is (7, 0).
−y
6 − 2 = x
x
Vertical asymptote: = 0  x = 0
x 4 −1 −156 −135
36 7
f ( x) −1 0 1 2 The vertical asymptote is the y-axis.
x 1 2 3 4 5
y −0.85 −0.54 −0.37 −0.24 −0.15
x 6 7 8
y −0.069 0 0.06
48. y = log( − 2 x) 59. g ( x) = 8 ln x

Domain: − 2 x > 0  x < 0 g ( 5 ) = 8 ln 5 ≈ 6.438
The domain is ( −∞, 0).
60. g ( x) = −ln x
x-intercept: log( − 2 x) = 0
100 = − 2 x
g ( 12 ) = −ln 12 ≈ 0.693
1 = − 2x 61. e ln 4 = 4
x = − 12
1
62. ln  2  = ln e − 2 = − 2
The x-intercept is − 12 , 0 . ( ) e 
Vertical asymptote: x = 0
63. 2.5 ln 1 = 2.5(0) = 0
y = log( − 2 x)  100 = − 2 x
10 y = − 2 x ln e 1
64. =
π π
− 12 ⋅ 10 y = x
1 1
65. ln eln e = ln e1 = 1
x − 200 − 20 − 12 −5 − 50 − 500
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 −1 1
y 66. eln(1 e) = eln e = e −1 =
e
y
67. f ( x) = ln( x − 4)
2
Domain: x − 4 > 0  x > 4

1
The domain is ( 4, ∞).

x
−3 −2 −1 1
−1
x-intercept: 0 = ln ( x − 4)
e0 = x − 4
−2
5 = x
49. ln 1
2
= −0.693  e −0.693
= 1
2
The x-intercept is (5, 0).
50. ln 7 = 1.945  e1.945 = 7
x 4.5 5 6 7
51. ln 250 = 5.521  e 5.521
= 250 f ( x) −0.69 0 0.69 1.10
y
52. ln 1 = 0  e0 = 1
4
53. e2 = 7.3890  ln 7.3890 = 2
2
x
54. e −3 4 = 0.4723  ln 0.4723 = − 34 2 4 6 8
−2
−4x 1 1
55. e = 2
 ln 2
= − 4x −4
56. e2 x = 3  ln 3 = 2 x
57. f ( x) = ln x
f (18.42) = ln 18.42 ≈ 2.913
58. f ( x) = 3 ln x
f (0.74) = 3 ln 0.74 ≈ −0.903
68. h( x) = ln( x + 5) 70. f ( x) = ln(3 − x)

Domain: x + 5 > 0  x > −5 Domain: 3 − x > 0  x < 3
The domain is ( −5, ∞). The domain is ( −∞, 3).
x-intercept: 0 = ln ( x + 5) x-intercept: ln (3 − x) = 0
0
e = x +5 e0 = 3 − x
−4 = x 1= 3− x
The x-intercept is ( − 4, 0). 2 = x
Vertical asymptote: x + 5 = 0  x = −5 The x-intercept is ( 2, 0).
x
Vertical asymptote: 3 − x = 0  x = 3
−4.5 −4 −3 −2
y = ln (3 − x)  3 − e y = x
h( x ) −0.69 0 0.69 1.10
x 2.95 2.86 2.63 2 0.28
y
f ( x) −3 −2 −1 0 1
4
2 y
x 3
−6 −2 2
2
−2
−4
x
−2 −1 1 2 4
−1
69. g ( x) = ln( − x) −2
−3
Domain: − x > 0  x < 0
The domain is ( −∞, 0).
71. f ( x) = ln( x − 1)
x-intercept: 3
0 = ln( − x)
e0 = − x 0 9
−1 = x
The x-intercept is ( −1, 0).
−3
Vertical asymptote: − x = 0  x = 0 72. f ( x) = ln( x + 2)

3
x −0.5 −1 −2 −3
g ( x) −0.69 0 0.69 1.10 −4 5
y
−3
2
1 73. f ( x) = − ln x + 8
x 10
−3 −2 −1 1
−2
−2 18
−2
74. f ( x) = 3 ln x − 1 78. ln ( x 2 − 2) = ln 23
4
x 2 − 2 = 23
−5 10
x 2 = 25
x = ±5
−6
 x 
79. t = 16.625 ln  , x > 750
 x − 750 
75. ln ( x + 4) = ln 12
(a) When x = $897.72:
x + 4 = 12
 897.72 
x = 8 t = 16.625 ln   ≈ 30 years
 897.72 − 750 
76. ln ( x − 7) = ln 7 When x = $1659.24:
x − 7 = 7  1659.24 
t = 16.625 ln   ≈ 10 years
x = 14  1659.24 − 750 
(b) Total amounts:
77. ln ( x 2 − x) = ln 6
(897.72)(12)(30) = $323,179.20 ≈ $323,179
x2 − x = 6 (1659.24)(12)(10) = $199,108.80 ≈ $199,109
2
x − x −6 = 0
Interest charges:
(x − 3)( x + 2) = 0 323,179.20 − 150,000 = $173,179.20 ≈ $173,179
x = − 2 or x = 3 199,108.80 − 150,000 = $49,108.80 ≈ $49,109
(c) The vertical asymptote is x = 750. The closer the
payment is to $750 per month, the longer the length
of the mortgage will be. Also, the monthly payment
must be greater than $750.
80. (a) P = − 3.42 + 1.297 t ln t
2008: P(8) = − 3.42 + 1.297(8) ln 8 ≈ 18.16%
2012: P(12) = − 3.42 + 1.297(12) ln 12 ≈ 35.26%

50
(b)
5 14
0
(c) Answers will vary. Sample answer: Yes, it can predict the percent for 2020,
P( 20) = − 3.42 + 1.297( 20) ln 20 ≈ 74.29% is reasonable. However, for 2030,
P(30) = − 3.42 + 1.297(30) ln 30 ≈ 128.92% is not possible.
ln 2
81. t =
r
(a)
r 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030
t 138.6 69.3 46.2 34.7 27.7 23.1
(b) 150
0 0.04
0
ln K
82. t =
0.055
(a)
K 1 2 4 6 8 10 12
t 0 12.60 25.21 32.57 37.81 41.87 45.18
The number of years required to multiply the original investment by K increases with K. However, the larger the value of
K, the fewer the years required to increase the value of the investment by an additional multiple of the original investment.
(b) t
60
50
40
30
20
10
K
−4 4 8 12 16 20 24
−10
83. f (t ) = 80 − 17 log(t + 1), 0 ≤ t ≤ 12 86.

y
(a) 100 h 10
4
0 12
f
0
x
(b) f (0) = 80 − 17 log 1 = 80.0

−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 2
−2
(c) f ( 4) = 80 − 17 log 5 ≈ 68.1 True. The graph of f ( x) = ln( − x) is a reflection of

h( x) = e − x in the line y = − x.
(d) f (10) = 80 − 17 log 11 ≈ 62.3
87. (a) f ( x) = ln x, g ( x) = x
 I 
84. β = 10 log −12 
 10  The natural log function grows at a slower rate than
the square root function.
40
 1 
(a) β = 10 log −12  = 10 log(1012 ) = 120 decibels
 10  g
 10−2 
(b) β = 10 log −12  = 10 log(1010 ) = 100 decibels f
 10  0 1000
0
(c) No, the difference is due to the logarithmic
relationship between intensity and number of (b) f ( x) = ln x, g ( x) = 4
x
decibels. The natural log function grows at a slower rate than
the fourth root function.
85. False. Reflecting g( x) about the line y = x will
15
determine the graph of f ( x). g
0 20,000
0
88. (a) The function f ( x) = 3x matches graph m, and 89.

x 1 2 8
g ( x) = log 3 x matches graph n.
y 0 1 3
(b) Since f and g are inverse functions, the point ( a, b) y is not an exponential function of x, but it is a
on the graph of f corresponds to the point (b, a) on logarithmic function of x, y = log 2 x.
the graph of g. So, if f ( a) = b, then g (b) = a. 90.

x 1 2 5
y 2 4 32
y is not a logarithmic function of x, but it is an

exponential function of x, y = 2 x.
ln x
91. f ( x) =
x
(a)
x 1 5 10 10 2 10 4 10 6
f ( x) 0 0.322 0.230 0.046 0.00092 0.0000138
(b) As x → ∞, f ( x) → 0.
0.5
(c)
0 100
0
92. y = loga x  a y = x, so, for example, if a = −2, there is no value of y for which ( −2) = −4. If a = 1, then every
y
power of a is equal to 1, so x could only be 1. So, log a x is defined only for 0 < a < 1 and a > 1.
Section 3.3 Properties of Logarithms

1. change-of-base log 16
5. (a) log 5 16 =
log 5
log x ln x
2. = ln 16
log a ln a (b) log 5 16 =
ln 5
1
3.
log b a log 4
6. (a) log1 5 4 =
log(1 5)
4. (a) ln(uv) = ln u + ln v ln 4
(b) log1 5 4 =
This is the Product Property ln(1 5)
(b) loga u n = n loga u
3 log(3 10)
This is the Power Property. 7. (a) log x =
10 log x
u 
(c) ln   = ln u − ln v 3 ln(3 10)
v (b) log x =
10 ln x
This is the Quotient Property.
log x
8. (a) log 2.6 x =
log 2.6
ln x
(b) log 2.6 x =
ln 2.6
Section 3.3 Properties of Logarithms 253
log 17 ln 17 16. log 3 175 = log 3 (7 ⋅ 25)

9. log 3 17 = = ≈ 2.579
log 3 ln 3
= log 3 7 + log 3 52
log 12 ln 12 = log 3 7 + 2 log 3 5

10. log 0.4 12 = = ≈ − 2.712
log 0.4 ln 0.4
17. log 3 ( 215) = log 3 21 − log 3 5
log 0.5 ln 0.5 = log 3 (3 ⋅ 7) − log 3 5
11. logπ 0.5 = = ≈ − 0.606
log π ln π
= log 3 3 + log 3 7 − log 3 5
log 0.125 ln 0.125 = 1 + log 3 7 − log 3 5
12. log 2 3 0.125 = = ≈ 5.129
log( 2 3) ln( 2 3)
18. log 3 ( 4945 ) = log 3 45 − log 3 49
13. log 3 35 = log 3 (5 ⋅ 7) = log 3 (5 ⋅ 9) − log 3 49
= log 3 5 + log 3 7 = log 3 5 + log 3 9 − log 3 49
= log 3 5 + log 3 32 − log 3 7 2
14. log 3 ()
5
7
= log 3 5 − log 3 7
= log 3 5 + 2 log 3 3 − 2 log 3 7
= log 3 5 + 2 − 2 log 3 7
15. log 3 ( 257 ) = log 3 7 − log 3 25
= log 3 7 − log 3 52 19. log 3 9 = 2 log 3 3 = 2
= log 3 7 − 2 log 3 5
20. log5 1
125
= log5 5− 3 = − 3 log 5 5 = − 3(1) = − 3
( 16 ) ( 16 ) = 13 log
13
21. log6 3 1
6
= log6 = 1
3
log6 6 6−1 = 1
3 (−1) = − 13
22. log 2 4
8 = 1
4
log 2 23 = 3
4
log 2 2 = 3
4 (1) = 3
4 27. ln e2 + ln e5 = 2 + 5 = 7
23. log2 ( −2) is undefined. −2 is not in the domain of 28. 2 ln e6 − ln e5 = ln e12 − ln e5

log 2 x . e12
= ln
e5
24. log3 ( −27) is undefined. −27 is not in the domain of
= ln e7
log 3 x .
= 7
4 3 34
25. ln e = ln e 75
29. log 5 75 − log 5 3 = log 5 3
= 3 ln e
4 = log 5 25
= 3
4 (1) = log 5 52
= 3
4 = 2 log 5 5
= 2
1
26. ln = ln 1 − ln e
e 30. log 4 2 + log 4 32 = log 4 41 2 + log 4 45 2
1 1 5
= 0 − ln e = 2
log 4 4 + 2
log 4 4
2
1
= 0 − (1)
= 1
2
(1) + 5
2
(1)
2 = 3
1
= −
2
31. log 4 8 = log 4 ( 4 ⋅ 2) = log 4 4 + log 4 2 = log 4 4 + log 4 41 2 = 1 + 1

2
= 3
2
32. log8 16 = log8 (8 ⋅ 2) = log8 8 + log8 2 = log8 8 + log8 81 3 = 1 + 1

3
= 4
3
33. log b 10 = log b 2.5 40. log b 3

3b = log b (3b)
13
= log b 2 + log b 5
= 1
3
log b (3b)
≈ 0.3562 + 0.8271
= 1.1833
= 1
3
(logb 3 + log b b)
2
≈ 1
3 (0.5646 + 1)
34. logb 3
= log b 2 − logb 3
≈ 0.3562 − 0.5646
= 1
3 (1.5646)
= − 0.2084 ≈ 0.5215
41. ln 7 x = ln 7 + ln x
35. log b 0.04 = log b 4 = log b 1
100 25
42. log 3 13 z = log 3 13 + log 3 z
= log b 1 − log b 25
= log b 1 − log b 52 43. log8 x4 = 4 log8 x
= 0 − 2 log b 5
≈ − 2(0.8271) 44. ln ( xy ) = 3 ln ( xy )
3
= −1.6542 = 3(ln x + ln y )
= 3 ln x + 3 ln y
36. log b 2 = log b 21 2
= 1 log b 2 5
2 45. log 5 = log 5 5 − log 5 x
x
≈ 1
2
(0.3562)
= 1 − log 5 x
= 0.1781
37. log b 45 = log b 9.5 46. log 6 ( ) = log

w2
v 6 w2 − log 6 v
= log b 9 + log b 5 = 2 log 6 w − log 6 v
2
= log b 3 + log b 5
47. ln z = ln z1 2 = 1 ln z
= 2log b 3 + log b 5 2
≈ 2(0.5646) + 0.8271
48. ln 3
t = ln t1 3 = 1 ln t
= 1.9563 3
2
38. logb 3b = logb 3 + logb b
2 49. ln xyz 2 = ln x + ln y + ln z 2
= logb 3 + 2 logb b = ln x + ln y + 2 ln z
= logb 3 + 2(1)
( )
50. log 4 11b 2c = log 4 11 + log 4 b 2 + log 4 c
≈ 0.5646 + 2
= log 4 11 + 2 log 4 b + log 4 c
= 2.5646
51. ln z ( z − 1) = ln z + ln( z − 1)
2 2
−2
39. log b ( 2b) = − 2 log b 2b
= ln z + 2 ln( z − 1), z > 1
= − 2(log b 2 + log b b)
≈ − 2(0.3562 + 1)  x2 − 1
 = ln ( x − 1) − ln x
2 3
52. ln  3
= − 2.7124  x 
= ln ( x + 1)( x − 1) − ln x 3
= ln ( x + 1) + ln ( x − 1) − 3 ln x
 a2 − 4 
53. log 2   = log 2 a 2 − 4 − log 2 7
 7 
 
