Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 57 (2020) 101620

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jddst

Biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Jasminum auriculatum leaf T

extract and their catalytic, antimicrobial and anticancer activities
S. Balasubramaniana,b,∗, S. Mary Jelastin Kalaa, T. Lurthu Pushparajc
a
Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, St. Xavier's College (Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University), Tirunelveli, Palayamkottai, 627002, India
b
Department of Chemistry, A.R. College of Engineering & Technology, Kadayam, Tirunelveli, 627423, India
c
Department of Chemistry, Einstein College of Engineering, Tirunelveli, 627012, India

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Usage of plant sources for the biogenic synthesis of metal nanoparticles is an innovative area in modern na-
Biogenic synthesis notechnology research. In the present article, we have reported a trouble-free, environmentally benign approach
Gold nanoparticles for the biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) using the Jasminum auriculatum leaf extract, which
Jasminum auriculatum acts as a stabilising and reducing agents. The surface plasmon resonance peak at 547 nm in the UV–Visible
Anticancer activity
absorption spectrum confirmed the biogenic Au NPs synthesis. TEM & SEM analysis revealed that the biogenic
Antimicrobial efficacy
Catalytic activity
Au NPs are spherical with an average size of 8–37 nm. The catalytic reduction activity on p-nitrophenol revealed
that the biogenic Au NPs are a versatile candidate for heterogeneous catalysis. The pH stability study using
phosphate buffer solution confirmed the compatibility of our gold nanoparticles for biomedical applications. The
cytotoxicity of the biogenic Au NPs revealed that the nanoparticles manifested a significant dose-dependent
inhibitory effect in the proliferation of the human cervical cancer cell line with the IC50 value of 104 μg/ml. The
biogenic gold nanoparticles showed tremendous antimicrobial commotion against human pathogenic bacteria
(Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia) and fungus (Candida
albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Lecanicillium lecanii and Trichoderma viride).

1. Introduction
In the fast-growing arena of nanomaterial research, noble metal-
based nanomaterials are of vital interest today due to their applications
in various areas including bioengineering, wastewater treatment,1 cat-
alysis, electronics and agriculture. Among an assortment of noble metal
nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles syntheses are exceedingly considered
due to their inimitable optoelectronic properties. The gold nano-
particles are highly utilized in biotechnology and chemical fields for
cancer treatment, catalysis, electronics, enzyme electrodes, super-
conductors, and plant biology [1,2]. Due to the advancement in science
and technology, the nutrients and chemicals in plant extracts are easily
treasure trove in scientific testing. Plant extracts are becoming an es-
sential ingredient for manufacturing various cosmetics, shampoos,
soaps, food flavouring agents and pharmaceuticals. Apart from this,
alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, phenols, and volatile oils present in
the plant infusions, are predominantly employed as bio-medical drugs.
The scientific and economic interests among the researchers made them
to use plant extract in developing novel anticancer and antimicrobial
agents. More than 50% of all medicines in the clinical trial for anti-
microbial and anticancer activities are derived from natural sources
[3].
Depending on individual needs, several methodologies have been
developed for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles with specific shapes
and size. The biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles is a developing field in
the interdisciplinary of nanotechnology and biotechnology, which is
crucial for the improvement of environmental-friendly technologies in
metal production as a highly concentrated technology. Phytochemical
compounds as reductants are observed to have a valuable advantage
than chemical reductants due to their non-toxic nature, biocompatible
nature and low cost [4–6]. The synthesis of nanoparticles using plant
extracts as biocompatible molecules in green synthesis method has
more benefits than other biocompatible molecules like DNA, protein,
peptide and Enzyme. It is due to a simple, one-step synthesis process,

