Bases and Policies of Special and Inclusive

Education
Psychological bases
Lecture 3
Objective
✓ Demonstrate understanding of the philosophies, theories, and
legal bases of special and inclusive education including its
application
 What is Situated Learning Theory ?
✓ was initially proposed by Jean Lave and Etienne
Wenger in the late 1980s.
✓ learning occurs within authentic context, culture, and
activity and that it is widely unintentional.
✓ promotes the idea that students learn better in
CREDITS:collaborative
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group was and when the activities
settings
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are based on real-life experiences.
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Major Principles of SL
A. Knowledge needs to be presented in an authentic
context, i.e., settings and applications that would
normally involve that knowledge.
B. Learning requires social interaction and
collaboration.

Authentic Contexts
Learning involves a setting
that creates an authentic real-
life context.
Guidelines for Use
Legitimate Peripheral Community of Practice/
Practice/ Scaffolding Collaboration
Students start at the periphery
of the learning as a novice in Activities are designed with
the group setting that allows
the subject matter and
instructors become more of a for various viewpoints and
difference of opinion.
facilitator and provide
scaffolding of the learning..
✓ Modeling
✓ Practice
 What is Piaget’s Cognitive Dev ?
✓ children follows a predetermined order of stages, which are
widely known as the Jean Piaget stages of cognitive
development

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For Piaget, learning is a process of
adjustment to environmental influences.
He describes two basic processes,
assimilation and accommodation,
which form this process of adjustment.
✓ Assimilation is the process whereby new knowledge is
incorporated into existing mental structures. The
knowledge bank is increased to include new information.

✓ Accommodation is the process whereby mental

structures have to be altered in order to cope with the
new experience which has contradicted the existing
model.

✓ Equilibration
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is the process was at a stable state
of arriving
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where there is no longer a conflict between new and
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existing knowledge.& images by Freepik
The following principles from Piaget can guide teachers’ preservice
preparation and classroom practice:

1. Encourage children to explore and experiment.

2. Individualize instruction so that children can learn at their own level of
readiness.
3. Design the classroom as a learning center stocked with concrete
materials that children can touch, manipulate, and use.
 What is Scaffolding Theory ?
✓ states students learn more when working with people
who have a broader scope of knowledge than the
student learning the content.

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CREDITS: This presentation template was
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and infographics & images by Freepik
 There are many advantages of using scaffolding with your
students:

1. Challenges students
2. Engages students
3. Gives students an opportunity for success
4. Provides differentiated learning
 Here is a list of suggested guidelines for using
scaffolding in the classroom:
a) Choose tasks that match the goals of the curriculum and students' needs.
b) Give students an opportunity to create their own instructional goals based on their
current zone of proximal development, which may help increase their motivation to
succeed.
c) Use a variety of instructional supports to guide learners through a task such as
asking questions, creating diagrams and discussing related stories to help them form
a connection to the material they're learning and information they already know.
d) Encourage learners to use less instructional supports as they become more
comfortable with new content so they can have less instructional scaffolding and can
complete the work independently
What are the influences of these theories in
inclusive education program?
Thanks for listening!