= log 2 ( a 2 − 4)
12
− log 2 7
= 1
2
log 2 ( a 2 − 4) − log 2 7
= 1
2
log 2 ( a − 2)( a + 2) − log 2 7
= 1 log
2 2 (a − 2) + log 2 ( a + 2) − log 2 7
= 1
2
log 2 ( a − 2) + 1
2
log 2 ( a + 2) − log 2 7
 3 
x2 + 1
59. ln 4 x 3 ( x 2 + 3) = 1 ln x 3 ( x 2 + 3)
54. ln 
2
 = ln 3 − ln 4
 x + 1
= 1 ln
4
x 3 + ln ( x 2 + 3)
= ln 3 − ln ( x + 1)
12
2
= 1 3 ln
4
x + ln ( x 2 + 3)
= ln 3 − 1 ln ( x 2 + 1)
ln ( x 2 + 3)
2 3 1
= 4
ln x + 4
 x2 
55. log 5  2 3  = log 5 x 2 − log 5 y 2 z 3 12
y z  60. ln x 2 ( x + 2) = ln  x 2 ( x + 2)
= log 5 x 2 − (log 5 y 2 + log 5 z 3 ) = ln  x( x + 2) 

12
 
= 2 log 5 x − 2 log 5 y − 3 log 5 z
= ln x + ln ( x + 2)
12
xy 4 = ln x + 1
2
ln ( x + 2)
56. log = log xy 4 − log z 5
z5
= log x + log y 4 − log z 5 61. ln 3 + ln x = ln(3x)
= log x + 4 log y − 5 log z
8
62. log 5 8 − log5 t = log5
yz  yz 
13 t
57. ln 3 = ln  2 
x2 x  63. 2 log 7 ( z − 2) = log 7 ( z − 2)
23
3
1  yz 
= ln   −4
3  x2  64. − 4 ln 3x = ln (3x)
1 1
= ln ( yz ) − ln x 2  = ln
3 (3 x ) 4
1
= ln ( yz ) − 2 ln x 1
3 = ln
81x 4
1
= [ln y + ln z − 2 ln x]
3 65. log 3 5 x − 4 log 3 x = log 3 5 x − log 3 x 4
1 1 2
= ln y + ln z − ln x  5x 
3 3 3 = log 3  4 
x 
y y 5
58. log 2 x 4 = log 2 x 4 + log 2 = log 3  3 
z 3
z3 x 
1 y
= log 2 x 4 + log 2 3 66. 2 log2 x + 4 log2 y = log2 x2 + log2 y4 = log2 x2 y 4
2 z
1
= log 2 x 4 + log 2 y − log 2 z 3  67. log x + 2 log( x + 1) = log x + log( x + 1)
2
2
1 3 = log  x( x + 1) 
2
= 4 log 2 x + log 2 y − log 2 z  
2 2
68. 2 ln 8 − 5 ln ( z − 4) = ln 82 − ln ( z − 4)
5
69. log x − 2 log y + 3 log z = log x − log y 2 + log z 3
x
= ln 64 − ln ( z − 4)
5
= log + log z 3
y2
 64 
= ln   xz 3
= log
 ( z − 4) 
5
y2
70. 3 log 3 x + 1 log 3 y − 4 log 3 z = log 3 x 3 + log 3 y1 4 − log 3 z 4

4
( )
= log 3 x 3 4 y − log 3 z 4
 x3 4 y
= log 3  
 z 
4

x
71. ln x − ln( x + 1) + ln( x − 1) = ln x − ln( x + 1)( x − 1) = ln
( x + 1)( x − 1)
72. 4 ln z + ln ( z + 5) − 2 ln ( z − 5) = 4 ln z ( z + 5) − ln ( z − 5)2
4
= ln  z ( z + 5) − ln ( z − 5)
2
z 4 ( z + 5)
4
= ln
(z − 5)
2
1 1
2 ln ( x + 3) + ln x − ln ( x 2 − 1) = ln ( x + 3) + ln x − ln ( x 2 − 1)
2
73.
2 2 
1 
= ln x( x + 3)  − ln ( x 2 − 1)
2
2   
1   x( x + 3) 
2
= ln  2 
2   x − 1 
  
1  x( x + 3) 
2
= ln  2 
2  x −1 
 
x( x + 3)
2
= ln
x2 − 1
74. 2 3 ln x − ln ( x + 1) − ln ( x − 1) = 2 ln x3 − ln ( x + 1) − ln ( x − 1)
= 2 ln x3 − ln ( x + 1) + ln ( x − 1)
= 2 ln x3 − ln ( x + 1)( x − 1)

x3
= 2 ln 2
x −1
2
 x3 
= ln  2 
 x − 1
1 1
log8 y + 2 log8 ( y + 4) − log8 ( y − 1) = log8 y + log8 ( y + 4)  − log8 ( y − 1)
2
75.
3 3 
1
= log8 y( y + 4) − log8 ( y − 1)
2
3
y ( y + 4) − log8 ( y − 1)
2
= log8 3
 3
y( y + 4) 
2
= log8 
 y −1 
 
1 log + 1) + log 4 ( x − 1)  + log 4 x 6

(x + 1) + 2 log 4 ( x − 1) + 6 log 4 x = (x
1 log 2
76. 2 2
4 4

1 log + 1)( x − 1)  + log 4 x 6
(x
2
= 2 4

= log 4  x + 1( x − 1) + log 4 x 6
= log 4  x 6 ( x − 1) x + 1
32 log 2 32
77. log 2 = log 2 32 − log 2 4 ≠
4 log 2 4
The second and third expressions are equal by Property 2.
78. log 7 70 = 1
2
log 7 70 = 1
2 [log 7 7 + log 7 10]
= 1
2 [1 + log 7 10]
= 1 + 1 log 7 10
2 2
= 1 + log 7 10 by Property 1 and Property 3

2
 I 
79. β = 10 log −12  = 10 log I − log 10−12  = 10[log I + 12] = 120 + 10 log I
 10 
When I = 10−6 :
β = 120 + 10 log 10−6 = 120 + 10( −6) = 60 decibels
 I   I 
80. β = 10 log −12  81. β = 10 log −12 
 10   10 
Difference  10−4   10−11 
Difference = 10 log −12  − 10 log −12 
 1.26 × 10 −7   3.16 × 10 −10   10   10 
= 10 log −12  − 10 log  
 10   10 −12  = 10 log 108 − log 10
= 10 log (1.26 × 105 ) − log(3.16 × 10 2 )
= 10(8 − 1)
  1.26 × 105  = 10(7)
= 10 log  2 
  3.16 × 10  = 70 dB
≈ 10 log(0.3987 × 103 )
= 10 log(398.7)
≈ 26 dB
82. β = 120 + 10 log( 2I ) = 120 + 10(log 2 + log I ) = (120 + 10 log I ) + 10 log 2

With both stereos playing, the music is 10 log 2 ≈ 3 decibels louder.
83. ln y
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
0.5
y 1.000 1.189 1.316 1.414 1.495 1.565
0.4
ln x 0 0.693 1.099 1.386 1.609 1.792
0.3
ln y 0 0.173 0.275 0.346 0.402 0.448 0.2
0.1
The slope of the line is 14 . So, ln y = 1
4
ln x ln x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
84.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 1.000 0.630 0.481 0.397 0.342 0.303
ln x 0 0.693 1.099 1.386 1.609 1.792
ln y 0 − 0.367 − 0.732 − 0.924 − 1.073 − 1.195
ln y
ln x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
− 0.5
− 1.0
− 1.5
− 2.0
The slope of the line is − 23 . So, ln y = − 23 ln x.
85.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 2.500 2.102 1.900 1.768 1.672 1.597
ln x 0 0.693 1.099 1.386 1.609 1.792
ln y 0.916 0.743 0.642 0.570 0.514 0.468
ln y
2.0
1.5
0.5
ln x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
The slope of the line is − 14 . So, ln y = − 14 ln x + ln 52 .
86.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 0.500 2.828 7.794 16.000 27.951 44.091
ln x 0 0.693 1.099 1.386 1.609 1.792
ln y −0.693 1.040 2.053 2.773 3.330 3.786
ln y
ln x
−2 −1 1 2 3
The slope of the line is 52 . So, ln y = 5

2
ln x − ln 2.
87.
Weight, x 25 35 50 75 500 1000
Galloping Speed, y 191.5 182.7 173.8 164.2 125.9 114.2
ln x 3.219 3.555 3.912 4.317 6.215 6.908
ln y 5.255 5.208 5.158 5.101 4.835 4.738
ln y = − 0.14 ln x + 5.7
88. Take the natural logarithm of each of the x- and y-values.
x y ln x ln y
2 0.113 0.6931 − 2.1804
3 0.148 1.0986 − 1.9105
4 0.192 1.3863 − 1.6503
5 0.225 1.6094 − 1.4917
6 0.262 1.7918 − 1.3394
ln y
ln x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
− 0.5
− 1.0
− 1.5
− 2.0
− 2.5
By plotting the points from the table, you can see that the points appear to lie on a line.
Use the points (0.6931, − 2.1804) and (1.7918, −1.3394) to find the slope of the line.
−1.3394 − ( − 2.1804)
m = ≈ 0.7655
1.7918 − 0.6931
Use point-slope form where Y = ln y and X = ln x.
Y − ( − 2.1804) = 0.7655( X − 0.6931)

Y + 2.1804 = 0.7655 X − 0.5306
So, ln y = 0.7655 ln x − 2.711
Using the linear regression feature of a graphing utility yields:
ln y = 0.772 ln x − 2.731
(b) T − 21 = 54.4(0.964)
80 t
89. (a)
T = 54.4(0.964) + 21
t
See graph in (a).

0 30
0
(c) 5
t (in minutes) T (°C) T − 21 (°C) ln (T − 21) 1 (T − 21)
0 78 57 4.043 0.0175
5 66 45 3.807 0.0222 0 30
0
10 57.5 36.5 3.597 0.0274
ln (T − 21) = −0.037t + 4
15 51.2 30.2 3.408 0.0331
T = e −0.037t + 3.997 + 21
20 46.3 25.3 3.231 0.0395
This graph is identical to T in (b).
25 42.5 21.5 3.068 0.0465
30 39.6 18.6 2.923 0.0538
1
(d) = 0.0012t + 0.016
T − 21
1
T = + 21
0.001t + 0.016
0.07 80
0 30 0 30
0 0
90. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: If y = ab x , then 91. f ( x) = ln x

ln y = ln( ab x
) = ln a + x ln b, which is linear. If False, f (0) ≠ 0 because 0 is not in the domain of
1 1 f ( x).
y = , then = cx + d .
cx + d y
f (1) = ln 1 = 0
92. f ( ax) = f ( a ) + f ( x), a > 0, x > 0
True, because f ( ax) = ln ax = ln a + ln x = f ( a) + f ( x) (property 1).
93. False.
x
f ( x) − f ( 2) = ln x − ln 2 = ln ≠ ln ( x − 2)
2
94. False.
f ( x) = ln x can’t be simplified further.
f ( x ) = ln x = ln x1 2 = 1
2
ln x = 1
2
f ( x)
95. False.
f (u ) = 2 f (v)  ln u = 2 ln v  ln u = ln v 2  u = v 2
3
96. True. If f ( x) < 0, then 0 < x < 1. 98. f ( x) = log1 2 x

log x ln x −3 6
log x ln x = =
97. f ( x) = log 2 x = = log(1 2) ln (1 2)
log 2 ln 2
3 −3
−3 6
−3
99. f ( x) = log1 4 x 2
103. y1 = ln x − ln(x − 3)
4
log x ln x
= =
log(1 4) ln (1 4)
−1 5
−6 6
−2 y2 = ln x −x 3
−4
100. f ( x) = log11.8 x
2 The graphing utility does not show the functions with the
same domain. The domain of y1 = ln x − ln( x − 3) is
log x ln x
= = −1 5
x
log 11.8 ln 11.8 (3, ∞) and the domain of y2 = ln is
x −3
−2
(−∞, 0) ∪ (3, ∞).
101. The power property cannot be used because ln e is 104. The function y = ln x matches graph B since the points
raised to the second power, not just e.
(1, 0) and (e, 1) are located on the graph.
A correct statement is (ln e) = (1) = 1.
2 2
The function y = ln x 2 , x > 0 matches graph D since
102. log2 8 = log2 ( 4 + 4) ≠ log2 4 + log2 4. the point (1, 0) is located on the graph and the graph
increases at a greater rate than y = ln x.
A correct statement is
log 2 8 = log 2 23 = 3 log 2 2 = 3(1) = 3. The function y = ln 2 x matches graph C since the
point ( 12 , 0) is located on the graph.
The function y = ln 2 matches graph A since it is a

constant function, represented by a horizontal line.
105. ln 2 ≈ 0.6931, ln 3 ≈ 1.0986, ln 5 ≈ 1.6094

ln 1 = 0
ln 2 ≈ 0.6931
ln 3 ≈ 1.0986
ln 4 = ln ( 2 ⋅ 2) = ln 2 + ln 2 ≈ 0.6931 + 0.6931 = 1.3862
ln 5 ≈ 1.6094
ln 6 = ln ( 2 ⋅ 3) = ln 2 + ln 3 ≈ 0.6931 + 1.0986 = 1.7917
ln 8 = ln 23 = 3 ln 2 ≈ 3(0.6931) = 2.0793
ln 9 = ln 32 = 2 ln 3 ≈ 2(1.0986) = 2.1972
ln 10 = ln (5 ⋅ 2) = ln 5 + ln 2 ≈ 1.6094 + 0.6931 = 2.3025
ln 12 = ln ( 22 ⋅ 3) = ln 22 + ln 3 = 2 ln 2 + ln 3 ≈ 2(0.6931) + 1.0986 = 2.4848
ln 15 = ln (5 ⋅ 3) = ln 5 + ln 3 ≈ 1.6094 + 1.0986 = 2.7080
ln 16 = ln 24 = 4 ln 2 ≈ 4(0.6931) = 2.7724
ln 18 = ln (32 ⋅ 2) = ln 32 + ln 2 = 2 ln 3 + ln 2 ≈ 2(1.0986) + 0.6931 = 2.8903
ln 20 = ln (5 ⋅ 22 ) = ln 5 + ln 22 = ln 5 + 2 ln 2 ≈ 1.6094 + 2(0.6931) = 2.9956
Section 3.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations

