COMMUNITY & PUBLIC

HEALTH: FOUNDATIONS
Compiled by:
EMERSON G. PARCON, RMT, MSMT, MLS (ASCPi)
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COURSE OUTLINE
 1. History of Community Health
 2. The Community, Its Organization, and Its Health
2.1 The Health Field Concept
2.2 A Model of Community Health
2.3 Concept of Community
2.4 Quality of Health
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COURSE OUTLINE
 3. Human Ecology, Demography, and  4. Human Behavior and Community
Epidemiology Health Education
3.1 Human Ecology
4.1 Science and Application
3.2 Demography
4.2 Health Behavior and Life-Style
3.3 Epidemiology
4.3 Community Health Education
3.4 Agriculture, Technology, and
Health
3.5 Life Span Versus Life Expectancy
3.6 Community Applications
3.7 Measuring Progress
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OBJECTIVES
 1. Defined traditional and holistic definitions of health.
 2. Described common approaches in measuring health.
 3. Discussed an ideal healthy community.
 4. Discussed human ecology, demography and epidemiology.
 5. Explained the key concepts and features of community environmental
factors.
 6. Enumerated the underlying factors that exist in the present time.
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OBJECTIVES
 7. Applied the concepts in human ecology, demography in the assigned
community.
 8. Assessed the health needs of the community.
 9. Discussed human behavior and community health education concepts.
 10. Described health behavior and lifestyle of the community.
 11. Conceptualized an ideal behavior for health and healthy lifestyle.
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HISTORY OF COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

IN THE PHILIPPINES
 The Pre-Spanish Era (Before 1565)  The Commonwealth (1936-1941)
 The Spanish Era ( 1565 to 1898 )  Japanese occupation
 American Military Government ( 1898-1907) ( 1941-1945)
 Philippine assembly/ Congress (1907-1916)  Post World war II (1945-1972)
 The Jones law (1916-1936)  Post EDSA revolution
(1986 to present
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HISTORY OF COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

IN THE PHILIPPINES
 The Pre-Spanish Era (Before 1565)
- our ancestors put faith in nature not only for physical but also for spiritual
sustenance. Belief in the power of both the animate and inanimate world
was central to their way of life.
- Ailments were believed to be caused by disharmony with the spiritual
world, and restoring health meant appeasing the gods through
incantations, dances and ritual offerings that ranged from food, to
clothing, to blood sacrifice. At the center of these rituals was the
babaylan, mediator between the physical and spiritual worlds.
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HISTORY OF COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

IN THE PHILIPPINES
 The Pre-Spanish Era (Before 1565)
- Early Filipinos were good physicians who used medicinal herbs.
- Rural faith-healer prescribed well-masticated betel-nuts leaves and
areca nut leaves which were spat onto the afflicted portion of the body.
- One of the most prized medicinal plants is the igasud from the mountain
regions of the Visayas. Its seed when chewed is an antidote for poison. It
was renamed Pepita of San Ignacio by Spanish missionaries.
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HISTORY OF COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

IN THE PHILIPPINES
 The Spanish Era ( 1565 to 1898 )
- 1577 - Public health began at the old Franciscan Convent in Intramuros
where Fr. Juan Clemente put up dispensary for treating indigents in
Manila.
- San Juan de Dios Hospital
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HISTORY OF COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

IN THE PHILIPPINES
 The Spanish Era ( 1565 to 1898 )
- During Spanish Time
1. Creation of Vaccinators to prevent smallpox
2. Creation of Board of Health
3. First medical school in the Philippines- UST
4. School of Midwifery
5. Public Health Laboratory
6. Forensic Medicine
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HISTORY OF COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

IN THE PHILIPPINES
 The Spanish Era ( 1565 to 1898 )
- Hospital before the Americans came to Philippines (General Hospitals)
1. San Juan de Dios Hospital
2. Chinese General Hospital
3. Hospicio de San Jose in Cavite
4. Casa dela Caridad in Cebu
5. Enfermeria de Sta. Cruz in Laguna
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HISTORY OF COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

IN THE PHILIPPINES
 The Spanish Era ( 1565 to 1898 )
- Hospital before the Americans came to Philippines (Contagious Hospitals)
1. San Lazaro Hospital
2. Hospital de Palestina in Camarines Sur
3. Hospital delos Lesporosos in Cebu
4. Hospital de Argencina in Manila for smallpox and cholera
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HISTORY OF COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

