Chapter 14: Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Section 3: Behaviour of Gases

By:
Dr. Mohamed Murshidy
 Table of Contents
•Boyle's Law
•Charles's Law

Vocabularies
Atmospheric pressure ‫الجوي‬
ِّ ‫الضغط‬
Cylinder ‫إسطوانة‬
Pistons ‫مكبس‬
Absolute zero ‫الصفر المطلق‬
 Gas Law Variables
• There are 3 commonly gas law variables:
Temperature , Pressure and Volume. The three variables
are connected together through the ideal gas equation:

PV = nRT

1
P∝ V∝T
V
Where,
n is the number of moles of gas
R is the universal gas constant
 Gas and Pressure

Gas particles are constantly

moving in completely
random directions.

In closed containers, gas

particles will collide against
the walls of the container –
creating an outward
pressure.
 Boyle's Law
For a gas at a constant temperature, if you increase the
pressure on the gas, the volume will decrease, and vise versa.

1 constant
Pα P
V V

P1V1  P2 V2
Where: P1 is the pressure of the gas before the container changes shape.
P2 is the pressure after, in the same units as P1.
V1 is the volume of the gas before the container changes
V2 is the volume of the gas after, in the same units as V1
Boyle's Law
 Charles's Law

The volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional

to its temperature (in kelvins) if the pressure on the gas is
kept constant.

• This assumes that the container can

expand, so that the pressure of the
gas will not rise.
• Ex.: Hot air balloon and car tires
 Charles's Law

If the pressure is constant:

V V1 V2
 Constant 
T T1 T2
Where: T1 is Temperature of the gas before it is heated, in kelvins.
T2 is Temperature of the gas after it is heated, in kelvins
V1 is the volume of the gas before it was heated, in L or mL
V2 is the volume of the gas after it was heated, in the same units.

Note that: TK = TC + 273

 Charles's Law
• Charles used cylinders and pistons to study the
expansion of gases in response to heat.
• Lord Kelvin used one of Charles’ graphs to
discover the value of absolute zero.
 Charles's Law

Charles discovered the

direct relationship
6L

Lord Kelvin traced 5L

it back to 4L
absolute zero.
3L

2L

1L

-250°C -200°C -150°C -100°C -50°C 0°C 50°C 100°C 150°C 200°C 250°C

-273.15°C
Old Exam Problems
A weather balloon has a volume of 100 L when it is released
from sea level, where the pressure is 101 kPa. What is the
atmospheric pressure on the balloon when it has grown to a
size of 190 L?
A weather balloon has a volume of 100 L when it is released
from sea level, where the pressure is 101 kPa. What is the
atmospheric pressure on the balloon when it has grown to a
size of 190 L?

Answer:

P1V1  P2 V2
101 100  P2  190
P2  53.2 kPa
A balloon has a volume of 5 L at 101 kPa atmospheric
pressure. if the balloon is placed in a box where the pressure is
reduced by one-half and the temperature is held constant,
How much the volume of the balloon will be?
A balloon has a volume of 5 L at 101 kPa atmospheric
pressure. if the balloon is placed in a box where the pressure is
reduced by one-half and the temperature is held constant,
How much the volume of the balloon will be?
Answer:

P1V1  P2 V2
101 5  1
2
 101 V2
 V2  10 L
To what Celsius temperature must a gas sample initially
at -20o C be heated if its volume is to double while its
pressure remains the same?
To what Celsius temperature must a gas sample initially
at -20o C be heated if its volume is to double while its
pressure remains the same?