1. (a) x = y (c) x = 102 − 3 = 97
(b) x = y log 2 (97 + 3) = log 2 (100)
(c) x
Because 210 ≠ 100, 102 − 3 is not a solution.
(d) x
2. extraneous 6. ln ( 2 x + 3) = 5.8
3. 42 x − 7 = 64
(a) x = 1
2
(−3 + ln 5.8)
(a) x = 5 ln 2
 ( 12 )(−3 + ln 5.8) + 3 = ln(ln 5.8) ≠ 5.8
42(5) − 7 = 43 = 64 No, x = 1
2 (−3 + ln 5.8) is not a solution.
Yes, x = 5 is a solution.
(b) x = 2
(b) x = 1
2 (−3 + e5.8 )
42(2) − 7 = 4−3 = 1
≠ 64 ln 2( 12 )( −3 + e5.8 ) + 3 = ln (e5.8 ) = 5.8
64  
No, x = 2 is not a solution. Yes, x = 1
2 (−3 + e5.8 ) is a solution.
(c) x = 1
2 (log 4 64 + 7) (c) x ≈ 163.650
2(1 2(log 4 64 + 7)) − 7
4 = 64 ln 2(163.650) + 3 = ln 330.3 ≈ 5.8
4(log4 64 + 7) − 7 = 64 Yes, x ≈ 163.650 is an approximate solution.
4(3 + 7) − 7 = 64
7. 4 x = 16
43 = 64
4 x = 42
Yes, x = 1
2
(log 4 64 + 7) is a solution.
x = 2
4. 4e x −1 = 60
( 12 )
x
8. = 32
(a) x = 1 + ln 15
−x
2 = 25
4e(1 + ln 15) −1 = 4eln15 = 4(15) = 60
−x = 5
Yes, x = 1 + ln 15 is a solution. x = −5
(b) x = ln 1.708
9. ln x − ln 2 = 0
6.832
4e ln 1.708 − 1
= 4e ln 1.708 −1
e = 4(1.708)e −1
= ≠ 60 ln x = ln 2
e
x = 2
No, x = ln 1.708 is not a solution.
10. log x − log 10 = 0
(c) x = ln 16 log x − 1 = 0
64
4eln 16 −1 = 4eln 16e −1 = 4(16)e −1 = ≠ 60 log x = 1
e
10log x = 10
No, x = ln 16 is not a solution.
x = 10
5. log 2 ( x + 3) = 10 11. ex = 2
(a) x = 1021 ln e x = ln 2
log 2 (1021 + 3) = log 2 (1024) x = ln 2
x ≈ 0.693
Because 210 = 1024, x = 1021 is a solution.
(b) x = 17
log 2 (17 + 3) = log 2 ( 20)
Because 210 ≠ 20, x = 17 is not a solution.
Section 3.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 263
12. ex = 1 2 −3
3 20. ex = ex − 2
ln e x = ln ( 13 ) x2 − 3 = x − 2
x2 − x − 1 = 0
x = ln ( 13 ) ≈ −1.099
By the Quadratic Formula
13. ln x = −1 x ≈ 1.618, x ≈ −0.618.
eln x = e −1
21. 4(3x ) = 20
x = e −1
3x = 5
x ≈ 0.368
log 3 3x = log 3 5
14. log x = − 2
log 5 ln 5
x = log 3 5 = or
10log x = 10−2 log 3 ln 3
x = 10−2 x ≈ 1.465
x = 1 = 0.01
100
22. 4e x = 91
91
15. log 4 x = 3 ex = 4
log 4 x
4 = 43 ln e x = ln 91
4
3
x = 4 x = ln 91
≈ 3.125
4
x = 64
1 23. e x − 8 = 31
16. log 5 x = 2
log5 x
e x = 39
5 = 51 2
ln e x = ln 39
x = 5 ≈ 2.236
x = ln 39 ≈ 3.664
17. f ( x) = g ( x)
24. 5 x + 8 = 26
2x = 8
5 x = 18
2 x = 23
x = log 5 18
x = 3
ln 18
Point of intersection: x =
ln 5
(3, 8) x ≈ 1.796
18. f ( x) = g ( x) 25. 32 x = 80
log 3 x = 2 ln 32 x = ln 80
2
x = 3 2 x ln 3 = ln 80
x = 9 ln 80
x = ≈ 1.994
Point of intersection: 2 ln 3
(9, 2)
26. 4−3t = 0.10
19. e x = e x
2 −2 ln 4−3t = ln 0.10
x = x2 − 2 (−3t ) ln 4 = ln 0.10
0 = x2 − x − 2 ln 0.10
−3t =
ln 4
0 = ( x + 1)( x − 2)
ln 0.10
x = −1, x = 2 t = − ≈ 0.554
3 ln 4
27. 32 − x = 400 32. 500e − 2 x = 125

ln 32 − x = ln 400 e− 2 x = 1
4
(2 − x) ln 3 = ln 400 ln e − 2 x = ln 1
4
2 ln 3 − x ln 3 = ln 400 1
− 2 x = ln 4
− x ln 3 = ln 400 − 2 ln 3
x = − 12 ln 1
x ln 3 = 2 ln 3 − ln 400 4
2 ln 3 − ln 400 x ≈ 0.693
x =
ln 3
33. 7 − 2e x = 5
ln 400
x = 2− ≈ − 3.454 −2e x = −2
ln 3
ex = 1
28. 7 −3 − x = 242 x = ln 1 = 0
ln 7 −3 − x = ln 242
34. −14 + 3e x = 11
(− 3 − x) ln 7 = ln 242
3e x = 25
− 3 ln 7 − x ln 7 = ln 242
25
− x ln 7 = ln 242 + 3 ln 7 ex = 3
25
x ln 7 = − 3 ln 7 − ln 242 ln e x = ln 3
− 3 ln 7 − ln 242 x = ln 25
x = 3
ln 7
x ≈ 2.120
ln 242
x = −3 − ≈ − 5.821
ln 7 ( )
35. 6 23 x −1 − 7 = 9
6( 23 x −1 ) = 16
29. 8(103 x ) = 12
8
103 x = 12 23 x − 1 =
8 3
log 103 x = log( 32 ) 8
log 2 23 x −1 = log 2  
 3
3x = log( 32 )
8 log(8 3) ln(8 3)
3 x − 1 = log 2   =
x = 13 log( 32 )
or
 
3 log 2 ln 2
x ≈ 0.059 1  log(8 3) 
x =  + 1 ≈ 0.805
3  log 2 
30. 8(36 − x ) = 40
36 − x = 5 36. 8( 46 − 2 x ) + 13 = 41
ln 36 − x = ln 5 8( 46 − 2 x ) = 28
(6 − x) ln 3 = ln 5 46 − 2 x = 3.5
ln 5 6 − 2 x = log 4 3.5
6− x =
ln 3
ln 3.5
ln 5 6 − 2x =
−x = −6 ln 4
ln 3
ln 3.5
ln 5 −2 x = −6 +
x = 6− ≈ 4.535 ln 4
ln 3
ln 3.5
x = 3− ≈ 2.548
2 ln 4
31. e3 x = 12
3 x = ln 12
ln 12
x = ≈ 0.828
3
37. 3 x = 2 x −1 42. e2 x − 5e x + 6 = 0
ln 3x = ln 2 x −1 (e x − 2)(e x − 3) = 0
x ln 3 = ( x − 1) ln 2
e x = 2 or e x = 3
x ln 3 = x ln 2 − ln 2
x = ln 2 ≈ 0.693 or x = ln 3 ≈ 1.099
x ln 3 − x ln 2 = − ln 2
x(ln 3 − ln 2) = − ln 2 1
43. = 5
ln 2 1 − ex
x = ≈ −1.710
ln 2 − ln 3 1 = 5(1 − e x )
1
38. e x +1 = 2 x + 2 = 1 − ex
5
ln e x + 1 = ln 2 x + 2 1
−1 = − ex
x + 1 = ( x + 2) ln 2 5
x + 1 = x ln 2 + 2 ln 2 4
− = − ex
x − x ln 2 = 2 ln 2 − 1 5
4
x(1 − ln 2) = 2 ln 2 − 1 = ex
5
2 ln 2 − 1 4
x = ≈ 1.259 ln = ln e x
1 − ln 2 5
4
39. 4x = 5x
2 ln = x
5
2
ln 4 x = ln 5 x x ≈ − 0.223
x ln 4 = x 2 ln 5 100
2 44. =1
x ln 5 − x ln 4 = 0 1 + e2 x
x ( x ln 5 − ln 4) = 0 100 = 1 + e 2 x
x = 0 99 = e 2 x
ln 4 ln 99 = ln e 2 x
x ln 5 − ln 4 = 0  x = ≈ 0.861
ln 5 ln 99 = 2 x
1
2 ln 99 = x
40. 3x = 76 − x 2
ln 3x
2
= ln 7 6 − x x ≈ 2.298
x ln 3 = (6 − x)ln 7
2
 0.065 
365t
x 2 ln 3 = 6 ln 7 − x ln 7
45. 1 +  = 4
 365 
365t
x 2 ln 3 + x ln 7 − 6ln 7 = 0  0.065 
ln 1 +  = ln 4
Use Quadratic Formula:  365 
 0.065 
(ln 7) − 4(ln 3)(− 6 ln 7)
2
− ln 7 ± 365t ln 1 +  = ln 4
x=  365 
2(ln 3)
ln 4
t = ≈ 21.330
(ln 7) + 24(ln 3)(ln 7)
2
− ln 7 ±  0.065 
x= ≈ − 4.264, 2.493 365 ln 1 + 
2 ln 3  365 
41. e 2 x − 4e x − 5 = 0
(e x + 1)(e x − 5) = 0
ex = −1 or ex = 5
(No solution) x = ln 5 ≈ 1.609
 0.10 
12t
54. 4 log( x − 6) = 11
46. 1 +  = 2
 12  log( x − 6) = 11
4
12t
 0.10  10log( x − 6) = 1011 4
ln 1 +  = ln 2
 12 
x − 6 = 1011 4
 0.10 
12t ln 1 +  = ln 2 x = 1011 4 + 6 ≈ 568.341
 12 
t =
ln 2
≈ 6.960 55. ln x − ln ( x + 1) = 2
 0.10 
12 ln 1 +   x 
 12  ln   = 2
 x + 1
47. ln x = −3 x
= e2
x +1
x = e −3 ≈ 0.050
x = e 2 ( x + 1)
48. ln x − 7 = 0
x = e2 x + e2
ln x = 7
x − e2 x = e2
x = e7 ≈ 1096.633
x(1 − e 2 ) = e 2
49. 2.1 = ln 6 x e2
x = ≈ −1.157
e2.1 = 6 x 1 − e2
e2.1 This negative value is extraneous. The equation has no
= x
6 solution.
1.361 ≈ x
56. ln x + ln ( x + 1) = 1
50. log 3 z = 2 ln  x( x + 1) = 1
log 3 z 2
10 = 10 e
ln x( x +1)
= e1
3 z = 100 x( x + 1) = e1
100
z = 3
≈ 33.333 x2 + x − e = 0
1 + 4e −1 ±
51. 3 − 4 ln x = 11 x =
2
− 4 ln x = 8 −1 + 1 + 4e
The only solution is x = ≈ 1.223.
ln x = − 2 2
1
x = e− 2 = ≈ 0.135 57. ln ( x + 5) = ln ( x − 1) − ln ( x + 1)
e2
 x − 1
52. 3 + 8 ln x = 7 ln ( x + 5) = ln  
 x + 1
8 ln x = 4 x −1
x +5 =
1 x +1
ln x =
2 ( x + 5)( x + 1) = x − 1
x = e1 2 = e ≈ 1.649 x2 + 6x + 5 = x − 1
53. 6 log 3 (0.5 x) = 11 x2 + 5x + 6 = 0
log 3 (0.5 x) = 11 (x + 2)( x + 3) = 0

6
x = −2 or x = −3
3log3 (0.5 x) = 311 6
0.5 x = 311 6 Both of these solutions are extraneous, so the equation
has no solution.
x = 2(311 6 ) ≈ 14.988
58. ln ( x + 1) − ln ( x − 2) = ln x 60. log 2 x + log 2 ( x + 2) = log 2 ( x + 6)

 x + 1 log 2  x( x + 2) = log 2 ( x + 6)
ln   = ln x
 x − 2 x( x + 2) = x + 6
x +1
= x 2
x + x −6 = 0
x − 2
x + 1 = x2 − 2 x (x + 3)( x − 2) = 0
0 = x 2 − 3x − 1 x = −3 or x = 2
−( − 3) ± The value x = −3 is extraneous. The only solution is

(− 3)2 − 4(1)( −1)
= x x = 2.
2(1)
3± 13 1
= x 61. log 4 x − log 4 ( x − 1) =
2 2
 x  1
The negative value is extraneous. The only solution is log 4   =
 x − 1 2
3 + 13 log 4  x ( x − 1)
x = ≈ 3.303. 4 = 41 2
2
x
= 41 2
59. log(3x + 4) = log( x − 10) x −1
3 x + 4 = x − 10 x = 2( x − 1)
2 x = −14 x = 2x − 2
x = −7 − x = −2
The negative value is extraneous. x = 2
The equation has no solution.
62. log 8 x − log 1 +( x = 2)

8x
log = 2
1+ x
8x
= 102
1+ x
8 x = 100 1 + ( x )
2 x = 25 1 + ( )
x = 25 + 25 x
2 x − 25 = 25 x
( )
2
(2 x − 25) = 25 x
2
4 x 2 − 100 x + 625 = 625 x

4 x 2 − 725 x + 625 = 0
x =
725 ± 7252 − 4( 4)(625)
=
725 ± 515,625
=
(
25 29 ± 5 33 )
2( 4) 8 8
x ≈ 0.866 (extraneous) or x ≈ 180.384
The only solution is x =

(
25 29 + 5 33 ) ≈ 180.384.
8
63. f ( x) = 5x − 212 250

67. y1 = 3 5
y 2 = ln x
Algebraically:
From the graph,
5 x = 212
−2 6 x ≈ 20.086 when y = 3. −5 30
ln 5 x = ln 212
− 50 Algebraically: −1
x ln 5 = ln 212
3 − ln x = 0
ln 212
x = ln x = 3
ln 5
x = e3 ≈ 20.086
x ≈ 3.328
The zero is x ≈ 3.328. 68. y1 = 4 ln ( x − 2)
y2 = 10
64. g ( x) = 6e1− x − 25
6
From the graph, x ≈ 14.182 when y = 10.
Algebraically:
−6 15 Algebraically:
6e1 − x = 25 10 − 4 ln ( x − 2) = 0
18
25 −4 ln ( x − 2) = −10
e1 − x =
6 − 30
ln ( x − 2) = 2.5
 25  −5 30
1 − x = ln   eln( x − 2) = e 2.5
6 −3
 25  x − 2 = e 2.5
x = 1 − ln 
 6 x = e 2.5 + 2
x ≈ −0.427 x ≈ 14.182
The zero is x ≈ −0.427. The solution is x ≈ 14.182.
65. g ( x) = 8e−2 x 3 − 11 69. y1 = 2 ln ( x + 3)

y2 = 3
Algebraically: 5
From the graph, x ≈ 1.482 when y = 3.