∗
Corresponding author. Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, St. Xavier's College (Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University), Tirunelveli,
Palayamkottai, 627002, India.
E-mail address: bensosurya@yahoo.com (S. Balasubramanian).
1
Abbreviations: Au NPs - Gold nanoparticles; FT-IR - Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy; SEM - Scanning electron microscopy; TEM - Transmission electron
microscopy; XRD - X-ray diffraction; Fig - Figure; J. auriculatum - Jasminum auriculatum.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101620
Received 18 May 2019; Received in revised form 14 February 2020; Accepted 23 February 2020
Available online 26 February 2020
1773-2247/ © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
S. Balasubramanian, et al.
ease of improvement, less biohazard, no troublesome of preserving and
maintaining the cell culture [7,8].
Recently, gold nanoparticles have been fabricated using a variety of
plant sources, such as Couroupita guianensis [9], Punica Granatum
[10], Artemisia capillaries [11] and Garcinia mangostana [12]. Latterly
gold nanoparticles have been employed in anticancer therapy for nu-
merous types of cancer are breast cancer cells MCF-7 [13], Hep2 [14]
and A549 cells [15]. The urgent necessity of the future is to develop an
eco-friendly, effective, low-cost and modern technique to cure cancer
and microbial infections, and to degrade organic pollutants. Gold na-
noparticles have been reported to possess prominent antimicrobial ac-
tivities and catalytic activity in p-nitrophenol reduction [16–18]. Jas-
minum auriculatum leaf extract has a tremendous amount of
phytochemical compounds like terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, ster-
oids, alkaloids and polyphenols [19–21]. Phytochemical compounds
are used in anti-inflammation [22] and inhibited several cancers such
as lung cancer [23], breast cancer [24]. Polyphenolic materials are
employed to diminish the illnesses provoked by reactive nitrogen and
oxygen species [25]. These phytochemical compounds limit the risk of
cardiovascular diseases, obesity, cancer and diabetes [26]. Jasminum
auriculatum plants are found in India, Andaman Islands, Bhutan, Sri
Lanka and Nepal and cultivated commercially in India and Thailand.
The Jasminum auriculatum leaves have numerous medicinal applica-
tions such as antilithiatic, wound healing activity and diuretic activity.
They are used in the treatment of leprosy, skin diseases and ulcers and
wounds [27,28]. Considering the Jasminum auriculatum leaves med-
icinal uses, it is used to produce gold nanoparticles in the present in-
vestigation. In this research paper, to the best of our knowledge, this is
the first report disclosing biogenic gold nanoparticle formation using
Jasminum auriculatum leaf extract by single-step biogenic synthesis
technique. We have examined the catalytic, antimicrobial and antic-
ancer activities of biogenic gold nanoparticles using Jasminum aur-
iculatum leaf extract.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Materials and chemicals
The Jasminum auriculatum plants were gathered from Western
Ghats (Tirunelveli District, Tamilnadu, India). Gold (III) Chloride tri-
hydrate (HAuCl4·3H2O) employed as a gold precursor is purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich. Double-distilled water is used to prepare all solution in
the study and placed in the dark to avoid any photochemical reactions.
Glassware used in experimental procedures was cleaned in a solution of
chromic acid, washed thoroughly with double-distilled water, and dried
before use.
2.2. Preparation of Jasminum auriculatum leaf extract
The collected Jasminum auriculatum leaves were washed with
water to remove adhering impurities and dried. The purified Jasminum
auriculatum leaves (4.0 g) were added to 100 ml of double-distilled
water in a 250 ml beaker. It is refluxed at 80оC for 30 min and cooled.
Then it is sieved through a Whatman no.1 filter paper. The aqueous leaf
extract is collected and stored for further process.
2.3. Synthesis of gold nanoparticles
We used the literature method [9] with slight modifications to
synthesize gold nanoparticles. We added 90 ml of 1 mM gold (III)
Chloride trihydrate (HAuCl4·3H2O) solution to the 10 ml of Jasminum
auriculatum leaf extract in a 250 ml beaker. The reaction mixture was
observed at room temperature. The violet-coloured product from light
yellow solution was obtained within 1 h. The reaction product was
isolated using a centrifuge (10,000 rpm, 20 min), washed with double-
distilled water twice and dried at 60оC in air hot oven.
2
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 57 (2020) 101620
2.4. Characterization studies
2.4.1. pH analysis
The pH of the Jasminum auriculatum leaf extract and gold chloride
solution was measured using a digital pH meter (Roy instruments RI
501). The gold (III) Chloride trihydrate solution (1 mM) showed pH
6.23. The J. auriculatum leaf extract's pH was 8.89. The pH of the re-
action mixture was recorded using the digital pH meter (Roy instru-
ments RI 501), during the biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles.
2.4.2. UV–vis spectral analysis
Preliminary characterization of the biogenic gold nanoparticles was
examined by visual inspection. The biogenic gold nanoparticles were
characterized using Double Beam UV-VIS Spectrophotometer
(LABMAN, LMSP-UV1900S) in the wavelength range of 300–800 nm.
2.4.3. FT-IR spectral analysis
The Jasminum auriculatum leaf extract and the biogenic gold na-
noparticles were probed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(IRTracer-100 FTIR Spectrophotometer, Shimadzu) at a wavenumber of
400–4000 cm−1 to determine the biological moieties responsible for
the biogenic Au NPs formation and the stabilising of the Au NPs.
2.4.4. X-ray diffraction analysis
The purity and grain size of the biogenic gold nanoparticles were
characterized using Shimadzu XRD machine (XRD-6000
Diffractometer) using Cu Ka radiation (λ = 1.54 Å) at 40 kV and
30 mA.
2.4.5. SEM & EDX analysis
The surface morphology and size of the biogenic gold nanoparticles
were ascertained using scanning electron microscopy (Carl Zeiss
EVO18). The biogenic gold nanoparticles were studied using an energy
dispersive X-ray spectrometer (Oxford Instruments, UK) to obtain the
elemental composition of the Au NPs.
2.4.6. HR-TEM analysis
The surface morphology and size of the biogenic gold nanoparticles
were determined using High-Resolution Transmission Electron
Microscopy (Jeol/JEM 2100 HR TEM instrument).
2.4.7. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis
The particle size (Z-average) and zeta potential value of the biogenic
Au NPs were probed using a zeta size analyzer (Nano ZS 90, Malvern
Instruments Ltd., UK).
2.5. Stability of the biogenic Au NPs
The stability of the biogenic gold nanoparticles at different tem-
peratures (30оC, 40оC, 50оC, 60оC, 80оC & 100оC) and in 1 mM
Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) at pH = 7.4 at various time intervals
was monitored using UV–Vis spectroscopy [29,30].
2.6. Catalytic efficacy of Au NPs
The catalytic efficacy of the biogenic gold nanoparticles using J.
auriculatum leaf extract was evaluated using UV–Vis spectro-
photometer in the range of 250–600 nm. The catalytic efficacy of the
biogenic gold nanoparticles was demonstrated by the reduction of p-
nitrophenol to p-aminophenol using sodium borohydride solution [31].
2 ml of p-nitrophenol (1.5 mM) and 0.5 ml of double-distilled water
were added to 0.5 ml of NaBH4 (10 mM) in a quartz cuvette. Then
0.5 ml (1 mg/ml) of the biogenic gold nanoparticles solution was added
to the above solution in the quartz cuvette. The resulting solution was
observed using UV–Vis spectrometry in the range of 250–600 nm at
periodic time intervals.
S. Balasubramanian, et al. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 57 (2020) 101620

2.7. Antimicrobial activities of Au NPs 3. Results and discussion

2.7.1. Antibacterial activity of Au NPs
The biogenic gold nanoparticles using J. auriculatum leaf extract
were investigated for their inhibitory activity against bacterial strains
(Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and
Klebsiella pneumoniae) using disc diffusion method [32]. Different con-
centration (10, 20, 30 μl) of the biogenic Au NPs (0.1 mg/ml) was made
by reconstituting with methanol. Bacterial pathogens were obtained
from Department of Microbiology, Hindusthan College of arts and sci-
ence, Coimbatore, India. A suspension of bacterial strains was swabbed
on agar medium plates using sterile cotton swabs. Double sterilized
filter paper disks (5 mm) impregnated with the Au NPs suspension was
placed on nutrient agar plates aseptically. The assay plates were in-
cubated at 37 °C for 1 day. The inhibition zones (mm) of the biogenic
Au NPs were evaluated. Chloramphenicol (10 μg) used as a standard for
the antibacterial test.
We proposed a single-step and cost-effective green synthesis method
using Jasminum auriculatum leaf extract for gold nanoparticle synth-
esis. This method produced non-toxic, water-soluble and biocompatible
biogenic nanoparticles with long term stability. These biogenic gold
nanoparticles may be offered to efficiently get benefit from them for
biomedical applications [8,30].
3.1. Variation in pH during synthesis of the Au NPs
The pH of the reaction mixture decreased from 8.14 to 7.21 in the
presence of J. auriculatum leaf extract indicating that reduction of
1 mM HAuCl4·3H2O solution during the formation of gold nano-
particles. During the biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles, the pH of
the reaction mixture is reduced. Similar results were previously re-
ported using Tecomella undulata leaf extract for silver nanoparticles
[35].