Answer:

V1 V2
 ,
T1 T2
V 2V

 27  273 T
o
T  506K  233 C
If 2 Litres of gas at 27°C are heated in a cylinder, and
the piston is allowed to rise so that pressure is kept
constant, how much space will the gas take up at
327°C?
If 2 Litres of gas at 27°C are heated in a cylinder, and
the piston is allowed to rise so that pressure is kept
constant, how much space will the gas take up at
327°C?
Answer:
Convert temperatures to kelvins:
27°C =300k,
327°C = 600k

V1 V2 2 V2
 , So : 
T1 T2 300 600
V2  4 Liters
Answer:
Answer:
Answer:
Answer:
Answer:
A student is measuring the volume and the temperature of a
gas while keeping its pressure constant. If the volume of the
gas was 10 L at 100ºC, what would be the volume of the gas
at 0o C?
A student is measuring the volume and the temperature of a
gas while keeping its pressure constant. If the volume of the
gas was 10 L at 100ºC, what would be the volume of the gas
at 0o C?
Answer:
Answer:
Answer:
⸪ the pressure is constant, we will use Charles’s law (V ∝ T).
1
⸪d∝ and V ∝ T
v
1
⸫d∝
T
⸫d1 T1 = d2 T2

T1 = (0 + 273) K = 273 K , T2 = (100 + 273) K = 373 K

d1 = 0.179 kg/m3
⸫ 0.179 x 273 = d2 x 373
273
d2 = x 0.179 = 0.131 kg/m3
373
A balloon is launched at sea level, where the atmospheric pressure is nearly equal
to 100 kPa. The density of hot air chamber of the balloon is 1.00 kg/m3. What is
the density of the air inside the chamber when the balloon has risen to a height
where the atmospheric pressure is 33.0 kPa?
A balloon is launched at sea level, where the atmospheric pressure is nearly equal
to 100 kPa. The density of hot air chamber of the balloon is 1.00 kg/m3. What is
the density of the air inside the chamber when the balloon has risen to a height
where the atmospheric pressure is 33.0 kPa?
Answer:
⸪ we can assume that T is constant.
1 1
⸪d∝ and V ∝
v P
P
⸫ d ∝ P or, d
= constant
P1 P2
⸫ =
d1 d2
100 33
=
1 d2

⸫ d2 = 0.33 kg/m3
A piston with an area of 0.015 m2 encloses a constant amount of gas in a
cylinder with a volume of 0.23 m3. The initial pressure of the gas is 1.5105
Pa. A 150-kg mass is then placed on the piston, and the piston moves
downward to a new position, as shown in the figure. If the temperature is
constant, what is the new volume of the gas in the cylinder?
A piston with an area of 0.015 m2 encloses a constant amount of gas in a
cylinder with a volume of 0.23 m3. The initial pressure of the gas is 1.5105
Pa. A 150-kg mass is then placed on the piston, and the piston moves
downward to a new position, as shown in the figure. If the temperature is
constant, what is the new volume of the gas in the cylinder?
Answer:
⸪ the temperature is constant,
we will use Boyle’ s law.
P1V1 = P2V2
P1 = 1.5105 Pa, V1 = 0.23 m3.
V2 = ? m3.
P2 = F/A = mg /A
= 150 x 9.8 / 0.015 = 98000 Pa
⸫ 1.5105 x 0.23 = 98000 x V2
V2 = 3.55 cm3
A constant-pressure thermometer is made with a cylinder containing a piston that
can move freely inside the cylinder. The pressure and the amount of gas enclosed
in the cylinder are kept constant. As the temperature increases or decreases, the
piston moves up or down in the cylinder. At 0ºC, the height of the piston is 20
cm. What is the height of the piston at 100ºC? (Hint: The volume of a cylinder =
A x h, where A is the cross sectional area and h is the height of the cylinder)
A constant-pressure thermometer is made with a cylinder containing a piston that
can move freely inside the cylinder. The pressure and the amount of gas enclosed
in the cylinder are kept constant. As the temperature increases or decreases, the
piston moves up or down in the cylinder. At 0ºC, the height of the piston is 20
cm. What is the height of the piston at 100ºC? (Hint: The volume of a cylinder =
A x h, where A is the cross sectional area and h is the height of the cylinder)
Answer:
⸪ P is constant, we will use Charles’s law
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
But V = A x h
A h1 A h2
=
T1 T2
h1 h2
=
T1 T2
20 h2
=
273 373

⸫ h2 = 27.33 cm