8e −2 x 3 = 11 −3 7
Algebraically: 6
e −2 x 3 = 1.375
2x 2 ln ( x + 3) = 3
− = ln 1.375
ln ( x + 3) = 3
− 15
3 2 −4 8
x = −1.5 ln 1.375 32
x +3 = e −2
x ≈ −0.478
x = e3 2 − 3 ≈ 1.482
The zero is x ≈ −0.478.
70. y1 = ln ( x + 1)
66. g (t ) = e0.09t − 3
y2 = 2 − ln x
8
Algebraically:
From the graph, x ≈ 2.264 when y ≈ 1.183.
e0.09t = 3
Algebraically:
0.09t = ln 3 − 20 40
ln ( x + 1) = 2 − ln x
ln 3
ln ( x + 1) + ln x = 2
5
t = −4
0.09
t ≈ 12.207 ln  x( x + 1) = 2
x ( x + 1) = e 2
−3 9
The zero is t ≈ 12.207.
x 2 + x − e2 = 0 −3
2
−1 ± 1 + 4e
x =
2
The negative value is extraneous. The only solution is
−1 + 1 + 4e 2
x = ≈ 2.264.
2
71. (a) r = 0.025 74. − x 2e − x + 2 xe − x = 0

(− x 2 + 2 x )e − x = 0
rt
A = Pe
0.025t
5000 = 2500e
− x2 + 2 x = 0 (because e− x ≠ 0)
2 = e 0.025t
− x ( x − 2) = 0
ln 2 = 0.025t
x = 0, 2
ln 2
= t
0.025
75. − xe − x + e − x = 0
t ≈ 27.73 years
(− x + 1)e − x = 0
(b) r = 0.025
A = Pe rt
−x + 1 = 0 (because e− x ≠ 0)
x =1
7500 = 2500e 0.025t
3 = e 0.025t 76. e −2 x − 2 xe −2 x = 0
ln 3 = 0.025t (1 − 2 x )e −2 x = 0
ln 3
0.025
= t 1 − 2x = 0 (because e−2 x ≠ 0)
x = 1
t ≈ 43.94 years 2
72. (a) r = 0.0375 1 + ln x

77. = 0
A = Pe rt 2
1 + ln x = 0
5000 = 2500e0.0375t
ln x = −1
2 = e0.0375t
1
ln 2 = 0.0375t x = e −1 = ≈ 0.368
e
ln 2
= t
0.0375 1 − ln x
78. = 0
t ≈ 18.48 years x2
(b) r = 0.0375 1 − ln x = 0 (because x > 0)
A = Pe rt ln x = 1
7500 = 2500e 0.0375t x = e ≈ 2.718
3 = e0.0375t 79. 2 x ln x + x = 0
ln 3 = 0.0375t x( 2 ln x + 1) = 0
ln 3
= t 2 ln x + 1 = 0 (because x > 0)
0.0375
t ≈ 29.30 years ln x = − 12
x = e −1 2 ≈ 0.607
2 2x 2x
73. 2 x e + 2 xe = 0
1
(2 x 2
+ 2 x )e 2x
= 0 80. 2 x ln   − x = 0
 x
2 x2 + 2 x = 0 (because e2 x ≠ 0)
 1 
x 2 ln   − 1 = 0
2 x( x + 1) = 0   x 
x = 0, −1 1
2 ln   − 1 = 0 ( because x > 0)
 x
1 1
ln   =
 x 2
1
= e1 2
x
x = e−1 2 ≈ 0.607
81. (a) 100

82. (a) Let p = 169, and solve for x.
80 f(x)  4 
population
Percent of
60 p = 50001 − 
m(x)  4 + e −0.002 x 
40
 4 
20
169 = 50001 − 
x  4 + e −0.002 x 
55 60 65 70 75
Height (in inches) 169 4
=1−
5000 4 + e −0.002 x
From the graph you see horizontal asymptotes at
y = 0 and y = 100. 4
−0.9662 = −
4 + e −0.002 x
These represent the lower and upper percent bounds;
4 + e −0.002 x ≈ 4.1399
the range falls between 0% and 100%.
100 e −0.002 x ≈ 0.1399
(b) Males: 50 =
1 + e − 0.5536( x − 69.51) − 0.002 x ≈ ln 0.1399
1+ e − 0.5536( x − 69.51)
= 2 − 0.002 x ≈ −1.9668
x ≈ 983
e −0.5536( x − 69.51) = 1
When the price is $169, the demand is 983 phones.
− 0.5536( x − 69.51) = ln 1
(b) Let p = 299 and solve for x.
− 0.5536( x − 69.51) = 0
x = 69.51  4 
299 = 50001 − 
 4 + e −0.002 x 
The average height of an American male is
69.51 inches. 299 4
=1−
5000 4 + e−0.002 x
100
Females: 50 = 4
1 + e −0.5834( x − 64.49) − 0.9402 = −
4 + e−0.002 x
1 + e −0.5834( x − 64.49) = 2
4 + e−0.002 x ≈ 4.2544
−0.5834( x − 64.49)
e =1
e−0.002 x ≈ 0.2544
−0.5834( x − 64.49) = ln 1 − 0.002 x ≈ ln 0.2544
−0.5834( x − 64.49) = 0 − 0.002 x ≈ −1.3688
x = 64.49 x ≈ 684
The average height of an American female is When the price is $299, the demand is 684 phones.
64.49 inches.
83. N = 5.5 ⋅ 10 0.23 x

When N = 78:
78 = 5.5 ⋅ 100.23 x
78
= 100.23 x
5.5
78
log10 = 0.23x
5.5
log10 (78 5.5)
x = ≈ 5.008 years
0.23
The beaver population will reach 78 in about 5 years.
(
84. N = 3500 10− 0.12 x ) 88. T = 20 + 140 e − 0.68 h
(a) From the graph, you see a horizontal asymptote at
When N = 22:
T = 20.
22 = 3500(10− 0.12 x ) This horizontal asymptote represents the room
22 temperature.
= 10− 0.12 x
3500 (b) 100 = 20 + 140e− 0.68h
22 80 = 140e − 0.68 h
log10 = − 0.12 x
3500 4
log10 ( 22 3500) = e − 0.68 h
x = − ≈ 18.347 inches 7
0.12  4
ln   = ln e − 0.68h
85. P = 75 ln t + 540 7
Let P = 720  4
ln   = − 0.68h
720 = 75 ln t + 540 7
180 = 75 ln t ln ( 4 7)
= h
180 − 0.68
= ln t
75 h ≈ 0.823 hour ≈ 49.4 minutes
ln t = 2.4
89. log a (uv) = log a u + log a v
t = e 2.4 ≈ 11.02 or 2011
True by Property 1 in Section 3.3.
86. P = 81 ln t + 807
90. log a (u + v) = (log a u )(log a v)
Let P = 965
False.
965 = 81 ln t + 807
2.04 ≈ log10 (10 + 100) ≠ (log1010)(log10100) = 2
158 = 81 ln t
158 91. log a (u − v) = log a u − log a v
= ln t
81
False.
t = e158 81 ≈ 7.03 or 2007 1.95 = log(100 − 10)
87. T = 20 + 60 e − 0.06 m ≠ log 100 − log 10 = 1

Let T = 70
u
92. log a   = log a u − log a v
70 = 20 + 60e − 0.06 m v
50 = 60e− 0.06 m True by Property 2 in Section 3.3.
5
6
= e − 0.06 m 93. Yes, a logarithmic equation can have more than one
ln 5
= − 0.06m extraneous solution. See Exercise 57.
6
1 ln
m = − 0.06 5 94. The domain of the term log 3 ( x − 8) is x > 8. So,
6
m ≈ 3.039 minutes the domain of the entire function is also x > 8.
Therefore, x = 9 is the only solution because x = −1
is extraneous.
95. A = Pe rt
( )
(a) A = ( 2 P)ert = 2 Pert This doubles your money.
(b) A = Pe(2r )t = Pert ert = ert Pert ( )

(c) A = Pe r(2t )
= Pe e rt rt
= e rt
( Pert )
Doubling the interest rate yields the same result as doubling the number of years.
If 2 > e rt (i.e., rt < ln 2), then doubling your investment would yield the most money. If rt > ln 2, then doubling either
the interest rate or the number of years would yield more money.
96. Yes.
Time to Double Time to Quadruple
rt
2 P = Pe 4 P = Pe rt
2 = ert 4 = ert
ln 2 = rt ln 4 = rt
ln 2 2 ln 2
= t = t
r r
So, the time to quadruple is twice as long as the time to double.
97. (a) P = 1000, r = 0.07, compounded annually, n = 1

nt 1
 r  0.07 
Effective yield: A = P1 +  = 10001 +  = $1070
 n  1 
1070 − 1000
= 7%
1000
The effective yield is 7%.
nt 1(5)
 r  0.07 
Balance after 5 years: A = P1 +  = 10001 +  ≈ $1402.55
 n  1 
(b) P = 1000, r = 0.07, compounded continuously
Effective yield: A = Pe rt = 1000e0.07(1) ≈ $1072.51
1072.51 − 1000
= 7.25%
1000
The effective yield is about 7.25%.
Balance after 5 years: A = Pert = 1000e0.07(5) ≈ $1419.07
(c) P = 1000, r = 0.07, compounded quarterly, n = 4
nt 4(1)
 r  0.07 
Effective yield: A = P1 +  = 10001 +  ≈ $1071.86
 n   4 
1071.86 − 1000
= 7.19%
1000
nt 4(5)
 r  0.07 
 n  4 
(d) P = 1000, r = 0.0725, compounded quarterly, n = 4
nt 4(1)
 r  0.0725 
Effective yield: A = P1 +  = 10001 +  ≈ $1074.50
 n  4 
1074.50 − 1000
≈ 7.45%
1000
nt 4(5)
 r  0.0725 
 n  4 
Savings plan (d) has the greatest effective yield and the highest balance after 5 years.
Section 3.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models 273
98. f ( x) = log a x, g ( x) = a x , a > 1
(a) a = 1.2 16 (14.77, 14.77) The curves intersect twice: (1.258, 1.258) and (14.767, 14.767)
f(x)
g(x)
−6 24
(1.26, 1.26)
−4
(b) If f ( x) = log a x = a x = g ( x) intersect exactly once, then

x = log a x = a x  a = x1 x .
The graphs of y = x1 x and y = a intersect once for a = e1 e ≈ 1.445. Then
loga x = x  (e1 e ) = x  e x e = x  x = e.
x
For a = e1 e , then curves intersect once at (e, e).
(c) For 1 < a < e1 e the curves intersect twice. For a > e1 e , the curves do not intersect.
Section 3.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models

nt
1. y = aebx ; y = ae−bx  r
6. (a) A = P1 + 
 n
2. y = a + b ln x; y = a + b log x
A
nt
= P
3. normally distributed  r
1 + 
 n
a  
4. y =
1 + be− rx  
1
A  = P
  r + n  nt 
5. (a) A = Pert    
A  n  
= P nt
ert  n 
A  = P
r + n
rt
(b) A = Pe nt
 r
A (b) A = P1 + 
= e rt  n
P
nt
A A  r
ln = ln e rt = 1 + 
P P  n
A A  r
nt
ln = rt ln = ln 1 + 
P P  n
ln ( A P )
= t A  r
r ln = nt ln 1 + 
P  n 
A
ln
P = nt
 r
ln 1 + 
 n
A
ln
P = t
r + n
n ⋅ ln  
 n 
7. Because A = 1000e0.035t , the time to double is given by 11. Because A = Pe0.045t and A = 10,000.00 when
2000 = 1000e0.035t and you have t = 10, you have
2 = e0.035t 10,000.00 = Pe0.045(10)

ln 2 = ln e0.035t 10,000.00
= P ≈ $6376.28.
ln 2 = 0.035t e0.045(10)
ln 2 The time to double is given by
t = ≈ 19.8 years. ln 2
0.035 t = ≈ 15.40 years.
0.045
Amount after 10 years: A = 1000e0.35 ≈ $1419.07
12. Because A = Pe rt and the time to double is 12 years,
8. Because A = 750e0.105t , the time to double is given by
you have 2 P = Pe12 r .
0.105t
1500 = 750e , and you have
2 P = Pe12 r
0.105t
1500 = 750e 2 = e12 r
0.105t
2 = e ln 2 = ln e12 r
0.105t
ln 2 = ln e ln 2 = 12r
ln 2 = 0.105t 1
12
ln 2 = r
ln 2
t = ≈ 6.60 years. 0.057762 ≈ r
0.105
r ≈ 5.7762%
Amount after 10 years: A = 750e0.105(10) ≈ $2143.24
Amount after 10 years:
9. Because A = 750e rt
and A = 1500 when t = 7.75, 2000 = Pe (0.057762)(10)
you have 2000 = Pe 0.57762
1500 = 750e7.75 r 2000 = P
e0.57762
7.75 r
2 = e 1122.465 ≈ P
ln 2 = ln e7.75r
13. A = 500,000, r = 0.05, n = 12, t = 10
ln 2 = 7.75r
nt
ln 2  r
r = ≈ 0.089438 = 8.9438%. A = P 1 + 
7.75  n
12(10)
Amount after 10 years: A = 750e0.089438(10) ≈ $1834.37  0.05 
500,000 = P 1 + 
 12 
10. Because A = 500e rt and A = $1505.00 when 500,000
t = 10, you have P = 12(10)
 0.05 
1505.00 = 500e10 r 1 + 
 12 
ln (1505.00 500) ≈ $303,580.52
r = ≈ 0.110 = 11.0%.
10
14. A = 500,000, r = 0.035, n = 12, t = 15
The time to double is given by
nt
1000 = 500e0.110t  r
A = P1 + 
ln 2  n
t = ≈ 6.3 years. 12(15)
0.110  0.035 
500,000 = P1 + 
 12 
500,000
P = 12(15)
 0.035 
1 + 
 12 
≈ $296,003.78
15. P = 1000, r = 0.1, A = 2000 (c) n = 365