2.7.2. Antifungal activity of Au NPs 3.2. Visual inspection

The antifungal efficacy of the biogenic gold nanoparticles was
probed using disc diffusion method [33]. The human fungal pathogens The visual inspection is the preliminary confirmation for the bio-
like Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Lecanicillium lecanii (Verti- genic synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Jasminum auriculatum leaf
cillium lecanii) and Trichoderma viride, which were purchased from De- extract (Fig. 1). The formation of violet colour observed after 1 h, re-
partment of Microbiology, Annamalai University, Tamilnadu, India. vealed that biogenic gold nanoparticles formed using the Jasminum
These fungal cultures (10 days old) were inoculated in the PDA (potato auriculatum leaf extract. The intensity of the violet colour has increased
dextrose agar) plates using point inoculation method. The filter paper since incubation time has increased. The appearance of a dark violet
wells (5 mm in diameter) impregnated with the biogenic Au NPs so- colour indicates the completion of the biogenic gold nanoparticle for-
lution (0.1 mg/ml) was placed on test organism-seeded plates. Strep- mation. The colour changes of the solution from light yellow to violet
tomycin (10 μg) is employed as a positive control. The antifungal ac- colour are observed owing to the excitation of surface plasmon vibra-
tivity was ascertained after 72 h of incubation at 28 °C. The inhibition tion in biogenic gold nanoparticles [36]. Numerous biomolecules with
zones of the biogenic Au NPs were measured in mm.
unique redox properties could serve as an electron shuttle in these gold
ions reductions. Thus, it was evident that the electron shuttles or other
reducing agents were released from the Jasminum auriculatum leaf
2.8. In-vitro anticancer activity of gold nanoparticles extract, and were capable to reduce the gold ions to gold nanoparticles
[37].
The In-vitro anticancer efficacy of the biogenic gold nanoparticles
was determined using MTT (3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-
3.3. UV–visible spectra analysis
Diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay [14]. The human cervical cancer
cell lines (Hela) were acquired from the National Centre for Cell Science
The biogenic gold nanoparticles are subjected to UV–Visible spectra
(NCCS, Pune, India). The Hela cells were conserved in Minimum es-
analysis at the wavelength range from 300 to 800 nm. The size, mor-
sential medium eagles containing 10% FBS (Fetal bovine serum) at
phology, composition and the dielectric environment of the biogenic
37оC with 5% CO2, 95% air and 100% relative humidity. The Hela cells
gold nanoparticles influenced the absorption spectra of the Au NPs.
were sowed independently in 96 well plates at a concentration of
10,000 cells/well in a CO2 incubator at 37оC for 24 h. The Hela cells
were diluted twice with 100 μl of serum-free medium and nursed in a
CO2 incubator at 37оC for 1 h. After that, the Hela cells were treated
with the different dose of these biogenic gold nanoparticles (12.5, 25,
50, 100, 200 μg/ml) and these treated plates were nursed in a CO2
incubator at 37оC for 48 h. After that, 15 μl of MTT (5 mg/ml) in PBS
(Phosphate buffered saline) was infused with each well and nursed in a
CO2 incubator at 37оC for 4 h. The medium with MTT was flicked off.
The derived formazan crystals were solubilized using 100 μl of DMSO
(Dimethyl sulfoxide) and then the absorbance is perceived by the mi-
croplate reader at 570 nm. The untreated Hela cells growing in culture
media were served as control and triplicate were maintained for all
concentrations. The percentage of Hela cell inhibition was assessed
using the MTT assay [34]. Non-linear regression chart was drawn be-
tween % Hela cell inhibition and Log concentration of biogenic Au NPs.
The IC50 value of Au NPs was assessed using Graph Pad Prism software.
The MTT assay is based upon the conversion of a soluble yellow tet-
razolium salt into insoluble purple formazan crystals by metabolically Fig. 1. Photograph of biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles (a) aqueous J.
active cells. A mitochondrial enzyme (succinate-dehydrogenase) pre- auriculatum leaf extract (b) HAuCl4·3H2O solution (c) colloidal gold nano-
sent in living cells has the ability to convert the soluble yellow tetra- particles using J. auriculatum leaf extract. (For interpretation of the references
zolium salt into an insoluble purple formazan. to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this
article.)