IN THE PHILIPPINES
 American Military Government ( 1898-1907)
- Control of epidemics such as cholera, small pox and plague
- Fight against communicable diseases such as common cold, Hepa A-D,
chickenpox, flu, mumps, malaria, herpes, STD, measles
- Projects and activities:
- 1. Garbage crematory; 4. Confirmed that plague in man comes from rat
2. First sanitary ordinance and rat control;5. Opened the UP College of Medicine
3. Cholera vaccine was first tried; 6. Establishes Bureau of Science
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HISTORY OF COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Philippine assembly (1907-1916)
- 1. Hygiene and Physiology were included in curriculum of public
elementary school
- 2. Anti-TB campaign was started
- 3. Philippine Tuberculosis Society was organized
- 4. Opening of PGH (Phil. Gen. Hospital)
- 5. Use of anti-typhoid vaccine was initiated
- 6. Dry vaccine against small pox was first use
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HISTORY OF COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

IN THE PHILIPPINES
 The Jones law years (1916-1936)
- 4.1 Retrogression rather than progression in so far as the health was
concern
1. Increase CDR (Crude Death Rate)
2. Increase IMR (Infant Mortality Rate)
3. Increase Morbidity
- 4.2 Increase deaths from smallpox, cholera, typhoid, malaria and TB
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HISTORY OF COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

IN THE PHILIPPINES
 The Jones law years (1916-1936)
- 4.3 Re-organized happened (reorganized the health service and
encouraged effective supervision)
1. Study the cause and prevalence of typhoid fever
2. Schick test was used to determine the causes of diphtheria
3. Campaign against Hookworm was launched
4. Anti-dysentery vaccine was first tried
5. First training course for sanitary inspector was given
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HISTORY OF COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

IN THE PHILIPPINES
 The Jones law years (1916-1936)
- 4.3 Re-organized happened (reorganized the health service and
encouraged effective supervision)
6. Women and child labor law was passed
7. Mechanisms of transmission of dengue fever through Aedes
aegypti was studied
8. Establishment of School of Hygiene and Public Health
9. National Research Council of the Philippines was organized
10. BS in Education Major in Health Education was opened in UP
11. (PPHA) Philippine Public Health Association was organize
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HISTORY OF COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

IN THE PHILIPPINES
 The Commonwealth (1936-1941)
- 5.1 The epidemiology of life threatening disease was studied-
diphtheria, yaws, dengue
- 5.2 Research in the field of health was promoted
- 5.3 UP School of Public Health was established
- 5.4 Development of Maternal and Child Health (MCH)
- 5.5 1939 – Creation of Dept. of Public Health and Welfare - Dr. Jose
Fabella as the First secretary
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HISTORY OF COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