nt 365t
 r  0.1 
A = P1 +  1 +  = 2
 n  365 
365t
 0.1 
nt
 365.1 
2000 = 10001 + ln   = ln 2
  365 
 n 
 0.1 
nt  365.1 
2 = 1 + 
365t ln   = ln 2
 n   365 
ln 2
(a) n = 1 365t =
ln (365.1 365)
(1 + 0.1)
t
= 2 ln 2
t = ≈ 6.93 years
(1.1) t
= 2 365 ln (365.1 365)
ln(1.1) = ln 2
t (d) Compounded continuously
t ln 1.1 = ln 2 A = Pert
ln 2 2000 = 1000e0.1t
t = ≈ 7.27 years
ln 1.1 2 = e0.1t
(b) n = 12 ln 2 = ln e0.1t
 0.1 
12 t 0.1t = ln 2
1 +  = 2
ln 2
 12  t = ≈ 6.93 years
12 t 0.1
 12.1 
ln   = ln 2
 12 
 12.1 
12t ln   = ln 2
 12 
ln 2
12t =
ln (12.1 12)
ln 2
t = ≈ 6.96 years
12 ln (12.1 12)
16. P = 1000, r = 0.065, A = 2000

nt
 r
A = P1 + 
 n 
nt
 0.065 
2000 = 10001 + 
 n 
nt
 0.065 
2 = 1 + 
 n 
(a) n = 1 (b) n = 12
(1 + 0.065) = 2
t 12 t
 0.065 
1 +  = 2
 12 
(1.065)
t
= 2 12 t
 12.065 
ln (1.065) = ln 2
t ln   = ln 2
 12 
t ln (1.065) = ln 2  12.065 
12t ln   = ln 2
ln 2  12 
t = ≈ 11.01 years
ln 1.065 ln 2
12t =
ln (12.065 12)
ln 2
t = ≈ 10.69 years
12 ln (12.065 12)
(c) n = 365 (d) Compounded continuously

365t
 0.065  A = Pe rt
1 +  = 2
 365  2000 = 1000e0.065t
365t
 365.065  2 = e0.065t
ln   = ln 2
 365 
ln 2 = ln e0.065t
 365.065 
365t ln   = ln 2 0.065t = ln 2
 365 
ln 2 ln 2
365t = t = ≈ 10.66 years
ln (365.065 365) 0.065
ln 2
t = ≈ 10.66 years
365 ln (365.065 365)
17. (a) 3P = Pert

r 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%
3 = e rt
ln 3 = rt ln 3
t = ( years) 54.93 27.47 18.31 13.73 10.99 9.16
ln 3 r
= t
r
3P = P(1 + r )
t
(b)
r 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%
3 = (1 + r )
t
ln 3
ln 3 = ln (1 + r )
t t = ( years) 55.48 28.01 18.85 14.27 11.53 9.69
ln (1 + r )
ln 3
= t
ln (1 + r )
18. (a) 60
20.
2
( )
0.055 [[365t [[
A = 1 + 365
From the graph, 5 12 %
compounded daily grows
0 0.16
faster than 6% simple interest.
0
0 10
Using the power regression feature of a graphing 0
A = 1 + 0.06 [[ t [[
utility, t = 1.099r −1.
(b) 60 1
21. a = 10, y = (10) = 5, t = 1599
2
y = ae −bt
5 = 10e −b(1599)
0 0.16
0
0.5 = e −1599b
Using the power regression feature of a graphing ln 0.5 = ln e −1599b
utility, t = 1.222r −1. ln 0.5 = −1599b
ln 0.5
19. Continuous compounding results in faster growth. b = −
1599
A = 1 + 0.075t  and A = e0.07t
A
Given an initial quantity of 10 grams, after 1000 years,
A= e0.07t
you have
2.00
− − (ln 0.5) 1599(1000)
Amount (in dollars)
1.75 y = 10e ≈ 6.48 grams.

1.50
1.25
1.00 A = 1 + 0.075 [[ t [[
t
2 4 6 8 10
Time (in years)
1 25. y = aebx
22. a = 6.5, y = (6.5) = 3.25, t = 5715
2
1 = aeb(0)  1 = a
y = ae −bt
10 = eb(3)
3.25 = 6.5e−b(5715)
ln 10 = 3b
0.5 = e−5715b
ln 10
ln 0.5 = ln e −5715b = b  b ≈ 0.7675
3
ln 0.5 = −5715b
ln 0.5 So, y = e0.7675 x .
b = −
5715
26. y = aebx
Given an initial quantity of 6.5 grams, after 1000 years,
1 1
you have = aeb(0)  a =
2 2
y = 6.5e  ( )
− − ln 0.5 5715(1000)
≈ 5.76 grams. 1 b(4)
5 = e
2
23. y = 2, a = 2( 2) = 4, t = 5715
10 = e 4b
y = ae −bt ln 10 = ln e 4b
− b(5715)
2 = 4e ln 10 = 4b
0.5 = e −5715b ln 10
= b  b ≈ 0.5756
ln 0.5 = ln e −5715b 4
ln 0.5 = −5715b 1 0.5756 x

So, y = e .
2
ln 0.5
b = −
5715 27. y = aebx
Given 2 grams after 1000 years, the initial amount is
5 = aeb(0)  5 = a
− −(ln 0.5) 5715(1000)
2 = ae
1 = 5eb(4)
a ≈ 2.26 grams.
1
= e 4b
5
24. y = 0.4, a = 2(0.4) = 0.8, t = 24,100
1
ln   = 4b
y = ae −bt 5
0.4 = 0.8e −b(24,100) ln (1 5)
= b  b ≈ −0.4024
0.5 = e −24,100b 4
ln 0.5 = ln e −24,100b So, y = 5e −0.4024 x .

ln 0.5 = −24,100b
28. y = aebx
ln 0.5
b = − 1 = aeb(0)  1 = a
24,100
1
Given 0.4 gram after 1000 years, the initial amount is = eb(3)
4
0.4 = ae  ( )
−− ln 0.5 24,100(1000)
1
ln   = ln e3b
a ≈ 0.41 gram.  4
1
ln   = 3b
 4
ln (1 4)
= b  b ≈ −0.4621
3
So, y = e −0.4621x .
29. (a) P = 76.6e 0.0313t
Year 1980 1990 2000 2010

P 104.752 143.251 195.899 267.896
Population 104,752 143,251 195,899 267,896
(b) Let P = 360, and solve for t.
360 = 76.6e0.0313t
360
= e0.0313t
76.6
 360 
ln   = 0.0313t
 76.6 
1  360 
ln   = t
0.0313  76.6 
49.4 ≈ t
According to the model, the population will reach 360,000 in 2019.
(c) No; As t increases, the population increases rapidly.
30. (a) Bulgaria: (15, 7.2), ( 25, 6.7)
Let y = aebt so,

7.2 = ae15b and 6.7 = ae 25b .
7.2 7.2
= a  6.7 = 15b e 25b
e15b e
6.7
= e10b
7.2
 6.7 
ln   = 10b
 7.2 
1  6.7 
ln   = b
10  7.2 
− 0.00720 ≈ b
Since b ≈ − 0.00720,
7.2
a = ≈ 8.0
e(15)(− 0.00720)
So, y = 8.0e − 0.00720t .
In 2035, when t = 35,
y = 8.0e − 0.00720(35) ≈ 6.2 million people.
Canada: (15, 35.1), ( 25, 37.6)
Let y = aebt so,

35.1 = ae15b and 37.6 = ae 25b .
35.1 35.1
15b
= a  37.6 = 15b e 25b
e e
37.6
= e10b
35.1
 37.6 
ln   = 10b
 35.1 
1  37.6 
ln   = b
10  35.1 
0.00688 ≈ b
Since b ≈ 0.00688,
35.1
a = ≈ 31.7
e(15)(0.00688)
So, y = 31.7e0.00688t .
In 2035, when t = 35,
y = 31.7e0.00688(35) ≈ 40.3 million people.
China: (15, 1367.5), ( 25, 1407.0)
Let y = aebt so,

1367.5 = ae15b and 1407.0 = ae 25b .
1367.5 1367.5 25b
= a  1407.0 = e
e15b e15b
1407.0
= e10b
1367.5
 1407.0 
ln   = 10b
 1367.5 
1  1407.0 
ln   = b
10  1367.5 
0.00285 ≈ b
Since b ≈ 0.00285,
1367.5
a = ≈ 1310.3.
e(15)(0.00285)
So, y = 1310.3e0.00285t .
In 2035, when t = 35,
y = 1310.3e0.00285(35) ≈ 1447.7 million people.
United Kingdom: (15, 64.1), ( 25, 67.2)
Let y = aebt so,

64.1 = ae15b and 67.2 = ae 25 b .
64.1 64.1
15b
= a  67.2 = 15b e 25b
e e
67.2
= e10b
64.1
 67.2 
ln   = 10b
 64.1 
1  67.2 
ln   = b
10  64.1 
0.00472 ≈ b
Since b ≈ 0.00472,
64.1
a = (15)(0.00472) ≈ 59.7.
e
So, y = 59.7e0.00472t .
In 2035, when t = 35,
y = 59.7e0.00472(35) ≈ 70.4 million peole.
United States: (15, 321.4), ( 25, 347.3)
Let y = aebt so,
321.4 = ae15b and 347.3 = ae 25b
321.4 321.4
15b
= a  347.3 = 15b e 25b
e e
347.3 10 b
= e
321.4
 347.3 
ln   = 10b
 321.4 
1  347.3 
ln   = b
10  321.4 
0.00775 ≈ b
Since b ≈ 0.00775,
321.4
a = ≈ 286.1.
e(15)(0.00775)
So, y = 286.1e0.00775t .
In 2035, when t = 35,
y = 286.1e(0.00775)(35) ≈ 375.2 million people.

(b) b; The greater the rate of growth, the greater the value of b.
31. y = 4080ekt
When t = 3, y = 10,000:
10,000 = 4080e k (3)
10,000
= e3 k
4080
 10,000 
ln   = 3k
 4080 
ln (10,000 4080)
k = ≈ 0.2988
3
When t = 24: y = 4080e 0.2988(24) ≈ 5,309,734 hits
32. (a) P = 150.9e kt

When t = 5, P = 163.075:
163.075 = 150.9e5k
163.075
= e5 k
150.9
 163.075 
ln   = 5k
 150.9 
1  163.075 
ln   = k
5  150.9 
0.0155 ≈ k
Since k > 0, the population is increasing.
(b) In 2020, when t = 20, P = 150.9e(

0.0155)( 20)
≈ 205.741 thousand people.
In 2025, when t = 25, P = 150.9(

0.0155)( 25)
≈ 222.320 thousand people.
The populations are reasonable if it continues to increase at the same rate from the year 2020 through 2025.
(c) Let P = 200 and solve for t
200 = 150.9e0.0155t
200
= e0.0155t
150.9
 200 
ln   = 0.0155t
 150.9 
1  200 
ln   = t
0.0155  150.9 
18.2 ≈ t
The population will reach 200,000 during the year 2018.
33. y = aebt 34. y = 250ebt

When t = 3, y = 100: When t = 5, y = 400:
After 1 hour: y = 250eb
100 = ae3b 400 = ae5b
After 10 hours: y = 250e10b
100
= a Population after 10 hours = 2( population after 1 hour )
e3b
100 250e10b = 2( 250eb )
Substitute 3b for a in the equation on the right.
e 250e10b = 500eb
100 5b
400 = 3b e e10b = 2eb
e
400 = 100e2b e9 b = 2
4 = e 2b 9b = ln 2
ln 4 = 2b ln 2
b =
2 9
ln 2 = 2b
y = 250e (
 ln 2) 9t
2 ln 2 = 2b
ln 2 = b After 6 hours, there are
100 100 100 100 100 y = 250e (
 ln 2) 9 6
≈ 397 bacteria.
a = 3b = 3 ln 2 = 3
= 3 = = 12.5
e e e ln 2 2 8
y = 12.5e(ln 2)t
After 6 hours, there are y = 12.5e(ln 2)(6) = 800 bacteria.
35. (0, 575), ( 2, 275) 36. N = 30(1 − e kt )
275 − 575 (a) N = 19, t = 20

(a) m = = −150
2−0 19 = 30(1 − e 20 k )
V = −150t + 575
30e 20 k = 11
(b) Since V = 575, when
11
t = 0, 575 = ae(b)(0) → a = 575 e 20 k =
30
Then 275 = 575e k (2)  11 
ln e 20 k = ln  
 275   30 
ln   = 2k  k ≈ − 0.3688  11 
 575  20k = ln  
V = 575e − 0.3688t  30 
k = −0.050
(c) 600
So, N = 30(1 − e −0.050t ).