3
S. Balasubramanian, et al.
Fig. 2. UV–Visible spectra of gold nanoparticles using J. auriculatum leaf ex-
tract. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the
reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Previous reports disclosed that the spherical gold nanoparticles provide
to the absorption bands at around 525–555 nm in the UV–visible
spectra due to the extra-fine nature and small size of the gold nano-
particles. The UV–Vis absorption spectra (Fig. 2) revealed that a well-
defined surface plasmon band centred at around 547 nm that represents
the presence of homogeneous hydrosol biogenic gold nanoparticles.
Similar results are reported using Cassia tora leaf extract for gold na-
noparticles [38].
3.4. FT-IR analysis
FT-IR spectra were analysed to identify the probable biomolecules
contribute to the reduction of gold ions and stabilising of the biogenic
gold nanoparticles (Fig. 3). The FT-IR spectrum of the Jasminum aur-
iculatum leaf extract showed peaks at 3286.70 cm−1 (O–H stretch,
H–bonded of alcohols/phenols), 2252.85 cm−1 (N–H stretch of
amines), 2142.91 cm−1 (−C^C– stretch of alkynes) and
1637.56 cm−1 (C]O stretch of amides). The FT-IR spectrum of the
biogenic gold nanoparticles showed peaks at 3314.56 cm−1 (O–H
stretch, H–bonded of alcohols/phenols), 2960.73 cm−1 (C]O stretch of
carboxylic acid) 2883.58 cm−1 (H–C-(O) stretch of aldehyde/aromatic
alkanes), 2351.23 cm−1 (N–H stretch of amines), 1643.35 cm−1 (C–C
stretch of alkynes, C]O stretch of amides), 1390.68 cm−1 (NO2 stretch
of nitro compounds) and 1099.43 cm−1 (C–O stretch of ester/lactones)
[39].
Comparing both FT-IR spectra, it can be identified that the varia-
tions in the hydroxyl, amide and amine groups, the peaks appeared at
3286.70 cm−1, 1637.56 cm−1, 2252.85 cm−1 in Jasminum aur-
iculatum leaf extract, but after encapsulation of gold nanoparticles, the
peaks were shifted to 3314.56 cm−1 (O–H stretch), 1643.35 cm−1 (C]
O stretch of amides), 2351.23 cm−1 (N–H stretch of amines). Based on
the band shift in the hydroxyl, amine and amide groups, it concluded
that amine, hydroxyl and amide groups of Jasminum auriculatum leaf
extract are involved in the formation and stabilization of the gold na-
noparticles.
The two new peaks appeared at 1390.68 cm−1 and 2960.73 cm−1
which indicate that the amide/amine groups are converted into nitro
groups, and the alcoholic group is converted into carboxylic acid to
reduce Au3+ to Au0. The observed peaks are more characteristic of
flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids and polyalcohols which are abundant
in Jasminum auriculatum leaf extract [19,40]. The FT-IR results
4
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 57 (2020) 101620
confirmed that flavonoids and alkaloids present in the Jasminum aur-
iculatum leaf extract are responsible for the reduction of gold ions to
gold nanoparticles. The FT-IR characterization revealed that flavonoids,
polyalcohols and terpenoids present in the Jasminum auriculatum leaf
extract might be responsible for the stabilization of the biogenic gold
nanoparticles. The similar results were also reported using Sumac ex-
tract for synthesizing of gold nanoparticles [41].
3.5. XRD analysis
The crystalline structures of the biogenic Au NPs were investigated
using XRD analysis, and the collected XRD patterns are shown in Fig. 4.
The obtained major diffraction peaks at 38.3°, 44.2°, 64.28° and 77.32°
are observed, which indexed to the (111), (200), (220) and (311) fcc
lattice crystalline plane of gold (JCPDS file no: 04–0784). In the spectra,
there are no clear diffraction peaks. It indicated that the biogenic gold
nanoparticles have a spherical structure. Unassigned peaks were ob-
served due to the presence of various crystalline biomolecules in the
Jasminum auriculatum leaf extract. The XRD patterns showed that the
biogenic gold nanoparticles are essentially crystalline.
The mean grain crystallite size of the biogenic gold nanoparticles
has been determined using Debye–Scherrer formula,
D = K λ / β cos θ.
Where D is the mean grain crystallite size (nm), K is the Scherrer
constant, β is the full width half maximum, θ is half of Bragg angle and
λ is the wavelength of X-ray used. The mean grain crystallite size of the
biogenic gold nanoparticles was around 8–41 nm. Similar results were
also obtained using Cinnamomum camphora leaf extract [4], Dillenia
indica fruit extract [42] and Dendropanax morbifera leaf extract [34]
for gold nanoparticles.
3.6. SEM and HR-TEM analysis
TEM technique was used to determine the size, surface morphology
and topography of the biogenic Au NPs. TEM images (Fig. 5) exhibited
that the biogenic Au NPs were mostly spherical with diameter 8–37 nm.
Formation of the gold nanoparticles was due to interactions of hy-
drogen bond and electrostatic interaction between the biomolecules of
Jasminum auriculatum leaf extract capping with Au0. The larger gold
nanoparticles particles are formed, indicating the aggregation of the
smaller gold nanoparticles. The variation in size of the gold nano-
particles by biogenic synthesis method is due to the distinct growth
phases of gold nanoparticles. The biogenic gold nanoparticles are
generally spherical in shape due to less quantity of reducing moieties in
the leaf extract [36]. HR-TEM image (Fig. 6(a)) revealed clear lattice
fringes on the surface of the biogenic gold nanoparticle. From the fringe
pattern, the interplanar spacing was measured and found to be 0.22 nm
corresponding to the interplanar spacing of the (111) planes of the fcc
crystalline lattice of gold [18]. Selected-area electron diffraction pat-
tern (SAED) manifested that two rings are obtained corresponding to
(200) and (220) planes of the fcc crystalline lattice of Au NPs. The SAED
pattern confirmed the biogenic gold nanoparticles are crystalline in
nature (Fig. 6(b)). Thus HR-TEM studies and SAED pattern support well
with the X-ray diffraction studies. The shape and size of the biogenic Au
NPs were further analysed using SEM. SEM image (Fig. 7) showed that
most of the biogenic Au NPs were obviously spherical with an average
size around 8–37 nm. The received results from SEM image were in a
good agreement with the TEM data. The similar results are obtained
using Couroupita guianensis extract for gold nanoparticles [9].
3.7. EDX analysis
Fig. 8 displays the EDX spectrum of the biogenic gold nanoparticles
using Jasminum auriculatum leaf extract. The signals were observed at
S. Balasubramanian, et al. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 57 (2020) 101620

Fig. 3. FT-IR spectra of (a) J. auriculatum leaf extract (b) Au NPs using J. auriculatum leaf extract.

Fig. 4. XRD pattern of gold nanoparticles using J. auriculatum leaf extract. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to
the Web version of this article.)

approximately 2.41, 8.49, 9.71, 11.58 and 13.38 k eV correspond to the
gold element. It shows the presence of gold nanoparticles. The other
signals for Cl, O, Mg and K were observed, which arose from biomo-
lecules of Jasminum auriculatum leaf extract. The EDX results re-
sembled with Wang et al.‘s report [34].
3.8. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis
The DLS analysis manifested 75.5% of the biogenic gold nano-
particles were found with a Z-average diameter of 341.6 nm (Fig. 9).
The DLS investigation showed the gold nanoparticles with 0.544 PDI
(Polydispersity Index) value with 0.872 intercept. The zeta potential
(ZP) is a vital tool to give a detailed report on the surface charge as well
as the stability of the Au NPs using J. auriculatum. While the zeta

5
S. Balasubramanian, et al. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 57 (2020) 101620

Fig. 5. TEM images of gold nanoparticles using J. auriculatum leaf extract at different magnification. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure
legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

potential value is in the range of greater than +30 mV or less than −30
mV, the colloidal nanoparticles are found to be stable [2]. Zeta po-
tential value of the biogenic Au NPs is found to be −27.6 mV (Fig. 10).
The ZP value confirmed that the biogenic Au NPs were good stability
[14].
3.9. Stability of the biogenic Au NPs
The stability of the biogenic Au NPs at different temperatures (30оC,
40оC, 50оC, 60оC, 80оC & 100оC) was ascertained using UV–Vis spec-
troscopy in the range of 300 nm–900 nm. The UV–Vis spectrum
(Fig. 11) clearly displayed an intense peak at 547 nm and their intensity
gets diminished when the temperature get raised. Also the spectrum
clearly displays that the absorption peak of biogenic Au NPs were stable
up to 80о C.
The biogenic Au NPs in PBS buffer at room temperature were
monitored using UV–Vis spectroscopy in the range of
300 nm–900 nm at different time intervals. The UV–Vis absorption
spectrum (Fig. 12) showed a distinct peak at 547 nm. The maximum in
absorption peak was appeared up to 3 days of time. It indicated that the
Au NPs in PBS buffer were stable for about 48 h. It implies that there is
no change in the concentration of suspended aggregates or flocculates
within the PBS buffer solution. The aforementioned stability study of
the Au NPs inferred that the biogenic Au NPs could be used in bio-
medical applications like fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic imaging,
photodynamic, specific cell or tissue targeting etc [29,30].
3.10. Catalytic efficacy of Au NPs
The catalytic activity of the biogenic gold nanoparticles was

Fig. 6. (a) HR-TEM (b) SAED pattern of gold nanoparticles using J. auriculatum leaf extract. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the
reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

