Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Innovation

USE OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE SUCH AS PLASTIC AND CRUMB RUBBER IN

PAVEMENT
D. P. Gulhane1, S. N. Chawale1, J. P. Warkari1, G. N. Deshmukh1, P. L. Lokhande1
Dr. S. M. Harle2
1
UG Students, Dept. of Civil Engineering, PRMCEAM, Amravati, Maharashtra, India
2
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, PRMCEAM, Amravati, Maharashtra, India

ABSTRACT: The plastic waste quantity in municipal solid waste is increasing due to increase in population and changes
in life style. The world’s annual consumption of plastic materials has increased from around 5 million tons to nearly 100
million tons in recent time, resulting in significant increase in amount of plastic waste. Similarly, most tires are manufactured
from synthetic rubber. As the estimate says that about 60% of waste tires causes land pollution and per capita land is
decreasing in India due to this hazardous waste. To minimize the impact of such waste materials on environment proper
management is required. If this waste is mixed into bituminous mix to improve the quality of land it would prove itself as
an eco-friendly characteristic. In this project the asphalt binder is modified by adding 2% to 10% plastic by weight of
bitumen following the wet process and the stone aggregate is modified by adding 1% to 5% crumb rubber by volume of
stone aggregate followed by dry process and then the LDPE modified asphalt binder rheological properties are evaluated.

KEYWORDS: Rubber aggregate, flexible pavement, crumb rubber, bitumen, LDPE.

I. INTRODUCTION

In recent times, human from the one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price and from the other hand is
following the way to get rid of the wastes. Currently India's annual expenditure on the road sector is around Rs 20,000-
30,000 crore. One of the major reasons behind this huge expenditure on maintaining roads is due to the problems of
overloading and poor maintenance. Use of plastic waste which is non-biodegradable is rapidly growing and researchers
have found that the material can remain on earth for 4500 years unchanged and without degradation. Several studies carried
out by Health Departments have proven the health hazard caused by improper disposal of plastic waste and rubber waste.
The health hazard includes reproductive problems in human and animal, genital abnormalities etc. In recent years, by-
products of rubber wastes are being used in road construction with great interest in many developing countries. The selection
of these materials in road construction is based on technical, economic, and ecological criteria and is giving a fruit. Every
year millions of tons of rubber waste are produce in India. Utilizing these materials in highway road construction, the
pollution and disposal problems can be successfully reduced. The most promising way to recycle a certain portion of waste,
consisting of crump rubber, tires, and LDPE, is to use in construction of roads and other infrastructures. The waste plastic
and the crumb rubber for twist of flexible pavement material which would give a better solidity, resistance and strong suit
to the road as compared to conventional pavement. Utilization of waste industrial material i.e. plastic and crumbed rubber
in construction of asphalt pavement has productive way of disposal is the subject of today’s research. The cost of such type
of pavement gets reduced when compare to that of conventional pavement.

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II. RELATED WORK

Anusha G. Krishna (2018) Use Marshall method of bituminous mix design, using this method the semi dense bituminous
concrete (SDBC) mix was qualified. The maximum stableness was obtaining at 5% from % bitumen v/s stability graph.
Marshal stableness is higher in case of LDPE 1963kg @ 2% when compared to crumb rubber and LDPE with crumb rubber.
Qualifier when used in 2% by weight of bitumen can improve the stability of pavement, best among them being LDPE.

F. Onyango, Salim R. Wanjala, M. Ndege, L. Masu (2015) Crumb rubber and recycled plastics have been used as binder
modifiers, and they have replaced a portion of the mineral aggregate in asphalt concrete mix. 60/70 penetration grade asphalt
cement was used. LDPE was incorporated in bitumen binder using the ‘wet process’ and crumb rubber incorporated in the
hot mix asphalt (HMA) using the ‘dry process’

Mohammed Islam et al (2015) have used 20mm, nominal size aggregate confining to IS 383, sand confirming to IS 8112
have been used, the crumb rubber basically consists of particle size ranging in from 4.75mm to 0.075mm.

Imran M. Khan, Shahid Kabir (2016) use bitumen “PG 64-10”. Dry and clean LDPE, HDPE and 10% by weight of
bitumen modifiers 2,4,8 and 10% by weight of bitumen. Perform Dynamic shear Rheometer tests, bending beam Rheometer
Test, determine complete shear modulus (G*) and phase angle (delta) of asphalt binder. DSR test were conducted on
modified binder with 4% of HDPE by weight of bitumen at 46°C, 52°C, 58°C, 64°C and 70°C temperature and at 1.59Hz
frequency.

