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Strengthening of Existing Pavement AASHTO 93 2022
Strengthening of Existing Pavement AASHTO 93 2022
of Existing
Pavement Structure
AASHTO 93
Strengthening Concept
Structural Capacity Loss, Overlaid Pavement
Structural Evaluation of Existing
Pavement
1. Visual Survey and Material Testing
2. NDT (Non Destructive Testing) FWD
3. Service Life (Traffic to date)
Fatigue Life (Traffic to date)
Falling Weight Deflectometer
Transducer FWD
FWD Output
Backcalculation of Deflection Data
• “Backcalculation” is a mechanistic evaluation of pavement surface
deflection basins generated by various pavement deflection
devices.
• Backcalculation takes a measured surface deflection and attempts
to match it (to within some tolerable error) with a calculated
surface deflection generated from an identical pavement structure
using assumed layer stiffnesses (moduli).
• The assumed layer moduli in the calculated model are adjusted
until they produce a surface deflection that closely matches the
measured one. The combination of assumed layer stiffnesses that
results in this match is then assumed to be near the actual in situ
moduli for the various pavement layers.
• The backcalculation process is usually iterative and normally done
with computer software.
Backcalculation vs Forwardcalculation
• In the backcalculation process, pavement deflections are determined
using layer elastic theory, layer thickness, and assumed layer moduli (e.g.,
HMA layer, unbound base layer, and subgrade).
• An iterative approach is used to vary layer moduli until the calculated
deflection basin matches the FWD‐measured deflection basin. A solution
is found when the difference between the measured and calculated
deflection basin is minimized.
• In forwardcalculation, load and deflection data are entered into closed‐
form equations for estimating layer moduli. Forwardcalculation can be
used to estimate layer moduli for the subgrade and bound surface layers,
while intermediate layer (e.g., unbound base) moduli are estimated using
modular ratios.(Subtadd, et.al., 2006))
• The primary difference between backcalculation and forwardcalculation is
that the former uses specific equations, while the latter uses an iterative
procedure in estimating layer moduli.
Stubstad, R.N., Jiang, Y.J., Clevenson, M.L., and Lukanen, E.O. (2006) Review of the Long‐Term Pavement Performance
Backcalculation Results—Final Report. Report No. FHWAHRT‐ 05‐150. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.
Backcalculation Process
(using Microcomputer)
Definition
• Measured deflections. Includes the measured pavement surface deflections and
associated distances from the load.
• Layer thicknesses and loads. Includes all layer thicknesses and load levels for a
specific test location.
• Seed moduli. The seed moduli are the initial moduli used in the computer program
to calculate surface deflections. These moduli are usually estimated from user
experience or various equations.
• Deflection calculation. Layered elastic computer programs are generally used to
calculate a deflection basin.
• Error check. This element simply compares the measured and calculated basins.
There are various error measures which can be used to make such comparisons
(more on this in a subsequent paragraph in this section).
• Search for new moduli. Various methods have been employed within the various
backcalculation programs to converge on a set of layer moduli which produces an
acceptable error between the measured and calculated deflection basins.
• Controls on the range of moduli. In some backcalculation programs, a range
(minimum and maximum) of moduli are selected or calculated to prevent program
convergence to unreasonable moduli levels (either high or low)
Measure of Convergence
• In backcalculating layer moduli, the measure of how well the calculated
deflection basin matches (or converges to) the measured deflection basin
was previously described as the “error check.” This is also referred to as
the “goodness of fit” or “convergence error.” The primary measure of
convergence is typically Root Mean Square (RMS) or Root Mean Square
Error (RMSE). Both terms are taken to be the same. EVERCALC uses RMSE.
where:
nd equals total number of deflection sensors used
dci equals calculated pavement surface deflection at sensor i
dmi equals measured pavement surface deflection at sensor i
Example Measure of Convergence
Calculation
Deflection Distance from Load Deflection (mils)
Sensor Center Measured Calculated
1 0 mm (0 inches) 5.07 4.90
2 200 mm (8 inches) 4.32 3.94
3 300 mm (12 inches) 3.67 3.50
4 450 mm (18 inches) 2.99 3.06
5 600 mm (24 inches) 2.40 2.62
6 900 mm (36 inches) 1.69 1.86
7 1500 mm (60 inches) 1.01 0.95
In practice, this RMSE is quite high for pavement backcalculation. Generally an
adequate range of RMSE is 1 to 2 percent.