(b) N = 25
0 5 25 = 30(1 − e −0.050t )
0
5
The exponential model depreciates faster in the first = e −0.050t
30
two years.
5
(d) ln   = ln e −0.050t
t 1 3  30 
V = −150t + 575 $425 $125 5
ln   = −0.050t
 30 
V = 575e−0.3688t $397.65 $190.18
ln (5 30)
t = = 36 days
−0.050
(e) Answers will vary. Sample Answer: The slope of
the linear model means that the laptop depreciates 1 − t 8223
37. R = e
$150 per year, then loses all value late in the third 1012
year. The exponential model depreciates faster in
1
the first three years but maintains value longer. R =
814
1 − t 8223 1
e = 14
1012 8
1012
e − t 8223 =
814
t  1012 
− = ln  14 
8223 8 
 1012 
t = −8223 ln  14  ≈ 12,180 years old
8 
1 −t 8223 1
38. 12
e = 11
10 13
1012
e −t 8223 =
1311
t  1012 
− = ln  11 
8223  13 
 1012 
t = −8223 ln  11  ≈ 4797 years old
 13 
2 450 2632
39. y = 0.0266e −( x −100) , 70 ≤ x ≤ 116 42. (a) 2000: t = 0, P =
1 + 0.083e(0.050)(0)
(a) 0.04
≈ 2,430.286 thousand
= 2,430,286 people
2632
2005: t = 5, P =
70
0
115
1 + 0.083e(0.050)(5)
≈ 2378.512 thousand
(b) The average IQ score of an adult student is 100.
= 2,378,512 people
0.9
40. (a) 2632
2010: t = 10, P =
1 + 0.083e(0.050)(10)
4 7 = 2,315,182 people
0
2632
2015: t = 15, P =
(b) The average number of hours per week a student 1 + 0.083e(0.050)(15)
uses the tutor center is 5.4.
320,110 = 2,238,645 people
41. (a) 1998: t = 18, y = − 0.252(18)
1 + 374e (b) 2600
≈ 63,992 sites
320,110
2003: t = 23, y =
1 + 374e − 0.252(23) 0 16
≈ 149,805 sites 2000
320,110 (c) When P = 2200, t ≈ 17.2. So, the population will

2006: t = 26, y =
1 + 374e− 0.252(26) have reached 2.2 million or P = 2200 thousand in
≈ 208,705 sites 2017.
300,000
(b) (d) Let P = 2200 and solve for t.
2632
2200 =
1 + 0.083e0.050t
2632
5
0
30 1 + 0.083e0.050t =
2200
(c) When y = 270,000, t ≈ 30.2. So, the number of 0.083e0.050t ≈ 0.196364
cell sites will reach 270,000 in the year 2010. e0.050t ≈ 2.3658270
(d) Let y = 270,000 and solve for t.
0.050t ≈ ln (2.3658270)
320,110 t ≈ 17.2
270,000 =
1 + 374e− 0.252t
The population will reach 2.2 million during 2017.
320,110
1 + 374e− 0.252t =
270,000
374e− 0.252t = 0.1855926
e− 0.252t ≈ 0.000496237
− 0.252t ≈ ln(0.000496237)
t ≈ 30.2
The number of cell sites will reach 270,000 during
the year 2010.
1000
43. p(t ) =
1 + 9e −0.1656t
1000
(a) p(5) = ≈ 203 animals (c) 1200
1 + 9e −0.1656(5)
1000
(b) 500 =
1 + 9e−0.1656t
1 + 9e −0.1656t = 2 0
0
40
9e −0.1656t = 1
The horizontal asymptotes are p = 0 and p = 1000.
1
e −0.1656t = The asymptote with the larger p-value, p = 1000, indicates
9
ln (1 9) that the population size will approach 1000 as time increases.
t = − ≈ 13 months
0.1656
44. (a) In the year 2020 (t = 10), the number of units sold 45. R = log
I
= log I because I 0 = 1.
is about 40,000 units. I0
(b) In 2014, when t = 4 and S = 300,000, you have (a) R = 7.6

the following. 7.6 = log I
500,000 107.6 = 10log I
300,000 =
1 + 0.1e 4 k 39,810,717 ≈ I
4k 5
1 + 0.1e = (b) R = 5.6
3
5.6 = log I
2
0.1e 4 k =
3 105.6 = 10log I
20 105.6 = I
e14 =
3 398,107 ≈ I
 20 
4k = ln   (c) R = 6.6
 3
6.6 = log I
1  20 
k = ln   106.6 = 10log I
4  3
k ≈ 0.4743 3,981,072 ≈ I
500,000 I
So, the model is S = . 46. R = log = log I because I 0 = 1.
1 + 0.1e0.4743t I0
(c) In 2020, when
(a) R = log 199,500,000 ≈ 8.30
500,000
t = 10, S = ≈ 40,071 units sold.
1 + 0.1e(0.4743)(10) (b) R = log 48,275,000 ≈ 7.68
The algebraic result of approximately 40,071 units is (c) R = log 17,000 ≈ 4.23
similar to the graphical result.
I
47. β = 10 log where I 0 = 10−12 watt m2 .
I0
10−10
(a) β = 10 log = 10 log 102 = 20 decibels
10−12
10− 5
(b) β = 10 log = 10 log 107 = 70 decibels
10−12
10−8
(c) β = 10 log = 10 log 104 = 40 decibels
10−12
10− 3
(d) β = 10 log = 10 log 109 = 90 decibels
10−12
I
48. β ( I ) = 10 log where I 0 = 10−12 watt m2 .
I0
10−11
( )
(a) β 10−11 = 10 log
10−12
= 10 log 101 = 10 decibels
102
( )
(b) β 102 = 10 log
10−12
= 10 log 1014 = 140 decibels
10− 4
( )
(c) β 10− 4 = 10 log
10−12
10− 6
( )
(d) β 10− 2 = 10 log
10−12
I 54. 3.2 = −log H + 

49. β = 10 log
I0
10−3.2 = H + 
β I
= log
10 I0 H +  ≈ 6.3 × 10 −4 moles per liter
β 10
10 = 10log I I0
55. 2.9 = −log H + 
β 10 I
10 =
I0 −2.9 = log H + 
I = I 010 β 10 H +  = 10−2.9 for the apple juice
9.3 8.0
I 010 − I 010
% decrease = × 100 ≈ 95% 8.0 = −log H + 
I 0109.3
I −8.0 = log H + 
50. β = 10 log10
I0
H +  = 10 −8 for the drinking water
I
10 β 10 =
I0 10−2.9
= 105.1 times the hydrogen ion concentration of
I = I 010 β 10 10−8
drinking water
I 0108.8 − I 0107.2
% decrease = × 100 ≈ 97%
I 0108.8 56. pH − 1 = −log H + 
51. pH = −log H +  −( pH − 1) = log H + 
−log( 2.3 × 10 −5 ) ≈ 4.64 10−(pH −1) = H + 
10− pH +1 = H + 
52. pH = −log H + 
10− pH ⋅ 10 = H + 
− log 1.13 × 10 −5  ≈ 4.95
The hydrogen ion concentration is increased by a factor
of 10.
53. 5.8 = −log H  +
T − 70
−5.8 = log H +  57. t = −10 ln
98.6 − 70
log H +  At 9:00 A.M. you have:
10−5.8 = 10  
85.7 − 70
10−5.8 = H +  t = −10 ln ≈ 6 hours
98.6 − 70
H +  ≈ 1.58 × 10 −6 moles per liter From this you can conclude that the person died at
3:00 A.M.
12t
 Pr  r
58. Interest: u = M −  M − 1 + 
 12  12 
12t
 Pr  r
Principal: v =  M − 1 + 
 12  12 
(a) P = 120,000, t = 30, r = 0.075, M = 839.06 (b) In the early years of the mortgage, the majority of the
800
v
monthly payment goes toward interest. The principal
and interest are nearly equal when t ≈ 21 years.
u
0 30
0
(c) P = 120,000, t = 20, r = 0.075, M = 966.71

800
v The interest is still the majority of the monthly payment in the early years.
Now, the principal and interest are nearly equal when t ≈ 11 years.
u
0 20
0
 0.075t 
59. u = 120,000 12t
− 1
1 −  1  
   
  1 + 0.075 12  
(a) 150,000 (b) From the graph, u = $120,000 when t ≈ 21 years.
It would take approximately 37.6 years to pay $240,000
in interest. Yes, it is possible to pay twice as much in
interest charges as the size of the mortgage. It is
0 24 especially likely when the interest rates are higher.
0
60. t1 = 40.757 + 0.556s − 15.817 ln s

t2 = 1.2259 + 0.0023s 2
(a) Linear model: t3 = 0.2729s − 6.0143
Exponential model: t4 = 1.5385e0.02913s or t4 = 1.5385(1.0296)

s
(b) t2
25
t4
t1
t3
20 100
0
(c)
s 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
t1 3.6 4.6 6.7 9.4 12.5 15.9 19.6
t2 3.3 4.9 7.0 9.5 12.5 15.9 19.9
t3 2.2 4.9 7.6 10.4 13.1 15.8 18.5
t4 3.7 4.9 6.6 8.8 11.8 15.8 21.2
Note: Table values will vary slightly depending on the model used for t4 .
Review Exercises for Chapter 3 287
(d) Model t1 : S1 = 3.4 − 3.6 + 5 − 4.6 + 7 − 6.7 + 9.3 − 9.4 + 12 − 12.5 +

15.8 − 15.9 + 20 − 19.6 = 2.0
Model t2 : S2 = 3.4 − 3.3 + 5 − 4.9 + 7 − 7 + 9.3 − 9.5 + 12 − 12.5 +

15.8 − 15.9 + 20 − 19.9 = 1.1
Model t3 : S3 = 3.4 − 2.2 + 5 − 4.9 + 7 − 7.6 + 9.3 − 10.4 + 12 − 13.1 +

15.8 − 15.8 + 20 − 18.5 = 5.6
Model t4 : S4 = 3.4 − 3.7 + 5 − 4.9 + 7 − 6.6 + 9.3 − 8.8 + 12 − 11.8 +

15.8 − 15.8 + 20 − 21.2 = 2.7
The quadratic model, t2 , best fits the data.
61. False. The domain can be the set of real numbers for a 66. (a) The model is logarithmic because it slowly
logistic growth function. increases.
(b) The model is logistic because it initially has rapid
62. False. A logistic growth function never has an
growth and then has a declining rate of growth.
x-intercept.
(c) The model is exponential because it rapidly
63. False. The graph of f ( x ) is the graph of g ( x ) shifted decreases.
upward five units. (d) The model is linear because the points are in a
straight line.
64. True. Powers of e are always positive, so if a > 0, a (e) The model is none of the ones given because it
Gaussian model will always be greater than 0, and if seems to be a combination of a linear model and a
a < 0, a Gaussian model will always be less than 0. quadratic model.
(f) The model is exponential because it rapidly
65. Answers will vary. increases.
(g) The model is quadratic because it is a parabola that
is symmetric about the y-axis.
(h) The model is Gaussian because it is bell-shaped.
Review Exercises for Chapter 3

1. f ( x ) = 0.3x 6. f ( x) = −14(5x )
f (1.5) = 0.31.5 ≈ 0.164 f ( −0.8) = −14(5−0.8 ) ≈ −3.863
2. f ( x ) = 30 x 7. f ( x) = 4− x + 4
f ( 3 ) = 30 3
≈ 361.784
Horizontal asymptote: y = 4
3. f ( x) = 2 x x −1 0 1 2 3
f ( 23 ) = 2 23
≈ 1.587 f ( x) 8 5 4.25 4.063 4.016
y
()
2x
4. f ( x) = 1
2 8
f (π ) = ( 12 )
π 2
≈ 0.013
4
5. f ( x) = 7(0.2 x )
2
(
f − 11 = 7 0.2−) ( 11
) x
−4 −2 2 4
≈ 1456.529
8. f ( x) = 2.65x −1 11. f ( x ) = ( 12 )
−x
+ 3 = 2x + 3
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0 Horizontal asymptote: y = 3
x −3 −1 0 1 3 x −2 −1 0 1 2
f ( x) 0.020 0.142 0.377 1 7.023 f ( x) 3.25 3.5 4 5 7
y
y
5
8
4
3 6
x 2
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 x
−4 −2 2 4
9. f ( x) = 5x − 2 + 4
( 18 )
x+2
12. f ( x) = −5
Horizontal asymptote: y = 4
Horizontal asymptote: y = −5
x −1 0 1 2 3
f ( x) 4.008 4.04 4.2 5 9 x −3 −2 −1 0 2
f ( x) 3 −4 −4.875 −4.984 −5
y
y
8
2
6
x
−4 2 4
−2
2
−4
x
−4 −2 2 4
−6
10. f ( x) = 2 x − 6 − 5
( 13 )
x −3
13. = 9
Horizontal asymptote: y = −5
( 13 )
x −3
= 32
x 0 5 6 7 8 9
( 13 ) ( 13 )
x −3 −2
f ( x) −4.984 −4.5 −4 −3 −1 3 =
x − 3 = −2
y
x =1
6
4
14. 3x + 3 = 1
81
2
( 13 )
4
−2 2 4 6 10
x 3x + 3 =
−2
−4
3 x + 3 = 3− 4
−6 x + 3 = −4
x = −7
15. e3 x − 5 = e 7 25. h( x) = e − x 2
3x − 5 = 7
3 x = 12
x −2 −1 0 1 2
x = 4 h( x) 2.72 1.65 1 0.61 0.37
16. e8 − 2 x = e−3 y
8 − 2 x = −3 7
6
−2 x = −11 5
11 4
x = 2 3
2
17. f ( x) = 5x , g ( x) = 5x + 1
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
Because g ( x ) = f ( x ) + 1, the graph of g can be
obtained by shifting the graph of f one unit upward.
26. h( x) = 2 − e− x 2
18. f ( x) = 6 , g ( x) = 6
x x +1
x −2 −1 0 1 2
Because g ( x ) = f ( x + 1), the graph of g can be
obtained by shifting the graph of f one unit to the left. y –0.72 0.35 1 1.39 1.63
19. f ( x) = 3x , g ( x) = 1 − 3x y
3
Because g ( x ) = 1 − f ( x ), the graph of g can be
obtained by reflecting the graph of f in the x-axis and
x
shifting the graph one unit upward. (Note: This is −4 −3 −1 1 2 3 4
equivalent to shifting the graph of f one unit upward and −2

then reflecting the graph in the x-axis.) −3
−4
( ) , g ( x) = − ( )
x x+2 −5
20. f ( x) = 1
2
1
2
Because g ( x) = − f ( x + 2), the graph of g can be 27. f ( x) = e x + 2

obtained by shifting the graph of f two units to the left
and reflecting it in the x-axis. x −3 −2 −1 0 1
21. f ( x) = e x f ( x) 0.37 1 2.72 7.39 20.09
f (3.4) = e3.4 ≈ 29.964 y
22. f ( x) = e x 6
f ( − 2.5) = e − 2.5 ≈ 0.082
2
23. f ( x) = e x 1
( 53 ) = e
x
35
f ≈ 1.822 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2
24. f ( x) = e x
f ( 72 ) = e 27
≈ 1.331
28. s(t ) = 4et −1 29. F (t ) = 1 − e −t 3