6
S. Balasubramanian, et al.
Fig. 7. SEM images of gold nanoparticles using J. auriculatum leaf extract at different magnification. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure
legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 8. EDX image of gold nanoparticles using J. auriculatum leaf extract. (For
interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is
referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 9. Particle size distributions of biogenic Au NPs using J. auriculatum leaf
extract.
observed using UV–Vis spectra in the range of 250–600 nm. Reddy et al.
inferred that NaBH4 was not capable of reducing p-nitrophenol by itself
and was capable of reducing p-nitrophenol only in the presence of
nanoparticles [43]. The UV–visible spectrum of the reaction system
7
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 57 (2020) 101620
with the biogenic Au NPs catalyst is showed in Fig. 13. Conversion of p-
nitrophenol (PNP) to p-aminophenol (PAP) was observed by reducing
of the absorption peak at 400 nm (PNP) and rising of the absorption
peak at 294 nm (PAP) [17,44]. The conversion of p-nitrophenol into p-
aminophenol is accomplished within 45 min.
The UV–visible spectra results showed that the rate of reaction re-
duced with reducing the concentration of p-nitrophenol and in-
dependent of the concentration of sodium borohydride. Thus the re-
action rate is the first order kinetics equation.
ln (At /A0) = - kt
Where A0 is absorbance of the reaction in the initial time, At is absor-
bance in time ‘t’ and k is the rate constant of the reduction reaction.
From these kinetic studies, rate constants (k = 0.039 min−1) were
calculated. This reduction reaction was a model of Langmuir-
Hinshelwood heterogeneously catalyzed reduction reaction. The BH4−
ions are adsorbed on the surface of the biogenic gold nanoparticles and
liberate the electrons. Concurrently p-nitrophenol adsorbed on the ex-
terior of biogenic gold nanoparticles was reduced by these electrons.
The reaction product (p-aminophenol) is desorbed from the biogenic
nanoparticle's surface after reduction [45]. The rate of reaction depends
on the size of the biogenic nanoparticle, indicating the smallest gold
nanoparticles should have the highest catalytic activity.
3.11. Antimicrobial activity of gold nanoparticles
The Antimicrobial efficacy of biogenic Au NPs was studied against
human pathogens (Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus,
Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fu-
migatus, Lecanicillium lecanii and Trichoderma viride) using disc diffusion
method. Antimicrobial efficacy of the biogenic gold nanoparticle from
Jasminum auriculatum leaf extract is represented in Figs. 14 and 15.
The inhibition zone of biogenic gold nanoparticles (30 μl) was found to
be 12 mm for Streptococcus pyogenes, 9 mm for Staphylococcus aureus,
12 mm for E. coli, 7 mm for Klebsiella pneumonia, 4 mm for Aspergillus
fumigatus, 4 mm for Candida albicans, 5 mm for Trichoderma viride and
5 mm for Lecanicillium lecanii respectively. The Tables 1 and 2 revealed
that antimicrobial efficacy was size and dose-dependent. This anti-
microbial efficacy of the Au NPs using Jasminum auriculatum leaf ex-
tract may be due to the following mechanisms. The gold nanoparticles
may also intrude inside the microbe and cause damage by interacting
with the sulphur and phosphorus group of DNA/protein. The Au NPs
S. Balasubramanian, et al.
Fig. 10. Zeta potential of biogenic Au NPs using J. auriculatum leaf extract.
may bind with the cytoplasmic membrane and destroys the bacterial
cell due to the electrostatic affinity between positively charged gold
nanoparticles and negatively charged cell membrane of the microbe.
The Au NPs may induce the release of reactive oxygen species, which
leads to the destruction of proteins and DNA of bacteria cell, ultimately
cause cell death [46–48]. Previously, Arun et al. evaluated the anti-
microbial activity of Jasminum auriculatum leaves and revealed that
Jasminum auriculatum leaves showed higher inhibitory effects against
microbes [28]. The XRD, FT-IR and EDX studies of the biogenic Au NPs
using J. auriculatum leaf extract inferred that some of the biomolecules
of J. auriculatum leaf extract adhered on the exterior of the biogenic Au
NPs. The some of these biomolecules of Jasminum auriculatum leaf
may also facilitate to enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of biogenic Au
NPs. The shape of Au NPs may facilitate this bactericidal effect of the
Au NPs. The antimicrobial studies showed that the gold nanoparticles
have prominent antimicrobial efficacy against Streptococcus pyogenes,
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida
albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Lecanicillium lecanii and Trichoderma
Fig. 11. Stability of biogenic gold nanoparticles at various temperatures. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to
the Web version of this article.)
8
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 57 (2020) 101620
Fig. 12. Stability of biogenic gold nanoparticles in phosphate-buffered solution
at room temperature. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this
figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
viride and the antimicrobial efficacy was dependent on number of the
gold nanoparticles present in the medium.
3.12. In-vitro anticancer activity of gold nanoparticles
The anticancer activity of the biogenic gold nanoparticles was
evaluated using MTT assay method. The cytotoxicity results were illu-
strated using Table 3 for different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 100,
200 μg/ml) of the biogenic gold nanoparticles. The anticancer activity
of the gold nanoparticles against Hela cancer cells increased while in-
creasing the concentration of the gold nanoparticles (Table 3) [14,15].
The treatment of Hela cell line with the biogenic gold nanoparticles
suppressed the cell viability of cancerous cell up to 69.28% at con-
centrations 200 μg/ml of Au NPs. The biogenic gold nanoparticles in-
hibited the proliferation of Hela cells in a dose and time-dependent
manner. The cytotoxicity effect is very high in the Au NPs against Hela
S. Balasubramanian, et al.
Fig. 13. (a) Catalytic activity of biogenic gold nanoparticles in p-nitrophenol
reduction (b) Plot of ln (At/A0) Vs reaction time. (For interpretation of the
references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web
version of this article.)
cell lines.
The cytotoxicity of the biogenic gold nanoparticles may be inter-
pretable as due to their amphiphilic character. Hence the biogenic gold
nanoparticles would penetrate the Hela cell membrane quickly, di-
minish the energy status in tumours and also change hypoxia status in
the tumour cell. The microscopic photographs of treated Hela cells
exhibited that Cell morphological (Fig-16) changes such as loss of
surface contact, cell shrinkage and blebbing [6,9,49]. The IC50 value for
the biogenic gold nanoparticles on Hela cancer cells was 104 μg/ml. It
showed that 104 μg/ml of the biogenic gold nanoparticles is required to
inhibit 50% of the viability of the human cervical cancer cells. The
biogenic Au NPs showed a prominent inhibitory effect against the
viability of the Hela cancer cells due to the biogenic Au NPs may induce
to generate ROS (Reactive oxygen species), that may damage the cancer
Fig. 14. Antibacterial activity of biogenic Au NPs using J. auriculatum leaf extract.
9
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 57 (2020) 101620
cell and to cause cancer cell death [13].
The anticancer activity assay reports showed that the biogenic gold
nanoparticles have prominent anticancer activity against the Hela cells,
and exhibited that the gold nanoparticles stimulate a dose-dependent
inhibition activity against Hela cells. Several approved chemother-
apeutic agents are costlier and caused side effects. There is a significant
need to create alternative medicines to control this deadly disease. The
biogenic gold nanoparticles have been found to meet the need for in-
novative cancer therapy. Raghunandan et al. disclosed similar antic-
ancer activity results for Au NPs [50].
4. Conclusion
The present investigation dealt with the use of a natural, low cost,
eco-friendly biological reducing agent, Jasminum auriculatum leaf ex-
tract for the synthesis of biogenic gold nanoparticles via efficient green
nanochemistry methodology. The violet colour appearance was the
preliminary identification for the formation of gold nanoparticles. The
UV–vis spectra analysis showed that the surface plasmon resonance
band at 547 nm, and confirmed that the formation of the Au NPs. The
XRD, SAED & HR-TEM studies confirmed that biogenic gold nano-
particles are of a crystalline nature. TEM & SEM results exhibited that
the biogenic gold nanoparticles are spherical with an average diameter
of 8–37 nm. FT-IR results showed that the amine, hydroxyl and amide
functional groups present in Jasminum auriculatum leaf extract are
involved in the formation and stabilization of the biogenic gold nano-
particles. The temperature and pH stability studies of biogenic Au NPs
were found to be stable up to 80о C in aqueous solution and in PBS
buffer it remains stable for about 48 h. The anticancer activity of bio-
genic gold nanoparticles was performed using MTT assay against
human cervical cancer cells (Hela). The anticancer activity studies re-
vealed that the pharmacological properties of Jasminum auriculatum
provide the anticancer activity of newly formed biogenic gold nano-
particles, and exhibited that the biogenic gold nanoparticles are acti-
vated as anticancer nanoparticles without doping of molecules. The
S. Balasubramanian, et al. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 57 (2020) 101620