IN THE PHILIPPINES
 The Commonwealth (1936-1941)
- 5.6 1940- Bureau of Census and Statistics was created to gather vital
statistics
- 5.7 In spite of development
1. Inequitable distribution of health services remained a problem
2. 80% of those who died were never given medical attention
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HISTORY OF COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Japanese occupation ( 1941-1945)
- 1. During this time, all public health activities were practically
paralyzed.
- 2. Increase incidence of TB, venereal diseases, malaria, leprosy and
malnutrition.
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HISTORY OF COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Post World war II (1945-1972)
- 1. Philippine Independence
- 2. Completion of a research on Dichlorodiphenyltricholoroethane
(DDT- as larvicidal/insecticide to control malaria
- 3. Gonorrhea with penicillin treatment
- 4. Manila was selected as Headquarters for World Health Organization
(WHO) Western Pacific Office
- 5. Strengthening Health and Dental services in rural areas (per
municipalities with 5,000-10,000 population) 1 Municipal Health
Officer 1 Public Health Nurse 1 Midwife 1 Sanitary Inspector
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HISTORY OF COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Post World war II (1945-1972)
- 8. MARTIAL LAW YEARS
8.1 Creation of National Economic Development Authority
8.2 Department of Health was renamed as Ministry of Health (MOH)
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HISTORY OF COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Post World war II (1945-1972)
- 8. MARTIAL LAW YEARS
8.3 Accomplishments during this period:
8.3.1 Formulation of National Health Plan
› Construction of Tertiary Hospital
o Philippine Heart Center
o Lung Center
o Kidney Center
o Lungsod ng Kabataan / Phil. Childrens Medical Center
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HISTORY OF COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Post World war II (1945-1972)
- 8. MARTIAL LAW YEARS
8.3 Accomplishments during this period:
8.3.1 Formulation of National Health Plan
› Adaptation of the Primary Health Care
o Phil was the first country to implement PHC
› Launching of Operation Timbang and Mothercraft
o Nationwide program providing supplementary food for
infants, pre-school and school children.
NUTRIBUN- bread with vitamins
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HISTORY OF COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Post World war II (1945-1972)
- 8. MARTIAL LAW YEARS
8.3 Accomplishments during this period:
8.3.2 Progress in Public Health research
- RITM- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine
- PCHRD- Philippine Council for Health Research and
Development
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HISTORY OF COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Post EDSA revolution (1986 to present)
- › From Ministry of Health, it was renamed again as Dept. of Health
- › Increase in life expectancy slowed down
- › Increased incidence of malnutrition
- › Declined practice of family planning
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HISTORY OF COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Post EDSA revolution (1986 to present)
- AQUINO ADMINISTRATION
› 1987 Constitution- more provisions on health making comprehensive
health care available
› Major activities:
Milk code- required the marketing of breast feed milk substitute
Universal child and mother immunization
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HISTORY OF COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Post EDSA revolution (1986 to present)
- AQUINO ADMINISTRATION
› 1987 Constitution- more provisions on health making comprehensive
health care available
› Major activities:
RA. 6725- Act prohibiting discrimination against women
NESS- National Epidemic Surveillance System
RA. 6675- National Drug Policy and Generics Act
RA. 7170- Organ Donation Act
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HISTORY OF COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Post EDSA revolution (1986 to present)
- RAMOS ADMINISTRATION
› “Health in the Hands of People” and “Let‟s DOH it” –by Sen Juan
Flavier
Memorable initiative during leadership of Flavier
› National Immunization Day
BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a live strain of
Mycobacterium bovis developed by Calmette and Guérin for use
as an attenuated vaccine to prevent tuberculosis and other
mycobacterial infections.)
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HISTORY OF COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Post EDSA revolution (1986 to present)
- RAMOS ADMINISTRATION
› “Health in the Hands of People” and “Let‟s DOH it” –by Sen Juan Flavier
Memorable initiative during leadership of Flavier
› National Immunization Day
DPT (diphtheria, pertussis(whooping cough) and tetanus)
OPV –Oral Polio Vaccine
MMR- Immunization shot against measles, mumps, and rubella (also called
German measles)
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HISTORY OF COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Post EDSA revolution (1986 to present)
- RAMOS ADMINISTRATION
› Promotion of Traditional Medicine- Herbal Medicine
› Yosi Kadiri
› Araw ng Sangkap Pinoy- aimed to prevent Vitamin A, Iron and Iodine
deficiency
› Voluntary Blood Donation Program
› Kung Sila‟y Mahal Mo Magplano- Family Planning Program
› Doctors to the Barrio
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HISTORY OF COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Post EDSA revolution (1986 to present)
- RAMOS ADMINISTRATION
Laws:
› EO 39- which created the Philippines National AIDS Council as a national
policy and advisory body in the prevention and control of HIV-AIDS
› RA 7719- the National Blood Services Act of 1994, this to promote
voluntary blood donation
› RA 8172- Salt Iodization Nationwide (ASIN), providing salt iodization
nationwide approved in 1996 and renamed FIDEL (Fortified for Iodine
Elimination)
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COURSE OUTLINE
 1. History of Community Health
 2. The Community, Its Organization, and Its Health
2.1 The Health Field Concept
2.2 A Model of Community Health
2.3 Concept of Community
2.4 Quality of Health
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Assignment 1
1. Enumerate the contribution/s of the following to the public health.
a. Hippocrates h. Edwin Chadwick
b. Al-Razi i. Dr. John Snow
c. Girolamo Fracastoro j. Edward Jenner
d. Andreas Vesalius k. Robert Koch
e. William Harvey l. Louis Pasteur
f. Anton Van Leeweenhoek m. Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin
g. Carl Linnaeus n. Peter Piot
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Assignment 1
2. Search for the early accounts of the following diseases.
a. Smallpox h. Swine flu
b. Syphilis i. Avian flu
c. Malaria j. Ebola
d. Cholera k. HIV/AIDS
e. Yellow Fever l. Black plague/death
f. Polio
g. SARS
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COURSE OUTLINE
 1. History of Community Health
 2. The Community, Its Organization, and Its Health
2.1 The Health Field Concept
2.2 A Model of Community Health
2.3 Concept of Community
2.4 Quality of Health