(a) F (1) ≈ 0.283
t −2 −1 0 1 2
(b) F ( 2) ≈ 0.487
s (t ) 0.20 0.54 1.47 4 10.87
(c) F (5) ≈ 0.811
y
( 34 )
t
30. V (t ) = 23,970
5
3 (a) 24,000
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 0 10
−1 0
( 34 )
2
(b) V ( 2) = 23,970 ≈ $13,483.13
(c) According to the model, the car depreciates most

rapidly at the beginning. Yes, this is realistic.
(d) The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote, so the car will
never have no value.
31. P = $5000, r = 3%, t = 10 years

nt 10 n
 r  0.03 
Compounded n times per year: A = P1 +  = 50001 + 
 n  n 
Compounded continuously: A = Pert = 5000e0.03(10)
A $6719.58 $6734.28 $6741.74 $6746.77 $6749.21 $6749.29
32. P = $4500, r = 2.5%, t = 30 years

nt 30 n
 r  0.025 
Compounded n times per year: A = P1 +  = 45001 + 
 n  n 
Compounded continuously: A = Pert = 4500e0.025(30)
A $9439.05 $9482.32 $9504.29 $9519.07 $9526.26 $9526.50
33. 33 = 27 37. f ( x) = log x

log 3 27 = 3 f (1000) = log 1000
= log 103 = 3
34. 253 2 = 125
log 25 125 = 3
2 38. g ( x) = log 9 x
g (3) = log 9 3
35. e0.8 = 2.2255 1
= log 9 91 2 = 2
ln 2.2255 = 0.8
39. g ( x) = log 2 x
36. e0 = 1
ln 1 = 0 g ( 14 ) = log 1
2 4
= log 2 2−2 = −2
40. f ( x) = log 3 x  x x
46. f ( x) = log   = 10 y  x = 3(10 y )
f ( )=
1
81
1
log 3 81  3 3
Domain: (0, ∞ )
= log 3 3−4 = −4
x-intercept: (3, 0 )
41. log 4 ( x + 7) = log 4 14
x + 7 = 14
x = 7 x 0.03 0.3 3 30
42. log8 (3 x − 10) = log8 5 f ( x) −2 −1 0 1
3x − 10 = 5 y
3 x = 15 3
x = 5 2
1
43. ln ( x + 9) = ln 4 x
−1 2 3 4 5
x +9 = 4 −1
−2
x = −5
−3
44. log(3x − 2) = log 7

3x − 2 = 7 47. f ( x ) = 4 − log ( x + 5)
3x = 9
Domain: ( −5, ∞ )
x = 3
Because
45. g ( x) = log 7 x  x = 7 y 4 − log( x + 5) = 0  log( x + 5) = 4
Domain: (0, ∞ ) x + 5 = 104
x-intercept: (1, 0) x = 104 − 5
Vertical asymptote: x = 0 = 9995.
x 1 x-intercept: (9995, 0)
7 1 7 49
Vertical asymptote: x = −5
g ( x) −1 0 1 2
y
x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
4 f ( x) 4 3.70 3.52 3.40 3.30 3.22

3
y
2
7
1
6
x
5
−2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1 4
3
−2
2
1
x
−6 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2
48. f ( x ) = log ( x − 3) + 1 54. f ( x) = ln x − 5 = − 5 + ln x

y
Domain: (3, ∞ ) 5 Domain: (0, ∞)
4
log( x − 3) + 1 = 0 3 ln x − 5 = 0
2
log( x − 3) = −1 1 ln x = 5
x
x − 3 = 10 −1 −1 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 x = e5
−2
x = 3.1 −3 x-intercept: (e5 , 0)
−4
x-intercept: (3.1, 0) −5
Vertical asymptote: x = 3 1 1
x 4 2 1 2 3
x 4 5 6 7 8
f ( x) − 6.386 − 5.693 −5 − 4.307 − 3.901
f ( x) 1 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.7
y
49. f ( 22.6) = ln 22.6 ≈ 3.118 1

x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
50. f (e −12 ) = ln e −12 = −12

−2
−3
−4
−5
51. f ( e ) = 12 ln e = 0.25 −6
−7
−8
52. f (0.98) = 5 ln 0.98 ≈ −0.101

55. f ( x) = ln( x − 6)
53. f ( x) = ln x + 6 = 6 + ln x Domain: (6, ∞)
Domain: (0, ∞) ln( x − 6) = 0
ln x + 6 = 0 x − 6 = e0
ln x = − 6 x −6 =1
−6
x = e x = 7
x-intercept: (e , 0) −6
x-intercept: (7, 0)
Vertical asymptote: x = 0 Vertical asymptote: x = 6

1 1
x 4 2 1 2 3 x 6.5 7 8 9 10
f ( x) 4.613 5.037 6 6.693 7.098 f ( x) − 0.693 0 0.693 1.099 1.386
y y
10 8
6
8
4
6
2
4 x
2 4 8 10 12 14 16
2 −2
−4
x
−4 −2 2 4 6 8 −6
−2 −8
56. f ( x) = ln( x + 4) 60. (a) log12 200 =

log 200
≈ 2.132
log 12
Domain: ( − 4, ∞)
ln 200
(b) log12 200 = ≈ 2.132
ln ( x + 4) = 0 ln 12
x + 4 = e0
log 5
x + 4 =1 61. (a) log1 2 5 = ≈ −2.322
log (1 2)
x = −3
ln 5
x-intercept: ( − 3, 0) (b) log1 2 5 = ≈ −2.322
ln (1 2)
Vertical asymptote: x = − 4
log 0.75
− 3.5 −3 −2 −1 62. (a) log 4 0.75 = ≈ − 0.208
x 0 log 4
f ( x) − 0.693 0 0.693 1.099 1.386 ln 0.75
(b) log 4 0.75 = ≈ − 0.208
ln 4
y
5
8
63. log 2 3
= log 2 5 − log 2 3
6
4
2 64. log 2 45 = log 2 (5 ⋅ 9)
x
−8 −6 −2
−2
2 4 6 8 = log 2 5 + log 2 9
−4 = log 2 5 + log 2 32
−6
−8 = log 2 5 + 2 log 2 3
d 65. log 2 9

= log 2 9 − log 2 5
57. M = m − 5 log  5
 10 
= log 2 32 − log 2 9
Let m = 2.08 and M = 1.3 and solve for d. = 2 log 2 3 − log 2 5
d
1.3 = 2.08 − 5 log  20
 10  66. log 2 9
= log 2 20 − log 2 9
d = log 2 ( 4 ⋅ 5) − log 2 9
− 0.78 = − 5 log 
 10  = log 2 4 + log 2 5 − log 2 9
d
0.156 = log  = log 2 22 + log 2 5 − log 2 32
 10 
= 2 + log 2 5 − 2 log 2 3
100.156 = 10log(d 10)
d 67. log 7 x 2 = log 7 + log x 2
100.156 =
10 = log 7 + 2 log x
10 ⋅ 100.156 = d
d = 101.156 ≈ 14.32 parsecs 68. log 11x3 = log 11 + log x3
= log 11 + 3 log x
13 ln (10 12)
58. s = 25 −
ln 3 9
69. log 3 = log 3 9 − log 3 x
≈ 27.16 miles x
= log 3 32 − log 3 x1 2
log 6
59. (a) log 2 6 = ≈ 2.585 1
log 2 = 2− log 3 x
2
ln 6
(b) log 2 6 = ≈ 2.585
ln 2
3
x  y
70. log 7 = log 7 3
x − log 7 19 74. log 2 y − log 2 3 = log 2  
19  3
= log 7 x1 3 − log 7 19
1
1 75. log x − log y = log x − log y1 2
= log 7 x − log 7 19 2
3
 x 
= log
2 2
71. ln x y z = ln x + ln y + ln z 2 2  y 
 
= 2 ln x + 2 ln y + ln z
76. 3 ln x + 2 ln ( x + 1) = ln x3 + ln ( x + 1)
2
2
 y − 1  y − 1 = ln x3 ( x + 1)
2
72. ln   = 2 ln  
 3   3 
= 2 ln ( y − 1) − 2 ln 3, y > 1 1
log 3 x − 2 log 3 ( y + 8) = log 3 x1 2 − log 3 ( y + 8)
2
77.
2
73. ln 7 + ln x = ln(7 x) = log 3 x − log 3 ( y + 8)
2
x
= log 3
(y + 8)
2
78. 5 ln ( x − 2) − ln ( x + 2) − 3 ln x = ln ( x − 2) − ln ( x + 2) − ln x3
5
= ln ( x − 2) − ln ( x + 2) + ln x3 
5
= ln ( x − 2) − ln x3 ( x + 2)
5
= ln
( x − 2)5
x3 ( x + 2)
18,000 83. e x = 3
79. t = 50 log
18,000 − h x = ln 3 ≈ 1.099
(a) Domain: 0 ≤ h < 18,000
84. log x − log 5 = 0
(b) 100
x
log = 0
5
10log x 5 = 100
0 20,000
x
0
=1
5
Vertical asymptote: h = 18,000
x = 5
(c) As the plane approaches its absolute ceiling, it
climbs at a slower rate, so the time required 85. ln x = 4
increases. x = e 4 ≈ 54.598
18,000
(d) 50 log ≈ 5.46 minutes 86. ln x = −1.6
18,000 − 4000
x = e −1.6 ≈ 0.202
80. Using a calculator gives s = 84.66 + ( −11 ln t ).
2 +3
87. e 4 x = e x
81. 5 x = 125 4x = x2 + 3
x 3
5 = 5 0 = x2 − 4x + 3
x = 3 0 = ( x − 1)( x − 3)
1 x = 1, x = 3
82. 6 x = 216
6 x = 6 −3
x = −3
88. e3 x = 25 90. e 2 x − 6e x + 8 = 0
ln e3 x = ln 25 (e x − 2)(e x − 4) = 0
3x = ln 25
ex = 2 or e x = 4
ln 25
x = ≈ 1.073 x = ln 2 x = ln 4
3
x ≈ 0.693 x ≈ 1.386
x
89. 2 − 3 = 29
2 x = 32 91. ln 3 x = 8.2
x 5
2 = 2 eln 3 x = e8.2
x = 5 3 x = e8.2
e8.2
x = ≈ 1213.650
3
92. 4 ln 3x = 15
15
ln 3x =
4
3x = e15 4
e15 4
x = ≈ 14.174
3
93. ln x + ln ( x − 3) = 1
ln  x( x − 3) = 1
ln ( x 2 − 3 x) = 1
e
(
ln x 2 − 3 x ) = e1
x 2 − 3x − e = 0
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x =
2a
− ( − 3) ± (− 3) − 4(1)( − e)
2
x =
2(1)
3± 9 + 4e
x =
2
3+ 9 + 4e
x = ≈ 3.729
2
3− 9 + 4e
x = is extraneous since the domain of the ln x term is x > 0.
2
94. ln ( x + 2) − ln x = 2
 x + 2
ln   = 2
 x 
eln( x + 2 x) = e 2
x + 2
= e2
x
x + 2 = e2 x
2 = e2 x − x
2 = x(e 2 − 1)
2
x = ≈ 0.313
e2 − 1
95. log8 ( x − 1) = log8 ( x − 2) − log8 ( x + 2)

 x − 2
log8 ( x − 1) = log8  
 x + 2
x − 2
x −1 =
x + 2
( x − 1)( x + 2) = x − 2
x2 + x − 2 = x − 2
x2 = 0
x = 0
Because x = 0 is not in the domain of log 8 ( x − 1) or of log 8 ( x − 2), it is an extraneous solution. The equation
has no solution.
96. log 6 ( x + 2) − log 6 x = log 6 ( x + 5) 99. 25e−0.3 x = 12

 x + 2 Graph y1 = 25e−0.3 x and y2 = 12.
log 6   = log 6 ( x + 5)
 x  16
x + 2
= x + 5
x
x + 2 = x2 + 5x
−6 18
0 = x2 + 4x − 2 −2
x = −2 ± 6, Quadratic Formula
The graphs intersect at x ≈ 2.447.
Only x = −2 + 6 ≈ 0.449 is a valid solution.
100. 2 = 5 − e x + 7
97. log(1 − x) = −1 Graph y1 = 2 and y2 = 5 − e x + 7 .
−1
1 − x = 10 6
1− 1 = x
10
x = 0.900 − 10 2
98. log( − x − 4) = 2 −3
− x − 4 = 10 2 The graphs intersect at x ≈ − 5.901.

− x = 100 + 4
101. 2 ln ( x + 3) − 3 = 0
x = −104
Graph y1 = 2 ln ( x + 3) − 3.
3
−6 9
−7
The x-intercept is at x ≈ 1.482.
2
102.
−1 4
−1
The x-intercepts are at x ≈ 2.618, 0.382.

2 ln x − ln (3x − 1) = 0
ln x 2 − ln (3x − 1) = 0
 x2 
ln   = 0
 3x − 1 
e
( )
ln x 2 3 x − 1
= e0
x2
=1
3x − 1
x 2 = 3x − 1
x 2 − 3x + 1 = 0
− ( − 3) ± (− 3) − 4(1)(1)
2
x =
2(1)
3± 5
x = ≈ 2.618, 0.382
2
103. P = 8500, A = 3(8500) = 25,500, r = 1.5% 107. y = ln ( x + 3)
A = Pert Logarithmic model

25,500 = 8500e 0.015t Vertical asymptote: x = −3
3 = e0.015t Graph includes ( −2, 0)

ln 3 = 0.015t Matches graph (f).
ln 3
t = ≈ 73.2 years 108. y = 7 − log ( x + 3)
0.015
Logarithmic model
104. S = 93 log( d ) + 65
Vertical asymptote: x = −3
283 = 93 log( d ) + 65 Matches graph (d).
218 = 93 log( d )
2 3
109. y = 2e −( x + 4)
log( d ) = 218
93
Gaussian model
d = 10(218 93) ≈ 221 miles
Matches graph (a).
−2 x 3
105. y = 3e
6
110. y =
Exponential decay model 1 + 2e −2 x
Matches graph (e). Logistics growth model
Matches graph (c).
106. y = 4e2 x 3
Exponential growth model
Matches graph (b).
111. y = aebx 112. N0 = 2000 and N3 = 1400, so N = 2000ekt and

Using the point (0, 2), you have 1400 = 2000e3k .
2 = aeb(0) 7
= e3 k
10
2 = ae0
7
2 = a(1) 3k = ln  
 10 
2 = a ln (7 10)
k = = −0.11889
Then, using the point ( 4, 3), you have 3
3 = 2eb(4) The population one year ago:
3 = 2e 4b N ( 4) = 2000e−0.11889(4) = 1243 bats

3
2
= e 4b 113. y = 0.0499e −( x − 71)
2 128
, 40 ≤ x ≤ 100
3
ln = 4b 2 128
2
Graph y1 = 0.0499e −( x − 71) .
1
4
ln ()
3
2
= b
0.05
So, y = 2e 4 2
()
1 ln 3 x
or
y = 2e0.1014 x 40
0
100
The average test score is 71.
157
114. N =
1 + 5.4e −0.12t
(a) When N = 50: (b) When N = 75:
157 157
50 = 75 =
1 + 5.4e −0.12t 1 + 5.4e −0.12t
157 157
1 + 5.4e −0.12t = 1 + 5.4e −0.12t =
50 75
107 82
5.4e −0.12t = 5.4e −0.12t =
50 75
107 82
e −0.12t = e −0.12t =
270 405
107 82
−0.12t = ln −0.12t = ln
270 405
ln (107 270) ln (82 405)
t = ≈ 7.7 weeks t = ≈ 13.3 weeks
−0.12 −0.12
 I 
115. β = 10 log −12 
 10 
β  I 
= log −12 
10  10 
I
10β 10
= −12
10
I = 10β 10 − 12
(a) β = 60 (b) β = 135 (c) β = 1

60 10 −12 135 10 − 12
I = 10 I = 10 I = 101 10 −12
= 10−6 watt m 2 = 101.5 1
= 1010 × 10−12
= 10 10 watts m 2
≈ 1.259 × 10−12 watt m 2
Problem Solving for Chapter 3 299
116. y = e kt 117. True. By the inverse properties, log b b 2 x = 2 x.