Fig. 15. Antifungal activity of biogenic Au NPs using J. auriculatum leaf extract.

Table 1
Zone of inhibition (mm) of biogenic Au NPs using J. auriculatum leaf extract against human pathogenic bacteria.
S.No Pathogenic bacteria Zone of inhibition in diameter (mm)

10 μl 20 μl 30 μl Standard (Chloramphenicol)10 μg

1. Streptococcus pyogenes 3 8 12 5
2. Staphylococcus aureus 5 7 9 10
3. Escherichia coli 5 8 12 5
4. Klebsiella pneumoniae 4 6 7 7

Table 2 Table 3
Zone of inhibition (mm) of biogenic Au NPs using J. auriculatum leaf extract Anticancer activity of Au NPs using J. auriculatum leaf extract on Hela cell line.
against human fungal pathogens.
S.No Concentration of Au NPs (μg/ml) % Cell Inhibition IC50 R2
S.No Pathogenic Fungi Zone of inhibition in diameter (mm)
1 12.5 9.6130 104.00 0.984
10 μl 20 μl 30 μl Standard (Streptomycin) 2 25 17.8355
10 μg 3 50 35.3688
4 100 49.3954
1. Aspergillus 0 3 4 7 5 200 69.2866
fumigatus
2. Candida albicans 0 0 4 7
3. Trichoderma viride 0 3 5 8 Funding
4. Lecanicillium lecanii 0 3 5 7

antimicrobial efficacy and catalytic activity results suggested that the
biogenic gold nanoparticles may beneficial prophylactic and ther-
apeutic impacts against human fungal and bacterial pathogens, and
have notable catalytic efficacy in the reduction of p-nitrophenol. Thus
the aforementioned advantages of the biogenic Au NPs execute them
ideal for use in cancer therapy, wastewater treatment, biomedical,
agricultural, green industrial, environmental bioremediation, micro-
biological and other applications.
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding
agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
S. Balasubramanian: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation,
Investigation, Writing - original draft, Visualization, Resources, Data
curation, Writing - review & editing. S. Mary Jelastin Kala:
Supervision, Writing - review & editing, Resources. T. Lurthu