Khaldoon A. Bani-Hani, Ahmed Senouci (2015) used fine different crumb rubber sizes; namely SRC 12,20,30,40 and 50.
Crumb rubber concrete pedestrian blocks have been observed to show a more inferior performance than plain concrete
pedestrian blocks in compression and flexure but showed a great improvement in toughness.

David Lo Presti (2013) have used “wet process”. There are several technologies to reduce ELTS in CRM those are ambient
grinding, cryogenic grinding, wet grinding, hydro jet size reduction. Terminal blend binder system is adapted. The RTR-
MB that maintain or exceed the minimum rotational viscosity threshold of 1500 cPs at 177°C.

Atul A. Pasalkar, Yogesh M. Bajaj, Amol A. Wagh (2015) investigate the feasibility of using large rubber chunks from
shredded tires as aggregates in cold mixes for road construction. A set of mixes using different combinations of chunk
rubber content, emulsion content and fly ash content were tested. Use of these materials as a road construction proves eco-
friendly, economical and use of plastic will also give strength in the sub-base course of the pavement.

Satyam Pathak, Akash Kumar Verma, Aniket Patel (2018) Waste plastic is made powder and varying percent plastic is
mixed with bitumen. Plastic increase the melting point of bitumen and make the road flexible during winters resulting in its
long life. By mixing plastic with bitumen the brittleness overcomes and elastic nature enhances. The plastic waste is melted
and mixed with bitumen in a ratio.

R. Vasudevan (2007) By using crumb rubber and waste plastic as a modifier properties of bitumen will be change and this
change is physical properties like softening point, penetration value, elastic recovery and marshal stability was check by
different test. The crumb rubber was added to 60/70 grade bitumen in varying of 8%, 10% and 12%.

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III. METHODOLOGY
A. Physical analysis of materials:

a. Fine aggregate

Physical properties of fine aggregate were studied as follows:

Table 1: Sieve analysis of fine aggregate

IS sieve size Weight Percentage Cumulative percentage Percentage
retained weight retained weight retained (gm) passing
(gm) (gm)
4.75 mm 39 7.8 7.8 92.2
2.36 mm 65 13 20.8 79.2
1.18 mm 90 18 38.8 61.2
600 mic 124 24.8 63.6 36.4
425 mic 132 26.4 90 10
300 mic 16 3.2 92.2 6.8
150 mic 18 3.6 96.8 3.2
75 mic 5 1 97.8 2.2
Pan 11 2.2 100 0
Total 500

i. Specific gravity - 2.66 ii. Bulk Density - 1.70 g/cc

b. Bitumen (Grade- 60/70)

Table 2: Properties of 60/70 grade bitumen

Bitumen test Value Standard specification
Specific gravity (g/cc) 1.03 1.00-1.05
Penetration (mm) 68 60-70
Softening point (ºc) 44.4 46-56
Ductility (mm) 67 50-100
Viscosity (pa.s) 193.7 120-250

c. Plastic

Physical properties of plastic were studied as follows

Table 3: Properties of LDPE Rubber crumb

Property Details
Plastic type Grinding waste thin plastic bags
Material LDPE
Density 0.92
Melting point 120-130