Backcalculation using Equation (done by iteration)
2 Layer System‐Flexible Pavement
MR=Modulus Resilien tanah dasar (psi)
P=Beban (lbs)
dr=Lendutan pada jarak offset r dari pusat beban (inch)
r=Jarak offset (inch)
Nilai dr dan r dilakukan dengan trial sehingga dipenuhi persyaratan
r ≥ 0,7 ae. do= Lendutan pada pusat pelat beban (setelah disesuaikan dengan
temperatur standar 68ºF (inch)
p=Tekanan pada pelat beban (psi)
a=Jari‐jari pelat beban (inchi)
D=Total tebal lapisan perkerasan diatas tanah dasar (inch)
MR=Modulus resilient (psi)
Ep=Modulus efektif seluruh layer perkerasan diatas tanah dasar (psi)
Backcalculation using Equation (done by iteration)
2 Layer System‐Rigid Pavement
Type of Pavement Strengthening in
AASHTO 93
No Section Overlay Existing Pavement
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
1. 5.4 AC AC
2. 5.10 PCC AC
RIGID PAVEMENT
3. 5.6 AC JPCP, JRCP, CRCP
4. 5.8 Bonded PCC JPCP, JRCP, CRCP
5. 5.9 Unboned PCC JPCP, JRCP, CRCP
6. 5.7 AC AC/JPCP, AC/JRCP, AC/CRCP
7. 5.5 AC Break/Crack PCC
Overlay AC over AC Pavement
Backcalculation using Equation (done by iteration)
2 Layer System‐Flexible Pavement
MR=Modulus Resilien tanah dasar (psi)
P=Beban (lbs)
dr=Lendutan pada jarak offset r dari pusat beban (inch)
r=Jarak offset (inch)
Nilai dr dan r dilakukan dengan trial sehingga dipenuhi persyaratan
r ≥ 0,7 ae. do= Lendutan pada pusat pelat beban (setelah disesuaikan dengan
temperatur standar 68ºF (inch)
p=Tekanan pada pelat beban (psi)
a=Jari‐jari pelat beban (inchi)
D=Total tebal lapisan perkerasan diatas tanah dasar (inch)
MR=Modulus resilient (psi)
Ep=Modulus efektif seluruh layer perkerasan diatas tanah dasar (psi)
Rumus Overlay AC over AC
∆PSI
Log10
4,2 2,5
Log W18 ZR S O 9,36Log10 SNf 1 0,20
1094
0,4
SNf 1 5,19
2,32Log10 MR 8,07
Overlay AC over PCC
data lendutan harus ditengah slab
AREA
Transducer FWD
Effective Dynamic k‐value
Effective Static k‐value = Effective Dynamic k‐value / 2
Modulus Elastis Beton (Ec)
Modulus of Rupture (S’c)
Tebal Overlay
Overlay AC over AC‐PCC
data lendutan harus ditengah slab
Estimate Eac from AC temperature
Analisis backcalculation
1.
2.
d 0CRCP d 0 d 0 compress
3.
4.
5.
Perhitungan tebal overlay
6.
7.
8.
9.
Fjc, Fdur, Fac
1 mile = 1,6 km
Overlay PCC over PCC
•Bonded Overlay
•Unbonded Overlay
Bonded PCC over JPCP/JRCP/CRCP
Bonding Procedures and Material
AREA (sama dengan AC over PCC)
Transducer FWD
Effective Dynamic k‐value
Effective Static k‐value = Effective Dynamic k‐value / 2
Modulus Elastis Beton (Ec)
Modulus of Rupture (S’c)
Tebal Overlay Bonded PCC
Fjc, Fdur, Ffat
Unbonded PCC over JPCP/JRCP/CRCP
or AC‐PCC
Separation Interlayer for Unbonded
AREA (sama dengan AC over PCC)
Transducer FWD
Effective Dynamic k‐value
Effective Static k‐value = Effective Dynamic k‐value / 2
Modulus Elastis Beton (Ec)
Tebal Overlay Unbonded PCC
Fjcu
Overlay PCC over AC
Backcalculation using Equation (done by iteration)
2 Layer System‐Flexible Pavement
MR=Modulus Resilien tanah dasar (psi)
P=Beban (lbs)
dr=Lendutan pada jarak offset r dari pusat beban (inch)
r=Jarak offset (inch)
Nilai dr dan r dilakukan dengan trial sehingga dipenuhi persyaratan
r ≥ 0,7 ae. do= Lendutan pada pusat pelat beban (setelah disesuaikan dengan
temperatur standar 68ºF (inch)
p=Tekanan pada pelat beban (psi)
a=Jari‐jari pelat beban (inchi)
D=Total tebal lapisan perkerasan diatas tanah dasar (inch)
MR=Modulus resilient (psi)
Ep=Modulus efektif seluruh layer perkerasan diatas tanah dasar (psi)
DAC
Ep
MR
Tebal Overlay
Dov D f
Nilai IRI dan RCI (Permen PU 13 ‐2011)
Penanganan Jalan