10
S. Balasubramanian, et al.
Fig. 16. Effects of the Au NPs on human cervical cancer cell line (Hela) (a) untreated cells (control cells) (b) cell treated with 12.5 μg/ml of Au NPs (c) cell treated
with 25 μg/ml of Au NPs (d) cell treated with 50 μg/ml of Au NPs (e) cell treated with 100 μg/ml of Au NPs (f) cell treated with 200 μg/ml of Au NPs.
Pushparaj: Resources, Software, Data curation, Writing - review &
editing.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influ-
ence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
Authors gratefully acknowledge International Research Centre,
Kalasalingam University, Krishnankoil, India for providing FT-IR and
SEM facilities; Centre for Research in Nanotechnology, Karunya
University, Coimbatore, India for providing DLS, XRD and EDX facility;
STIC, Kochi, India for providing TEM facility; Bharathiar University,
Coimbatore, India for providing Pharmacological studies experimenta-
tion.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101620.
References
[1] A.L. Crumbliss, S.C. Perine, J. Stonehuerner, K.R. Tubergen, J. Zhao, R.W. Henkens,
J.P. O'Daly, Colloidal gold as biocompatible immobilization matrix suitable for the
fabrication of enzyme electrodes by electrodeposition, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 40
(1992) 483–490, https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260400406.
[2] M. Muthushanmugam, P. Subramanian, V. Manoharan, K. Baskaran,
M. Sonaimuthu, R. Manikandan, M. Tabarsa, S. You, P.N. Marimuthu, Facile green
route synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Caulerpa racemosa for biomedical ap-
plications, J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 54 (2019) 101345, , https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.jddst.2019.101345.
[3] G.M. Cragg, D.J. Newman, Antineoplastic agents from natural sources: achieve-
ments and future directions, Expet Opin. Invest. Drugs 9 (2000) 2783–2797,
https://doi.org/10.1517/13543784.9.12.2783.
[4] J. Huang, Q. Li, D. Sun, Y. Lu, Y. Su, X. Yang, H. Wang, Y. Wang, W. Shao, N. He,
J. Hong, C. Chen, Biosynthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles by novel sun-dried
Cinnamomum camphora leaf, Nanotechnology 18 (2007) 10, https://doi.org/10.
1088/0957-4484/18/10/105104.
[5] S. Balasubramanian, S. Mary Jelastin Kala, T. Lurthu Pushparaj, P. Vijaya Kumar,
11
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 57 (2020) 101620
Biofabrication of gold nanoparticles using cressa cretica leaf extract and evaluation
of catalytic and antibacterial efficacy, Nano Biomed. Eng. 11 (2019) 58–66, https://
doi.org/10.5101/nbe.v11i1.p58-66.
[6] M.P. Patil, E. Bayaraa, P. Subedi, L.L.A. Piad, N.H. Tarte, G.-D. Kim, Biogenic
synthesis, characterization of gold nanoparticles using Lonicera japonica and their
anticancer activity on HeLa cells, J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 51 (2019) 83–90,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2019.02.021.
[7] G.Ş. Karatoprak, G. Aydin, B. Altinsoy, C. Altinkaynak, M. Koşar, I. Ocsoy, The
Effect of Pelargonium endlicherianum Fenzl. root extracts on formation of nano-
particles and their antimicrobial activities, Enzym. Microb. Technol. 97 (2017)
21–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.10.019.
[8] I. Ocsoy, D. Tasdemir, S. Mazicioglu, C. Celik, A. Kat, F. Ulgen, Biomolecules in-
corporated metallic nanoparticles synthesis and their biomedical applications,
Mater. Lett. 212 (2018) 45–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2017.10.068.
[9] R. Geetha, T. Ashokkumar, S. Tamilselvan, K. Govindaraju, M. Sadiq,
G. Singaravelu, Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles and their anticancer activity,
Canc. Nano 4 (2013) 91–98, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12645-013-0040-9.
[10] J. Gubitosa, V. Rizzi, A. Lopedota, P. Fini, A. Laurenzana, G. Fibbi, F. Fanelli,
A. Petrella, V. Laquintana, N. Denora, R. Comparelli, P. Cosma, One pot environ-
mental friendly synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Punica Granatum Juice: a
novel antioxidant agent for future dermatological and cosmetic applications, J.
Colloid Interface Sci. 521 (2018) 50–61, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.02.
069.
[11] S.H. Lim, E.Y. Ahn, Y. Park, Green synthesis and catalytic activity of gold nano-
particles synthesized by Artemisia capillaris water extract, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 11
(2016) 474, https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-016-1694-0.
[12] K.X. Lee, K. Shameli, M. Miyake, N. Kuwano, N. Bahiyah, Bt-A. Khairudin, S.E-
Bt Mohamad, Y.P. Yew, Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using aqueous extract
of Garcinia mangostana fruit peels, J. Nanomater. (2016), https://doi.org/10.1155/
2016/8489094 2016, 8489094.
[13] M. Chokkalingam, P. Singh, Y. Huo, V. Soshnikova, S. Ahn, J. Kang,
R. Mathiyalagan, Y.J. Kim, D.C. Yang, Facile synthesis of Au and Ag nanoparticles
using fruit extract of Lycium chinense and their anticancer activity, J. Drug Deliv.
Sci. Technol. 49 (2019) 308–315, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2018.11.025.
[14] P.S. Kumar, M.V. Jeyalatha, J. Malathi, S. Ignacimuthu, Anticancer effects of one-
pot synthesized biogenic gold nanoparticles (Mc-AuNps) against laryngeal carci-
noma, J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 44 (2018) 118–128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jddst.2017.12.008.
[15] S. Rajeshkumar, Anticancer activity of eco-friendly gold nanoparticles against lung
and liver cancer cells, J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol. 14 (2016) 195–202, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2016.05.007.
[16] V.P. Zharov, K.E. Mercer, E.N. Galitovskaya, M.S. Smeltzer, Photothermal na-
notherapeutics and nanodiagnostics for selective killing of bacteria targeted with
gold nanoparticles, Biophys. J. 90 (2006) 619–627, https://doi.org/10.1529/
biophysj.105.061895.
[17] M. Kumari, A. Mishra, S. Pandey, S.P. Singh, V. Chaudhry, M.K.R. Mudiam,
S. Shukla, P. Kakkar, C.S. Nautiyal, Physico-chemical condition optimization during
biosynthesis lead to development of improved and catalytically efficient gold
NanoParticles, Sci. Rep. 6 (2016) 27575, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep27575.
[18] A. Tokeer, I.A. Wani, I.H. Lone, A. Ganguly, N. Manzoor, A. Ahmad, J. Ahmedc,
A.S. Al-Shihri, Antifungal activity of gold nanoparticles prepared by solvothermal
S. Balasubramanian, et al.
method, Mater. Res. Bull. 48 (2013) 12–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
materresbull.2012.09.069.
[19] T. Gowdhami, A.K. Rajalakshmi, N. Sugumar, Pharmacognostical and preliminary
phytochemical screening of the leaf extract of Jasminum auriculatum vahl, Int. Lett.
Chem. Phys. Astron. 43 (2015) 69–75 https://doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.
com/ILNS.43.69.
[20] M. Arun, S. Satish, P. Anima, Pharmacognostical and physio-chemical standardi-
zation of Jasminum auriculatum Vahl leaves, Der Pharm. Lett. 7 (2015) 178–184.
[21] S. Balasubramanian, U. Jeyapaul, S. Mary Jelastin Kala, Antibacterial activity of
silver nanoparticles using Jasminum auriculatum stem extract, Int. J. Nanosci. 17
(2018) 1850011, , https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219581X18500114.
[22] S. Rokayya, C.J. Li, Y. Zhao, Y. Li, C.H. Sun, Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var.