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d. Crumb rubber

Physical properties of crumb rubber were studied as follows

Table 4: Properties of crumb rubber

Property Details
Size 0.075 mm - 4.75 mm

Melting point 160 ºc

Density 1.1 – 1.25

B. Method adopted and procedure:

Plastic waste is obtained from discarded plastic bags, dry cleaning bag, plastic bottles and household plastics. LDPE is
targeted for use in this experiment. The rubber tire will be collected from roadside, dumpsite and waste buyer. This
collected rubber tire are sorted as per requirement. Then they cut in the form of aggregate of size 22.4mm to 6mm (as
per IRC-SP20) called as rubber aggregate. The various processes like dedusting and washing are used to clean the
rubber aggregate. All the rubber aggregate is sieved through 22.4mm sieve and retained on 6mm sieve carried by sieve
analysis. The stone aggregate is also sieved through 22.4mm sieve and retained on 6mm sieve carried by sieve analysis.
Then the various tests like Los Angeles abrasion test, aggregate impact, aggregate crushing values test are carried out
on the aggregate. Then the rubber aggregates are added to stone aggregate, 10 to 20% by weight of stone aggregate.
The LDPE is mixed in bitumen by 2 to 10% weight of bitumen at a temperature of 160ºc to 170ºc for few minutes. The
mix was stirred uniformly and homogeneously. After that the various test like penetration test, ductility test, softening
point test are carried out on that modified bitumen. Then the stone aggregate with rubber aggregate added to this mix
and heated on controlled gas stove for few minutes at 160°c to 170°c. As the rubber tires are thermodynamically set
they are not supposed to melt in hot bitumen. The entire process of mixing is carried out in the hot mix plant. The plastic
is added to bitumen by wet process and rubber pieces are mix in stone aggregate by dry process. The pavement will be
constructed using Marshall Method of bituminous mix. Using Marshal method of bituminous mix, the semi dense
bituminous concrete mix was qualified. This method is used for obtaining the maximum stability.

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IV. EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS

A. Test on bitumen

1) Penetration Test

Table 5: Penetration test result

% of plastic Penetration (mm)
2 69
4 60
6 73
8 61
10 44

Penetration test were conducted on asphalt binder which is modified by adding 2% to 10% of LDPE and the above results
were obtained. The standard result for the penetration test for bitumen of 60/70 grade is 60 to 70 mm which is obtained
when we added LDPE by 2% by the weight of bitumen from the above results.

2) Ductility test

Table 6: Ductility test result

% of plastic Ductility (mm)
2 65
4 100
6 58
8 48
10 37

Ductility test were conducted on asphalt binder which is modified by adding 2% to 10% of LDPE and the above results
were obtained. The standard result for the ductility test for bitumen of 60/70 grade is 60 to 70 mm which is obtained when
we added LDPE by 2% by the weight of bitumen from the above results.

3) Softening point test

Table 7: Softening point test result

% of plastic Softening point
2 49
4 49.5
6 51
8 51.5
10 53

Softening point test were conducted on asphalt binder which is modified by adding 2% to 10% of LDPE and the above
results were obtained. The standard result for the softening test for bitumen of 60/70 grade is 40 to 550C which is obtained
when we added LDPE by 2% by the weight of bitumen from the above results.

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4) Viscosity test

Table 8: Viscosity test result

% of plastic Viscosity
2 5 sec
4 3 min 45 sec
6 14 sec
8 26 sec
10 17 sec

Viscosity Test were conducted on asphalt binder which is modified by adding 2% to 10% of LDPE and the above results
were obtained.

B. Test on aggregate

1) Aggregate impact value test

Table 9: Impact value test result

% of crumb rubber Impact value (%)
0.5 18.6
1 19.6
2 22.4
3 27.8
4 29.2

Aggregate impact value test were conducted on fine aggregate which is modified by adding 0.5% to 4% of Crumb rubber
and the above results were obtained. The standard result for the aggregate impact value test for aggregate is not more than
24%. Which is obtained to be 2%.

2)Aggregate crushing value test

Table 10: Crushing test result

% of crumb rubber Crushing value (%)
0.5 12.33
1 13.33
2 11.5
3 10.5
4 7.2

Aggregate crushing value test were conducted on fine aggregate which is modified by adding 0.5% to 4% of Crumb rubber
and the above results were obtained. The standard result for the aggregate impact value test for aggregate is not more than
30%. Which is obtained on 2%.

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3)Los-Angeles abrasion test

Table 11: Los-Angeles abrasion test result

% of crumb rubber Abrasion value (%)
1 21.92
2 19.6
3 16.4
4 11.68
5 6.4

Los Angeles value test were conducted on fine aggregate which is modified by adding 1% to 5% of Crumb rubber and the
above results were obtained. The standard result for the aggregate impact value test for aggregate is not more than 30%.
Which is obtained on 2%.

V. Conclusion

LDPE when used in 2% by weight of bitumen and crumb rubber when used in 2% by weight of aggregate can improve the
stability of pavement. The use of recycle plastic and crumb rubber can therefore be beneficial to the performance of
pavement as well as provide a mean safe disposal of non-biodegradable waste. The use of rubber and LDPE in road can
solve the problem of environmental damage which can be caused by their disposal in open environment.

As a result, it can be concluded that the addition of plastic waste such as LDPE and crumb rubber to neat binder can
play a significant role in improving the elastic behavior of binder to extend the life of pavements in terms of reduce
susceptibility to rutting and cracking.

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