When k is positive, the graph is increasing because
118. False. ln x + ln y = ln ( xy ) ≠ ln ( x + y )
e kt → 0 as x → −∞.
When k is negative, the graph is decreasing because
ekt → 0 as x → ∞.
Problem Solving for Chapter 3

y
1. y = ax 2. y1 = e x 24
7
y1 = 0.5 x
a = 0.5
y2 = x 2 y3
y1
y2
6 a=2
3
y2 = 1.2 x 5 y3 = x y4
4 y5
y3 = 2.0 x 3 y4 = x 0 6
a = 1.2
0
y4 = x
2
y5 = x
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 The function that increases at the fastest rate for “large”
−1
values of x is y1 = e x . (Note: One of the intersection
The curves y = 0.5x and y = 1.2 x cross the line
points of y = e x and y = x3 is approximately
y = x. From checking the graphs it appears that
(4.536, 93) and past this point e x > x3. This is not
y = x will cross y = a x for 0 ≤ a ≤ 1.44.
shown on the graph above.)
3. The exponential function, y = e x , increases at a faster rate than the polynomial y = x n .
4. It usually implies rapid growth.
( )
2 2
5. (a) f (u + v) = au + v = au ⋅ a v = f (u ) ⋅ f (v) (b) f ( 2 x) = a 2 x = a x =  f ( x)
2 2
2 2  e x + e− x   e x − e− x 
6.  f ( x) −  g ( x) =   − 
 2   2 
 e 2 x + 2 + e−2 x   e 2 x − 2 + e −2 x 
=   − 
 4   4 
4
=
4
=1
6 6 6
7. (a) y = ex y1
(b) y = ex
(c) y = ex
y2
−6 6 −6 6 −6 6
y3
−2 −2 −2
x x2 x3 x4
8. y4 = 1 + + + +
1! 2! 3! 4!
6
y4 y = ex
−6 6
−2
As more terms are added, the polynomial approaches e x .

x x2 x3 x4 x5
ex = 1 + + + + + +
1! 2! 3! 4! 5!
9. f ( x) = e x − e− x 12. (a) The steeper curve represents the investment earning

compound interest, because compound interest earns
y = e x − e− x more than simple interest. With simple interest there
x = e y − e− y is no compounding so the growth is linear.
e2 y − 1 (b) Compound interest formula:
x = (1)t
ey  0.07 
= 500(1.07)
t
y1 = 5001 + 
xe y = e 2 y − 1  1 
e 2 y − xe y − 1 = 0 Simple interest formula:
y2 = Prt + P = 500(0.07)t + 500 = 35t + 500
x ± x2 + 4
ey = Quadratic Formula y
2
2400 y1
Investment (in dollars)

Choosing the positive quantity for e y you have 2000
x + x2 + 4 
1600
y2
y = ln  . So, 1200
 2 
  800
400
x + x2 + 4 
f −1 ( x ) = ln  . t
 2  5 10 15 20 25 30
  Year
ax + 1 (c) You should choose compound interest since the

10. f ( x) = , a > 0, a ≠ 1 earnings would be higher.
ax − 1
ay + 1 1
t k1
1
t k2
x = 13. y1 = c1   and y2 = c2  
ay − 1
 2  2
x( a y − 1) = a y + 1 t k1 t k2
1 1
y y
xa − a = x + 1 c1   = c2  
 2  2
a y ( x − 1) = x + 1 (t k2 − t k1 )
c1 1
=  
x +1 c2  2
ay =
x −1
c   t t  1
ln  1  =  −  ln  
 x + 1  c2   k2 k1   2 
ln  
 x + 1  x − 1
y = log a   = = f −1 ( x) 1 1  1
 x − 1 ln a ln c1 − ln c2 = t  −  ln  
 k2 k1   2 
(
11. Answer (c). y = 6 1 − e − x
2 2
) t =
ln c1 − ln c2
(1 k 2 ) − (1 k1 ) ln (1 2)
The graph passes through (0, 0) and neither (a) nor (b)
pass through the origin. Also, the graph has y-axis 14. B = B0 a kt through (0, 500) and ( 2, 200)
symmetry and a horizontal asymptote at y = 6.
B0 = 500
200 = 500a k (2)
2
= a2k
5
 2
log a   = 2k
5
1  2
log a   = k
2 5
B = 500a ( ) a ( )
 1 2 log 2 5 t
t 2
= 500 a loga (2 5) 
 
t 2
 2
= 500 
5
Problem Solving for Chapter 3 301
15. (a) y1 ≈ 252,606(1.0310)

t
(ln x)
2
17. = ln x 2
(b) y2 ≈ 400.88t 2 − 1464.6t + 291,782 (ln x)2 − 2 ln x = 0
(c) 2,900,000 ln x(ln x − 2) = 0

y2 ln x = 0 or ln x = 2
y1 x = 1 or x = e2
0 85
200,000 18. y = ln x
(d) The exponential model is a better fit for the data, but y1 = x − 1
neither would be reliable to predict the population of
y2 = ( x − 1) − 12 ( x − 1)
2
the United States in 2020. The exponential model
approaches infinity rapidly.
y3 = ( x − 1) − 12 ( x − 1) + (x − 1)
2 1 3
3
16. Let log a x = m and log a b x = n. Then x = a m and (a) 4

y1
y = ln x
x = ( a b) .
n
−3 9
n
a
am =  
b −4
mn a
a = (b)
4
b y = ln x
m n −1 1
a = −3
y2
9
b
1 m
log a = −1 −4
b n
1 m (c)
4
1 + log a = y = ln x
b n y3
1 log a x −3 9
1 + log a =
b log a b x
−4
19. y4 = ( x − 1) − (x − 1) +
2
(x − 1) −
3
(x − 1)
1 1 1 4
2 3 4
The pattern implies that

ln x = ( x − 1) − (x − 1) +
2
(x − 1) −
3
(x − 1) + .
1 1 1 4
2 3 4
4
y = ln x
−3 9
y4
−4
20. y = ab x y = axb 21. y = 80.4 − 11 ln x
( )
30
ln y = ln ( ab x ) ln y = ln axb
ln y = ln a + ln b x ln y = ln a + ln xb
ln y = ln a + x ln b ln y = ln a + b ln x
100 1500
ln y = (ln b) x + ln a ln y = b ln x + ln a 0
Slope: m = ln b Slope: m = b
y(300) = 80.4 − 11 ln 300 ≈ 17.7 ft 3 min
y-intercept: (0, ln a ) y-intercept: (0, ln a )
450 25. (a) 9

22. (a) = 15 cubic feet per minute
30
(b) 15 = 80.4 − 11 ln x
11 ln x = 65.4 0 9
65.4 0
ln x =
11 (b) The data could best be modeled by a linear model.
x = e65.4 11 (c) The shape of the curve looks much more linear than
x ≈ 382 cubic feet of air space per child. exponential or logarithmic.
(c) Total air space required: (d) y ≈ − 0.7884 x + 8.2566
382(30) = 11,460 cubic feet 9
Let x = floor space in square feet and h = 30 feet.

V = xh
11,460 = x(30) 0 9
0
x = 382
(e) The model is a good fit to the actual data.
If the ceiling height is 30 feet, the minimum
number of square feet of floor space required is 26. (a) 10
382 square feet.

9
23. (a)
0 9
0
(b) The data could best be modeled by a logarithmic

0 9
0 model.
(b) The data could best be modeled by a logarithmic (c) The data scatter plot looks logarithmic.
model. (d) y ≈ 5.099 + 1.92 ln ( x )
(c) The shape of the curve looks much more logarithmic 10
than linear or exponential.

(d) y ≈ 2.1518 + 2.7044 ln x
9
0 9
0
(e) The model graph hits every point of the scatter plot.
0 9
0
(e) The model is a good fit to the actual data.
24. (a) 36
0 9
0
(b) The data could best be modeled by an exponential

model.
(c) The data scatter plot looks exponential.
(d) y ≈ 3.114(1.341)
x
36
0 9
0
(e) The model graph hits every point of the scatter plot.
Practice Test for Chapter 3 303
Practice Test for Chapter 3

1. Solve for x : x 3 5 = 8.
2. Solve for x : 3x −1 = 1
81
.
3. Graph f ( x) = 2− x.
4. Graph g ( x) = e x + 1.
5. If $5000 is invested at 9% interest, find the amount after three years if the interest is compounded
(a) monthly.
(b) quarterly.
(c) continuously.
6. Write the equation in logarithmic form: 7 −2 = 1

49
.
7. Solve for x : x − 4 = log 2 1

64
.
8. Given logb 2 = 0.3562 and logb 5 = 0.8271, evaluate log b 4 8 25.
9. Write 5 ln x − 1
2
ln y + 6 ln z as a single logarithm.
10. Using your calculator and the change of base formula, evaluate log9 28.
11. Use your calculator to solve for N : log10 N = 0.6646
12. Graph y = log 4 x.
13. Determine the domain of f ( x) = log 3 ( x 2 − 9).
14. Graph y = ln ( x − 2).
ln x
15. True or false: = ln ( x − y )
ln y
16. Solve for x : 5 x = 41
17. Solve for x : x − x 2 = log 5 1

25
18. Solve for x : log 2 x + log 2 ( x − 3) = 2
e x + e− x
19. Solve for x : = 4
3
20. Six thousand dollars is deposited into a fund at an annual interest rate of 13%. Find the time required for the investment to
double if the interest is compounded continuously.

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C H A P T E R 3

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Section 3.1 Exponential Functions and Their Graphs ..........................................236

Section 3.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs .........................................244

Section 3.3 Properties of Logarithms ....................................................................252

Section 3.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations ...........................................262

Section 3.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models ...............................................273

Review Exercises ........................................................................................................287

Problem Solving .........................................................................................................299

Practice Test .............................................................................................................303

11. f ( −1.5) = 5000 2−1.5 ( ) 5

f ( x) 0.063 0.25 1 4 16 f ( x) 0.25 1 4 16 64

x −2 −1 0 1 2 f ( x) 1.037 1.111 1.333 2 4

f ( x) 0.016 0.063 0.25 1 4 y

Because g ( x) = f ( x) + 1, the graph of g can be

Because g ( x) = − f ( − x), the graph of g can be x −2 −1 0 1 2

Because g ( x) = f ( − x + 3), the graph of g can be 5

obtained by reflecting the graph of f in the y-axis and

reflecting the graph in the y-axis.) 1

g ( x) = − f ( x) + 5, so the graph of g can be obtained

34. f ( x) = 1.5e(1 2)x 9

49. P = $1500, r = 2%, t = 10 years

50. P = $2500, r = 3.5%, t = 10 years

51. P = $2500, r = 4%, t = 20 years

52. P = $1000, r = 6%, t = 40 years

57. A = 30,000e(0.05)(25) ≈ $104,710.29

58. A = 5000e(0.075)(50) ≈ $212,605.41

Ten years from today, t = 10: C (10) = 29.88(1.04)

60. V (t ) = 100e 4.6052t

61. (a) 425

67. True. The line y = −2 is a horizontal asymptote for the

65. (a) V (t ) = 49,810 ( 78 )

So, none are equal. −1

As x increases, the graph of y1 approaches e, which

74. (a) f ( x) = x 2e− x

Decreasing: ( −∞, 0), ( 2, ∞)

Both functions are increasing for all values of x. For

Increasing: ( −∞, 1.44)

Relative maximum: (1.44, 4.25)

79. The functions (c) h ( x ) = 3 x and (d) k ( x ) = 2 − x are exponential.

80. P = $3000, r = 6%, t = 10 years

Section 3.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs

6. positive real numbers 16. f ( x) = log 25 x

11. 53 = 125  log5 125 = 3 19. g ( x) = log a x

12. 93 2 = 27  log 9 27 = 3 g ( a 2 ) = log a a − 2

20. g ( x) = log b x 33. x −2 −1 0 1 2

f (12.5) = log 12.5 ≈ 1.097 2 g(x) = log 7 x

f (96.75) = log 96.75 ≈ 1.986

25. log8 8 = 1 because 81 = 8 34.

26. logπ π 2 = 2 because π 2 = π 2 f ( x) = 5 x 1

27. log7.5 1 = 0 because 7.50 = 1 x 1

29. log5 ( x + 1) = log 5 6

31. log 11 = log x 2 + 7 ( )

Matches graph (a). g ( x) −1 0 1

The graph of f ( x) is obtained from g ( x) by shifting the

39. f ( x) = log3 (1 − x) = log3 −( x − 1) The x-intercept is ( 13 , 0).

Point on graph: (0, 0) y = log 3 x + 1

44. h( x) = log 4 ( x − 3) 46. y = log5 ( x − 1) + 4

Domain: x + 2 > 0  x > −2

f ( x) −1 0 1 2 The vertical asymptote is the y-axis.

48. y = log( − 2 x) 59. g ( x) = 8 ln x

Domain: x − 4 > 0  x > 4

The domain is ( 4, ∞).

68. h( x) = ln( x + 5) 70. f ( x) = ln(3 − x)