capitata) phytochemicals with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, Asian
Pac. J. Cancer Prev. APJCP 14 (2014) 6657–6662.
[23] S.S. Ulasli, S. Celik, E. Gunay, M. Ozdemir, O. Hazman, A. Ozyurek, T. Koyuncu,
M. Unlu, Anticancer effects of thymoquinone, caffeic acid phenethyl ester and re-
sveratrol on A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells exposed to benzo(a) pyrene,
Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. APJCP 14 (2013) 6159–6164.
[24] J. Zhou, Y.H. Luo, J.R. Wang, B.B. Lu, K.M. Wang, Y. Tian, Gambogenic acid in-
duction of apoptosis in a breast cancer cell line, Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. APJCP 14
(2013) 7601–7605.
[25] D.M. Maestri, V. Nepote, A.L. Lamarque, J.A. Zygadlo, Natural products as anti-
oxidants, in: F. Imperato (Ed.), Phytochemistry: Advances in Research, Research
Signpost, Trivandrum, 2006, pp. 105–135.
[26] P. Dzomba, E. Togarepi, M. Mupa, Anthocyanin content and antioxidant activities
of common bean species (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in Mashonaland Central,
Zimbabwe, Afr. J. Agric. Res. 8 (2013) 3330–3333.
[27] A. Mittal, S. Sardana, A. Pandey, Jasminum auriculatum – an overview, Int. J.
Pharmceu. Innov. 1 (2011) 30–35.
[28] M. Arun, S. Satish, P. Anima, Evaluation of wound healing, antioxidant and anti-
microbial efficacy of Jasminum auriculatum Vahl. Leaves, Avicenna J. Phytomed. 6
(2016) 295–304, https://doi.org/10.22038/AJP.2016.5723.
[29] H. Jia, X. Gao, Z. Chen, G. Liu, X. Zhang, H. Yan, H. Zhouac, L. Zheng, The high
yield synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles with superior stability
and their catalytic activity, CrystEngComm 14 (2012) 7600–7606, https://doi.org/
10.1039/C2CE25840D.
[30] S. Deol, N. Weerasuriya, Y.S. Shon, Stability, cytotoxicity and cell uptake of water-
soluble dendron–conjugated gold nanoparticles with 3, 12 and 17 nm cores, J.
Mater. Chem. B 3 (2015) 6071–6080, https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TB00608B.
[31] A. Gangula, R. Podila, R.M.L. Karanam, C. Janardhana, A.M. Rao, Catalytic re-
duction of 4-nitrophenol using biogenic gold and silver nanoparticles derived from
Breynia rhamnoides, Langmuir 27 (2011) 15268–15274, https://doi.org/10.1021/
la2034559.
[32] M. Sheikh, A.R. Malik, M.K. Meghavanshi, I. Mahmood, Studies on some plant
extracts for their antimicrobial potential against certain pathogenic microorgan-
isms, Am. J. Plant Sci. 3 (2012) 209–213, https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2012.
32025.
[33] R.S. Taylor, N.P. Manandhar, G.H. Towers, Screening of selected medicinal plants of
Nepal for antimicrobial activities, J. Ethnopharmacol. 46 (1995) 153–159.
[34] C. Wang, R. Mathiyalagan, Y.J. Kim, V. Castro-Aceituno, P. Singh, S. Ahn, D. Wang,
D.C. Yang, Rapid green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles using
Dendropanax morbifera leaf extract and their anticancer activities, Int. J. Nanomed.
11 (2016) 3691–3701, https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S97181.
[35] S.K. Chaudhuri, S. Chandela, L. Malodia, Plant mediated green synthesis of silver
nanoparticles using Tecomella undulata leaf extract and their characterization,
12
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 57 (2020) 101620
Nano Biomed. Eng. 8 (2016) 1–8, https://doi.org/10.5101/nbe.v8i1.p1-8.
[36] P. Rajasekharreddy, P.U. Rani, B. Sreedhar, Qualitative assessment of silver and
gold nanoparticle synthesis in various plants: a photobiological approach, J.
Nanoparticle Res. 12 (2010) 1711–1721, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-010-
9894-5.
[37] N. Durán, P.D. Marcato, O.L. Alves, G.I.H. De Souza, E. Esposito, Mechanistic as-
pects of biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by several Fusarium oxysporum strains,
J. Nanobiotechnol. 3 (2005) 8, https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-3155-3-8.
[38] E.E. Abel, P.R.J. Poonga, S.G. Panicker, Characterization and in vitro studies on
anticancer, antioxidant activity against colon cancer cell line of gold nanoparticles
capped with Cassia tora SM leaf extract, Appl. Nanosci. 6 (2016) 121–129, https://
doi.org/10.1007/s13204-015-0422-x.
[39] E. Pretsch, P. Bühlmann, M. Badertscher, Structure Determination of Organic
Compounds, Fourth Ed, ., Springer, Berlin, 2009.
[40] S. Balasubramanian, U. Jeyapaul, S. Mary Jelastin Kala, Ecofriendly synthesis of
Silver Nanoparticles Using ethno medicinal plant leaf extract (Jasminum
Auriculatum) and their Antibacterial properties, Int. Lett. Chem. Phys. Astron. 58
(2015) 113–121 https://doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILCPA.58.113.
[41] H. Shabestarian, M. Homayouni-Tabrizi, M. Soltani, F. Namvar, S. Azizi,
R. Mohamad, H. Shabestarian, Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using sumac
aqueous extract and their antioxidant activity, Mater. Res. 20 (2017) 264–270,
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2015-0694.
[42] A. Sett, M. Gadewar, P. Sharma, M. Deka, U. Bora, Green synthesis of gold nano-
particles using aqueous extract of Dillenia indica, Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci.
Nanotechnol. 7 (2016) 2, https://doi.org/10.1088/2043-6262/7/2/025005.
[43] G.B. Reddy, D. Ramakrishna, A. Madhusudhan, D. Ayodhya, M. Venkatesham,
G. Veerabhadram, Catalytic reduction of p‐nitrophenol and hexacyanoferrate (III)
by borohydride using green synthesized gold nanoparticles, J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 62
(2015) 420–428, https://doi.org/10.1002/jccs.201400513.
[44] M.F. Zayed, W.H. Eisa, Pheonix dactylifera L. leaf extract phytosynthesized gold
nanoparticles; controlled synthesis and catalytic activity, Spectrochim. Acta Mol.
Biomol. Spectrosc. 121 (2014) 238–244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2013.10.
092.
[45] A. Rajan, M. MeenaKumari, D. Philip, Shape tailored green synthesis and catalytic
properties of gold nanocrystals, Spectrochim. Acta Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 118
(2014) 793–799, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2013.09.086.
[46] A. Chwalibog, E. Sawosz, A. Hotowy, J. Szeliga, S. Mitura, K. Mitura, M. Grodzik,
P. Orlowski, A. Sokolowska, Visualization of interaction between inorganic nano-
particles and bacteria or fungi, Int. J. Nanomed. 5 (2010) 1085–1094, https://doi.
org/10.2147/IJN.S13532.
[47] S. Senthilkumar, L. Kashinath, M. Ashok, A. Rajendran, Antibacterial properties and
mechanism of gold nanoparticles obtained from pergularia daemia leaf, J.
Nanomed. Res. 6 (2017) 00146, , https://doi.org/10.15406/jnmr.2017.06.00146.
[48] I.A. Wani, T. Ahmad, Size and shape dependant antifungal activity of gold nano-
particles: a case study of Candida, Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 101 (2013)
162–170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.06.005.
[49] R. Panwar, A.K. Sharm, M. Kaloti, D. Dutt, V. Pruthi, Characterization and antic-
ancer potential of ferulic acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticles against ME-180 human
cervical cancer cell lines, Appl. Nanosci. 6 (2016) 803–813, https://doi.org/10.
1007/s13204-015-0502-y.
[50] D. Raghunandan, B. Ravishankar, D.G. Sharanbasava, B. Mahesh, V. Harsoor,
M.S. Yalagatti, M. Bhagawanraju, A. Venkataraman, Anti-cancer studies of noble
metal nanoparticles synthesized using different plant extracts, Canc. Nanotechnol. 2
(2011) 57–65, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12645-011-0014-8.